Mediterranean Sea ship-based hydrographic investigations Program (Med-SHIP)

CITATION Sch oede , K., T. Tanhua, H.L. B yden, M. Ál a ez, J. Chiggia o, and S. A ac i. 2015. Medi e anean Sea Ship-based Hyd og aphic In es iga ions P og am (Med-SHIP). Oceanog aphy 28(3):12–15, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5670/oceanog.2015.71. DOI h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5670/oceanog.2015.71 COPYRIGHT This a icle has been published in Oceanog aphy, Volume 28, Numbe 3, a qua e ly jou nal o The Oceanog aphy Socie y. Copy igh 2015 by The Oceanog aphy Socie y. All igh s ese ed. USAGE Pe mission is g an ed o copy his a icle o use in eaching and esea ch. Republica ion, sys ema ic ep oduc ion, o collec i e edis ibu ion o any po ion o his a icle by pho ocopy machine, epos ing, o o he means is pe mi ed only wi h he app o al o TheOceanog aphy Socie y. Send all co espondence o: [email p o ec ed] o The Oceanog aphy Socie y, PO Box 1931, Rock ille, MD 20849-1931, USA. Oceanog aphy THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY DOWNLOADED FROM HTTP://WWW.TOS.ORG/OCEANOGRAPHY Oceanog aphy | Vol.28, No.3 12 COMMENTARY Medi e anean Sea Ship-based Hyd og aphic In es iga ions P og am (Med-SHIP) By Ka in Sch oede , Tos e Tanhua, Ha y L. B yden, Ma a Ál a ez, Jacopo Chiggia o, and Simona A ac i Al hough he Medi e anean in luences he global ocean h ough i s connec ion o he A lan ic and is clea ly impo an o egional clima e, ishe ies, and ou - ism, un il now i has been sampled by ship-based esea ch c uises only a i eg- ula in e als, mos ly by na ional expedi- ions in egional a eas. I has la gely been neglec ed by global-scale in e na ional p og ams, such as he one- ime su - ey conduc ed du ing he Wo ld Ocean Ci cula ion Expe imen (WOCE) and he subsequen epe i ion o key WOCE hyd og aphic lines p omo ed and coo - dina ed by he Global Ocean Ship-Based Hyd og aphic In es iga ions P og am (GO-SHIP). Med-SHIP is a new p o- g am ha will ill his gap, collec ing sus- ained hyd og aphic obse a ions in he Medi e anean Sea. Med-SHIP has wo p ima y objec i es: (1) o obse e and quan i y long- e m changes in ma ine physical and biogeochemical p ope ies in he Medi e anean Sea, whe e he sho e u no e ime scale sugges s hey can be ex apola ed o he global ocean, and (2) o obse e changes in he mohaline ci cula ion and o de e mine how o en and how much deep wa e is o med, and whe he he cu en s a e changing in posi ion and in ensi y. SCIENTIFIC MOTIVATION FOR REPEAT HYDROGRAPHY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA D ama ic changes in physical and bio- geochemical p ope ies obse ed in he Medi e anean du ing he las ew decades (Malano e-Rizzoli e  al., 2014) p o ide scien i ic mo i a ion o Med-SHIP, al hough ends a e pa ly masked by signi ican episodic e en s and egional a iabili y. Fo ins ance, bo h he salini y and empe a u e o he deep Medi e anean ha e been inc eas- ing o a leas he pas 40 yea s a a es o abou 0.015° and 0.04°C pe decade, espec i ely (Bo ghini e  al., 2014). Fu he mo e, bo h dissol ed ino ganic and an h opogenic ca bon con en s a e high in he deep Medi e anean com- pa ed o he global deep ocean. Clima e and biogeochemical mod- els p edic a decline in global ocean oxy- gen concen a ions (Oschlies e al., 2008), wi h impo an implica ions o biol- ogy and eedbacks on nu ien and ca - bon cycling. Al hough oxygen concen a- ions in he Medi