The Frontier Studies. Survey of the Northern Part of the Lake Ohrid Basin, Preliminary Report on the Season 2017

STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1, 99–133 The Frontier Studies. Survey of the Northern Part of the Lake Ohrid Basin, Preliminary Report on the Season 2017 Barbora Weissová– Petra Tušlová– Pero Ardjanliev– Marek Verčík ABSTRACT The Frontier Studies is an international research project centred on the city of Ohrid and its environs, located on the northern shore of the homonymous lake at the present frontier of Albania and the Republic of Mac‑ edonia (FYROM). Since its establishment in 2017, the project has been undertaken as acooperative effort between researchers from Charles University in Prague and the Archaeological Museum of Macedonia. The aim of the first season was an extensive, trial field survey to unlock the historical landscape and to evaluate the dynamics of the habitation patterns in the region diachronically. KEYWORDS Macedonia; Ohrid Lake; Lychnidos; Struga; field survey; Bronze Age; Iron Age; Hellenistic period; Roman period; Late Antiquity. INTRODUCTION The city of Ohrid lies on the shore of ahomonymous lake and is visually one of the most fa‑ vourable sites located within its basin. The transboundary Lake Ohrid is shared between the Republics of Macedonia and Albania. The lake is about 30.4 km long (N–S), 14.7 km wide (W–E) and covers an area of 360 square kms. It is presumed to be among the oldest existing lakes in Europe (cf. Wagneretal. 2017 with further reading). In the earliest stage of its existence, in the Pliocene / Pleistocene, it was apart of amuch bigger lake ‑group, which lay within the orogenic belt of Dinarides–Albanides–Hellenides, and included Lake Mikri Prespa (Greece, Albania) as well as Lake Maliq in Albania, which dried ‑up in the 1950s (Stanković 1960). To‑ day, the basin of Lake Ohrid is framed by the Galicica mountain range (with heights of up to 2,250 m.a.s.l.) to the east and the Mokra mountain range (with heights of up to 2,200 m.a.s.l.) to the west. However, the above ‑mentioned ‘basin and range’ setting provides the broadest accessible link between the Aegean and the Adriatic region in the southern Balkans– and was, vice versa, an eminent precondition for the formation of asupra ‑regional connection, better known as the Candavian Road or, from the Roman period onwards, the Via Egnatia (Fasolo 2003; Jovanova 2013, 842–844). The N–Sconnection with the central Balkans and the Danube plain via the Pletvar Pass or the valley of the Crni Drim River complements the geographical significance of the Lake Ohrid basin (cf. Burkhardt– Daubner 2012 with further reading). Placed on these communication routes, the city of Ohrid– in ancient times known as Lychnidos– represented an important hub and at the same time ahistorical centre of the region, which displays along continuity of human activity (cf. Tab.1 for regional chronology). No later than in the early 1st millennium BC, it assumed avital role in the cultural connectivity between the southern Aegean cultural koine and the Balkans in the north as well as the Adriatic 100 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 region in the west– first within the independent territory of Dassaratia, later on as apart of the Argead Kingdom of Macedonia and, finally, as aRoman province (cf. Ardjanliev 2017; Daubner 2018). In the early medieval times, the churches and monasteries in and around Ohrid became the major cultural centres of the Bulgarian, Greek and Serbian empires in the southern Balkans (cf. Kuzman 2016). Tab.1: Periodization of the cultural and historical development in the Ohrid region (based on Kuz‑ man 2010; 2016; 2017; Mitrevski 2013; Jovanova 2013; Blasevska 2013; Naumov 2016). Until recently, the habitation history of Ohrid and its environs had been studied using mainly the literary evidence, which was supplemented by only afew archaeological findings (Ham‑ mond 1972; Mitrevski 1997). The main bulk of these have been attested either by pottery scatters and brief rescue excavations or prospection respectively; they are published partially in the form of preliminary reports. Only 18 sites were verified by systematic archaeological excavations and published in detail; 1 the necropolis near Trebenishte (cf. Stibbe– Vasić 2002) is the most famous among them. Based on the increasing archaeological practice carried out in the last two and ahalf decades on sites within the Lake Ohrid basin, however, the situation has started to change (cf. Naumov 2016; Kuzman 2017). The ongoing researches focus on the excavations in the wetlands of the nearby lake on the one hand, and within the territory of the city of Ohrid on the other hand. 1 Sites: Dolno Trnovo (settlement / N); Delogozhda (necropolis / A, H, R); Plocha Michov Grad (set‑ tlement / BA, EIA); Ohrid (Deboj, Gorna Porta, Penelopa, Plaošnik; necropolis, settlement / N ‑R); Orovnik (settlement / R); Radozhda (road / R); Radolishta (necropolis / A); St. Erazmo– Kulishta (settlement / Hell); Trebenishte Tri Chelushti iVrtuljka (necropolis / A ‑Hell); Trebenishko Kale (necropolis, fortified settlement / N ‑LA); Shum “Arapski grobishta” (necropolis / EMA); Shum “Ciganski grobishta” (necropolis / Hell); Ustie na Drim (settlement / N); Vrbnik (settlement / BA‑ ‑EIA); Zlastrana (settlement / N) (cf. Blasevska 2013; Jovanova 2013; Kuzman 2013a; Kuzman 2013b; Mitrevski 2013; Naumov 2016). Chronology Period Important sites in the region Identifier 6500–5500 BC Early Neolithic Zlastrana, Dolno Trnovo N5500–4500 BC Middle Neolithic Ohrid (Ohridati) 4500–3500/3200 BC Late Neolithic / Eneolithic Ustie na Drim 3500/3200–1550/1600 BC Early / Middle Bronze Age Trebenishko kale BA 1550/1600–1000 BC Late Bronze Age ‘Bay of Bones’, ‘Bay of Goats’, ‘Bay of Bombs’ 1000–750/700 BC Early Iron Age (Transition) Vrbnik, Ohrid (Plaoshnik), Ohrid (Ohridati) EIA 750/700–550 BC Developed Iron Age Ohrid (Plaošnik) IA 550–450 BC Late Archaic Trebenishte, Ohrid (Gorna Porta), Delogozhda, Radolishta A 450–330 BC Classic Ohrid (Plaošnik) C 330–168/148 BC Hellenistic Trebenishko kale, Delogozhda, Ohrid (Deboj), St. Erasmo‑Kulishta Hell 168/148 BC–395 AD Roman Ohrid (Lychnidos), Plocha Michov Grad R 395–6th c. AD Late Antiquity Ohrid (Lychnidos) LA 6th c.