Life before Troy: On the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Heinrich Schliemann (1822–1890)

Life before Troy: On the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Heinrich Schliemann (1822–1890) Daria Murzina KEYWORDS: Heinrich Schliemann— Catherine Schliemann— Troy— Hisarlik— Archeology Heinrich Schliemann: self-taught archaeologist, founder of Mycenaean archeology, discoverer of Homeric Troy. All of these high-profile events occurred at the end of the life of Heinrich Schliemann. But what do we really know about his childhood, adolescence, and adulthood? FORMATION OF PERSONALITY On January 6, 1822, in the city of Neubukov, Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann was born into the family of Protestant pastors, Ernst and Louise Schliemann. The name Schliemann takes its roots from the end of the 15th century in the town of Lublek. At the beginning of the 17th century, in order to improve their own social status, part of the family moved to the city of Rostock. This side of the Schliemann family was engaged in small business, men are educated and become pharmacists and priests.1 Ernst Schliemann (1780–1870) was an extremely fickle character. He made attempts at home education2 of his seven children (eldest daughter Eliza, then Dorothea, Wilhelmina, Louise, eldest son Heinrich, then Ludwig and Paul), but the implementation did not have asystematic approach. Ernst dreamt of atrip to the excavations of Pompeii, but the dream remained unfulfilled. Shortly before the death of his wife Louise, he got himself amistress from adomestic servant. Heinrich’s mother Louise (1793–1831), nee Bürger, died when he was just 9 years old. At the time, the family lived in the village of Ankershagen, where Ernst Schliemann received anew parish. Almost immediately after the death of his wife, Ernst became acentral figure in asex scandal and was defrocked. The consequences led the family to financial ruin and loss of reputation in society. Heinrich was sent to his uncle “the Revered Friedrich 1 Hans Schliemann, Name und Wappen unserer Familie Schliemann, Archaeology and Heinrich Schliemann: ACentury after his Death: Αssessments and Prospects, Myth— History— Science, Athens 2012, pp.164–170. 2 Dr. Henry Schliemann, Ilios: The City and Country of the Trojans, New York 1881, p.3. OPEN ACCESS 8 WISOHIM/ESHP 30 Schliemann, who was the pastor of the village of Kalkhorst in Mecklenburg”3. The uncle rightly judged that Heinrich needed to go to the gymnasium, but it turns out that he was not ready for training and needed acoach to catch up with his peers. Three months after entering the gymnasium, Heinrich was politely asked to leave the school due to the fact that no one paid for his education, in addition to the scandalous reputation of Heinrich’s father, which casted adark shadow on the gymnasium. As aresult, Heinrich moved to the less prestigious Realschule. After graduating in 1836, 14-year-old Schliemann went to work as alaborer in agrocery store in the small town of Fürstenberg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz. For working in the shop, Heinrich was provided with lodging, lunch, and very minimal pay. After 5 years of monotonous physical work, amiracle happened in the shop. Regular Hermann Niederhöffer, for adrink paid for by Schliemann, began to recite Homer’s passages in Greek from memory. According to Schliemann himself from his Autobiography,4 this moment was one of the turning points in his life and so he decided to leave the shop, in order to look for something better and more worthy of him. However, it transpired that this fascinating story from the autobiography was in fact afiction, as confirmed by D.Traill.5 In age of 18 Heinrich traveled alone to Hamburg to study accounting. There and then, Schliemann’s plans changed and he again got ajob as alaborer at the Fish Market. By working too hard, Heinrich one day began to cough up blood and was fired for fear that was either carrying acontagious disease or would die at the workplace. Ahappy occasion brought him to Mecklenburg compatriot J.F. Wendt— ashipbroker and aclose friend of Schliemann’s mother. According to the Russian researcher Bogdanov,6 this meeting was not accidental, and it could be possible that Schliemann was specifically looking for J.F. Wendt. He arranged for Schliemann to sail on the Dorothea brig to La Guaira, the harbor of Caracas, Venezuela. On December 11, 1841, during astorm, ashipwreck occurred off the Dutch island of Texel. This event was described by Schliemann very thoroughly and with many details in three different versions: in aletter to his sisters,7 in his diary 1850–51,8 and in the preface “Ilion” (i.ehis Autobiography).9 Dutch researcher W.Arentzen10 has studied the shipwreck in detail and given that passenger lists were not then available, it was not possible to prove the presence or absence of Schliemann on board “Dorothea”. However, on the basis of other sources, there is reason to believe that the story 3 Ibid., p.6. 