North Atlantic Ocean

In e go e nmen al Oceanog aphic Commission o UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO) UNESCO’s In e go e nmen al Oceanog aphic Commission (IOC), es ablished in 1960, p omo es in e na ional coope a ion and coo dina es p og ammes in ma ine esea ch, se ices, obse a ion sys ems, haza d mi iga ion, and capaci y de elopmen in o de o unde s and and e ec i ely manage he esou ces o he ocean and coas al a eas. By applying his knowledge, he Commission aims o imp o e he go e nance, managemen , ins i u ional capaci y, and decision-making p ocesses o i s 148 Membe S a es wi h espec o ma ine esou ces and clima e a iabili y and o os e sus ainable de elopmen o he ma ine en i onmen , in pa icula in de eloping coun ies. Disclaime The designa ions employed and he p esen a ion o he ma e ial in his publica ion do no imply he exp ession o any opinion wha soe e on he pa o he Sec e a ia s o UNESCO and IOC conce ning he legal s a us o any coun y o e i o y, o i s au ho i ies, o conce ning he delimi a ion o he on ie s o any coun y o e i o y. The au ho s a e esponsible o he choice and he p esen a ion o he ac s con ained in he publica ion and o he opinions exp essed he ein, which a e no necessa ily hose o UNESCO and do no commi he O ganiza ion. Fo bibliog aphic pu poses, his documen should be ci ed as: O’B ien, T. D.1, Lo enzoni, L.2, Isensee, K.3, and Valdés, L.4 (Eds). 2017. Wha a e Ma ine Ecological Time Se ies elling us abou he ocean? A s a us epo . IOC-UNESCO, IOC Technical Se ies, No. 129: 297 pp. 1 Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion (NOAA), Sil e Sp ing, Ma yland, Uni ed S a es 2 Uni e si y o Sou h Flo ida (USF), S . Pe e sbu g, Flo ida, Uni ed S a es 3 In e go e nmen al Oceanog aphic Commission o UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO), Pa is, F ance 4 Ins i u o Español de Oceanog a ía (IEO), San ande , Spain Copy igh pic u es on on co e ( om igh o le ): Ki s en Isensee, Ma ia G azia Mazzocchi, James R. Wilkinson SIO-CalCOFI, Digna Rueda Wha a e Ma ine Ecological Time Se ies elling us abou he ocean? A s a us epo is a ailable online in elec onic o ma a : h p://ioc.unesco.o g (IOC/2017/TS129) In e go e nmen al Oceanog aphic Commission Wha a e Ma ine Ecological Time Se ies elling us abou he ocean? A s a us epo Edi o s: Todd D. O’B ien Lau a Lo enzoni Ki s en Isensee Luis Valdés Wi h he suppo o he Ko ea Ins i u e o Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) UNESCO 2017 T echnical Se ies 129 2 Table o Con en s Fo ewo d 4 P e ace 6 Guide o he epo 7 Execu i e Summa y 8 1. In oduc ion 11 1.1. Global impo ance o ime se ies 11 1.2. Le els o unde s anding and need o con inued sampling 12 1.3. New ligh o ime se ies: in e na ional collabo a ion in ship‐based ecosys em moni o ing 14 1.4. The ocean ime‐se ies he i age 15 1.5. O e iew o his epo 16 1.6. Re e ences 17 2. Me hods & Visualiza ions 19 2.1. In oduc ion 20 2.2. In si u da a sou ces 21 2.3. Analy ical me hods 21 2.4. Visualiza ion o spa io‐ empo al ends 25 2.5. The IGMETS ime se ies Explo e 34 2.6. Re e ences 35 3. A c ic Ocean 37 3.1. In oduc ion 38 3.2. Physical se ing o he A c ic Ocean 39 3.3. T ends in he A c ic Ocean 41 3.4. Zooplank on changes 45 3.5. Conclusions 45 3.6. Re e ences 47 4. No h A lan ic Ocean 55 4.1. In oduc ion 57 4.2. Gene al pa e ns o empe a u e and phy oplank on biomass 59 4.3. T ends om in si u ime se ies 60 4.4. Consis ency wi h p e ious analysis 65 4.5. Conclusions 66 4.6. Re e ences 79 5. Sou h A lan ic Ocean 83 5.1. In oduc ion 84 5.2. Gene al pa e ns o empe a u e and phy oplank on biomass 87 5.3. T ends om in si u ime se ies 89 5.4. Consis ency wi h p e ious analyses 91 5.5. Conclusions 92 5.6. Re e ences 94 Chap e 4 No h A lan ic Ocean 55 4 No h A lan ic Ocean An onio Bode, He mann W. Bange, Maa en Boe sma, Eileen B esnan, Ka h yn Cook, Anne Go a , Ki s en Isensee, Michael W. Lomas, Pa icija Moze ic, F ank E. Mulle - Ka ge , Lau a Lo enzoni, Todd D. O’B ien, S éphane Plou de, and Luis Valdés Figu e 4.1. Map o IGMETS-pa icipa ing No h A lan ic ime se ies, wi h zoomed inse s o he Bal ic Sea and Medi e anean Sea, on a backg ound o a 10-yea ime-window (2003–2012) sea su ace empe a u e ends (see also Figu es 4.3, 4.8, and 4.9). A he ime o his epo , he No h A lan ic collec ion consis ed o 211 ime se ies (colou ed symbols o any ype), o which 39 we e om Con inuous Plank on Reco de suba eas (blue boxes), and 37 we e om es ua ine a eas (yellow s a s). Dashed lines indica e bounda ies be ween IGMETS egions. Uncolou ed (g ay) symbols indica e ime se ies being add essed in a di e en egional chap e (e.g. A c ic Ocean, Sou h Paci ic). See Tables 4.3–4.5 o a lis ing o his egion’s pa icipa ing si es. Addi ional in o ma ion on he si es in his s udy is p esen ed in he Annex. 