–1018 Early Medieval period (Byzantine, Bulgarian) Ohrid EMA 1018–1395 Medieval period Ohrid, Struga MA 1395–1912 Ottoman period Ohrid, Struga Ott 101BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK While the former sheds light on the development of adistinctive settlement type (palafittes) in the region from the Neolithic to the Late Bronze / Early Iron Age, the several archaeological contexts unearthed in Ohrid itself (Deboj, Gorna Porta, Penelope and Plaoshnik) contribute mainly to the urban history as presented by ancient authors (cf. Ardjanliev 2017; Kuzman 2017 with further reading). Our knowledge, both of rural and mountainous landscapes, overall habitation patterns, as well as social, cultural and economic or environmental preconditions has been, thus, very limited until recently and still requires further exploration. In this regard, anew project Frontier Studies. Investigation into Identity and Cultural Contacts in the Border Area of Ancient Macedonia was initiated by Charles University in Prague in cooper‑ ation with the Archaeological Museum of Macedonia. The project intends amicro ‑regional study and adopts alongue dureé approach, with aspecial emphasis on the 1 st millennium BC, in order to address questions regarding the construction of the identities, emergence of proto‑ state structures and centralisation phenomena at the northern contact zone of the Aegean cultural koine. In doing so, several interdisciplinary studies will be conducted; the foremost objective is to reveal the historical landscape, and to explain the dynamics of the habitation patterns by means of an extensive field work with the objective of recording and evaluating the archaeological evidence. FIELD SURVEY The field work took place from October 2nd to 13th 2017 (with 11 days in the field).2 The main ar‑ eas of our interest were the northern and eastern parts of the Lake Ohrid basin, represented mainly by the Ohrid Plain (Ohrid Municipality), and the Struga Plain (Struga and Debreca Municipalities), with small extensions to the northern part of the Lake Prespa basin (Resen Municipality) (Fig. 1). The aims of the field work were as follows: – To become familiar with the historical and modern development of the landscape and to estimate its potential for afuture multidisciplinary project. – To evaluate the suitability of the area for an intensive field survey in the flatlands / ex‑ tensive in the highlands. – To refine the positions and current state of preservation of asignificant sample of the archaeological sites marked in the Археолошка карта на република Македонија (Archae‑ ological Map of the Republic of Macedonia, further abbreviated as the AKM) which was created during the 1980s and 1990s and published in 1996. The publication contains alist of archaeological sites known at the time of its completion, with basic topographical, material and chronological descriptions, however, it is lacking their precise geographical positions. – To check specific features marked in the Soviet topographical maps, which– based on the map legend– represent burial mounds.3 2 We would like to thank Clarissa Haubenthal (Bochum) and Hana Havlíková (Prague) for taking part in the processing and the documentation of the finds, which contributed significantly to this study. 3 The symbol is abrown circle with radiated brown lines around it. In nowadays Bulgaria, it has been used as an indicator of burial mounds within several archaeological surveys (e.g. Weissová 2013, 1047–1052). 102 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 Fig. 1: Regions of the Lake Ohrid basin, an overview (map by B. Weissová). Topographical maps of several scales, created in different years, were used for the project: 1:100 000 (from 1987, British maps made for the Yugoslavian army), 1:50 000 (Soviet military maps from 1984–1985) and 1:25 000 (from the year 1971). Each of them provided different kinds of information (some had elevations, others toponyms, more detailed road systems or more variable symbols of interest). Therefore, their combination proved to be helpful. The maps 1:25 000 contained the elevations of some of the high hills which are mentioned in the following text. For the other points of interest with elevations not marked on the topographical maps, the heights derive from the Digital Elevation Model based on the ASTER 4 and processed in ESRI ArcGIS for the purposes of this project. To offer uniform data in the table of sites, all the listed elevations are pursuant to the Digital Elevation Model, having vertical (root ‑mean ‑squared‑ ‑error) accuracies generally between 10 and 25 meters. Comparing the heights of nine features from the topographical maps with the DEM elevation, the error does not exceed 20 m (Tab.2). For the orientation in the terrain, combination of freely available applications was used: Soviet Military Maps, Google Maps and MAPS.ME. All the applications displayed points of interest, but the possibility to switch between the terrains– offered by different applications– helped to navigate and to better evaluate the situation in the field in order to reach the points of interest. Locations of the sites– or specific features on the site– were marked by ahandheld GPS and further processed in adatabase created in ESRI ArcGIS. Satellite images provided by the ArcGIS appeared to be perfectly suitable for the supplementary measurements of some of the features, such as the dimensions of high plateaus, rocky spurs, stone walls etc. 4 The utilized ASTER GDEM is the product of METI and NASA (with the raster cell of 30 m). 103BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK The project verified the positions of 43 features from the AKM and identified 13 hitherto un‑ known ones (Pl. 2/1). All these points of interest were marked by the handheld GPS and their current state of preservation was described. To be able to localize some of the AKM features, the help of local guides was necessary, as many sites are now covered by modern buildings, or they are lost in the natural terrain. Regarding the Struga and Debreca municipalities, the Albanian language was needed for communication with the local inhabitants. Agreat help was provided by Valetina Todoroska (Dr.Nikola Nezlobinski, Museum in Struga) and by Fitni Dalipi (Struga/Vienna), who guided us through the region. Thanks to Fitni Dalipi’sdevoted help and communication skills, we were able to find many remote locations. On the short visit to the Resen municipality, we were accompanied by Kliment Balev from the Ohrid Museum, who grew up in the village of Rechitsa and navigated us to the local points of interest. In order to evaluate the possibilities of the systematic pedestrian survey in the area, we randomly selected several fields which we intensively surveyed. The survey was preliminary, focused on small size fields and the evaluation of their potential. In practice, it meant that we spread over the selected field (which was mostly placed conveniently along our way to some of the AKM features) at distances of several meters apart and walked its entire length. If pottery scatter was noticed, it was marked by aGPS point and by anew OH_ID number. The scatter was briefly described and marked for afuture re ‑survey. NAMING STRATEGY The site numbers given by our project are marked as OH_ID_2xxx (Ohrid Id + anumber start‑ ing with two thousand). The first 13 numbers were