A Bridge between Society and Universities: A Documentary Analysis of Science Shops

publica ions A icle A B idge be ween Socie y and Uni e si ies: A Documen a y Analysis o Science Shops Daniela De Filippo * ID , Nu ia Bau is a-Puig, Elba Mauleón and Elías Sanz-Casado Resea ch Ins i u e o Highe Educa ion and Science (INAECU), Uni e si y Ca los III o Mad id, 28903 Mad id, Spain; [email p o ec ed] (N.B.-P.); [email p o ec ed] (E.M.); [email p o ec ed] (E.S.-C.) *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +34-916-248-468 Recei ed: 30 June 2018; Accep ed: 30 July 2018; Published: 1 Augus 2018   Abs ac : Ci izen science su aced as a new way o conduc ing esea ch and science shops a e one o he ini ia i es in which ci izen collabo a ion wi h scien is s has been mos isible. These o ganisa ions p o ide independen and pa icipa o y suppo o esea ch in esponse o ci il socie y’s p oblems/needs. Al hough science shops ha e pionee ed he u he ing o ci izen pa icipa ion, he gene al public is s ill scan ly awa e o hei exis ence. This s udy aimed o explo e ha ma e , iden i ying and analysing he li e a u e on science shops wi h bibliome ic echniques. Di e en sou ces o in o ma ion ha e been consul ed; namely, Web o Science and SCOPUS da abase; Google Schola ; CORDIS Eu opean P ojec s Da abase; and My News. The in o ma ion collec ed om 158 documen s was analysed and hei main cha ac e is ics iden i ied. A map o science shops was cons uc ed o show exis ing ini ia i es and hose men ioned in he ex s. We also o e a ch onology o he main miles ones on he subjec men ioned in he ex s. The esul s show he impo ance ha coun ies like hose in Eu ope, especially The Ne he lands, a ach o hese ac i i ies and i is e iden ha he con en can be e y a ied, al hough he en i onmen al issues a e highligh ed. Keywo ds: science shops; ci izen science; bibliome ic analysis 1. In oduc ion 1.1. Ci izen Science, Backd op o Science Shops Re e ences o new scien i ic and echnological knowledge a e associa ed e e mo e closely wi h e ms such as anspa ency, collabo a ion, and pa icipa ion. Tha e eals a subs an ial change in how science is conduc ed oday, in which he lead pa is no played by scien is s alone. Ra he , he s age is being illed wi h a numbe o social ac o s who pa icipa e in all phases o esea ch, om p elude o inale. The Open Science mo emen weighed hea ily in his new app oach o science, u he ing de elopmen s such as Open Access ( o scien i ic publica ions, eposi o ies, and da abases), Open Da a ( eely a ailable da a), pa icipa o y esea ch ( o sha e in as uc u e and acili ies), Open Inno a ion (co po a e pa icipa ion wi h o ganisa ions and o he agen s in inno a i e p ocedu es), and ci izen science (non-scien is s who collabo a e in scien i ic and echnological p ojec s) [1]. Ci izen science su aced as a new way o conduc ing esea ch. The concei is de ined as public engagemen in scien i ic esea ch ac i i ies wi h ci izens ac i ely con ibu ing o science wi h hei in ellec ual e o , su ounding knowledge, o ools and esou ces. The main aim is o co-c ea e a scien i ic cul u e and an exchange o unde s anding [ 2 ]. One o he ea u es ha di e en ia es ci izen science om he adi ional a ie y is ha i is open o all ci izens, no only he mos ‘p i ileged’ [ 3 ]. Ci izens pa icipa e h oughou he p ocess, om incep ion and choice o he lines o esea ch o he pe o mance o he asks ha migh be deemed ‘ ypical’ o esea che s. The scien i ic li e a u e has Publica ions 2018,6, 0036; doi:10.3390/publica ions6030036 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/publica ions Publica ions 2018,6, 0036 2 o 15 de ined se e al le els o ci izen pa icipa ion, such as A ns ein’s ‘ladde o ci izen pa icipa ion’ [ 4 , 5 ]. Such collabo a ion includes no only communica ion- ela ed ac i i ies, bu ci izens’ di ec pa icipa ion in he scien i ic endea ou [6]. The o igin o he e m can be aced back o Alan I win who, in he mid-nine een-nine ies, de ined a ‘ o m o science de eloped and enac ed by ci izens hemsel es’ [ 7 ]. Yea s la e , in 2009, Bonney en isaged public pa icipa ion, engagemen , and science communica ion p ojec s [ 8 ]. Today he e m has a dual ocus: one close o na u al and he o he o social science [ 9 ]. In he o me , ci izen pa icipa ion consis s o eco ding obse a ions and classi ying and collec ing da a ha a e subsequen ly used by esea che s in hei p ojec s. In he la e , hey adop a mo e ac i e ole, pa icipa ing in decision making, o such p ojec s ha s em om hei own needs and conce ns. The in e na ional o ganisa ions ha os e and und ci izen science ac i i ies ha e iden i ied he p ima y ad an ages o his app oach. I u he s scien i ic li e acy and c i ical acul ies among he public a la ge, ende s science mo e democ a ic, mo i a es young people o pu sue scien i ic ca ee s, gene a es new knowledge