4 Ibid, p.7. 5 David Traill, Schliemann’s Dream of Troy: The Making of aLegend, The Classic Journal, 1985, Vol.81, p.13. 6 Igor Bogdanov, Genrih Shliman: Russkaja avantura, Moskva 2008, s.52. 7 Gennadius Library Archives: Heinrich Schliemann papers, Series BB: Original Letters, Box1, Folder 1— Letter to Wilhelmine and Doris Schliemann, Amsterdam, 20February 1842 (64 pages), pp.38–40. 8 Gennadius Library Archives: Heinrich Schliemann papers, Series A: Diaries, A2, pp. iii–vi. 9 Henry Schliemann, Ilios, pp.8–9. 10 Wout Arentzen, Schliemann en Nederland: Een leven vol verhalen, Leiden 2012, s.32–36. OPEN ACCESS DarIa MurzIna 9 of the shipwreck of “Dorothea” was borrowed by Schliemann from another person. Nevertheless, Heinrich, traveling from Hamburg instead of Venezuela, arrived in Amsterdam and spent the first two months in the new city in hospital. As aresult of the treatment, Schliemann acquired alifelong habit of swimming in open water every day, no matter what. But over the course of his life, it was swimming under any circumstances that almost cost Heinrich his life several times. As aresult, it can be said that swimming became the cause of chronic inflammation of the ear canal,11 which shortened Schliemann’s life. From the hospital, Heinrich again wrote aletter to Wendt asking for help: „By alucky chance my letter reached him when he was sitting at adinner party with numerous friends. The account of the disaster which had befallen the excited universal compassion, and asubscription which he at once raised for me produced the sum of 240 florins (£20), which he sent me through Consul Quack. At the same time, he recommended me to the excellent Consul-General of Prussia at Amsterdam, Mr. W.Hepner, who procured me asituation in the office of Mr. FC Quien.“12 In my opinion, this shorty story looks like aborrowing from aVictorian novel, but anyway, Schliemann still received acash allowance. And also, through the aforementioned Frederick Charles Quien, who between 1798–1811 worked at the firm “Schröder & Co.”, Schliemann got ajob as apeddler clerk in one of the many offices in Amsterdam. According to Schliemann’s Autobiography,13 during that period of his life, he began to actively engage in self-education. He took calligraphy lessons, studied foreign languages and developed his own method of studying them, revealing an undoubted talent for languages. Thus, by the age of 22, Schliemann had mastered English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. On March 1, 1844, Heinrich started ajob as correspondent and book-keeper at the office of Schröder & Co. To demonstrate to his new employers that they made agood decision in hiring him, Schliemann began to study Russian. From his perspective, it was astrategic step: to establish trade contacts for the Schröder firm with Russian merchants and thus become atruly irreplaceable and invaluable employee. Within six weeks, according to his Autobiography,14 Schliemann wrote his first letter in Russian and began to build up his own clientele of Russian merchants and their representatives. „Accordingly, Schröder, regardless of his youth, promoted him almost once amonth, so that after barely two years he already had fifteen clerks working for him, and was given full discretionary powers.“15 Between January and February in 1846, 24-year-old Schliemann was promoted to the status of an agent of the Schröder firm and sent on his first independent business trip to the capital of the Russian empire, St.Petersburg. Schliemann defined the 11 Charalampos Skoulakis et al., The Otologic Problem and Death of Heinrich Schliemann, European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 2008, Vol.265, Issue 5, pp.575–580. 12 Henry Schliemann, Ilios, p.9. 13 Ibid., pp.9–11. 14 Ibid., p.11. 