given to archaeological monuments within the city of Ohrid (for this they are missing from the table). From OH_ID_2014, they indicate areas outside the city. Numbers, which mostly follow in the brackets, relate to the entry in the AKM. The first information marks the municipal city (OHRID, STRUGA, RESEN), then follows aserial number for each village as published within the AKM book, and, finally, asequence number of the specific village entry. The last number may repeat, as sometimes up to three features were described within one entry. On the other hand, features which are missing the AKM number, are hitherto unknown scatters/features identified during our project. LIST OF THE SITES OHRID PLAIN OH_ID_2014 (OHRID_27_06); settlement (IA) OH_ID_2082 (OHRID_27_06); church (MA) The Monastery of Sv.Ilija, situated on ahill (922 m.a.s.l.) north of the village of Mesheish‑ ta. The site of Sv.Ilija is marked in the AKM as an IA settlement (OH_ID_2014) and achurch from the Middle Ages (OH_ID_2082). The church was recently rebuilt, its surroundings are levelled and for the most part paved. There are no traces of any earlier buildings, nor of the IA settlement described in the AKM. We identified only one fragment of apossibly Ottoman rooftile outside the monastery. 104 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 OH_ID_2015; pottery scatter (Ott) Loose Ottoman pottery scatter on afreshly harrowed field, situated south of Mesheishta. The scatter continues about 150 m east, over the dirt road (running north to south), to the vineyards. OH_ID_2016 (OHRID_12_04); necropolis (IA/A, C, Hell) Asingle find of ablack glaze echinus base of late classical style with imprinted palmette decoration, and aslightly flaring ring foot that is grooved with anipple underside (Fig. 2) (Rotroff 1997, 161–162; de Marigny 2013, 22). It was found in the field (lying on the top of amole hill), right on the northern edge of amodern cemetery, and ca. 40 m east of anew road construction, near the village of Gorentsi. The single find is situated within the necropolis of Trebenishte, which was excavated repeatedly since the first discovery of the “princely graves” in 1918, and dates from the beginning of the 6th c. BC to the end of the 4th c. BC (cf. Vasić 1999; Stibbe 2002, 43–48). Fig. 2: Black glaze echinus base of late classical style with imprinted palmette decoration, OH17_2016_01 (drawing by C. Haubenthal & H. Havlíková). OH_ID_2017 (OHRID_33_02); necropolis (IA) The Church of Sv.Ilija with agraveyard in the middle of Orovnik village, based on the AKM built over an IA necropolis. In 2010, the church was completely rebuilt and its surroundings covered by adense concentration of fragmented material of construction waste (up to five cen‑ timetres large stones with undiagnostic architecture ceramics and modern pottery fragments). We have not detected any archaeological material or situation which could be interpreted as the necropolis mentioned in the AKM. OH_ID_2018 (OHRID_33_01); settlement (Hell, R) OH_ID_2080 (OHRID_33_01); necropolis (Hell, R) Based on the AKM and publication by Risteski (1989, 20–22), asettlement with anecropolis from the Hellenistic and Roman periods, located in the plot of land of T. Sekuleski. Sekuleski’sland starts about 20 m west of the perimeter wall of the Sv.Ilija cemetery and it is situated under 105BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK amulti ‑generational house with an open courtyard. The necropolis most likely creates one complex with the one discovered below the church of Sv.Ilija. OH_ID_2019 (OHRID_33_01); settlement (R) ARoman hypocaustum located in the village of Orovnik, right under the house of B. Mojsovski. The structure was buried under a2 m thick layer of soil and discovered while digging agarage under ahouse which was, as it appeared, already standing on top of an ancient structure. The hypocaustum was excavated by archaeologists from the Ohrid Museum in 1981 and subse‑ quently published (Risteski 1989). Among the most appealing finds belong alarge amount of loom weights located inside the structure, aglass vessel and acoin from the 3rd–4th c. AD (Risteski 1989, 20–22). Based on information by B. Mojsovski who still lives on the place, there are other stone structures located further NE of his house, however, covered by a1.5–2 m thick layer of soil. Therefore, they appear only during the construction works, as our ineffective survey in the environs also confirmed. OH_ID_2020 (OHRID_33_03); necropolis (R) The AKM describes this site– Trojani– as aRoman necropolis. We were brought to the place by alocal man whom we met only by chance at the Monastery of Sv.Petka, situated above the village of Orovnik in anorth ‑eastern direction. The local showed us apath cut into the north‑ ern slope of the valley, ca. 200 m from the monastery, reachable only by asteep climb up the hill. The path follows the contour line in awest ‑east direction. After ca. 30 minutes’ walk, we reached awell situated near asmall stream, an area which is also on the topographical maps 1:25 000 marked as ‘Trojani’. The local man claimed this is the place of the necropolis, where also Roman water pipes were found (information also provided by the AKM). Our survey did not confirm any ancient remains connected with the water system. Just north of the road, we identified several ditches covered by branches, one of them excavated only recently. In one of them, we recorded two regular flat stone slabs (ca. 40×30 cm and ca. 35×35 cm). These seem to be trenches excavated by the treasure hunters– perhaps searching for the graves (?). OH_ID_2021; pottery scatter (Ott) Aloose scatter of Ottoman pottery identified in the western part of an intensively surveyed harrowed field situated south ‑east of Vapila (50×130 m). OH_ID 2022; settlement (?) / strategic point (?) Aslightly elevated hill known as Gorna Goritsa, located in the lowlands. We surveyed the location since it offers an obvious strategic position, overlooking the Ohrid plain, situated only 2 km south of the northern pass to the Struga plain. The hill was artificially afforested with conifers which dominate its north and west slopes, while the other areas preserve freely growing broad ‑leaved trees. The surface is mostly covered by vegetation, in several places on the east ahomogenous layer of eroded soil rich in schist is exposed on the surface. On the slopes of the hill, asolid rock protrudes. Three fragments of different bricks were found on the top of the hill, all un ‑datable. OH_ID_2024 (OHRID_13_01); settlement (R) Aslightly elevated hill named Dolna Goritsa, situated north of the village of Gorno Lakocherej, described in the AKM as Goritsa– aRoman settlement and necropolis. The hill is partly culti‑ vated (harrowed), partly used as pasture. We located adense scatter of Roman pottery covering