e anean a e ela i ely high, lowe open-ocean backg ound con- cen a ions can po en ially a ec local oxygen deple ion. Ca e ul moni o ing o changes in oxygen concen a ions in he Medi e anean will help de e mine whe he de-oxygena ion is also an issue o egional seas, wi h consequences o ishe ies and ecosys ems. Da a on nu i- en s a e also essen ial o unde s and- ing and documen ing ma ine biogeo- chemical cycles. Fo ins ance, K ess e al. (2014) epo d as ic changes in nu i- en dis ibu ion on a sho epea sec- ion in he eas e nmos Le an ine Basin, demons a ing he alue o sus ained obse a ions in he Medi e anean Sea. Mo eo e , nu ien alues can be used o ci cula ion s udies (e.g., Robbins and Toole, 1997) and a e also use ul o an h opogenic ca bon de i a ions as well as mul i-pa ame e eg essions o less- well-sampled p ope ies. Wi h ega d o he ca bon cycle, he e a e only ew obse a ions o he ca bona e sys em in he Medi e anean, making i di icul o d aw conclusions on he em- po al a iabili y o he ino ganic ca bon a his s age. Because he Medi e anean has e y high o al alkalini y and pH compa ed o he ocean, i is peculia in e ms o CO2 dynamics and possible eedbacks be ween global change and he ca bon cycle. Regula obse a ions o he ca bona e sys em a e needed o docu- men clima e changes and o build mod- els o high-alkalini y, high-pH sys ems. Ven ila ion o he Medi e anean Sea is known o be in e mi en , wi h p o- nounced empo al a iabili y in deep wa e o ma ion a es. Fo ins ance, in he ea ly 1990s, he “Eas e n Medi e anean T ansien ” shi ed deep wa e o ma ion om he Ad ia ic o he Aegean Sea, wi h a massi e inc ease in deep wa e p oduc- ion a es (Roe he e  al., 1996). Since hen, deep wa e o ma ion has been e-es ablished in he Ad ia ic, al hough wi h possibly di e en a es and p op- e ies, lea ing he ques ion open as o whe he d as ic changes in deep wa e o ma ion could happen again. Recen in ense deep wa e o ma ion e en s in he wes e n Medi e anean p o- duced a huge amoun o new deep wa e (Sch oede e al., 2008) ha has begun o modi y he deep s a i ica ion o he en i e basin and has caused ab up inc eases in deep wa e empe a u e and salini y. This e en ( he “Wes e n Medi e anean T ansi ion”) s ongly enhanced he en- ila ion o he abyssal pa o he wes - e n basin and has s a ed o p opaga e owa d he Ty henian Sea and No h A lan ic. Tempo al a iabili y in en ila- ion, such as desc ibed in Schneide e al. (2014), can only be de ec ed by egula measu emen s o ansien ace s, key Oceanog aphy | Sep embe 2015 13 a iables ha Med-SHIP plans o acqui e. Ven ila ion changes can be quan i ied by compa ing mode n SF6 da a wi h his o ic CFC-12 da a. Figu e 1 plo s he ace age di e ence o selec ed a eas, showing ha en ila ion is slowe (age is highe ) mainly in he eas e n basin, whe eas he wes e n basin shows inc eased deep wa e en ila ion. Addi ionally, he expo o dissol ed o ganic ca bon (DOC) om su ace o deep wa e s ep esen s a signi ican com- ponen o he biological ca bon pump, pa icula ly in egions ha unde go deep con ec i e mixing. How a change in ocean s a i ica ion will a ec he ole o DOC in he biological pump, compa ed o ha o pa icula e o ganic ca bon (POC), is o pa icula in e es . These key ques ions, and o he s, can only be uly add essed wi h sus ained epea hyd og aphic sec ions. Despi e nume ous echnological ad- ances o e he las decades, ship-based hyd og aphy emains he only me hod o ob aining high-quali