15 Emil Ludwig, Schliemann: The Story of aGold-seeker, Boston 1932. p.31. OPEN ACCESS 10 WISOHIM/ESHP 30 range of goods which he used to build aname for himself, become asuccessful businessman and make himself afortune. Indigo and various raw materials related to the weaving industry and tea were Schliemann’s main interests. But Heinrich would never strictly adhere to just this small list of resale items. As atalented businessman, he always followed the trends in the market and the global situation, and from timeto-time Schliemann changed his business preferences. After half ayear in Russia, Schliemann went on his first European tour and visited the British Museum, Louvre and Versailles for the first time, but only as an ordinary visitor. Heinrich had no scientific interest in the collections of Egyptian, Ancient Greek and Roman art. At this stage in his life, Schliemann was more interested in the course of work of the English weaving factories, which he personally visited in London and Liverpool, and the organization of European railways. Interestingly, several pages describing his first European tour were cut out by someone from the diary.16 On February 15, 1847, Heinrich Schliemann officially gained Russian citizenship. And after 4 days he enrolled in the second merchant guild.17 It should be noted that from the moment of the first recording, Schliemann constantly communicated between the guilds, and from the Petersburg merchants to Narva.18 On March 4, 1850, Schliemann went on abusiness trip to Europe for the second time. Upon his return to Russia he was greeted with the news that his brother Ludwig had died in California. The real reason why Heinrich Schliemann decided to go to California is difficult or almost impossible to establish. Most biographers are inclined to think that Schliemann was on his way to bury Ludwig and save the capital accumulated by his brother, adding money to his savings. Furthermore, in letters to relatives, Heinrich wrote that in Russia nothing else kept him there. In my opinion, the death of his brother in North America was just an excuse to participate in the notorious Gold Rush. Aleisurely journey to California through European capitals followed. In London, Schliemann stayed for afew days to visit the Crystal Palace, theaters and museums. Asimilarly rich cultural program occurred in New York.19 This was followed by afictional meeting in Washington with President Millard Fillmore20 and his family. Then by ship Schliemann arrived in Panama where he inspected the railway and the ruins of Old Panama.21 Afterward, Heinrich sailed to San Francisco, where he arrive on April 3, 1851. This suggests that Schliemann’s claim that he “received American citizenship on July 4, 1850, when California officially became astate”,22 is completely untrue. First, in July 1850, Heinrich Schliemann was in St.Petersburg, Russia. Second, “President Jefferson signed the California State 31st State Bill on September 9, 16 Gennadius Library Archives: Heinrich Schliemann papers, Series A: Diaries, A1, p.151. 17 Igor Bogdanov, Russkaja avantura, s.118. 18 Now the Estonian city of Narva. 19 Christo Thanos, Wout Arentzen, Schliemann and the California Gold Rush, pp.19–27. 20 David Traill, Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit, New York 1995, p.10. 21 Christo Thanos, Wout Arentzen, Schliemann and the California Gold Rush, pp.42–46. 22 Ibid., p.46. OPEN ACCESS DarIa MurzIna 11 1850”.23 And it was only after that point that everyone in California acquired American citizenship. Truly and officially, Schliemann obtained his American citizenship only in 1869. After arriving in Sacramento in April 1851, Heinrich Schliemann found Ludwig’s grave, set agravestone and searched for the money left over from his brother, who owned asmall hotel and grocery store there.24 Schliemann did not want to wash the gold sand, therefore, with the approval of B.Davidson, Heinrich opened an office in September 1851 to exchange gold sand for banknotes. After seven months of continuous work, Schliemann closed his bank and decided to return to Russia. Before leaving, Heinrich deceived his partner Davidson, by failing to sell him all of the golden dust.25 In the end, both reached acompromise. FIRST SPOUSE— CATHERINE LYZHINA Schliemann’s return to St.Petersburg was slow. In 1852, while still on the road, he began to exchange letters with his future bride and first wife Catherine Lyzhina. The entire Lyzhin family came from an old merchant family, and in the 19th century, all family members were firmly connected by their acquaintances with leading St.Petersburg scientists, who for the most part, were Russified Germans. According to Gavrilov,26 the Lyzhin family were moderate Slavophiles— this is not only atribute to the trend fashionable at that