approximately 280×85 m (NW ‑SE×NE ‑SW) and combining architectural ceramics and pottery 106 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 (including several red ‑slipped frgs.; Fig. 3:1–5). The scatter continues to the NW lowlands below the hill, where the density is significantly lower than we detected during asystematic survey in the agriculture area. Fig. 3: Selected pottery from the surface survey on theDolna Goritsa hill (OH_ID_2024), Roman pe‑ riod: 1– OH17_2024_01; 2– OH17_2024_07; 3– OH17_2024_03; 4– OH17_2024_02; 5– OH17_2024_03 (drawings by C. Haubenthal & H. Havlíková). OH_ID_2025 (OHRID_13_01); grave / necropolis (R) ARoman grave located directly on the south ‑western slope of the Dolna Goritsa hill, corre‑ sponding with the AKM record mentioning anecropolis situated next to the settlement. It was discovered in the 1980s during military activities and the excavations were supervised by an archaeologist from the Ohrid Museum. It was buried again right after the archaeological excavations. The local guide told us it was afemale grave covered by marble slabs, however, there is no published information concerning the results of the excavation. OH_ID_2026 (OHRID_15_03); settlement (N, BA, Hell) The settlement is located on ahigh hill (934 m.a.s.l.) overlooking the Ohrid plain and situated west of the village of Dolno Lakocherej. In the AKM, it is marked as asettlement dated to the Bronze Age and called Gradishte. The top of the hill is represented by aflat platform with the 107BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK dimensions of 80×50 m (N ‑S×W ‑E). Two terraces below the platform are noticeable while standing on its southern edge and looking to the south. The higher one is about 80 m wide, the lower one about 40 m. The platforms are sharply divided from each other by arock step which is about six to eight meters high and it seems to be of anatural creation (it is possible to climb up it). The northern part of the settlement features aflat area opened to anatural pass enabling one to cross the mountain ridge to Orovnik, i.e. to the neighbouring Struga plain. The settlement is heavily disturbed by treasure hunters who excavated several considerably large trenches all around its surface. The largest trench is placed directly on the top of the upper platform, ca. 5 m in diameter (visible on the Google Earth images). It is about 1.5 m deep, with the first 50 cm of topsoil placed on solid rock. Ahigh amount of stones mixed with soil and pottery accumulates all around the trench. Anumber of smaller trenches are placed on the upper platform as well as on the lower terraces. The majority of the ceramic material dates to the Late Neolithic/Eneolithic and Bronze Age periods according to the local chronology. They are hand made and represent open shapes (table wares and drinking vessels) if identifiable (Fig. 4:1–2). Multiple local parallels are known from the well documented contexts of the palafitte settlements in the ‘Bay of Bones’, Ohrid (Ohridati) and Vrbnik (cf. Kuzman 2013; Todoroska 2010). Besides coarse wares, also reddish, wheel made fine and semi ‑coarse ware fragments were collected, which belong to the Hellenistic period, and are analogous to the finds unearthed in the fortresses around the Ohrid and Struga plains as well as in the necropolises in Delogozhda and Trebenishko kale (cf. Bitrakova Grozdanova 1995). Fig. 4: Selected pottery from the surface survey on the hill Gradishte, Dolno Lakocherei (OH_ ID_2026). Late Neolithic / Eneolithic: 1– cup with incised decoration, OH17_2026_21; Bronze Age: 2– cup with everted rim, OH17_2026_04 (drawings by C. Haubenthal & H. Havlíková). 114 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 OH_ID_2051 (OHRID_15_05); necropolis / settlement (?) (R) The AKM describes the Lak–Predikaminca in the village of Dolno Lakocherej as afinding spot of amarble funerary statue of awoman holding adove; amarble column shaft; and amarble column base. The funerary statue is exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Macedonia in Skopje and the architectural remains are placed in the courtyard of the Church of Sv.Nedelja (OH_ID_2052), which is situated directly in the village. Based on the description in the AKM, the objects were found during the construction works of anew bridge over the Daljan River. The bridge is part of the main communication leading through the village and it is situated at its eastern border. Nowadays, the area is very disturbed, covered by recent waste and concrete blocks which seem to be part of the river bed. Big blocks of concrete, perhaps the remains of an old bridge, are placed around the area as well as inside the river bed. OH_ID_2052 (OHRID_15_05); spolia (R) The Church of Sv.Nedelja is situated in the northern part of the village Dolno Lakocherej. The Roman period marble shaft and base found in the location OH_ID_2051 are incorporated into the church outer decoration along the entrance from the south, both painted in red (Pl. 2/2). The shaft is located on the left side of the door, with h. 77 cm, d. 26 cm, and with adowel hole in the middle (d. 2.5 cm, 3 cm deep; Fig. 11). There is one more hole on the side of the upper part of the shaft; 3 cm deep and 1.5 cm wide. The base is located on the right side of the door. Its upper d. is 36 cm and lower d. 55 cm. The preserved height is 15 cm, with a5 cm high torus (Fig. 12). Both architectural features are used as stands for flower pots which, in combination with the red paint covering their entire surface, makes them hardly recognizable at first sight. Fig. 11: OH_ID_2052, the marble shaft incorporated into the church outer decoration (photo by P.Tušlová). Fig. 12: OH_ID_2052, the marble base in detail (photo by P.Tušlová). 115BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK OH_ID_2076; strategic hill (R–LA?, Ott) An elevated hill (730 m.a.s.l.) of akidney shape with dimensions 360×200 m, situated in the lowlands and oriented north to south. The hill is located about 2 km north of Samuel’sfortress, already within the Ohrid agglomeration. The hill is in several places heavily disturbed by lime‑ stone quarries, with the biggest ones on the south face (ca. 52×60 m) and on the north ‑east face (ca. 100×60 m). On the top of the hill, aGPS station is located, and the north ‑western foot of the hill is cut by afactory of the Slovin Biljana company. This location was not described in the AKM, but it has astrategic position, directly encouraging it to be settled. Therefore, it was included in our survey. We found only several roof tiles and bricks, some of them very clearly from the Ottoman period. However, one of the bricks has the marks of fingers impressed in parallel lines before firing, afeature characteristic for the Roman period. OH_ID_2069 (OHRID_48_06); necropolis (Hell) Anecropolis dated to