56 Pa icipa ing ime-se ies in es iga o s E ic Abadie, Jose L. Acuna, M. Te esa Al a ez-Osso io, Ane a Ame yk, Je Anning, El i e An ajan, Geo - gia Asimakopoulou, Y ene As o , Angus A kinson, He mann Bange, Ana Ba bosa, Nick Ba es, Bea ice Bec, Radhouan Ben-Hamadou, Claudia Beni ez-Nelson, An onio Bode, Maa en Boe sma, Angel Bo ja, Eileen B esnan, Juan Bueno, C aig Ca lson, Jacob Ca s ensen, Ge a do Casas, Claudia Cas ellani, Jacky Chau in, Luis Chicha o, Epaminondas Ch is ou, Na halie Cochennec-Lau eau, Amandine Collignon, Y es Collos, Ka h yn Cook, Dolo es Co es, Joana C uz, Mau izio Ribe a D'Alcalà, Alejand o de la So a, Alessand a de Olazabal, Lau e De ine, Emmanuel De ed, Iole Di Capua, Ri a Domingues, Anne Done , An onina dos San os, Joe g Du z, Ma in Edwa ds, Joao Ped o Enca nacao, Luisa Espinosa, Tone Falkenhaug, Ana Fa ia, Ma ia Luz Fe nandez de Puelles, Susana Fe ei a, Bjo n Fiedle , James Fishwick, Se ena Fonda-Umani, Al- mudena Fon an, Janja F ance, Ja ie F anco, Eili Gaa d, Pe e Galb ai h, Helena Gal ao, Pep Gasol, As ho Gislason, Anne Go a , Rena a Goncal es, Ra ael Gonzalez-Qui os, Gab iel Go sky, Annika G age, Ha - s einn Gud innsson, K is inn Gudmundsson, Da id Hanisko, Jon Ha e, Roge Ha is, E ica Head, Jean- Hen i Hecq, Anda Ikauniece, A an za I ia e, Sol a Jacobsen, Ma ie Johansen, Ca he ine Johnson, Jacqueline Johnson, Ke in Kenning on, Geo gs Ko nilo s, A ne Ko zinge , Alexand a K abe g, Nada K s ulo ic, Ai o Laza-Ma inez, Alain Le eb e, Si pa Leh inen, Maiju Leh iniemi, William Li, P iscilla Licand o, Michael Lomas, Ch is ophe Loo s, Angel Lopez-U u ia, Lau a Lo enzoni, F ancesca Ma gio a, Pio Ma gonski, Jenni e Ma in, Daniele Mau e , Ma ia G azia Mazzocchi, Jesus M. Me cado, Clai e Mé eigne , Ana Mi- anda, Ped o Mo ais, Pa icija Moze ic, Teja Muha, F ank Mulle -Ka ge , Flo ence Nedelec, Vanessa Ne es, Lena Omli, Emma O i e, Hans Pae l, Ke in Pauley, S.A. Pede sen, Ben Peie ls, Pie e Pepin, My iam Pe i- e e Rumebe, Tim Pe y, Da id Pilo, Sophie Pi ois, S ephane Plou de, A no Pollumae, Dwayne Po e , Lu z Pos el, Nicole Poul on, A. Miguel P. San os, Andy Rees, Michael Ree z, Bea iz Regue a, Jasmin Renz, Mickael Re ho, Ma a Re illa, M. Ca men Rod iguez, Gun a Rubene, Ta iana Rynea son, Ra ael Salas, Danijela San ic, Diana Sa no, Michael Sca a , Rena e Scha ek, Ma y Sc an on, Se gio Seoane, S e anija Ses ano ic, Mike Sie acki, Joe Silke, Ioanna Siokou-F angou, Milijan Sisko, Tim Smy h, Mladen Solic, Dominique Soudan , Je Sp y, Michel S a , Debo ah S einbe g, La s S emmann, Rowena S e n, Sol i a S ake, Pa ik S ombe g, Glen Ta an, Go don Taylo , Ma ia Alexand a Teodosio, Robe Thunell, Valen i- na Ti elli, Ibon U ia e, Vic o iano Valencia, Ma a M. Va ela, Olja Vidjak, Fe nando Villa e, No be Was- mund, Geo ge Wia e, Clai e Widdicombe, Ka en H. Wil shi e, Malcolm Woodwa d, Lidia Yeb a, Co dula Zenk, Soul ana Ze oudaki, and Ad iana Zingone This chap e should be ci ed as: Bode, A., Bange, H. W., Boe sma, M., B esnan, E., Cook, K., Go a , A., Isensee, K., e al. 2017. No h A - lan ic Ocean. In Wha a e Ma ine Ecological Time Se ies elling us abou he ocean? A s a us epo , pp. 55–82. Ed. by T. D. O'B ien, L. Lo enzoni, K. Isensee, and L. Valdés. IOC-UNESCO, IOC Technical Se ies, No. 129. 297 pp. Chap e 4 No h A lan ic Ocean 57 4.1 In oduc ion The No h A lan ic Ocean ep esen s 46 million km2 o he global ocean. This egion (Figu e 4.1) is cha ac e ized by unique geomo phological ea u es ha g ea ly a ec wa e ci cula ion and oceanog aphic p ocesses, showing an asymme y in su ace empe a u e ields and cu en s ha ha e no homologues in o he ocean basins (Wo hing on, 1986; Ma shall e al., 2001). In he No h A lan ic, su ace ci cula ion a mid-la i udes is domina - ed by he Gul S eam (Figu e 4.2). This cu en ee s o he Ame ican con inen a ound Cape Ha e as (34°N). A di e gence o his cu en a ound 40°N c ea es he sou heas e ly low o he Azo es Cu en and he no h- eas e ly low o he No h A lan ic Cu en , bo h con- ibu ing o he gy e ci cula ion in he cen al basin. The whole cu en sys em g ea ly in luences hea