and encou ages new o ms o esea ch, and expands esea che s’ skills [ 10 ]. I is based on he con en ional esea ch model, bu di e s by who collec s da a o how knowledge is exchanged. Many ci izen science p ojec s, pa icula ly hose done by non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions (NGOs), do no explici ly es scien i ic heo y, bu a he ocus on ‘su eillance’ moni o ing [ 11 ]. The di icul ies mos o en ci ed in ci izen science ac i i ies include unding, assessmen , and he sus ainabili y o his ini ia i es. The esea che s in ol ed also men ion he lack o pe sonal and ins i u ional acknowledgemen inhe en in his ype o esea ch [ 12 ], which induces discou agemen and discon inui y. Ci izens’ lack o mo i a ion and engagemen in he p ocess a e likewise c i icised, while he li e a u e de ines as p oblema ic scien is s’ endency o iew laype sons as me e da a u nishe s o in o ma ion compile s. Pe haps he bes known pa icipa o y esea ch p ojec is he CERN’s La ge Had on Collide , al hough o he inspi ing examples ha e been implemen ed, such as Foldi 1 , in which se e al social ac o s became in ol ed. O he ini ia i es a e gea ed o sol ing local p oblems, calling on he espec i e communi ies o collec da a on ain all, se e e pollu ion, o animal mig a ion, o ins ance. Al hough much o he ci izen science mo emen has been associa ed wi h ini ia i es unde aken in less economically and echnologically ad an aged socie ies, mo e de eloped coun ies a e no s ange s o such pa icipa ion. This new app oach is a ac ing inc easingly wide poli ical, ins i u ional, and public a en ion. The Eu opean Union’s amewo k p og ammes cons i u e an example, unde which unding has been p o ided o a numbe o ci izen p ojec s, including Fos e +, wi h 13 pa ne ins i u ions in eigh coun ies, and he Eigh h F amewo k P og amme’s Socien ize and Ci i-sense schemes. The la es H2020 P og amme included se e al calls ocusing on hese issues, o which he wo k p og amme ‘Science wi h and o Socie y’ is an emblema ic example. The g owing numbe o con e ences and e en s ac oss Eu ope is ano he . Open and ci izen science ini ia i es in disciplines as di e se as heal h [ 13 ], he en i onmen [ 14 , 15 ], as onomy [ 16 ], o he social sciences [ 17 ] ha e shown he bene i s o a p ac ice in which science ex ends beyond open access, eaching ou o social ac o s and eeding back in o he p oduc ion o new knowledge. 1.2. Science Shops Science shops a e one o he ini ia i es in which ci izen collabo a ion wi h scien is s has been mos isible. These o ganisa ions p o ide independen and pa icipa o y suppo o esea ch in esponse o ci il socie y’s p oblems/needs. Fi s ins i u ed in The Ne he lands in he se en ies on an ini ia i e o a g oup o s uden s seeking o sol e p oblems in hei own communi y, hese cen es ha e been ins umen al in s ee ing esea ch on o a new pa hway. 1 The Foldi P ojec , implemen ed a he Uni e si y o Washing on in 2008, sough a ulle unde s anding o he s uc u e o syn he ic p o eins based on he expe ience o playe s pa icipa ing in a cos - ee on-line ideogame. Publica ions 2018,6, 0036 3 o 15 They we e also associa ed wi h he nine een-six ies social mo emen s ha called o mo e open and e ec i e con ac be ween academia and socie y. The i s science shop, ounded in he U ech Uni e si y’s Facul y o Chemis y in 1973, was ollowed in 1978 by ano he ha opened a he Uni e si y o Ams e dam [ 18 ]. In he nine een-eigh ies, a so-called ‘second wa e’ o ins i u ions began o mush oom in Belgium, Denma k, F ance, and Ge many, al hough hei oll-ou was no e y igh ly coo dina ed [ 19 ]. A hi d wa e in he nine een-nine ies eached as a as Aus ia and Uni ed Kingdom, and in a ou h be ween 1995 and 2000, shops we e se up in Cen al and Eas e n Eu opean coun ies. Today, in e es in hei ins i u ion has sp ead as a as Asia, o coun ies such as China and Japan. In he wo- housands, he Eu opean Union also exp essed an in e es in such ini ia i es, seen as a way o link science and socie y. The ISSNET, INTERACTS, SCIPAS, and PERARES p ojec s we e unded in hose yea s, which also wi nessed he ad en o he Eu ope-wide Li ing Knowledge (The In e na ional Science Shop) Ne wo k and i s associa ion wi h he Communi y-based Resea ch Ne wo k in he Uni ed S a es and Canada. None heless, a su ey conduc ed by he SciShops P ojec showed ha he awa eness o science shops among ac o s such as esea che s, policy make s, and o ganisa ions is ela i ely low [20]. The idea unde lying such mo emen s is ha a he han scien is s and hei in e es s, he s a ing poin is socie y i sel as i endea ou s o mee i s needs and demands h ough esea ch. The essen ial change is ha communi ies such as esea che s, local o ganisa ions, poli icians, and o he s o m pa o he a ious s ages o esea ch and all pa icipa e ac i ely in he p ocess and he pu sui o solu ions. Mo