Coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts within the area of La Tène settlement in present‑day Slovakia – reasons and consequences of their occurrence
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STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVI/1, 133–157 Coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts within the area of La Tène settlement in present ‑day Slovakia– reasons and consequences of their occurrence Eva Kolníková ABSTRACT In the area of the La Tène settlement in present ‑day Slovakia autochthonous and various foreign coins circulated. The latter ones include coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts– several types of gold and silver coins dating from the 3rd to 1st century BC.They arrived in the Celtic settlements located in present ‑day Slovakia mainly through trade, and do not prove that the areas of their circulation were settled by the Boii. KEYWORDS Slovakia; La Tène settlement; finds; coins; Bohemian and Moravian Celts. INTRODUCTION It is generally known today that the La Tène settlement of present ‑day Slovakia is reflected, besides different archaeological artefacts, also in coin finds. Coins form an important part of the La Tène civilisation and its bearers, the Celts. In the whole Middle Danube area, and within it in the territory of present ‑day Slovakia, the Celts were the first to mint and use coins. The varied finds of Celtic coins show there was no single currency. The Celtic coinage in the area studied is divided into several coin types, named after their distinctive iconographic features or according to geographical indicators. The concentration of certain coin types in aparticular area indicates the place of their mintage (Kolníková 2011, 20–37). Besides local coins, there is an array of foreign ones, both from neighbouring and distant areas. They include Greek (Soják– Kolníková 2017, 1–16), Geto ‑Dacian (Kolníková 1997, 37–53), Scordiscan (Kolníková– Tirpák 2019, 1–14), Pannonian Celtic (Kolníková 1999, 85–106), Eraviscan (Kolníková 2005, 72–89), Norican (Kolníková 1996, 9–57), and Vindelician coins (Kolníková– Rajtár 2020, 579–588). There are also numerous finds of coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts. This contri‑ bution attempts to shed light on the reasons for their occurrence within the area of the La Tène settlement of present ‑day Slovakia and the implications thereof. It avoids the term ‘Boian coins,’ which has been commonly used in scholarly literature for many years, and which many authors continue to use. However, an increasing number of researchers are against associating both these and other Celtic coins, as well as other archaeological items, with aparticular ethnic group (Krekovič 2000, 16–17). The problematic use of the term ‘Boian coins’ has been pointed out by several authors, yet the same authors emphasize that it is hard to be replaced (Milit‑ ký 2018, 289). The term ‘monetary system of the Amber Road corridor’ is not an appropriate solution either (Smělý 2017; Militký 2018, 284), since it only covers the Moravian section of the Amber Road, the one between Lower Silesia and the Austrian Danubeland, and the name does not reveal this fact. Moreover, it is unclear that the term refers to Celtic coinage. The question of attributing coins to aparticular Celtic community thus remains open.
134 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVI/1 Fig. 1: 1– Map of Slovak regions A–G. 2– Veľký Slavkov, drachm, Minerva/Athena Alkidemos type; 3– Bohdanovce nad Trnavou? 1/3 stater, Athena Alkidemos type; 4– Podhradie, obol, Roseldorf/ Němčice type; 5– Plavecké Podhradie, stater, bulge/torques type; 6– Bratislava, stater, shell type, without inscription; 7– Kurima, stater, Nike type; 8– Bratislava Castle, hoard of coins, Bratislava types; 9– Trenčianske Bohuslavice, hoard, with coins, shell types.
135EVA KOLNÍKOVÁ AN OVERVIEW OF THE COINS OF THE BOHEMIAN AND MORAVIAN CELTS FOUND IN SLOVAKIA BY TYPE The records of Celtic coins from the territory of Slovakia, listed in several catalogues (Nálezy I/1964; Nálezy III/1978; Nálezy IV/1994; Nálezy V/1/2018), contain 68 sites with 172 coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts (Tab.1, as of the 31st December 2020). The sites are located in several areas of Slovakia (Tab.2: A–G; Fig. 1: 1). Aconsiderable number of them (13) are situated between the River Morava and the western slopes of the Little Carpathians (Tab.2: A). The majority of the sites (19) are located between the eastern slopes of the Little Carpathians and the lower reaches of the River Váh (Tab.2: B). Some sites have also been recorded east of the