time, but also fully characterizes the family lifestyle and views on the life of all its members. Catherine Petrovna Lyzhina, born on September 7, 1826 died in 1896 at the age of 69 and was buried in the Volkovskoye cemetery next to her daughter Natalia.27 Catherine Lyzhina was agraduate of the St.Petri-Schule, the best school in Russia; she was very good at playing the piano, well versed in literature, fluent in French and German, and showed talent in the macaronic epistolary style.28 Once Catherine wrote aletter to her fiancé in German. Heinrich did not appreciate this gesture and asked the bride to write him letters in Russian only.29 Catherine’s father, Petr Alexandrovich Lyzhin, was born in 1783 in Moscow and died in 1855 in Dresden, where he was buried. Petr Lyzhin was educated at aGerman school in St.Petersburg. Then he lived in London for several years, where he studied English very successfully.30 He then returned to St.Petersburg and became alawyer with an impeccable reputation. In 1849, Petr Aleksandrovich left his advocacy and 23 Ibid., p.47. 24 Emil Ludwig, The Story of aGold-seeker, p.56. 25 Christo Thanos, Wout Arentzen, Schliemann and the California Gold Rush, pp.70–71. 26 Alexandr Gavrilov, Peterburg vsudbe Genriha Shlimana, Sankt-Peterburg 2006, s.81. 27 Ibid., s.82. 28 Ibid., s.95. 29 Igor Bogdanov, Russkaja avantura, s.206. 30 Ibid., s.183. OPEN ACCESS 12 WISOHIM/ESHP 30 became amerchant of the 2nd guild.31 The sons of Peter Alexandrovich and brothers of Catherine: Nicholas Petrovich and Pavel Petrovich— both also graduated from the St.Petri-Schule school.32 In 1852, Nicholas Lyzhin (1830–1876) became acandidate for rights at St.Petersburg University and in 1858 he studied amaster’s degree. He was the educator of the members of the imperial Russian house— the children of Prince Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg. The range of scientific interests of Nicholas Petrovich included the general history of Russia in the 17th century and especially the Stolbovsky peace treaty. The result of the research was scientific work called “The Stolbovsky agreement and the negotiations that preceded it”, which was published in St.Petersburg in 1857.33 In 1858 Pavel Lyzhin (1829–1904) started at St.Petersburg University and studied law with aspecialization in cameralistics.34 After graduating from the University, he was engaged in private law practice in civil cases. In history and literature, Pavel Lyzhin was noted for being the creditor of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. On June 5, 1865, Dostoevsky’s property was described due to non-payment of debt. This and subsequent events served as the starting point for Dostoevsky’s creation of the negative character Petr Petrovich Luzhin in the novel Crime and Punishment, endowed with the portrait features and character of Pavel Lyzhin.35 After the death of his father, Pavel Lyzhin replaced him as alawyer and chargé d’affaires, Heinrich Schliemann.36 Some authors of Schliemann’s biographies wrote that Catherine Lyzhina married Heinrich for convenience. Based on the above description of the Lyzhin family, Ifundamentally disagree with this point of view. Instead, it is possible to assume the opposite— it was Schliemann who needed to improve his position in society, especially after along absence from Russia. And he could do this in two ways: through conscientious commercial transactions and with the status of afamily man. Moreover, Schliemann himself was already 30 years old and amarried businessman which inspired more confidence than awandering German bachelor. On October 12, 1852,37 awedding ceremony took place in St.Isaac’s Cathedral.38 From the register of St.Isaac’s Cathedral: St.Petersburg philistine G.Schliemann, Evangelical Lutheran confession, first marriage. The daughter of an honorary citizen Petr Alexandrovich Lyzhin, maiden Catherine Petrovna Lyzhina, of Orthodox confession, 26 years old.39 31 Alexandr Gavrilov, Peterburg vsudbe Genriha Shlimana, s.80. 32 Ibid., s.88. 33 Ibid., s.87. 34 Ibid., s.81. 35 Igor Bogdanov, Russkaja avantura, s.191–192. 36 Alexandr Gavrilov, Peterburg vsudbe Genriha Shlimana, s.148. 37 On the same day Sophia Engastromenos, the second wife of Heinrich Schliemann was born. 38 The same place in awooden church in 1712, where Peter Iand Catherine IAlekseevna were married. 