low and anspo o wa e in he en i e No h A lan ic basin. The p o ube ance o B azil and he Guianas in Sou h Ame i- ca p oduces an asymme y in he wes wa d low o he ade winds, allowing he low o equa o ial su ace wa e s in o he No h A lan ic and e en ually in o he Gul S eam and no he n wa e s. The in luence o he opical hea ca ied by hese wa e s ex ends no hwa d o 60°N o Iceland. Res ic ions o he bo om ci cula ion imposed by he Mid-A lan ic Ridge opog aphy also induce an asymme y in he ci cula ion be ween he eas e n and wes e n subbasins, hus causing measu able di e ences in he co esponding ma ine ecosys ems (Longhu s , 2007). The No h A lan ic is one o he main egions o o igin o deep ocean wa e . The No h A lan ic Deep Wa e (NADW) is composed o se e al wa e masses o med by he win e cooling o su ace wa e s a high la i udes. I is subsequen ly modi ied by deep con ec ion and also by o e low o dense wa e ac oss he G eenland– Iceland–Sco land Ridge (Dickson and B own, 1994). In he No h A lan ic, he e a e also se e al semi-enclosed seas (ma ginal seas) wi h speci ic oceanog aphic condi- ions, including he Ca ibbean Sea and Gul o Mexico, Medi e anean, Black Sea, No h Sea, and Bal ic Sea. Figu e 4.2. Schema ic o majo cu en sys ems in he IGMETS-de ined No h A lan ic egion. Red a ows indica e gene ally wa me wa e cu en s; blue a ows indica e gene ally coole wa e cu en s. 58 Figu e 4.3. Annual ends in No h A lan ic egion (a) sea su ace empe a u e (SST), (b) sea su ace chlo ophyll (CHL), and (c) co ela- ions be ween CHL and SST o each o he s anda d IGMETS ime-windows. See “Me hods” chap e o a comple e desc ip ion and me hodology behind his igu e. Chap e 4 No h A lan ic Ocean 59 The gene al oceanog aphy o he No h A lan ic can be a ec ed, bu also a ec s he clima ic index known as No h A lan ic Oscilla ion (NAO), which is measu ed as a ia ions in a mosphe ic p essu e ields o e he basin. The NAO in luences he luxes o hea and wa e , in- cluding p ecipi a ion, wi h impo an consequences o mos ecosys em componen s (Hu ell and Dickson, 2004). Howe e , he e a e addi ional clima ic d i e s modula ing o e en compensa ing he e ec s o he NAO a egional o local scale (Heme y e al., 2008). The No h A lan ic shows pe iodic changes in su ace em- pe a u e ields ha a e acked as he A lan ic Mul ide- cadal Oscilla ion (AMO, Knudsen e al., 2011), wi h measu able e ec s on ecosys ems (He nández-Fa iñas e al., 2014). In his chap e , we desc ibe he main pa e ns de i ed om analysis o ecological ime se ies compiled by IGMETS du ing 1983–2012 o illus a e some o he a i- abili y o ma ine ecosys ems a mul iannual and egional scales. Mo e de ailed ables and maps can be accessed in he in e ac i e IGMETS Explo e : h p://igme s.ne /explo e / 4.2 Gene al pa e ns o empe a u e and phy oplank on biomass Time se ies o g idded, la ge-scale obse a ions de i ed om eanalysed in si u and sa elli e da a (Reynolds OI 2-SST and OCCCI-Chl, see “Me hods” chap e ) indi- ca ed a gene al wa ming pa alleled by a dec ease in phy oplank on biomass. These ends we e consis en ac oss a ious ime-windows (Table 4.1, Figu e 4.3). Wa ming a a a e o 0.1–0.5°C decade–1 was signi ican o 86% o he egion o he 30-yea ime-pe iod (1983– 2012), while du ing sho ime-pe iods, egional a iabil- i y became inc easingly impo an (Figu e 4.3a). Indeed, some egions, such as he Medi e anean Sea, we e al- mos comple ely a ec ed by wa ming. No wi hs anding his gene al end, local cooling was obse ed in he eas e n and cen al A lan ic when conside ing ecen yea s (10- and 5-yea ime-windows). In con as o he SST ends, changes in chlo ophyll we e mo e he e ogeneous and, conside ing he 15-yea ime-window, he gene al dec ease o up o 0.01 mg Chl a m–3 decade–1 obse ed was only signi ican o 38% o he egion (Table 4.2). Howe e , changes in enclosed seas a ec ed o e a la ge a ea, as in he Medi e anean, o we e comple ely di e gen om he gene al end, as occu ed in he Bal ic whe e su ace chlo ophyll in- c eased >0.5 mg Chl a m–3 decade–1 in he 10- and 15-yea ime-windows (Figu e 4.3b). In all cases, he spa ial pa chiness in he ends inc eased in he analysis o sho e ime-windows, likely as a esul o local d i e s. Fo example, when compa ing he 10- and 5-yea ime- windows o SST (Figu e 4.3a), some egions showed e e sed ends, such as he Ca ibbean (which cooled o e he 10-yea ime-window, bu wa med o e he 5- yea window). The same occu ed wi h sa elli e-de i ed chlo ophyll, pa