the Hellenistic period, located about 300 m south of the Trebenishko kale on amountain pass. It was excavated in 1953–1954 and it revealed 17 burials with material from the 4th–3rd c. BC (Lahtov 1959). The grave offerings, especially the fibulae, demonstrate astrong connection to the sites in eastern Albania (i.e. Selce, Irmaj) which were apart of the Dassareatean Kingdom at that time (Bitrakova Grozdanova 1990). OH_ID_2070 (OHRID_48_06); fortified settlement (BA, IA, Hell, LA, EMA) Trebenishko kale is awell ‑known fortified settlement (of 7–8 ha) inhabited during the Ear‑ ly Bronze Age, Iron Age, Hellenistic, Late Antique and Early Medieval (Byzantine) periods (Lahtov 1959). The long timespan of the habitation might be most likely ascribed to its strategic location since it is situated on ahigh hill (1006 m.a.s.l.) overlooking the entire Struga plain as well as the six ‑kilometre long pass leading to the Ohrid plain. Only the Late Antique fortification walls are visible in several places on the south and south‑ ‑eastern slope of the hill. Their width is from ca. 1.5 m to 2.2 m, the preserved height reaches up to 1.5 m. Some walls are heavily eroding, in parts looking rather like apile of stones arranged in lines. Most of the architectural remains are of lime‑ or sand ‑stones without bonding, only several places feature the remains of mortar. Alarge excavation trench (5×2.3 m, 3 m deep) from the 1950s is still visible directly on the top of the hill at the place where afoundation of abigger architectural unit was originally supposed; more recent intrusions by robbers cannot be excluded, as different trenches / holes were observed in the area of the fortress. Within the central trench, four shards were collected, all dated to the Hellenistic period and having their best parallels in the ceramic material found in the nearby necropolis (OH_ID_2069). OH_ID_2072 (OHRID_41_01); necropolis (A, R) Located in the eastern part of the village of Rechitsa, in the area called Zadruzhni Shtali, the site is mentioned in the AKM as aLate Archaic and Roman necropolis found in 1952 when building an Agricultural Cooperative. Several graves were uncovered, but the place was not systematically excavated. We were brought to the place by Kliment Balev from the Ohrid Museum who was born and grew up in the village. The site is entirely overgrown, and the Agriculture Cooperative does not run anymore. OH_ID_2073 (OHRID_41_03); depot of jewellery (IA/A) Location Lozishta, Developed Iron Age / Archaic period depot of bronze jewellery found in 1955 (Kuzman 2013, 464–467). This is an approximate area of the finding place known from the AKM, again localised thanks to Kliment Balev. 116 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 OH_ID_2078 (OHRID_15_06); settlement (R) Based on the AKM, aRoman settlement in the village of Dolno Lakocherej, placed right next to the church of Sv.Nedelja (see OH_ID_2079). The place is currently built ‑on with houses. OH_ID_2079 (OHRID_15_06); necropolis (R) Based on the AKM, aRoman necropolis found in the village of Dolno Lakocherej during the construction of the church of Sv.Nedelja (OH_ID_2052). The only visible remain of the necrop‑ olis is afragment of an inscription inbuilt in the southern façade of the church (the same side where the shaft and base are placed, Pl. 2/2). The inscription is written in the Greek alphabet and it is most likely adedication or building inscription. The letter shapes indicate 3rd–4th c. AD and possibly Christian origin.7 ΠΑΤΡΙ [‑‑‑] [Κ]ΡΑΤΙΣΤ [‑‑‑] ΟΥΓΕΚ [‑‑‑] [.]ΗΕΝΔ STRUGA PLAIN OH_ID_2047 (STRUGA_36_01); old road pavement (R?, Ott) South ‑east of the village of Radozhda, which is stretched along the middle part of the western coast of Lake Ohrid, is situated apavement of an old road (Fig. 13). The AKM as well as other publications (e.g. Bitrakova Grozdanova 1996; Fasolo 2003, 233) interpret the paved road as apart of the Via Egnatia. The actual remains are detectable in ahill at about 730 m.a.s.l., ca. 340 m west of Lake Ohrid. The upper half of the preserved pavement goes directly up the hill, the lower half follows the contour line to the south for about 155 m, then the pavement dis‑ appears, and the following communication turns into adirt road. The width of the preserved part is 2.2 m, with confining stones of about 60×30 m detected along both sides. The in ‑fill stones are of about half the size of the confining stones or less. 7 We would like to thank Petra Janouchová for the identification of the type and chronology of the inscription. Fig. 13: Road pavement near Ra‑ dozhda, OH_ID_2047 (photo by P.Tušlová). 117BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK OH_ID_2053; road pavement (R?, Ott) Pavement of an old road orientated E ‑W. Parts of the road appear in several places in asection about 60 m long; the road width is 2.2 m. It is built from boulders, with larger lateral stones. The road leads along the necropolis (OH_ID_2083) which is placed just north of it. OH_ID_2054 (STRUGA_37_01); bridge (R?, Ott, modern) The location is described in the AKM as ‘Kamen most ‑Opale’. The ‘Kamen most’ (‘Stone bridge’) was indeed standing here, just recently replaced by aconcrete one. The old road OH_ID_2053 passed across the bridge, suggesting an Ottoman (or even earlier) system of communication in this area. OH_ID_2055 (STRUGA_37_01); settlement (N) OH_ID_2083 (STRUGA_37_01); necropolis (A) According to the AKM, aNeolithic settlement (OH_ID_2055) and aLate Archaic necropolis (OH_ID_2083) are located north of the road OH_ID_2053. In the 1930s many objects were found on the field– including pottery, worked stones and bones. Excavations in 1935–1937 and 1947–1953 conducted by the National Museum in Belgrade followed, revealing several graves with rich bronze offerings. Another three graves were uncovered in 1955 during the excavation by Ohrid Museum (cf. Popovic 1958 for further reading). Since the targeted area is fenced, we did not manage to survey the field and evaluate the current situation, however, it is located on pasture which did not seem to be disturbed by looting activities. OH_ID_2056 (STRUGA_37_03); basilica (LA) An Early Christian three nave basilica from the end of the 5th c. AD is located about 500 m south ‑east of the village of Radolishta. The basilica was excavated during 1954–1976 (Malen‑ ko 1987) and the whole ground plan was uncovered (ca. 40×22 m in W ‑E×N ‑Sdirection). Its stone foundations of roughly cut lime stones bound by mortar are restored and exposed in situ. OH_ID_2057 (STRUGA_37_03); necropolis (EMA) An Early Middle Age necropolis (7th–8th c. AD) excavated in 1976 (Malenko 1985) and scattered all around the basilica (OH_ID_2056). The location is known as ‘Ciganski grobishta’ (‘Gypsy graveyard’). OH_ID_2058 (STRUGA_43_01); necropolis (Hell) AHellenistic necropolis