River Morava (11), between the White Carpathians, the middle stretch of the River Váh and the Veľká Fatra Mountains (Tab.2: C). The number of sites sharply decreases to the east. Afew (5) are situated in the area between the lower reaches of the Váh, Nitra, and Hron rivers (Tab.2: D). Several sites (3) have been recorded further to the east, in the area of the Slovenský Kras Mountains (Tab.2: E). Some (3) are also situated in the territory north of the River Váh and its tributaries (Tab.2: F). Afew sites (3) can be found east of the Topľa and Torysa rivers (Tab.2: G). The above numbers include several coin types (the first figure in the brackets refers to the number of sites, the other refers to the number of coins of the given type): I– Nike type (4/4), II– Athena Alkidemos type (28/61), III– Bohemian local coinage (1/1), IV– type with abulge and an outline of atorc as well as an earlier shell type (10/15), V– later shell type without in‑ scriptions (8/34), VI– type with aT symbol (2/2), VII– Roseldorf/Němčice and related types (17/39), VIII– Staré Hradisko type (2/2). The coins are presented in detail in Tab.3/1–3/8. Most of the types date from an earlier mintage period (LT B/C1), i.e., from the mid‑3rd to the mid‑2 nd century BC.The later mintage period is also represented and includes coins that were minted at La Tène oppida from the end of the 2nd century and throughout the 1st century BC (LT D1–D2). As an attempt to explain the occurrence of the coin types of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts, this contribution draws on previous excavation results (Paulsen 1933; Pink 1936; Castelin 1965), as well as new pieces of knowledge (Militký 2015a; Militký 2018; Smělý 2017; Smělý 2020). THE NIKE TYPE The Nike type (Tab.3/1) are imitations of Alexander the Great staters minted in gold; the ear‑ liest copies among the coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts in Slovakia listed above. The obverse shows the head of Pallas Athena in aCorinthian helmet, while the reverse depicts the figure of Nike, the goddess of victory. In scholarly literature, these coins are associated with the Bohemian Boii (Militký 2015b, 70–71; Militký 2018, 13), even though R. Paulsen, in his seminal work on the ‘Boian’ coins, assesses them as ‘pre ‑Boian’ coinage. Paulsen is the author of the first published inventory of the imitations of Alexander’sstater found in the territory of Central Europe (Paulsen 1933, 7–8). Anumber of other authors have dealt with their circu‑ lation and imitation (for overview see Kolníková 2006a, 4–9). Earlier authors include Ö. Gohl (1911, 4–5), and in particular K. Pink (1939, 16–17). K. Castelin wrote about these imitations in his monograph on the gold coins of the Bohemian Celts. He did not assume their mintage in the Bohemian territory and noted that they arrived from the Balkans along atrade route run‑ ning along the Danube. They may also have been spread in this area by Celtic mercenaries or the participants of campaigns into the Greek world. Due to the low number of finds, Castelin did not deal with these coins in detail (Castelin 1965, 4–7). He was unable to identify which
136 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVI/1 No. Site Region Type 1 Bernolákovo B VII 2 Blatné B VII 3 Bohdanovce nad Trnavou B IV, VII 4 Borský Svätý Jur A VII 5 Borský Svätý Mikuláš A V 6 Bratislava B II 7 Bratislava ‑Devín B III, VII 8Bratislava ‑Devínska Nová Ves B V 9 Bratislava‑Castle B II 10 Bratislava‑Jarovce B V 11 Bratislava‑Petržalka B V 12 Bratislava‑city B V 13 Bratislava‑župa B II, IV 14 Čachtice C II 15 Dolné Vestenice C IV 16 Dolný Kubín F II, VII 17 Holíč A II 18 Horné Orešany B II 19 Hrhov E VII 20 Chorvátsky Grob B IV 21 Kežmarok F II 22 Košolná B VII 23 Kuklov A I 24 Kurima G IV 25 Levice D VII 26 Lozorno A II 27 Malacky A IV 28 Nitra‑Štitáre D II 29 Nová Dubnica C VII No. Site Region Type 30 Plavecké Podhradie A II, IV, VII 31 Podhradie C II, VII 32 Prosné‑Udiča C II 33 Pružina C II 34 Púchov‑area C I 35 Radimov A VII 36 Rožňava‑area E II 37 Slatina nad Bebravou C II 38 Slovenský Grob B VI 39 Smolenice B VII 40 Soblahov C II 41 Spišská Nová Ves E II 42 Stupava A II 43 Stupné C V 44 Suchohrad A VII, VIII 45 Šaštín‑Stráže A VIII 46 Trenčín C II 47 Trenčianske Bohuslavice C VI, VII 48 Trnava‑area B II, VII 49 Tvrdošovce D II 50 Veľký Biel B II 51 Vyšný Kubín F II, IV 52 Závod A II, V 53 Zbehy D II 54 Zemplín G V 55 Zlaté Moravce? D IV 56 Zohor A VII 57 Slovakia south? B? I, II 58 Slovakia east? G? I, II Tab.1: Alphabetical list of the sites with the finds of coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts in present ‑day Slovakia.