icula ly in he No hwes A lan ic whe e i dec eased o e he 5-yea ime-window, bu showed an inc easing end o he 10-yea pe iod (Fig- u e 4.3b). Ne e heless, o e he pas 15 yea s, he e has been a consis en inc ease in su ace chlo ophyll o e mos o he con inen al ma gins and he open No h A lan ic (no h o 50°N), while he e was a dec ease in he cen al egions o he No h A lan ic (Figu e 4.3b). Wa ming was nega i ely co ela ed wi h chlo ophyll in mos o he egion (Figu e 4.3c), including he sub opi- cal gy e and ma ginal seas (Ca ibbean and Medi e ane- an), bu he e was a posi i e co ela ion be ween SST and chlo ophyll in some egions, such as a Eas G een- land and he subpola No h A lan ic. A he longes ime-window conside ed (15-yea ime-window), he e was a dis inc la i udinal di e ence in he co ela ions, wi h mos o he a ea loca ed sou h o 50°N showing nega i e co ela ions bo h a iables. No excluding di- ec e ec s o empe a u e on he physiological p ocess- es o phy oplank on, hese ela ionships also suppo a key ole o s a i ica ion as he d i e o changes in phy- oplank on p oduc ion ei he by limi ing he inpu o nu ien s om deep laye s in al eady s a i ied egions (Beh en eld e al., 2015) o by enhancing he access o phy oplank on o ligh in al eady mixed wa e s (T em- blay and Gagnon, 2009). 60 Table 4.1. Rela i e spa ial a eas (% o he o al egion) and a es o change wi hin he No h A lan ic egion (including he Bal ic Sea and Medi e anean Sea) egion ha a e showing inc easing o dec easing ends in sea su ace empe a u e (SST) o each o he s and- a d IGMETS ime-windows. Numbe s in b acke s indica e he % a ea wi h signi ican (p < 0.05) ends. See “Me hods” chap e o a comple e desc ip ion and me hodology used. 4.3 T ends om in si u ime se ies The No h A lan ic is home o he la ges ac ion o in si u ma ine ecological ime se ies globally, hough mos o hem a e clus e ed a ound con inen al ma gins, many in coas al wa e s (Table 4.3). The dis ibu ion o si es is also skewed o he empe a e egions o he basin, wi h e y ew s a ions loca ed in sub opical and opical wa e s (Figu e 4.4). Ne e heless, he da a ob ained s ill se e as an in aluable ool o examine he consis ency be ween local and egional changes in en i onmen al and plank on a iables. T ends in in si u SST ma ch well hose de i ed by sa elli e. Fo he 10-yea ime-window, bo h in si u obse a ions and g idded alues showed almos an equi alen numbe o cases o inc easing and dec easing ends (Table 4.2, Figu e 4.5). This equi a- lence indica es ha i is no possible o de e mine a e- gional cohe en end o his ime-window, highligh ing he impo ance o local he e ogenei y in he esponses o indi idual a iables o clima e. The inc easing SST ends ended o domina e in he 20- and 30-yea analysis pe iods (Figu e 4.5). Con e sely, nega i e ends in oxygen and nu ien s, as exempli ied by ni a e, we e mo e equen o e hese ime- windows. Howe e , gi en he une en dis ibu ion o in si u ime se ies, no clea end in chemical a iables was e iden a a basin-scale. Fo example, du ing 2003–2012, ni a e inc eased in mos coas al loca ions ac oss he No heas A lan ic and in some loca ions in he no h- wes subbasin, such as he sou he n Bay o Biscay and Helgoland, while i dec eased a some loca ions in he Bal ic Sea and a he wo si es a ailable o he Medi e - anean (Figu e 4.4). Conside ing all he compiled ime se ies, e en hose wi h sho e da ape iods, he numbe o se ies showing inc easing ends in phy oplank on sligh ly exceeded hose wi h dec easing ends, bu pa icula ly o e long ime windows (> 20 yea s; Fig- u e 4.5). Si es wi h dec easing phy oplank on we e La i ude-adjus ed SST da a ield su ace a ea = 46.1 million km2 5-yea (2008–2012) 10-yea (2003–2012) 15-yea (1998–2012) 20-yea (1993–2012) 25-yea (1988–2012) 30-yea (1983–2012) A ea (%) w/ inc easing SST ends (p < 0.05) 52.5% ( 13.3% ) 50.3% ( 14.6% ) 76.8% ( 54.8% ) 95.7% ( 87.4% ) 98.1% ( 95.0% ) 99.1% ( 97.3% ) A ea (%) w/ dec easing SST ends (p < 0.05) 47.5% ( 18.6% ) 49.7% ( 15.5% ) 23.2% ( 7.1% ) 4.3% ( 1.1% ) 1.9% ( 0.6% ) 0.9% ( 0.3% ) > 1.0°C decade–1 wa ming (p < 0.05) 13.5% ( 8.1% ) 3.4% ( 3.3% ) 0.9% ( 0.9% ) 0.7% ( 0.7% ) 0.1% ( 0.1% ) 0.0% ( 0.0% ) 0.5 o 1.0°C decade–1 wa ming (p < 0.05) 18.0% ( 4.6% ) 5.0% ( 4.1% ) 5.4% ( 5.4% ) 10.0% ( 10.0% ) 9.2% ( 9.2% ) 6.7% ( 6.7% ) 0.1 o 0.5°C decade–1 wa ming (p < 0.05) 17.0% ( 0.6% ) 27.3% ( 7.1% ) 56.3% ( 47.4% ) 77.1% ( 74.3% ) 83.3% ( 82.5% ) 86.7% ( 86.4% ) 0.0 o 0.1°C decade–1 wa ming (p < 0.05) 4.1% ( 0.0% ) 14.6% ( 0.2% ) 14.2% ( 1.2% ) 8.0% ( 2.4% ) 5.4% ( 3.2% ) 5.6% ( 4.2% ) 0.0 o –0.1°C decade–1 cooling (p < 0.05) 3.9% ( 0.0% ) 13.1% ( 0.1% ) 10.0% ( 0.2% ) 2.6% ( 0.1% ) 1.3% ( 0.1% ) 0.7% ( 0.1% ) –0.1 o –0.5°C decade–1 cooling (p < 0.05) 13.3% ( 0.7% ) 29.2% ( 8.7% ) 12.4% ( 6.1% ) 1.4% ( 0.8% ) 0.6% ( 0.4% ) 0.2% ( 0.1% ) –0.5 o –1.0°C decade–1 cooling (p < 0.05) 15.7% ( 6.6% ) 6.7% ( 6.1% ) 0.7% ( 0.6% ) 0.2% ( 0.2% ) 0.1% ( 0.1% ) 0.0% ( 0.0% ) > –1.0°C decade–1 cooling (p < 0.05) 14.6% ( 11.3% ) 0.6% ( 0.6% ) 0.2% ( 0.2% ) 0.0% ( 0.0% ) 0.0% ( 0.0% ) 0.0% ( 0.0% ) Chap e 4 No h A lan ic Ocean 67 Table 4.3 Time-se ies si es loca ed in he IGMETS No h A lan ic (no including Bal ic Sea and Medi e anean Sea) egion. Pa icipa ing coun ies: Canada (ca), Colombia (co), Ge many (de), Denma k (dk), Spain (es), Fa oe Islands ( o), F ance ( ), I eland (ie), Isle o Man (im), Iceland (is), No way (no), Po ugal (p ), Uni ed Kingdom (uk), Uni ed S a es (us), and Venezuela ( e). Yea -spans in ed ex indica e ime se ies o unknown o discon inued s a us. IGMETS-IDs in ed ex indica e ime se ies wi hou a desc ip ion en y in Annex 2. No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 1 ca-50101 AZMP Hali ax Line 2 (Sco ian Shel ) 1997– p esen X - - - X - - X 2 ca-50102 AZMP P ince 5 (Bay o Fundy) 1999– p esen X - - - X - - X 3 ca-50201 AR7W Zone 1 (Lab ado Shel ) 1996– p esen X X - - X - - X 4 ca-50202 AR7W Zone 2 (Lab ado Slope) 1996– p esen X X - - X - - X 5 ca-50203 AR7W Zone 3 (Cen al Lab ado Sea) 1996– p esen X X - - X - - X 6 ca-50204 AR7W Zone 4 (Eas e n Lab ado Sea) 1996– p esen X X - - X - - X 7 ca-50205 AR7W Zone 5 (G eenland Shel ) 1996– p esen X X - - X - - X 8 ca-50401 Bed o d Basin (No hwes e n No h A lan ic) 1967– p esen X X - X X X - - 9 ca-50501 Bay o Fundy (No hwes e n A lan ic shel ) 1988–2012 discon inued X X - - X - X - 10 ca-50601 AZMP S a ion 27 (New oundland Shel ) 1960– p esen X - - - X - - X 11 ca-50701 AZMP An icos i Gy e (Gul o S Law ence) 1999– p esen X - - - X - - X 12 ca-50702 AZMP Gaspe Cu en (Gul o S Law ence) 1999– p esen X - - - X - - X 13 ca-50703 AZMP Rimouski (Gul o S Law ence) 2005– p esen X X - X X - - X 14 ca-50704 AZMP Shediac (Gul o S Law ence) 1999– p esen X X - X X - - X 15 ca-50801 Cen al Sco ian Shel (No hwes e n A lan ic shel ) 1996– p esen X X - X X X - - 16 ca-50802 Eas e n Sco ian Shel (No hwes e n A lan ic) 1997– p esen X X - X X X - - 17 ca-50803 Wes e n Sco ian Shel (No hwes e n A lan ic) 1997– p esen X X - X X X - - 18 co-30101 REDCAM Isla de San And es (Sou hwes e n Ca ibbean) 2002– p esen X X X - - - - - 19 co-30102 REDCAM Isla de P o encia (Sou hwes e n Ca ibbean) 2002– p esen X X X - - - - - 68 No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 20 co-30103 REDCAM Wes e n Colombia– Ca ibbean Shel (Sou hwes e n Ca ibbean) 2002– p esen X X X - - - - - 21 co-30104 REDCAM Eas e n Colombia– Ca ibbean Shel (Sou hwes e n Ca ibbean) 2002– p esen X X X - - - - - 22 de-10101 No deney WQ-W2 (Sou he n No h Sea) 1999–2008 (?) X X - X - - X - 23 de-30201 Helgoland Roads (Sou heas e n No h Sea) 1962– p esen X X - X - X X X 24 de-30301 Cape Ve de Ocean Obse a o y (T opical Eas e n No h A lan ic) 2006– p esen X X X X - - - - 27 dk-30101 No h Sea: DNAMAP-1510007 (Bal ic Sea) see Bal ic Sea Annex (A2) 1989– p esen X X X X X - X - 28 dk-30105 Ringkobing Fjo d: DNAMAP-1 (Bal ic Sea) see Bal ic Sea Annex (A2) 1980– p esen X X X X X - X - 29 dk-30106 Nissum Fjo d: DNAMAP- 22 (Bal ic Sea) see Bal ic Sea Annex (A2) 1983– p esen X X X X X - X - 30 dk-30107 Nissum B edning: DNAMAP-3702-1 (Bal ic Sea) see Bal ic Sea Annex (A2) 1982– p esen X X X X X - X - 31 dk-30110 Lis e Dyb: DNAMAP-3 (Bal ic Sea) see Bal ic Sea Annex (A2) 1993– p esen X X X X X - X - 32 es-30101 BILBAO 35 Time Se ies (Inne Bay o Biscay) 1998– p esen X X X - X - - X 33 es-30102 URDAIBAI 35 Time Se ies (Inne Bay o Biscay) 1997– p esen X Xs X - X - - X 34 es-30201 AZTI S a ion D2 (Sou heas e n Bay o Biscay) 1986– p esen X X X X X - X - 35 es-30401 Ne ion Ri e Es ua y E1 (Sou he n Bay o Biscay) 2000– p esen X X - - - - X - 36 es-50101 RADIALES San ande S a ion 4 (Sou he n Bay o Biscay) 1991– p esen X X * X * * - X 37 es-50102 RADIALES A Co una S a ion 2 (No hwes e n Ibe ian coas ) 1988– p esen X X X X X X X X 38 es-50103 RADIALES Gijon/Xixon S a ion 2 (Sou he n Bay o Biscay) 2001– p esen X X * X X X X X 39 es-50104 RADIALES Vigo S