y, high spa ial and e ical esolu ion measu emen s o a sui e o physical, chemical, and biolog- ical pa ame e s o e he ull wa e col- umn. Fo ins ance, while he global ne - wo k o A go p o iling loa s samples he physical cha ac e is ics o he uppe 2,000 m o he ocean, mo e han 20% o he Medi e anean olume lies below his dep h, whe e signi ican changes ha e been obse ed. The la es In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change epo (IPCC, 2013) emphasizes he ole he deep ocean plays in aking up excess hea and CO2, bu hese changes a e sub le and ex emely di icul o obse e excep wi h he highes quali y hyd og aphy. To documen changes h oughou he wa e column, and especially o he deep sea below 2,000 m, i is essen ial o (1) educe unce ain ies in eshwa e , hea , and sea le el budge s, (2) de e mine he dis ibu ions o na u al and an h o- pogenic ca bon and he ac o s ha con- ol hem, (3) de ine en ila ion and ci - cula ion pa hways, (4) cha ac e ize he a iabili y in wa e mass p ope ies and ac o s ha con ol i , (5)de e mine he signi icance o biogeochemically and eco- logically impo an p ope ies, (6)assess he long- e m s e ic con ibu ion o Medi e anean sea le el, and (7)augmen he his o ical da abase o ull wa e col- umn obse a ions necessa y o he s udy o long- e m changes. Sus ained obse a ions a e c i i- cal o e alua ing ocean models and cons aining s a e es ima ion. In addi- ion, ship-based hyd og aphic measu e- men s p o ide a s anda d o alida ing new au onomous senso s and a e e - ence da a se o o he obse ing sys ems such as A go p o iling loa s, expend- able ba hy he mog aphs, and glide s. Hyd og aphic c uises also p o ide access o emo e ocean a eas o he deploymen o hese ins umen s. Med-SHIP hus p o ides a ull dep h, whole basin iew o changes in he Medi e anean, a ame- wo k ha allows egional obse a ions and A go p o iles o be in e p e ed in a basin-scale pe spec i e. PROGRAM STATUS AND NEXT STEPS The Med-SHIP plan, de ined by Medi e anean scien is s a a 2012 wo k- shop (CIESM, 2012), is o egula ly mea- su e physical and biogeochemical p op- e ies along wo me idional composi e ansec s in each o he eas e n and wes - e n Medi e anean Sea and one zonal ansec om he S ai o Gib al a o he eas e nmos Medi e anean (Figu e 2). B oadly speaking, he zonal sec ion emphasizes p ope y changes while he no h-sou h sec ions emphasize ci cula- ion changes, hough, in ac , all sec ions con ibu e o bo h objec i es. Beginning in 2015, he Medi e anean zonal sec- ion is conside ed a componen o he global GO-SHIP p og am (al hough sec ion MED01, planned o 2017, is s ill in need o unding; see Figu e 3 and h p://www.go-ship.o g). As o he no h-sou h sec ions, he scien is s com- mi ed o he ini ia i e a e planning hem now and de eloping needed unding 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 30°N 33°N 36°N 39°N 42°N 45°N Changes in Ven ila ion −10 0 10−10 0 10 Dec eased Ven ila ion −10 0 10−10 0 10 T ace Age(2011) − T ace Age(1997/8) [yea s] −10 0 10−10 0 10 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 P essu e [dBa ] Inc eased Ven ila ion FIGURE1. T ace age (yea s) di e ence be ween SF6 (2011) da a and CFC-12 (1997–1998) da a in di e en a eas o he Medi e anean Sea. The simila shape, bu wi h a 14-yea o se , o he a mo- sphe ic concen a ion his o y o he wo ace s makes di ec compa ison, wi h a ew assump ions, possible (Tanhua e al., 2013b). Posi i e (nega i e) alues