137EVA KOLNÍKOVÁ Tab.2: Sites with the finds of coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts by Slovak area. Abetween the Morava river and the western slopes of the Little Carpathians 4, 5, 17, 23, 26, 27, 30, 35, 42, 44, 45, 52, 56 Bbetween the eastern slopes of the Little Carpathians and the dowstream of the Váh river 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 20, 22, 38, 39, 48, 50, 57 Cbetween the White Carpathians, the middle stretch of the Váh river and the Veľká Fatra mountains 14, 15, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 40, 46, 47 Dbetween the lower Váh, Nitra and Hron rivers 25, 28, 49, 53, 55 Ebetween the Hron, Hornád and Torysa rivers – Slovenský Kras mountains 19, 36, 41 Fnorth of the Váh river and its tributaries 16, 21, 51 Geast of the Topľa and Torysa rivers 24, 54, 58 of them had been minted in the Balkans and which had been issued in the Carpathian area or the Bohemian territory. He noted three sites in Moravia (Brtnice, Kostelany nad Moravou, and Němčice nad Hanou), and one (Nechanice) in Bohemia (Castelin 1965, 9, pl. 1: 6–10). Over time, the number of finds of these coins has increased, in particular with the finds from the Moravian centre of Němčice nad Hanou (Kolníková 2012, 12). Their significance lies mainly with their occurrence in aCeltic settlement area dated to the La Tène B2–C2 period (3rd to mid‑2nd century BC). However, neither did these finds provide evidence for their being minted in this Celtic cen‑ tre, or elsewhere in the Moravian or Bohemian territory. They rather reinforced the view that their origins were in the Balkans, from where they arrived either with Celtic mercenaries or by means of trade (cf. Kysela 2016, 194, 204–207; Smělý 2017, 43–44). Deep cut ‑marks on several specimens reveal that the core of the coin was made of copper that was subsequently gilded (Kolníková 2006b, 57; Fröhlich 2014, 18–19). The cut ‑marks also indicate that the staters arriv ‑ ing in the Celtic areas were not of the highest quality. Cut ‑marks are also found on three Nike staters from Němčice nad Hanou (Kolníková 2012, 12, fig. 1: 1–3). They attest that the smelting of such coins was away of addressing the lack of gold for domestic mintage; before the process, the coins were subjected to ametal quality test (Militký 2015b,72). In the Middle Danube area, gold was obtained mainly by panning (Kolníková– Bakos– Paudits 2018, 142–144).1 Tab.3/1: Sites with the finds of coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts by type– Nike type. 1 In Kamhalová 1998, 188, the coin was identified as an imitation of Alexander the Great stater; in Militký 2012, 110, it is identified as an original stater. Site District Denomination Weight (g) Paulsen No. Publication Kurima Bardejov stater 8.75 6Nálezy I, č. 9; Militký 2018, 28 Púchov –surroudings Púchov stater 8.489 3–4 Nálezy V/1. č. 2 1 Slovakia – south? stater 8.35 19 Nálezy ?; Militký 2018, 34 Slovakia – east? stater 8.49 20? Nálezy ?; Militký 2018, 38
138 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVI/1 Anew overview of the imitations of Alexander the Great stater depicting Nike has been published by J. Militký and includes newly discovered staters. Militký collected 85 examples from Central Europe, which include finds from Bohemia (3), Moravia (3), Slovakia (3), Germany (4), Austria (3), Hungary (3), and Poland (3). Only 32 of these coins are documented with data about the sites, while the majority are randomly discovered coins without an archaeological context. Only four imitations come from aLa Tène settlement environment (Němčice nad Hanou, Roseldorf, Nowa Cerekwia, Etzersdorf). The only hoard comes from the Bohemian territory (Nechanice) and contains three preserved examples. Two imitations were discovered in agrave in Germany (Dobian– Polenz 1982, 57–58). The remaining coins from these regions are registered either as probable finds with known findspots (7) or as collection specimens (37). As we can see, the finds in this group are largely scattered throughout the area of Cen‑ tral Europe (Militký 2018, 16–17, tab.2). Anew grave find of aNike stater was identified on the Pezdirčeva Njiva site in Slovenia (Grahek– Kovač 2020, 449, 458; the authors associate it with the Bohemian Boii). Finds from the territory of Croatia and asurvey of existing opin‑ ions about this coin type has been published by T. Bilić (2017, 228–229, 232, 240–241; Iwould like to thank J. Fröhlich for drawing my attention to these contributions). The claim that the largest concentration of Nike staters is in Central and East Bohemia and in Central and South Moravia is largely exaggerated, as is the assumption that these areas were their ‘main production regions’. Nor do the few finds attest that ‘Moravia with the entire Amber Road corridor can clearly be considered one of the regions where Nike staters were struck’ (Milit‑ ký 2018, 21–22). The concentration of Moravian sites along the River Morava, Bohemian sites along the Elbe, and Austrian sites along the Danube indicates aforeign origin of these coins and their arrival in Central Europe from the Balkan territories along significant river trade routes. From the Danube Road, the coins spread further to northern regions along regional waterways. In this way, the imitations of Alexander’sstater also spread to the territory of present ‑day Slovakia. However, these finds are low in number (Tab.3/1). Only one has been identified as afind from the north Slovak village of Kurima (Tab.1: 24; Tab.3/1; Fig. 1: 7). J. Militký (2018, 16, 28–29, tab.2: 2; 19, fig. 1: 143) assigned this example to his Group I, whose origin he assumes to be from the Bohemian territory. However, the site’slocation does not support this view, as La Tène settlement has not been attested in the village of Kurima. The arrival of this coin to the north ‑easternmost area of Slovakia is related to trade. From the Balkans, the coin spread along atrade route that diverged from the Danube Road towards the River Tisa, continued along the local streams towards the River Topľa, and further over the mountain passes to present ‑day Poland. The same origin can likely be attributed to the coin with an unknown findspot, which has been published as afind from eastern Slovakia (Tab.1: 58; Tab.3/1). Also, the imitation of aNike stater found in the south of present ‑day Slovakia probably arrived along the Danube Road (Tab.1: 57; Tab.3/1). Another imitation of aNike sta‑ ter, found in the area of Púchov (Tab.1: 34; Tab.3/1), likely found its way to this area through trade (Militký 2012, 110–111 considered it to be aGreek original). The site lies on the trade route along the Váh, which facilitated contacts between the Danube and the Visla by means of the tributaries of the upper course of the Váh. The exact origins of these, and of the other known imitations of the Nike stater, are unknown (Kolníková 2006a, 8, tab.2; Fröhlich 2014, 11; Smělý 2017, 43). The Nike staters discovered in Slovakia probably originated in the Balkan regions. They do not attest to the contacts of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts with La Tène settlements in Slovakia.