39 Igor Bogdanov, Russkaja avantura, s.211. OPEN ACCESS DarIa MurzIna 13 The concept of civil marriage in Russia in the 19th century did not exist. Only achurch marriage was recognized. All issues between spouses, in particular divorce, were decided by the Synod, and not by the state authority. Aspouse of anon-Orthodox faith could marry if the church ceremony was performed by apriest.40 That was observed in the case with the Protestant Henry and the Orthodox Catherine. Children born in mixed marriages have always become Orthodox.41 Before the wedding, Schliemann was also obliged to sign aspecial paper, which stated that the Orthodox faith would be dominant in the new family.42 Apparently, Schliemann absolutely did not understand the meaning of this document. It was only many years later, when Schliemann was in Indianapolis preparing the documents for divorce, that he opened the document again and learned that the last word in their family had always been and remained with Catherine. Therefore, the divorce, which Heinrich issued in an American civil court without the presence of his wife, was still considered invalid under Russian law. Breaking the marriage bond between Heinrich and Catherine could only be done with the authority of the church, represented by the Synod in Russia.43 TURBULENT DECADE During the Crimean War, Heinrich Schliemann, an official citizen of the Russian Empire and Mecklenburg native, saw the trade prospects of wartime opening up before him. He took advantage of the blockade of ports and began to actively use illegal trade by reselling saltpeter, sulfur, lead, indigo, and other dyes to Russia.44 Schliemann had his own small network of cargo ships and carriers which transported goods for him across the Russian-Prussian border and beyond.45 Anetwork of Schliemann carriers operated in the cities of Kazan, Saratov, Sudislavl, Elabuga, Yaroslavl, Vladislavov, Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Riga.46 Passionate about making money during the Crimean War, Schliemann completely stop caring for his wife, who was pregnant with their first child at the time. It is important to note that the cornerstone of the relationship between Catherine and Heinrich was not money, which they both often argued about, but education. Not anatural talent for anything, but real university education and application of the knowledge gained. Undoubtedly, Heinrich Schliemann had atruly unique talent for 40 Svod zakonov Rossijskoj Imperii, povelenijem Gosudara Imperatora Nikolaja Pervago sostavlennyj: Izdanije 1857 goda, Tom desatyj, Chast I: Zakony grazhdanskije, Glava Vtoraja: Obrakah lic Hristianskih ne-Pravoslavnago ispovedanija mezhdu soboju islicami Pravoslavnago, Sankt-Peterburg 1857, st. 72, s.15. 41 Svod zakonov Rossijskoj Imperii, st. 67, s.13–14. 42 Ibid., st. 67, s.13–14. 43 Ibid., st. 73, s.15. 44 Henry Schliemann, Ilios, p.14. 45 Igor Bogdanov, Russkaja avantura, s.241–243. 46 Ibid., s.245. OPEN ACCESS 14 WISOHIM/ESHP 30 languages. But this outside interest of his was an intellectual hobby that Schliemann developed and used for business. During the Crimean War, he learned Danish, Slovenian, Polish, and Swedish.47 In April 1855, Schliemann began the study of the Modern Greek language and, according to the system he himself developed, hired anative speaker— Theoklet Vimpos48, aseminarian at the St.Petersburg Lavra, who played avery important role in the arrangement of Heinrich’s second family happiness— but more on that later. In 1857 came the post-war financial crisis. But Schliemann’s turnover did not decrease. As well as athirst for languages— Schliemann hired aLatin tutor.49 Having quenched his thirst for languages and left his pregnant wife with athree-yearold son in St.Petersburg, Schliemann sets off on atrip to Europe, Africa, and Asia. This journey, lasting 8 months, from November 1858 to July 1859, took the route: Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, Italy, Egypt, Jerusalem, Jordan, Syria, Smyrna, the Cyclades archipelago, Athens.50 It must be said that although Schliemann visited several Greek cities, all these stays were limited to the accumulation of personal impressions described in his diaries51 and the study of the Arabic language, which he later deepened. In Athens, Schliemann found more letters52 from home, from which he learned that his newborn daughter was already 5 months old. Heinrich returned to Petersburg in July 1859. He visited his wife and children vacationing at the dacha in order to personally tell them that on August 3 he would again leave for Europe. Schliemann spent the summer and autumn of 1859 on another trip to Europe. Heinrich visited Königsberg, Paris, Madrid, Mecklenburg, Switzerland, Milan, Rome, Frankfurt, and Baden-Baden. In December 1859, he finally returned to St.Petersburg. Immediately, he was met with new concerns, now not only did he have family complications, but during his absence in Russia, litigation with Stepan Fyodorovich Solovyov53 was brought against him. The conflict between Schliemann and Solovyov began in November/December 185754 when Schliemann instructed his lawyer Fyodor Kukhchinsky to sue Solovyov in order to declare the latter bankrupt55 since the latter was not able to pay Heinrich Schliemann the owed money as promised. According to the laws on bills, in 47 Ibid., s.258. 