indica e dec eased (inc eased) en ila ion. Oceanog aphy | Vol.28, No.3 14 a e epea ed on a decadal scale), in ligh o i s ypical sho e spa ial and empo- al scales (CIESM, 2012). The zonal an- sec , epea ed on a low- equency basis and including he ull sui e o GO-SHIP pa ame e s, would allow assessmen o long- e m a ia ions in hea and esh- wa e budge s and calcula ion o basin- wide in en o ies o na u al and an h o- pogenic ca bon in he Medi e anean, wi h a ocus on deepe laye s ha a e less subjec o small-scale a iabili y (Tanhua e al., 2013a; Ál a ez e al., 2014). Bu he Medi e anean is a “coas al ocean” wi h wi hin he amewo k o o he p ojec s and na ional unding and unde he coo - dina ing umb ella o CIESM (which will hos a dedica ed Med-SHIP Web page). The o e all p og am is o he no h- sou h sec ions o be done e e y h ee yea s and he zonal sec ion o be done e e y six yea s. Du ing hese c uises, a sui e o ele an physical, chemical, and biological a iables would be mea- su ed (see Table 1). The epe i ion e- quency p oposed o he Medi e anean is somewha highe han ha o GO-SHIP (whe e low- equency lines open-ocean cha ac e is ics, whe e ci cu- la ion is no d i en pu ely by basin-scale o cings bu is also d i en by in ense, a i- able, and di e se local o cings. In his espec , he high- equency epe i ion o sub-basin me idional ansec s, includ- ing collec ing a subse o he GO-SHIP pa ame e s, is essen ial o cap u e hese deg ees o a iabili y. The Execu i e G oup o GO-SHIP g oups measu emen s in h ee le els o impo ance (see Table1). The same will be adop ed o Med-SHIP. Gi en hei use ulness o clima e s udies, and ol- lowing GO-SHIP s anda ds, all da a shall be openly accessible o he com- muni y a la ge as soon as possible. In he Eu opean/Medi e anean egion, a ne wo k o da a cen e s and specialized ma ine ins i u ions has al eady been es ablished (e.g., MyOcean, EMODNe , SeaDa aNe ). In addi ion, all da a, a e quali y con ol by he pa icipa ing sci- en is s on each c uise, will be sen o he CLIVAR & Ca bon Hyd og aphic Da a O ice a Sc ipps Ins i u ion o Oceanog aphy o inclusion in he in e - na ional da abase. Coo dina ed a an in e na ional le el and wi h a p og am ha has been e ed in he communi y, Med-SHIP is now eady o become pa o he Medi e anean and global sus ained obse ing sys ems as a e e ence componen o long- e m s ud- ies o p ocesses, e en s, and changes in he Medi e anean Sea. The execu ion o Med-SHIP elies on na ional and in e - na ional (i.e., EU) unding o i s sci- ence eams, as do mos o he in e na- ionally coo dina ed p og ams such as GO-SHIP. We in i e he Medi e anean oceanog aphic communi y o con ib- u e o he success o Med-SHIP by pa ic- ipa ing in he execu ion o he e e ence sec ions and hei subsequen analysis and in e p e a ion. Med-SHIP is go e ned by he Medi e anean Science Commission (CIESM), which suppo ed he Med-SHIP a icula ion wo kshop in 2012 (CIESM, 2012). The Med-SHIP p og am is u he suppo ed by he Eu opean Ma ine Boa d (Eu opean Ma ine Boa d, 2013), whe e i s implemen a ion is ecognized as a p i- o i y o iden i ying clima e change e ec s. FIGURE2. P oposed epea Med-SHIP hyd og aphic sec ions. Red do s indica e he low- equency zonal sec ion, yellow do s he high- equency me idional sec ions. The in e io salini y along he zonal sec ion is shown in colo . Salini y da a om a 2011 R/V Me eo c uise (Tanhua e al., 2013a). FIGURE 3. GO-SHIP e e ence sec ions a e epea