139EVA KOLNÍKOVÁ THE ATHENA ALKIDEMOS TYPE Gold coins of this type (Tab.3/2) were minted by the Moravian Celts in the central settlement of Němčice nad Hanou. This is attested not only by ahigh number of examples from this site– both staters and lower denominations (Kolníková 2012, 89–96, no. 4–161)– but also by other finds related to coin minting. One of them is acoin casting mould that was used before coinage, with microscopic remnants of gold (Čižmář– Kolníková– Noeske 2010, 662, 666, fig. 9: 6). There are also fragments of foreign gold coins and gold ingots– material for coinage (Fröhlich 2012a, 147–159; see also Smělý 2017, 47), as well as coin blanks ready for minting (Kolníková 2006a, 40–41, obr.15: 2–4). The minting of coins in the territory of La Tène Moravia is attested by the find of aset of coin dies from an unknown site (Fröhlich 2017b, 144; the author assumes their link with the minting of late Athena Alkidemos coins). The coins of this type, with the head of Pallas Athena on the obverse and afigure resembling Athena Alkidemos on the reverse, have been described as Boian by R. Paulsen (1933, 9), K. Pink (1936, 16–20), and later by K. Castelin (1965, 18–20). New finds have allowed significant changes in their inter‑ pretation. For instance, the figure on the reverse is compared to Athena Alkidemos instead of Athena Alkis, as was the case earlier (Brett Baldwin 1950, 55–72; Franke 1956, 111, 130). On the coins of the Moravian Celts, however, Athena Alkidemos has the look of aCeltic warrior (Fröhlich 2013a, 26–27; Militký 2016, 140; Smělý 2017, 58, note 11). The image is accompanied by an undeciphered inscription (Militký 2016, 146, fig. 3; Rudnicki 2013, 46–50). They are no more believed to have been modelled on the silver drachms with the head of Minerva on the obverse and Athena Alkidemos on the reverse (Smělý 2017, 62), originally attributed to the Boii of Upper Italy (on this problem Fröhlich 2016a, 166–192). Based on the new finds, these coins are considered to belong ‘to the oldest coins minted by the Celts north of the Danube, in the Amber Road corridor’, whose iconography ‘is influenced by the Romano ‑Campanian, Thracian ‑Macedonian coinage, and coinage of the Seleucid rulers (Fröhlich 2016a, 179–181, 186). Their source may even be ‘in the area of northern Hungary, or in the Slovak ‑Hungarian borderland’ (Militký 2018, 321–322). However, both of these opinions are based on no more than three Minerva/Athena Alkidemos coins– one from Nižbor ‑Stradonice (Paulsen 1933, no. 190), one from South Moravia (Kolníková– Koháček 2009, 309–310), and one from Veľký Slavkov (Fig. 1: 2) in North Slovakia (Hlinka 1980, 257–259). Therefore, the origin of these coins should rather be sought in the Balkans. From there, they found their way to the Middle Danube through trade or by means of Celtic mercenaries– returnees from the services of Greek commanders. Based on new finds in the central Celtic settlements, their coinage is assumed to be in the mid‑3 rd century BC or earlier (Fröhlich 2016a, 186; Smělý 2017, 63; Ziegaus 1997, 216). Gold coins of the Athena Alkidemos type, staters with an unclear image (Militký 2015b, 72), and their sub denominations– 1/3‑, 1/8‑, and 1/24‑staters– circulated throughout the Middle Danube region settled by the Celts (Smělý 2020, 635–636). In addition to the Moravian central Celtic settlement of Němčice, these coin types were issued in other Celtic centres, in particular Nowa Cerekwia in southwest Poland (Rudnicki 2014, 431–432) and Roseldorf in the Austrian Danubeland (Dembski 2009, 87–102). The late 1/8‑ and 1/24‑staters of the Athena Alkidemos type are considered to be the coinage of the Staré Hradisko oppidum after the end of the central settlement of Němčice nad Hanou (Fröhlich 2016a, 186–187; Smělý 2017, 67). In Slovakia, gold coins of the Athena Alkidemos type are represented by 61 finds from 28 sites (Tab.3/2). They include staters (17), 1/3‑staters (14), 1/8‑staters (9), and 1/24‑staters (19). Only two of them belong to the Staré Hradisko type (Čachtice– Tab.3/2). Most of the sites (19) are situated in western Slovakia, which has rich La Tène settlement (Fig. 1: 3– 1/3‑stater from Bohdanovce). Three sites are in central and eastern Slovakia and one in northern Slovakia.