a ion 3 (No hwes Ibe ian coas ) 1994– p esen X X - X X - - X 40 es-50105 RADIALES Cudille o S a ion 2 (Sou he n Bay o Biscay) 1992– p esen X X X X X * - X Chap e 4 No h A lan ic Ocean 69 No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 41 o-30101 Fa oe Islands Shel (Fa oe Islands) 1991– p esen X - - X X - - X 42 -50101 REPHY An i e Pon on Pe olie (English Channel) 1989– p esen X X X X X - X - 43 -50102 REPHY A So (English Channel) 1987– p esen X X - X X - X - 44 -50103 REPHY Don ille (English Channel) 2002– p esen X X X X X - X - 45 -50104 REPHY Pen al Lann (English Channel) 1987– p esen X X X - X - X - 46 -50105 REPHY Poin 1 SRN Boulogne (English Channel) 1992– p esen X X - X X - X - 47 -50106 REPHY Ke el (Bay o Biscay) 1987– p esen X X - - X - X - 48 -50107 REPHY Le Co na d (Bay o Biscay) 1987– p esen X X X - X - X - 49 -50108 REPHY Men e Roue (Bay o Biscay) 1987– p esen X X - X X - X - 50 -50109 REPHY Oues Loscolo (Bay o Biscay) 1987– p esen X X - X X - X - 51 -50110 REPHY Teychan Bis (Bay o Biscay) 1999– p esen X X - X X - X - 52 -50201 G a elines S a ion (English Channel) 1993– p esen - - - - - - - X 53 ie-30101 Eas Coas I eland (I eland) 1990– p esen - - - - - - X - 54 ie-30102 No hwes Coas I eland (I eland) 1990– p esen - - - - - - X - 55 ie-30103 Sou h Coas I eland (I eland) 1990– p esen - - - - - - X - 56 ie-30104 Sou hwes Coas I eland (I eland) 1990– p esen - - - - - - X - 57 ie-30105 Wes Coas I eland (I eland) 1990– p esen - - - - - - X - 58 im-10101 Cyp is S a ion – Isle o Man (I ish Sea) 1954–2009 (?) X X X X X - X - 59 is-30102 Sel ogsbanki T ansec (Sou h Iceland) 1971– p esen X X - - X - - X 60 no-50401 A endal S a ion 2 (No h Sea) 1994 – p esen X X X X X - - X 61 p -30101 Cascais Bay (Po uguese Coas ) 2005– p esen X X - - - - - X 70 No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 62 p -30201 Guadiana Lowe Es ua y (Sou hwes Ibe ian Peninsula) 1996– p esen X X - - X - - X 63 p -30301 Guadiana Uppe Es ua y (Sou hwes Ibe ian Peninsula) 1996– p esen X X - X X X X - 64 uk-30101 S oneha en (No hwes No h Sea) 1958– p esen X X - X X - X X 65 uk-30102 Loch Ewe (No hwes No h Sea) 2002– p esen X X - X X - X X 66 uk-30103 Loch Maddy (No hwes No h Sea) 2003– p esen X - - - - - X - 67 uk-30104 Mill Po (No hwes No h Sea) 2003– p esen X - - - - - X - 68 uk-30105 Scalloway – She land Isles (No hwes No h Sea) 2000– p esen X - - - - - X - 69 uk-30106 Scapa Bay – O kney (No hwes No h Sea) 1999– p esen X - - - - - X - 70 uk-30201 Plymou h L4 (Wes e n English Channel) 1988– p esen X X X X X X X X 71 uk-30301 Do e (No h Sea) 1971–2002 discon inued - - - - - - - X 72 uk-30601 A lan ic Me idional T ansec (AMT) 1995- p esen X X X X X X X 73 uk-40106 SAHFOS–CPR A06 (Sou h Iceland) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 74 uk-40111 SAHFOS–CPR B01 (No heas e n No h Sea) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 75 uk-40112 SAHFOS–CPR B02 (No hwes e n No h Sea) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 76 uk-40114 SAHFOS–CPR B04 (Sou he n No wegian Sea) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 77 uk-40115 SAHFOS–CPR B05 (Sou heas Iceland) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 78 uk-40116 SAHFOS–CPR B06 (Sou hwes Iceland) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 79 uk-40117 SAHFOS–CPR B07 (Sou heas G eenland) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 80 uk-40118 SAHFOS–CPR B08 (Sou hwes G eenland) 1962– p esen - - - - X - X X 81 uk-40121 SAHFOS–CPR C01 (Eas e n Cen al No h Sea) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 82 uk-40122 SAHFOS–CPR C02 (Wes e n Cen al No h Sea) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X Chap e 4 No h A lan ic Ocean 71 No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 83 uk-40123 SAHFOS–CPR C03 (I ish Sea) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 84 uk-40124 SAHFOS–CPR C04 (No hwes Sco land and I eland) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 85 uk-40125 SAHFOS–CPR C05 (No heas Cen al No h A lan ic) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 86 uk-40126 SAHFOS–CPR C06 (Cen al No h A lan ic) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 87 uk-40127 SAHFOS–CPR C07 (No hwes Cen al No h A lan ic) 1959– p esen - - - - X - X X 88 uk-40128 SAHFOS–CPR C08 (Lab ado ) 1959– p esen - - - - X - X X 89 uk-40131 SAHFOS–CPR D01 (Sou heas No h Sea) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 