hyd og aphic coas - o-coas o coas - o-ice sec ions ha can be modi ied as necessa y o e i o ial wa e s, ice co e age, and o he obs acles o ga he ing da a bu s ill main ain he s anda d GO-SHIP sampling s a egy. Upda ed Ap il 2015 (Sou ce: h p://www.go-ship.o g). P06 S04I I05 ARC01 A17 P18 I03 S04P P13 P04E A10 P02 A05 P03 P16S P15S P01 A13.5 SR04 A16N A16S I09N I07N P16N A02 P10 A20 A25 A12 P09 I08S A22 I08N 75N I06S 40N I09S P04W MED01 I10 AR07E P14S I01W P17E-P19C A23 SR03 I01E AR28 Da is ARC02 SR01 AR07W GO-SHIP 2012-2023 Su ey (53 Lines) S a us Ap il 2015 Oceanog aphy | Sep embe 2015 15 TABLE1. Co e measu emen s (le el 1 da a) and da a submission imelines as de ined by he GO-SHIP Execu i e G oup and adop ed o Med-SHIP. Le el 1 da a a e o highes p io i y o ul illing scien i ic objec i es and should be collec ed a leas on he low- equency zonal sec ion. Le el 2 da a a e highly desi able and should be collec ed when possible. Le el 3 da a a e ancilla y measu emen s ha o en bene i om being aken in conjunc ion wi h co e measu emen s and/o o add ess a scien i ic ques ion unique o he egion o in es iga ion; only some examples o Le el 3 da a a e gi en he e. Le el 1 Timeline Dissol ed ino ganic ca bon 6 mon hs To al Alkalini y 6 mon hs pH (No e: any wo o he abo e) 6 mon hs CTD p essu e, empe a u e, salini y (calcula ed) 6 mon hs CTD oxygen (senso ) 6 mon hs Bo le salini y 6 mon hs Nu ien s by s anda d au o analyze (NO3/NO2, PO4, SiO3)6 mon hs Dissol ed oxygen 6 mon hs Chlo o luo oca bons (CFC-11, -12, -113) and SF66 mon hs Su ace unde way sys em (T, S, pCO2)5 weeks ADCP shipboa d 5 weeks ADCP lowe ed 6 mon hs Unde way na iga ion and ba hyme y 5 weeks Me eo ological da a 5 weeks Le el 2 Timeline Disc e e pCO2 6 mon hs 14C by AMS 6 mon hs a e analysis CCl46 mon hs δ13C o DIC 6 mon hs Dissol ed o ganic ca bon 6 mon hs Dissol ed o ganic ni ogen 6 mon hs a e analysis Fe/ ace me als 6 mon hs T ansmissome e 6 mon hs Su ace unde way sys em (pCO2, nu ien s, O2, Chl, skin empe a u e) 5 weeks N2O 6 mon hs Le el 3 Timeline Chlo ophyll 2 y s a e analysis P ima y p oduc ion 2 y s a e analysis HPLC pigmen s 2 y s a e analysis Expe imen al con inuous analyze s (such as pH, DIC, and TAlk, and O2/A ) 2 y s a e analysis δ15N 2 y s a e analysis 32Si 2 y s a e analysis δ18O o H2O 2 y s a e analysis NH4 2 y s a e analysis Low le el nu ien s 2 y s a e analysis To al o ganic phospho us 2 y s a e analysis Uppe ocean op ical 2 y s a e analysis Iso opes o O2 2 y s a e analysis N2, A , O2 2 y s a e analysis Me hyl halides 2 y s a e analysis DMS 2 y s a e analysis REFERENCES Ál a ez, M., H. 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Tos e Tanhua is Resea ch Scien is , GEOMAR Helmhol z Cen e o Ocean Resea ch, Kiel, Ge many. Ha y L. B yden is Associa e Resea che , CNR-ISMAR, Venice, I aly, and P o esso Eme i us, Na ional Oceanog aphy Cen e (NOC), Sou hamp on, UK. Ma a Ál a ez is Resea ch Scien is , Ins i u o Español de Oceanog a ia, A Co uña, Spain. Jacopo Chiggia o is Resea ch Scien is , CNR-ISMAR, Venice, I aly. Simona A ac i is Resea ch Fellow, CNR-ISMAR, Venice, I aly, and PhD S uden , NOC, Sou hamp on, UK. ARTICLE CITATION Sch oede , K., T. Tanhua, H.L. B yden, M. Ál a ez, J. Chiggia o, and S. A ac i. 2015. Medi e anean Sea Ship-based Hyd og aphic In es iga ions P og am (Med-SHIP). Oceanog aphy 28(3):12–15, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5670/oceanog.2015.71.