140 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVI/1 Site District Denomination Weight (g) Paulsen No. Publication Bratislava‑Devín Bratislava 1/8 ? 121? Nálezy IV, 13 Bratislava‑Devín Bratislava 1/8 ? 121? Nálezy V, 57 Bratislava‑Jarovce Bratislava 1/3 2.78 59–73 Nálezy V, 1 1 Čachtice Nové Mesto nad Váhom 1/8 ? 132–133 Nálezy V/1, 55 Čachtice Nové Mesto nad Váhom 1/24 ? 171–172 Nálezy V/1, 56 Dolné Vestenice Prievidza 1/3 2.67 84 Nálezy V/1, 33 Holíč Skalica 1/3 2.65 86 Unpublished (PC) Horné Orešany Trnava stater 8.06 ?Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/3 2.65 89 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/3 2.66 91 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/3 1.21 sub 91 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/8 0.96 117 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/8 0.96 117 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.34 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.33 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.34 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.31 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.32 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.34 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.30 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.32 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.34 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Horné Orešany Trnava 1/24 0.33 158 Nálezy V/1,19 Hrhov Rožňava stater 8.33 48–54 Fröhlich 2017 Hrhov Rožňava stater 8.35 48–54 Fröhlich 2017 Hrhov Rožňava 1/3 2.80 80–81 Fröhlich 2017 Hrhov Rožňava 1/3 2.76 80–81 Fröhlich 2017 Košolná Trnava 1/8 0.50 sub. 138? PC Malacky Malacky stater 8.105 58 PC Nová Dubnica‑Veľký Kolačín Ilava stater 3.89 sub. 56–58 Nálezy V/1,22 Plavecké Podhradie Malacky stater 7.00 ?Nálezy V/1, 46 Tab.3/2: Sites with the finds of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts in Slovakia by type– Athena Alkidemos type (PC– Private collection, unpublished; Sub.– fourré). 2 2 Bratislava‑Jarovce. The find is published in Čambal – Budaj 2009, 3, fig. 1:2; in the Nálezy V/1, it was mistakenly listed under no. 40 as afind from Bratislava‑Rusovce.
141EVA KOLNÍKOVÁ Site District Denomination Weight (g) Paulsen No. Publication Plavecké Podhradie Malacky 1/24 0.26 ? Nálezy V/1,46 Podhradie Topoľčany stater 8.08 56–58 Nálezy V/1, 13 Podhradie Topoľčany stater 7.974 48 Nálezy V/1, 43 Podhradie Topoľčany 1/3 1.160 sub. ? Nálezy V/1, 43 Prosné‑Udiča Považská Bystrica 1/24 0.13 161–164 Nálezy III, 19 Pružina‑Michalová Považská Bystrica stater ? 48–58 Nálezy V/1,943 Pružina‑Michalová Považská Bystrica stater ? 48–58 Nálezy V/1,944 Rožňava‑okolie Rožňava stater ? 48–58 Nálezy V/1, 23 Rožňava‑okolie Rožňava stater ? 48–58 Nálezy V/1, 23 Rožňava‑okolie Rožňava 1/3 ? 80 Nálezy V/1, 23 Rožňava‑okolie Rožňava 1/3 ? 80 Nálezy V/1, 23 Slatina nad Bebravou Bánovce stater 8.082 58 PC Slatina nad Bebravou Bánovce 1/8 1.006 58 PC Soblahov Trenčín 1/8 1.007 121? PC Spišská Nová Ves Spiš.N.Ves 1/24 0.33 151–174 Nálezy I, 16 Spišská Nová Ves Spiš.N.Ves 1/24 0.31 151–174 Nálezy I, 16 Stupava Malacky 1/3 2.62 82 Nálezy I, 13 Trenčín Trenčín 1/3 ? 77–80 Nálezy IV, 33 Trnava‑area Trnava 1/3 2.75 59–76 Nálezy V/1,39 Trnava‑area Trnava 1/8 ? 121–128 Nálezy V/1,21 Trnava‑area Trnava 1/24 ? 146 Nálezy V/1,39 Tvrdošovce Nové Zámky stater 8.002 48–50 Nálezy I, 12 Veľký Biel Bratislava‑vidiek 1/8 ? 112–131 Nálezy I, 155 Vyšný Kubín Dolný Kubín stater ? ? Nálezy I, no. 11 Závod Malacky 1/24 0.27 154 PC Zbehy Nitra stater 8.02 55 Nálezy I, no. 10 Slovakia‑south‑west 1/24 0.31 ? PC Slovakia‑south‑west 1/24 0.25 ? PC Slovakia‑east stater ? 53 Nálezy V/1, 24 3, 4,5 3 The information provided in Nálezy V/1 is incorrect; according to new findings in Fröhlich 2018, 28, the find contained two Athena Alkidemos staters, and not five Nike staters. 4 Cf. the previous footnote. 5 According to Gohl 1915, 72: ahoard of twelve to thirteen 1/8‑staters.