90 uk-40132 SAHFOS–CPR D02 (Sou hwes No h Sea) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 91 uk-40133 SAHFOS–CPR D03 (English Channel) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 92 uk-40134 SAHFOS–CPR D04 (Sou h I eland) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 93 uk-40135 SAHFOS–CPR D05 (Eas e n Cen al No h A lan ic) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 94 uk-40136 SAHFOS–CPR D06 (Cen al No h A lan ic) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 95 uk-40137 SAHFOS–CPR D07 (Wes e n Cen al No h A lan ic) 1959– p esen - - - - X - X X 96 uk-40138 SAHFOS–CPR D08 (Wes e n Cen al No h A lan ic) 1959– p esen - - - - X - X X 97 uk-40139 SAHFOS–CPR D09 (Lab ado Shel ) 1959– p esen - - - - X - X X 98 uk-40144 SAHFOS–CPR E04 (Bay o Biscay) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 99 uk-40145 SAHFOS–CPR E05 (Eas e n Sou he n No h A lan ic) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 100 uk-40146 SAHFOS–CPR E06 (Sou he n No h A lan ic) 1961– p esen - - - - X - X X 101 uk-40147 SAHFOS–CPR E07 (Sou he n No h A lan ic) 1961– p esen - - - - X - X X 102 uk-40148 SAHFOS–CPR E08 (Wes e n Sou he n No h A lan ic) 1960– p esen - - - - X - X X 103 uk-40149 SAHFOS–CPR E09 (O New oundland Shel ) 1960– p esen - - - - X - X X 72 No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 104 uk-40150 SAHFOS–CPR E10 (O Sco ian Shel ) 1961– p esen - - - - X - X X 105 uk-40154 SAHFOS–CPR F04 (O Ibe ian Shel ) 1958– p esen - - - - X - X X 106 uk-40155 SAHFOS–CPR F05 (Eas e n Sou he n No h A lan ic) 1963– p esen - - - - X - X X 107 uk-40156 SAHFOS–CPR F06 (Cen al Sou he n No h A lan ic) 1967– p esen - - - - X - X X 108 uk-40157 SAHFOS–CPR F07 (Cen al Sou he n No h A lan ic) 1963– p esen - - - - X - X X 109 uk-40158 SAHFOS–CPR F08 (Cen al Sou he n No h A lan ic) 1963– p esen - - - - X - X X 110 uk-40159 SAHFOS–CPR F09 (Wes e n Sou he n No h A lan ic) 1962– p esen - - - - X - X X 111 uk-40160 SAHFOS–CPR F10 (O Gul o Maine) 1961– p esen - - - - X - X X 112 us-10101 Be muda A lan ic Time Se ies (BATS) 1982– p esen X X X X X X - X 113 us-10401 Boo hbay (No hwes e n A lan ic shel ) 2000– p esen X X - - X X - - 114 us-30101 Uppe Chesapeake – Ma yland (Chesapeake Bay) 1984–2002 (?) - - - - - - - X 115 us-30102 Lowe Chesapeake – Vi ginia (Chesapeake Bay) 1985–2002 (?) - - - - - - - X 116 us-30201 Na aganse Bay (No hwes e n A lan ic) 1959– p esen X X - X X - - - 117 us-30301 Neuse Ri e Es ua y NR000 (Ou e Banks – No h Ca olina) 1994– p esen X X X X X - - - 118 us-30302 Pamlico Sound PS1 (Ou e Banks – No h Ca olina) 2000– p esen X X X X X - - - 119 us-50101 EcoMon Gul o Maine – GOM (Gul o Maine) 1977– p esen - - - - - - - X 120 us-50102 EcoMon Geo ges Bank – GBK (Geo ges Bank) 1977– p esen - - - - - - - X 121 us-50103 EcoMon Sou he n New England – SNE (Sou he n New England) 1977– p esen - - - - - - - X 122 us-50104 EcoMon Mid-A lan ic Bigh – MAB (Mid-A lan ic Bigh ) 1977– p esen - - - - - - - X 123 us-50105 EcoMon Gul o Maine CPR line (Gul o Maine) 1961–2012 discon inued - - - - - - - - 124 us-50106 EcoMon Mid-A lan ic Bigh CPR line (Mid-A lan ic Bigh ) 1975–2012 discon inued - - - - - - - - Chap e 4 No h A lan ic Ocean 73 No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 125 us-50201 SEAMAP: Texas/Lousiana Shel WEST (Gul o Mexico) 1982– p esen - - - - - - - X 126 us-50202 SEAMAP: Texas/Louisiana Shel CENTRAL (Gul o Mexico) 1982– p esen - - - - - - - X 127 us-50203 SEAMAP: Texas/Lousiana Shel EAST (Gul o Mexico) 1982– p esen - - - - - - - X 128 us-50204 SEAMAP: Mississippi/Alabama Shel (Gul o Mexico) 1982– p esen - - - - - - - X 129 us-50205 SEAMAP: Flo ida Shel NORTH- WEST (Gul o Mexico) 1986– p esen - - - - - - - X 130 us-50206 SEAMAP: Flo ida Shel NORTH- EAST (Gul o Mexico) 1986– p esen - - - - - - - X 131 us-50207 SEAMAP: Flo ida Shel SOUTH (Gul o Mexico) 1982– p esen - - - - - - - X 132 us-50208 No heas O -shel Region – SEAMAP (Gul o Mexico) 1982– p esen - - - - - - - X 133 us-50209 No hwes O -Shel Region – SEAMAP (Gul o Mexico) 1982– p esen - - - - - - - X 134 us-60101 NERRS ACE Basin 2001– p esen X X X X X - - - 135 us-60102 NERRS Apalachicola 2002– p esen X X X X X - - - 136 us-60103 NERRS Chesapeake Bay MD 2003– p esen X X X X X - - - 137 us-60104 NERRS Chesapeake Bay VA 2002– p esen X X X X X - - - 138 us-60105 NERRS Delawa e 2001– p esen X X X X X - - - 139 us-60107 NERRS G and Bay 