48 Henry Schliemann, Ilios, p.14. 49 Ibid., p.15. 50 Ibid., pp.16–17. 51 Gennadius Library Archives: Heinrich Schliemann papers, Series A: Diaries, A3. 52 Igor Bogdanov, Russkaja avantura, s.288–290. 53 Russian merchant of the 1st guild, hereditary honorary citizen of Saint-Petersburg, gold miner, and Maecenas; 1819–1867. 54 Igor Bogdanov, Russkaja avantura, s.271–272. 55 Vasilij Ivanovich Fomin, Sobranije uzakonenij ovekselah, zajemnyh pismah, bankrotah iprochih dolgovih aktah: soderzhashee vsebe: vekselnij ustav, bankrotskij ustav iposledovavshije po predmetu semu ukazy ipostanovlenija po 1826 god, Sankt-Peterburg 1826, VIII, X, 135–138. OPEN ACCESS DarIa MurzIna 15 court, it was possible to accuse aperson of bankruptcy without his personal presence in the courtroom, but on the condition that the accused is in the city at that moment in time. The accused is summoned to court for three days in arow, and if he did not appear on the fourth day or did not send an attorney, or did not try to pay the bills, then such aperson was declared bankrupt. He was immediately put on the wanted list, when he was found, he was put on trial, and his property was withdrawn from him. Additionally, debts were paid from the inventory according to the sequence prescribed by law. At this time, the bankrupt person was held in custody, and an official announcement was printed in the newspapers that if someone else has claims against bankruptcy, then such people must provide information about themselves and the amount of debt required to the court. Schliemann’s aggressive maneuver caused Stepan Fyodorovich to be justly indignant. Moreover, at the time of the beginning of Schliemann’s trial against Solovyov, the latter was in Siberia and wrote56 to Petersburg that he would arrive in the capital in March 1858. In the meantime, Schliemann, to help Kukhchinsky, additionally hired Pavel Petrovich Lyzhin so that he prepared papers for transfer to the Commercial Court “to recover from Solovyov 26 thousand rubles for goods and 50 thousand rubles for protested bills”.57 At the beginning of 1860, Catherine had ababy, which soon died. And in May of the same year, Heinrich finally sent his wife and children on their first trip abroad for rest and treatment. Catherine without her husband, and tending to young children Sergey and Natasha visited Hamburg, Marienbad, Karlsbad, Teplitz, Dresden, Ostend, and Mecklenburg. On July 21, 1861, daughter Nadezhda was born into the Schliemann family. At this point, Heinrich was at the Nizhny Novgorod fair. Schliemann learned about the birth of his daughter from aletter58 from Nicholas Lyzhin. At the same time, Heinrich learned Persian and tried not to stay at home for too long, constantly departing on long business trips to fairs. Back in 1861, Schliemann made afamous photographic portrait in atop hat and afur coat with the inscription: “Photo of Henry Schliemann, formerly astudent of Mr. Guckstedt in Fürstenberg, now awholesale merchant of the first guild, aRussian honorary hereditary citizen, ajudge at the St.Petersburg Commercial Court and director of the Imperial State bank in St.Petersburg”.59 He was proud to send this photograph to his family in Mecklenburg. Alas, Schliemann personally attributed all the titles in the inscription on the card to himself. He became amerchant of the 1st guild back in 1854 when he first set foot on the land of the Russian Empire. Since then, Schliemann incessantly dropped out and again enrolled in the merchant’s workshop. At the time of making the photo portrait, it was known that Schliemann was aNarva merchant, but 1 or 2 guilds are not known for certain. Schliemann became an honorary hereditary citizen of St.Petersburg in 56 Igor Bogdanov, Russkaja avantura, s.272–273. 57 Ibid., s.271–272. 58 Alexandr Gavrilov, Peterburg vsudbe Genriha Shlimana, s.139. 59 Igor Bogdanov, Russkaja avantura, s.323. OPEN ACCESS