148 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVI/1 Tab.3/7: Sites with the finds of coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts by type– Roseldorf/ Němčice type and parallel series. Site District Obol /Var. Weight (g) No. Kolníková 2012 Publication Bernolákovo Senec Aa 0.54 179 Nálezy V/1, 108 Blatné Senec Ad 0.77 179 Unpublished (PC) Bohdanovce nad Trnavou Trnava B 0.84 180 Unpublished (PC) Bohdanovce nad Trnavou Trnava Bf 0.73 182 Unpublished (PC) Bohdanovce nad Trnavou Trnava ? 0.82 ? Unpublished (PC) Borský Svätý Mikuláš Senica Aa 0.95 179 Unpublished (PC) Borský Svätý Mikuláš Senica B1 0.61 180 Unpublished (PC) Borský Svätý Mikuláš Senica B 0.76 180 Unpublished (PC) Borský Svätý Mikuláš Senica Aa 0.61 179 Unpublished (PC) Borský Svätý Jur Senica Ba? 0.82 181 Unpublished (PC) Borský Svätý Jur Senica Bk 0.68 182 Unpublished (PC) Bratislava‑Devinska Nová Ves Bratislava Bc 0.66 181 Nálezy V/1 č. 16 Holíč Skalica Aa ? 179 Unpublished (PC) Chorvatský Grob Senec N 0.78 184 Nálezy V/1, č. 34 Kuklov Senica Bj? 0.65 182 Unpublished (PC) Lozorno Malacky A 0.957 179 Unpublished (PC) Plavecké Podhradie Malacky Bc 0.48 181 Nálezy V/1, č. 46 Podhradie Topoľčany Aa 0.968 179 Nálezy V/1, č. 43 Podhradie Topoľčany Ab 0.933 179 Nálezy V/1, č. 43 Podhradie Topoľčany Ab 0.616 179 Nálezy V/1, č. 43 Podhradie Topoľčany B1 0.599 180 Nálezy V/1, č. 43 Podhradie Topoľčany B1 0.680 180 Nálezy V/1, č. 43 Podhradie Topoľčany B1 0.710 180 Nálezy V/1, č. 43 Podhradie Topoľčany B5 0.701 180 Nálezy V/1, č. 43 Podhradie Topoľčany B5 0.800 180 Nálezy V/1, č. 43 Podhradie Topoľčany B5 0.933 179 Nálezy V/1, č. 43 Radimov Skalica A 0.931 179 Unpublished (PC) Smolenice Trnava Bc 0.60 181 Nálezy V/1, č. 12 Smolenice Trnava ? 0.64 ?Nálezy V/1, č. 12 Suchohrad Malacky B2 0.85 180 Unpublished (PC) Šaštín ‑Stráže (Tab.1:45; Tab.3/8). These small coins likely did not play an important role in the trading contacts with the Moravian Celts. However, it is also possible that due to their low weight the coins have escaped the attention of finders.
149EVA KOLNÍKOVÁ THE REASONS FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF THE COINS OF THE BOHEMIAN AND MORAVIAN CELTS IN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT ‑DAY SLOVAKIA AND THE IMPLICATIONS THEREOF6 The presence of foreign coins in the Celtic settlements in any part of Central Europe inevi‑ tably raises questions about the causes of this presence. This also applies to the coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts in Slovakia. As their overview indicates, the main reason for their occurrence was trade, even though some of the coins may have been brought, besides individual tradesmen and merchant caravans, also by craftsmen or prospectors. The coins found in the La Tène settlements in Slovakia suggest that trading contacts were mostly maintained with the closest neighbours– the Moravian Celts. This is confirmed by the coins of the Athena Alkidemos and Roseldorf/Němčice types, their related coinages, as well as the T and Staré Hradisko types (Tab.3/2, 3/6, 3/7, 3/8). Their minting is assumed to have taken place in the Celtic mints in Moravia. The coins of the Bohemian Celts are less numerous, represented only by staters with bulges and the earlier shell type, shell coins without inscrip‑ tion (Tab.3/4, 3/5). Bohemian local emissions are rare (Tab.3/3). However, some of the listed types were minted by both the Bohemian and the Moravian Celts (Militký 2015b, 79–86). Trading contacts with the Moravian Celts are attested mainly by the sites situated be‑ tween the River Morava and the western slopes of the Little Carpathians (Tab.2: A; Fig.1:A), such as the fortified Celtic settlement in the Plavecké Podhradie village, in the Pohanská site (Paulík 1976), which existed at the same time as the Moravian centre at Němčice (for dating, see Čambal 2015, 41–44). This is indicated by the coins of the Athena Alkidemos type and 6 The same information on five obols is in N V/1 published also under no. 85. Tab.3/8: Sites with the finds of coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts by type– Staré Hradisko type. Site District Obol /Var. Weight (g) No. Kolníková 2012 Publication Trnava‑area Trnava Aa 0.88 179 Nálezy V/1, č. 51 Trnava‑area Trnava Aa 0.94 179 Nálezy V/1, č. 51 Trnava‑area Trnava B1‑2 0.81 180 Nálezy V/1, č. 51 Trnava‑area Trnava B1 0.64 180 Nálezy V/1, č. 51 Trnava‑area Trnava B 0.73 179 Nálezy V/1, č. 516 Zohor Malacky A 0.95 179 Nálezy V/1, č. 42 Zohor Malacky Aa 0.636 179 Nálezy V/1, č. 42 Zohor Malacky B1 0.69 180 Nálezy V/1, č. 42 Zohor Malacky Bc 0.593 181 Nálezy V/1, č. 42 Zohor Malacky ? 0.861 ? Nálezy V/1, č. 42 Site District Denomination Weight (g) Paulsen No. Publication Suchohrad Malacky obol 0.45 Unpublished (PC) Šaštín‑Stráže Senica obol 0.47 Unpublished (PC)
150 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVI/1 the bulge and torc type (Tab.3/2, 3/4) found at this site. The settlement also minted its own coins (Pohanská type)– obols with the iconography and metrological features similar to the Roseldorf/Němčice group. Among the finds there are several obols from Němčice, which at‑ test to trading contacts. That this Celtic settlement situated on the Amber Road played arole in trading is also suggested by other finds of foreign coins (Fröhlich 2012b, 62–72) and iron artefacts (Čambal 2019, 116–117). Another La Tène settlement in this area specialising in crafts and trade was situated in the Šaštín ‑Stráže village. The craft industry is attested by worked iron fragments (Zachar 1977, 298–299). The remains of acoin casting mould for producing coins with the size of drachms and aweight up to 3.85 g indicate that the settlement minted drachms, presumably the ro‑ sette and lyre type (Sčasnáretal.1984, 12, 133, 138). From there, the coins may have spread to the La Tène settlements in Moravia (Kolníková 2012, 24–25) and the area of Lower Austria (Jandrasits 2005, 136, 143; Raubec 2013, 57–58). In Šaštín ‑Stráže, however, no coins of this type have been found so far. The largest number of sites with coin finds of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts is found in the area between the eastern slopes of the Little Carpathians and the lower reaches of the River Váh (Tab.2: B; Fig. 1: 1 B). The settlements show traces of acraft industry, for instance pottery (Čambal 2019, 117; Kolník– Mitáš 2012, 39–41; Březinová 2006, 9–50; Březinová 2019, 93–103). The finds of the coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts in this area testify to trading contacts between these settlements and the ones in the Moravian territory. Such coins were discovered, for instance, in the fortified settlement near the Slovak village of Smolenice (Tab.1: 39). In the area between the White Carpathians and the middle stretch of the River Váh (Tab.2:C) situated on the route between the Váh and Morava river basins (Kolníková 1998, 36–37) the already mentioned Celtic trading centre in Trenčianske Bohuslavice (Tab.1: 47) facilitated contacts with the Moravian Celts. Coin finds from the Celtic settlement in the sur‑ roundings of Čachtice (Tab.1: 14) show that this settlement also maintained contacts with the Moravian Celts (Kolníková– Ručka 2013, 1–8). The number of sites with the coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts is significantly lower in the region between the Váh, Nitra, and Hron rivers’ lower reaches (Tab.2: D; Fig.1:1D). The already mentioned hoard found in Levice, on the trade route leading along the River Hron to the ore area of the Štiavnické vrchy hills, occupies aspecial place among these finds (Ondrouch 1937). New knowledge on La Tène settlement in the areas north of the River Hron (Kovár 2019, 137–149) has been provided by ahoard of coins from Hrhov and asimilar find from an uniden‑ tified site in the area of Rožňava (Tab.1: 19). These coin assemblages were discovered on the trade route running along the River Bodva and connecting the area of the Slovenský Kras with northern Hungary. Their relation to trade is attested by iron ore found in their vicinity, which was likely the centre of interest for the Celtic tradesmen (Fröhlich 2017a, 9–17). Also, the coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts found at Dolný Kubín (Tab.1: 6) and Vyšný Kubín (Tab.1: 51) may be associated with trade. Both sites are situated on the trade route that branched off from the upper course of the Váh towards the River Orava and connected the Váh upstream basin with the La Tène settlements in southern Poland. Trading contacts with the Bohemian Celts are attested by shell staters without inscription found in the Celtic oppidum and its acropolis in the territory of Bratislava (Musilováetal. 2015). Trade is considered the major reason for the occurrence of foreign coins in native Celtic settlements also in other parts of Central Europe. For instance, the trading function is attrib‑ uted to the finds of Boian coins in southern Germany (Ziegaus 2015, 371–372; see also Sievers 2015, 376–382). Trading contacts with the Bohemian and Moravian Celts are also attested by the coin finds in the significant centre of Lower Silesia at Nowa Cerekwia (Rudnicki 2014,
151EVA KOLNÍKOVÁ 421–437). Coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts spread through trade also to the La Tène settlements of Roseldorf, Oberleiserberg, Neubau and anumber of others in Lower and Upper Austria (Dembski 2009, 87–101; Militký 2011, 1198–1206; Prokisch 2011, 13–15). The Celtic centres in the Middle Danube area maintained mutual contacts, presumably trading contacts (Kysela 2018/2019, 280–292), as attested by the finds of the same coin types within their precincts. These include, for instance, tetradrachms with the head of Apollo and astylised lyre, as well as small coins with the same symbol (Kolníková 1964a, 195–206; Fröhlich 2015, 45–60). They were minted in one of the Celtic centres in southwest Slovakia, which is attested by the find of tetradrachms with alyre in aCeltic grave in Bánov (Benadik 1984, 102), ahoard in Hul (Kolníková 2008, 11), several finds of individual coins (Biroš 1992, 136), and above all the coins found in the Celtic central settlement, whose ruins were unearthed at Nitra ‑Martinský vrch (Kolníková 1964b, 398–399). That the tetradrachms with alyre were issued in the territory settled by south Slovak Celts is indicated by the casting mould discovered in Nitra ‑Šindolka, which was used to cast coin flans before minting (Březinová 2007, 31, 31–40). The silver coins with alyre were minted there at the time when the Moravi‑ an Celts struck gold coins of the Athena Alkidemos type. Tetradrachms with alyre symbol attest to trading contacts between the Slovak and Moravian, and likely also Austrian Celts. They are represented among the finds from Němčice (Kolníková 2012, 24–25) and Roseldorf (Dembski 2009, 93–94). The given examples lead to the conclusion that trade was the main reason for the occur‑ rence of the coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts in La Tène settlements in Slovakia (Pieta 2008, 243–249). However, this conclusion resulted in the view that the areas, where these coins occurred belonged to the Bohemian or Moravian Celts– the Boii. This view was presented in the early works on the Boian coinage (Paulsen 1933; Pink 1936; Castelin 1965), and continues to be asserted in anumber of contributions (e.g., Militký 2015b, 89–91; Čam‑ baletal. 