2004– p esen X X X X X - - - 140 us-60108 NERRS G ea Bay 2001– p esen X X X X X - - - 141 us-60109 NERRS Guana Toloma o Ma anzas 2002– p esen X X X X X - - - 142 us-60111 NERRS Jacques Cous eau 2002– p esen X X X X X - - - 143 us-60112 NERRS Jobos Bay – Pue o Rico 2001– p esen X X X X X - - - 144 us-60115 NERRS Mission-A ansas 2007– p esen X X X X X - - - 74 No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 145 us-60116 NERRS Na aganse Bay 2002– p esen X X X X X - - - 146 us-60117 NERRS No h Inle – Winyah Bay 2001– p esen X X X X X - - - 147 us-60118 NERRS No h Ca olina 2001– p esen X X X X X - - - 148 us-60119 NERRS Old Woman C eek 2002– p esen X X X X X - - - 149 us-60121 NERRS Rooke y Bay 2002– p esen X X X X X - - - 150 us-60122 NERRS Sapelo Island 2004– p esen X X X X X - - - 151 us-60126 NERRS Wells 2004– p esen X X X X X - - - 152 us-60127 NERRS Weeks Bay 2001– p esen X X X X X - - - 153 us-60128 NERRS Waquoi Bay 2002– p esen X X X X X - - - 154 e-10101 CARIACO Ocean Time Se ies (Ca iaco Basin o Venezuela) 1995– p esen X X X X X X X X Chap e 4 No h A lan ic Ocean 75 Bal ic Sea Figu e 4.8. Map o IGMETS-pa icipa ing Bal ic Sea ime se ies on a backg ound o a 10-yea ime-window (2003–2012) sea su ace empe a u e ends. A he ime o his epo , he Bal ic Sea consis ed o 41 ime se ies (colou ed symbols o any ype, see also Ta- ble 4.4), o which 7 we e om es ua ine a eas (yellow s a s). Uncolou ed (g ay) symbols indica e ime se ies being add essed in a di e en egional chap e (e.g. A c ic Ocean) o in sepa a e sub egions (e.g. No h A lan ic P ope , Figu e 4.1/Table 4.3; Medi e anean Sea, Figu e 4.9/Table 4.5). Table 4.4. Regional lis ing o pa icipa ing ime se ies o he IGMETS Bal ic Sea. Pa icipa ing coun ies: Ge many (de), Denma k (dk), Es onia (ee), Finland ( i), La ia (l ), Poland (pl), and Sweden (se). No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 1 de-10201 Boknis Eck Time Se ies S a ion (Ecke n oe de Bay – SW Bal ic Sea) 1957– p esen X X X X X X - - 2 de-30101 A kona Basin (Sou he n Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X X X X 3 de-30102 Bo nholm Basin (Sou he n Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X X X - 4 de-30103 Mecklenbu g Bigh (Sou he n Bal ic Sea) 1980– p esen X X X X X X X - 5 de-30104 Eas e n Go land Basin (Sou he n Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X X X - 6 dk-30102 A hus Bug : DNAMAP- 170006 (Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X - X - 7 dk-30103 Koge Bug : DNAMAP-1727 (Bal ic Sea) 1985– p esen X X X X X - X - 8 dk-30104 He ing Bug : DNAMAP-190004 (Bal ic Sea) 1985– p esen X X X X X - X - 76 No. IGMETS-ID Si e o p og amme name Yea -span T S Oxy N Chl Mic Phy Zoo 9 dk-30108 Logs o B edning: DNAMAP-3708- 1 (Bal ic Sea) 1980– p esen X X X X X - X - 10 dk-30109 Ski e Fjo d: DNAMAP-3727-1 (Bal ic Sea) 1980– p esen X X X X X - X - 11 dk-30111 Albo g Bug : DNAMAP-409 (Bal ic Sea) 1981– p esen X X X X X - X - 12 dk-30112 Anhol Eas : DNAMAP-413 (Bal ic Sea) 1981– p esen X X X X X - X - 13 dk-30113 Vejle Fjo d: DNAMAP-4273 (Bal ic Sea) 1982– p esen X X X X X - X - 14 dk-30114 Ven: DNAMAP-431 (Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X - X - 15 dk-30115 A kona: DNAMAP-444 (Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X - X - 16 dk-30116 Ma iage Fjo d: DNAMAP-5503 (Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X - X - 17 dk-30117 Ho sens Fjo d: DNAMAP-5790 (Bal ic Sea) 1981– p esen X X X X X - X - 18 dk-30118 Roskilde Fjo d: DNAMAP-60 (Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X - X - 19 dk-30119 Lillebael -Sou h: DNAMAP- 6300043 (Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X - X - 20 dk-30120 Lillebael -No h: DNAMAP- 6870 (Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X - X - 21 dk-30121 Odense Fjo d: DNAMAP- 6900017 (Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X - X - 22 dk-30122 Gniben: DNAMAP-925 (Bal ic Sea) 1979– p esen X X X X X - X - 23 dk-30123 S o ebael : DNAMAP-939 (Bal ic Sea) 1982– p esen X X X X X - X - 24 dk-30124 Bo nholm Deep: DNAMAP-bmpk2 (Bal ic Sea) 1980– p esen X X X X X - X - 27 ee-10101 Pä nu Bay (Gul o Riga) 1957– p esen X X - - X - - X 28 ee-10201 Tallinn Bay (Gul o Finland) 1959– p esen X X - - X - - X 29 i-30101 Bo hnian Bay Region: Bo3+F2 (No he n Bal ic Sea) 1959– p esen X X X X X X X X 30 i-30102 Bo hnian Sea Region: SR5+US5b+F64 (No he n Bal ic Sea) 1959– p esen X X X X X X X X