located on aslightly elevated hill situated next to the main square of the village of Shum, in the area currently used as aMuslim graveyard. The modern ‑day utilization also gave the name to the location: ‘Arapski grobishta’ (‘Arab graveyard’). The Hel‑ lenistic necropolis excavated in 1956 revealed several graves (Lahtov 1959, 37– footnote 58). The position of the necropolis roughly corresponds to the burial mound OH_ID_123 marked on the Soviet topographical maps at scales of 1 : 25 000 and 1 : 50 000. OH_ID_2059 (STRUGA_10_03); settlement (Hell, R– villa rustica) About 600 m SE of Delogozhda, aRoman villa rustica was found on private property, situated within the location known as ‘Padarnitsa’. Most of the Roman settlement seems to be placed under uncultivated fields, nowadays used as pasture (although they were cultivated in the past).8 In 1956, parts of ahypocaustum were excavated; in 2001, supposedly during military 8 The owner took us around the area where he detected structures connected to the Roman settlement during ploughing. The rough approximation of the extent is about 140×240 m (N ‑S×E ‑W). 118 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 training, parts of stone foundations were uncovered. The stone walls relating to the latter action are still visible in the terrain. Although the ditches have been destroyed by erosion, it seems the topsoil covering the remains is about 60 cm thick. The walls are made of roughly cut lime stones with no mortar bonding. The width of the walls is around 65 cm; two lines of stones are uncovered, protruding about 30 cm above the ground. The longest preserved wall is 160 cm in length. The disrupted area is rich in architecture ceramics; however, we did not find any pottery. The owner of the land lives in its northern and highest part, overlooking the field as well as the entire valley. The favourable characteristic of the location is outlined by anatural spring situated next to the owner’shouse. During the house construction, the territory revealed aRoman floor mosaic.9 The owner showed us arich collection of finds which were all local‑ ized within his property. Among the most spectacular belong a41 cm high marble eagle (with amissing head) on aquadrangular pedestal (w. 25 cm, h. 7 cm, depth 10 cm) with ahole in the centre of the base (w. 3 cm, h. 2.5 cm, depth 3 cm; Fig. 14); avery worn torso of amarble female statue (h. 27 cm, w. 14 cm, depth 14 cm; Fig. 15); part of amarble mortarium (complete h. 29 cm, upper d./w. ca. 32 cm, lower d./w. ca. 26 cm, upper wall thickness 2.5 cm); amarble base of Ionian type [complete h. 17.6 cm: stylobate (ca. 5 cm), torus (ca. 5 cm), trochilus (ca. 5 cm) and astragal (1–2 cm); the upper d. is ca. 26 cm; Fig. 16] and, two rectangular marble slabs (40×23×4 cm; 72×26×12 cm). The marble collection is accompanied by parts of architec‑ tural ceramics from the hypocaustum. According to the AKM, aHellenistic settlement should also be located in the area of the ‘Padarnitsa’. The owner did not keep much of the pottery, but several fragments he showed us are indeed Hellenistic, although their provenance might be rather related to the nearby Hellenistic–Roman necropolis (see OH_ID_2060). 9 Based on the personal communication with the owner whilst documenting his collection of finds which he kindly showed us. Fig. 14: Marble statue of an eagle, OH_ID_2059 (photo by P.Tušlová). 119BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK OH_ID_2060 (STRUGA_10_04); necropolis (A, Hell, R, EMA) An elevated hill situated south ‑east of the village of Delogozhda. The Sv.Ilija necropolis dated to the Archaic, Hellenistic, Roman and Middle Age periods is placed about 400 m south ‑east of the villa rustica OH_ID_2059. The site was excavated between 1979 and 1990 by the Museum of Dr.Nikola Nezlobinski in Struga, under the supervision of prof.Vera Bitrakova Grozdano‑ va. The excavations uncovered 102 graves and it is supposed by the excavators that the oldest graves from the 6th c. BC were placed below aburial mound (Bitrakova Grozdanova 1982; 1993). The surface of the hill is extensively disturbed by trenches from the old archaeological excavations as well as by relatively new treasure ‑hunters’ ditches. OH_ID_2061; road pavement (R?, Ott) An old stone road to the south ‑east of the village of Delogozhda, following the NW ‑SE direction of acontour line (ca. 750 m.a.s.l.). It passes about 100 m south of the villa rustica (OH_ID_2059) and if it kept its direction and height, it would have passed ca. 70 m south of the necropolis of Sv.Ilija (OH_ID_2060). The road is badly preserved and overgrown with bushes. It seems to be, again, dated to the Ottoman period, although the convenient position10 suggests an older predecessor. OH_ID_2062; necropolis (Modern era?) An abandoned necropolis with grave cists from rectangularly arranged roughly worked stone slabs, some of them covered with one stone plate from the top. They are oriented in the E ‑W direction. We saw several similar structures among modern graves in graveyards around monasteries. This cemetery features only these types of graves in avery bad state of 10 Situated high enough to be protected from the water (floods), leading straight without natural barriers with alot of space for sufficient width. Fig. 15: Torso of amarble female statue, OH_ID_2059 (photo by P.Tušlová). Fig. 16: Marble base of Ionian type, OH_ID_2059 (photo by P.Tušlová). 120 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 preservation– the upper plates are often missing, and the perimeter stones are leaning on their sides. We may identify them as Christian graves (according to the orientation), probably from the last few centuries. OH_ID_2063; settlement (Modern era?) Anowadays deserted village from the Modern era (last few centuries). We were informed about its existence by our guide whilst passing by to Kale (OH_ID_2064). Due to alack of time, we did not visit the place, but only marked its approximate location. OH_ID_2064 (STRUGA_20_04); settlement (IA, LA, MA) Based on the AKM, afortified settlement from the Iron Age, Late Antiquity and Middle Ages located on ahigh hill (1019 m.a.s.l.), situated about 2 km north ‑west of the village of Korosh‑ ishta. The view from the top covers not only the Struga plain, but also overlooks the majority of the long pass from the Sateska River Valley to Botun, which gives to this place an extra strategic position (Fig. 17). On the top of the hill we found arobbers’ trench, about 1.5×1.5 m and 2 m deep, dug part‑ ly into the rock. The upper 60 cm of the uncovered stratigraphy is created by asoil rich in stones and architectural ceramics (approx. date Roman or Late Antique). According to our local guide, aplastered cistern for rainwater was found on the top of the hill. Unfortunately, it is not detectable in the terrain anymore. Fig. 17: View from the fortified site near Koroshishta, OH_ID_2064 (photo by P.Tušlová). 121BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK OH_ID_2065 (STRUGA_32_01); fortified settlement (Hell, R, LA) Afortified settlement from the Hellenistic and Roman periods known as Gradishte Vajtos, located about 2 km south ‑west of the village of Oktisi (Bitrakova Grozdanova 2004, 26, fig. 3). The site is situated on one of the many hills placed in the second ‘line’ of the Jablanica mountain range, not directly connected to the Struga plain (Fig. 18– view from the site to‑ wards Lake Ohrid). The position is ideal for guarding the four ‑kilometre long pass indirectly connecting the area today represented by the villages of Vishne and Oktsi. Fig. 18: View from the fortified site Vajtos ‑Oktisi, OH_ID_2065 (photo by P.Tušlová). The fortification long axis is oriented in the east ‑west direction and its length reaches about 160 m, the width is about 50 m. The northern fortification wall is made of big rectangular stones, in apseudo -isodomos technique (varying between 125–180×45–95×40–45 cm). The re‑ mains in the south, identified as apart of the defensive architecture, are made of considerably smaller stones (max. 80×40×30 cm), possibly representing the remains of awatchtower. The eastern entrance to the rocky spur of the fortification (based on the terrain possibly the main entrance) is heavily damaged by several robbers’ trenches which uncovered stone walls ‑ some bound by mortar, some not. The walls can be attributed to several different phases of the settlement as they were built over each other in different directions (Fig. 19). The height of some of them exceeds 1 m, their width is about 40–50 cm. The eastern area yields the highest amount of surface material– architectural ceramics (roof tiles, one with an imprint of apig hoof), three different rims of dolia and several pcs. of Hellenistic (black glaze) and Late An‑ tique pottery (Fig. 20:1–4). 122 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 Fig. 19: Different phases of fortification walls (Hell, LA) in Vajtos ‑Oktisi, OH_ID_2065 (photo by P.Tušlová). Fig. 20: Selected finds from the surface survey on the hill Vajtos ‑Oktisi, OH_ID_2065, Hellenistic period: 1– black glaze cup with fluted ornamentation, OH_ID_2065_06; 2– base, OH17_2065_18; 3– Plate with rolled rim, OH17_2065_17. Hellenistic period / Late Antiquity: 4– pithos rim, OH17_2065_24 (drawings by C. Haubenthal & H. Havlíková). 123BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK OH_ID_2066; road pavement (Ott) An old stone pavement of road situated about 240 m north ‑west of the Vajtos Gradishte (OH_ID_2065). The road runs in anorth ‑east direction and its southern end turns west. The preserved width is 1.5 m, the length about 10 m, with ascatter of single stones, possibly orig‑ inally part of the road, going further to the north. OH_ID_ 2067 (STRUGA_09_05); fortified settlement (LA) Afortified settlement on ahill with asmall upper plateau in the location known as Crkva, on the topographical maps 1:25 000 and 1:100 000 also marked as Kula (‘tower’). The hill is located at 1000 m.a.s.l. about 1700 m north ‑west of the village of Dolno Tateshi as the crow flies, with along axis in the north ‑south direction (about 300 m long). We were taken to the place by alocal from Dolno Tateshi. He informed us that for about 20 years looters had been regularly visiting and ravaging the settlement, having given up this activity just acouple of years ago after having concluded it was already completely looted. Unfortunately, the condi‑ tion of the settlement corresponds with the ghastly description. The entire plateau is covered with athick layer of stones, apparently originally parts of constructions, though it is hard to recognize any remains which could possibly be described as akind of asolid structure. Only close to the hills’ southern peak, we identified one robber’strench which revealed walls made of roughly worked lime‑ and sandstones with mortar, architectural ceramics and Late Roman pottery as well as roof tiles. The western edge of the hill preserves the foundations of amassive fortification wall reaching 1.6 m in width and about 100 m in length, running in the north ‑south direction. The local informant told us that he remembers the wall in amuch better condition, with an entirely preserved width, and that its poor condition was caused by the treasure hunters. The eastern limitation of the fortification is not visible. Based on the terrain, the width of the settlement was not more than ca. 100 m. OH_ID_2068 (STRUGA_40_03); palafitte settlement (N, EN) In the location of Ustie na Drim, apalafitte settlement of the Neolithic and Eneolithic period (cf. Todorska 2016 with further reading). It was found in 1961 during the extension of the riverbed of the Crni Drim River, directly in the centre of Struga, about 150 m inland of the current bank of Lake Ohrid. Based on the AKM, pottery, worked stones, flints and fishing equipment were found. The current appearance of the place does not in any way point to the existence of an archaeological site, since the new riverbed was actually built over it. RESEN PLAIN OH_ID_2074 (RESEN_13_01); necropolis (Hell) AHellenistic necropolis located on the north ‑eastern edge of the village of Izbishta. It was found in 1953 during the construction works connected with aroad heading from the Ohrid plain to Resen (Lahtov 1959, 27 footnote 32). Based on the AKM, two complete black slip kantharoi and one plate were found here. The necropolis is situated on aslightly elevated hill cut in half by the road. Two graves were found on the western part of the road. The western profile shows aprobable S ‑N extent of the entire necropolis, since it unearthed the exact borders of an area where the bedrock was cut and removed, possibly in order to establish ground suitable for placing graves. Based on the profile and the remaining eastern half of the hill, the possible extent of the entire necropolis was 140×100 m (N ‑S×E ‑W). The location of the necropolis corresponds with the sign of burial mound (ID_260) marked on the topo‑ graphical map 1 : 50 000. 