2015, 225–242). The Boii are credited with settling the southwest parts of Slovakia and building the Bratislava oppidum (see also Kolníková 1991, 20–21). This view draws not only on the coin finds, but also on ancient written sources. However, these sources are becoming increasingly unreliable. Strabo’sand Caesar’sreports (the related passages in Geographica and Commentarii de bello Gallico) have been discredited– not only the reports on the movements of the Upper Italian Boii (following their defeat by the Romans in 191 BC) and the Hercynian Boii (following the campaigns of the Germanic Cimbri and Teutons before 113 BC) to the confluence of the Morava and Danube rivers, but also their accounts of the events that took place after the Boii’sunsuccessful siege of Noreia (Strobel 2015, 35, 52; Trebsche 2015, 201). Also new coin finds shed adifferent light on the issue of the Boii in the territory of Slovakia. The idea that the Boii arrived from Upper Italy can no longer be supported by the ‘Upper Italian Boian drachms showing Minerva and Athena Alkidemos’, as these were not minted in Upper Italy, as was previously assumed. Today, the origin of these coins is found in the Middle Danube area (Fröhlich 2016a, 170–172) or somewhere in the Balkans (Kolníková 2012, 15; Kolní‑ ková 2015, 259). Nor is the view as to the arrival of the Celts– the Boii from Upper Italy to the confluence of the Morava and Danube rivers any longer supported by the heavy Roman Re‑ publican aes grave in copper depicting aship’sprow that were found in the Celtic settlements in Nitra (Kolníková 1964b) and Němčice nad Hanou (Kolníková– Smrž 2007, 3–18). Hoards of early Republican copper coins and other metal items found on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea attest to trade in this metal raw material (Mazin– Bahrfeldt 1901; Kurz 1974, 155–161, for further sites in this area see Mirnik 1981, no. 20a, 24, 93; Borić ‑Brešković– Popović 2006, no. 25; Bilić 2017, 226; on this topic Kysela 2016, 202). Traded goods spread from Italy along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea to the Amber Road and the Baltic Sea (Mielczarek 1989,
152 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVI/1 112–115). It was through trade like this, and not with the arrival of the Upper Italian Boii, that the early republican coins likely found their way to the La Tène centres in Němčice and Nitra. Furthermore, neither do the finds of shell staters without inscription any longer support the view that the parts of Slovakia where these staters occurred were settled by the Boii. As it turned out, all these staters were struck in the Stradonice oppidum, including the lighter coins of apoorer quality alloy, which were previously associated with the Bratislava oppidum (Castelin 1965, 209, 215). The view that the Boii who failed to besiege Noreia (before 58 BC according to Dobesch 1993, 13; in 64/65 BC according to Göbl 1994, 39–40) moved to the area of Bratislava and founded the oppidum is supported neither by historical written sources nor by coin finds. The same applies to the ‘Great Boii’ invented by R. Göbl and the Bratislava tetradrachms with inscriptions, which have been changed to ‘hexadrachms’ (for criticism of Göbl’sconclusions, see, for instance, Trebsche 2015, 185–186; on the issue of hexadrachms see Kolníková, 2021, 3–21). The coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts– the Boii (the Volcae ‑Tectosages are also considered) do not prove that the territories where these coins occurred, were settled by the Boii (Salač 2015, 134). This is true also for the surroundings of Bratislava. The Bratislava oppidum was established on the settlement that had been developing in southwest Slovakia from the Middle La Tène period and which minted its own tetradrachms with alyre. The favourable economic and social development of the Celtic population in southwest Slovakia culminated in the rise of the Bratislava oppidum and its coinage (Vrtel 2006, 184), but without the participation of the Bohemian or Moravian Celts. Finally, we may conclude that: – the main reason for the occurrence of the coins of the Bohemian and Moravian Celts in the La Tène settlements in Slovakia is trade, or other, short ‑term interactions of foreign craftsmen or prospectors; and – the occurrence of these coins in some parts of southwest Slovakia did not lead to the per‑ manent settling of these area by the Bohemian or Moravian Celts– the Boii. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bahrfeldt, M. 1901: Der Münzfund von Mazin (Croatien). Afrikanische und italische Kupfermünzen. Aes rude und aes signatum. Eine vorläufige Erörterung der Barrenfrage. Berlin. Benadik, B. 1984: Keltské mince vhroboch na Slovensku [Keltische Münzen aus Gräbern in der Slowakei]. Slovenská numizmatika 8, 97–104. Bilić, T. 2017: Coin circulation in the pre ‑Imperial period in north ‑west Croatia. Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja uZagrebu 3, 223–253. Biroš, V. 1992: Keltská minca zČeľadíc [Keltische Münze aus Čeľadice]. Slovenská numizmatika 12, 136. Borić ‑Brešković, B.– Popović, P.2006: Coins of the Roman Republic. Collection of the National Museum in Belgrade and Belgrade University. Beograd. Brett Baldvin, A. 1950: Athena Alkidemos of Pella. Museum Notes 4, 55–72. Březinová, G. 2006: Sídliská asídliskové nálezy zlaténskej doby na juhozápadnom Slovensku [Siedlungen und Siedlungsfunde aus der Latènezeit in Südwestslowakei]. Študijné zvesti AÚ SAV 40, 9–50. Březinová, G. 2007: Münzprägungbeweis in der latènezeitlichen Siedlung Nitra ‑Šindolka? Slovenská numizmatika 18, 31–40. Březinová, G. 2019: Drobné predmety zúzemia juhozápadného Slovenska [Miniature Artefacts from the territory of Southwestern Slovakia]. In: L. Benediková– G. Březinová– E. Horváthová– S. Stegmann‑
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