130 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 settings and current state of preservation. Finally, the symbols appearing on topographical maps and identified as ‘burial mounds’ were verified in the field. In summary, 43 archaeological and historical sites recorded in the AKM were verified and reviewed, and another 13 new positions were identified and documented in the first ‑year of the project (Pl. 2/1; Tab.2). Moreover, five out of 32 selected points marked on the Soviet topographic maps as burial mounds were confirmed as true ‑positives, i.e. related to ancient burial(s) (Pl. 2/3). The evaluation of the potential for afurther examination in terms of an intensive field survey in the plains and an extensive survey in the mountain areas reveals major difficulties relating to the landscape in focus. The area around Lake Ohrid has changed dramatically due to acombination of seismic, environmental and anthropogenic interventions resulting in very challenging survey conditions: The fields in the northern plains are covered by clastic input (alluvial sedimentation), while the surrounding mountains and the eastern shore of the lake are eroded and/or artificially afforested. Therefore, close cooperation with the nat‑ ural sciences is one of the musts in order to explain how exactly these changes affected the Lake Ohrid basin, and, subsequently, to adjust the survey methodology accordingly. Further geological and environmental studies should, in this regard, be based on and complement the results of the research conducted in the last decade (e.g. the deep drilling project SCOPSCO; Wagneretal. 2017 with further readings). Taking the results of the trial field survey and the above ‑mentioned constraints into consid‑ eration, futurefield work will address the following research questions: a) settlements: based on the collected samples and verification of features from the top‑ ographic and satellite maps, which seem to feature some uniformity, the minimal elevation of settlements should be reconstructed diachronically and related to the geomorphological and environmental developments in the region, i.e. the impact of the sedimentation, alluvial processes or coastline evolution and marsh/lagoon environment should be taken into con‑ sideration b) fortifications: the archaeological remains of four fortified sites (OH_ID_2031, 2064, 2065, 2070) located on the ridges in the Struga and Ohrid municipality underscore the assumption of centralisation processes in the region in the Hellenistic period (cf. Bitrakova Grozdanova 2004). An extensive survey of additional fortifications as well as aGIS ‑based analysis (visibil‑ ity‑, interaction‑ etc.) could reveal important data regarding the extent, socio ‑political and economic patterns of the first proto ‑state structure in the region– in the historical sources known as the Dassareatean Kingdom. c) burial mounds: given the insufficient state of research on this subject in the region, in particular for the Bronze Age and Early / Developed Iron Age (cf. Papazovska– Heilmann 2018), the further examination of burial mounds will aim to answer the questions of their location, state of preservation, chronology and construction. d) communications: given that the current reconstruction of the main communication route in the region, the Candavian Road or the Via Egnacia, follows the northern shore of Lake Ohrid, seems to be rather impossible due to the coastal marsh/lagoon environment; areconsideration of the course should be conducted using the GIS ‑based analysis and an extensive field survey. e) chronology: approximately only one half, 22 of the 56 already known or newly identified sites in the region exhibit afixed chronological sequence verified by archaeological excavations or analysis of findings (Tab.2– grey). However, the presented data often reveal gaps caused by short ‑term field work or different research questions (e.g. OH_ID_2032). Hence, aproper 131BARBORA WEISSOVÁ– PETRA TUŠLOVÁ– PERO ARDJANLIEV– MAREK VERČÍK re ‑evaluation of the excavated archaeological material (now at the museums in Struga and Ohrid), combined with test pits on selected archaeological sites, is necessary in order to create asteady framework for further research. According to these research questions, the tasks of the next field work are as follows: a) to complement the review of the already known archaeological and historical sites in the Struga plain in cooperation with local archaeologists and residents. b) to conduct an extensive survey in the valley connecting the Ohrid and Struga plain. c) to start an architectural and epigraphic survey in the region with afocus on the lo‑ cal churches in cooperation with the Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Institutes in München (prof.Dr.Christoph Schuler). d) to undertake ageological and asubsequent palynological investigation of the coastal and riverine areas in the Ohrid basin. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund ‑Project ‘Creativity and Adaptability as Conditions of the Success of Europe in an Interrelated World’ (No.CZ.02.1.01/ 0.0/0.0/16_019/0000734) and by the Charles University program PROGRES Q 09: History– The Key to Understanding the Globalized World. BIBLIOGRAPHY AKM = Археолошка карта на република Македонија 2 (Archaeological Map of the Republic of Macedonia 2), Skopje 1996. Ardjanliev, P.2017: Enlightening identity. Reconsidering burial practices in the Lychnidos region from the Iron Age until the end of the Hellenistic period. In: M. Trefný– B. Jennings (eds.): Inter -regional contacts during the first millennium B.C. in Europe. Proceedings from the session organized during the 19th meeting of European Association of Archaeologists, Pilsen 5th–9th September 2013. Hradec Králové, 132–145. Bitrakova Grozdanova 1982 = Битракова Грозданова, В.: Ископувањата на античката некропола во Делогожда 1979. 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Barbora Weissová Ruhr ‑Universität Bochum Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften Am Bergbaumuseum 31, D‑44791, Bochum barbora.weissova@ruhr ‑uni ‑bochum.de Pero Ardjanliev The National Archaeological Museum of Macedonia Kej Dimitar Vlahov, MKD‑1000 Skopje [email protected] Petra Tušlová Institute of Classical Archaeology Faculty of Arts, Charles University Celetná 20, CZ‑110 00 Prague 1 [email protected] Marek Verčík Institute of Classical Archaeology Faculty of Arts, Charles University Celetná 20, CZ‑110 00 Prague 1 [email protected] Distant Worlds: Munich Graduate School for Ancient Studies Ludwig ‑Maximilians ‑Universität Munich Geschwister ‑Scholl ‑Platz 1, DE‑80539 München 223PLATES Pl. 1/1: Emporion Pistiros sherds representing the color scale, from left to right– Grey, Red Brown, and Yellow Brown. Pl. 2/1: Features verified during the first ‑year field work, combined with the route of Via Egnatia and the original river bed of the Sateska River (map by B. Weissová, Via Egnatia according to the Barrington Atlas). 224 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/1 Pl. 2/2: The church of Sv. Nedelja with the column shaft on the left side of the door and the capital on the right side. The Roman period inscription is incorporated in the wall above candle stands. Dolno Lakocherej, OH_ID_2052 (photo by P. Tušlová). Pl. 2/3: Surveyed mounds in the Ohrid and Struga plains, combined with the route of Via Egnatia and the original river bed of the Sateska River (map by B. Weissová, Via Egnatia according to the Barrington Atlas).