eo e , he indings o all he ac i i ies unde aken in his con ex a e openly sha ed wi h socie y as a whole and made a ailable o all o u u e use. One o he pa icula i ies o his ype o ini ia i es is ha no single model has been es ablished. Science shop s uc u es and a eas o in e es consequen ly a y om coun y o coun y and shop o shop. They may ha e esea ch ins i u es, o mo e commonly uni e si ies, as pa en o ganisa ions, al hough many a e he ui o communi y o independen o ganisa ional ac ion. Thei exis ence is also in keeping wi h he ‘ hi d mission’ en us ed o uni e si ies. The ques ions ha gi e ise o scien i ic de elopmen s may a y, as may he expe ise a ailable in each shop; whe eas in he Uni ed S a es, hey ocus mo e on heal h issues [ 13 ], and in Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope, hey end o add ess en i onmen al ma e s as well as Scandina ia social p oblems [ 11 ]. Ano he ac o ha a ec s he ype o issues deal wi h by science shops is he deg ee o ci izen de elopmen and pa icipa ion in scien i ic ac i i ies. Some s udies ha e shown ha in coun ies whe e science–socie y communica ion is ‘weake ’ (such as Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope), ew esea ch ques ions a e aised. In hose cases, science shops de elop di e en ly han in Wes e n Eu ope. Al hough science shops ha e pionee ed he u he ance o ci izen pa icipa ion, he gene al public is s ill scan ly awa e o hei exis ence. This s udy aimed o explo e ha ma e . I s objec i es we e o iden i y and analyse he li e a u e on science shops wi h bibliome ic echniques. Bibliome ics, which s udies academic publica ions, has de eloped use ul ools o analysing scien i ic ac i i y in a gi en subjec a ea, ins i u ion, o coun y. I assesses he impac and isibili y o scien i ic ields, jou nals, and esea che s and has p o en o be e y e ec i e in de ec ing new lines o esea ch [21]. This s udy was consequen ly designed o do he ollowing: • Loca e documen s dissemina ing in o ma ion on science shops and analyse he luc ua ion in ou pu o e ime; •Iden i y he coun ies whe e hese ini ia i es ha e p oli e a ed mos ; • Analyse he con en o hese publica ions o asce ain he pa icula s add essed. The documen a y analysis also in ended o yield wo speci ic esul s o es ablish an o e iew o he o igin and de elopmen o science shops. 1. The i s was o map science shops. Tha en ailed iden i ying he science shops in place and de e mining he ones ci ed in he analysed documen s. The idea was o gain insigh Publica ions 2018,6, 0036 4 o 15 in o which ini ia i es ha e gained isibili y in he academic wo ld and which ha e no . Findings in his espec a e signi ican o , as science shops o en engage in uni e si y knowledge ans e , hei scope, limi a ions, and impac ha e no gene ally been analysed om a concep ual o me hodological pe spec i e. 2. The second was o c ea e a imeline o science shop dynamics, using he documen a y analysis as a ool o eco d and obse e science shop ac i i y o e ime. 2. Ma e ials and Me hods As science shops a e seldom a a ge o scien i ic analysis, a a ie y o in o ma ion sou ces was used o compile he mos ex ensi e and a ied amoun o documen s possible on he subjec . The main sou ces analysed a e lis ed below. • Web o Science (WoS): his in e na ional, mul i-disciplina y da abase indexes mains eam science publica ions, p o iding in o ma ion om which o de e mine he pape s o highes academic p es ige in each ield. I lis s o e 12,000 jou nals. • SCOPUS: like WoS, i is one o he p ima y sou ces o analysing quali y scien i ic ou pu . Less es ic i e han WoS, i indexes double he numbe o social science and humani ies jou nals, as well as pe iodicals no published in co e coun ies. • Google Schola : his open sou ce sea ch engine lis s academic documen s o di e en ypes, including whole books, chap e s, scien i ic pape s, and wo king documen s. I has a a wide each han he p eceding wo and is much mo e isible, al hough he quali y o he documen s lis ed does no always mee he same s anda ds as in WoS and SCOPUS. • CORDIS: his is a da abase con aining in o ma ion on he calls announced by Eu opean amewo k p og ammes and de ailed da a on science shop- ela ed p ojec s. • MyNews: his is a esou ce p o iding access o media in o ma ion on he in e na ional, na ional, and egional scales wi h b oad subjec a ea co e age. In addi ion o he sou ces men ioned, he Li ing Knowledge Ne wo k and he In e na ional science shop ne wo k websi es we e isi ed o ga he con ex ual in o ma ion on he c ea ion and his o y o all he ini ia i es in place. Addi ionally, in o ma ion o he deli e ables om he SciShops.eu p ojec was consul ed. Speci ic downloading s a egies adap ed o each sou ce we e ollowed o e ie e in o ma ion on science shops. In WoS and SCOPUS, he opic sea ch ocused on a ia ions on he e m ‘science shop’ in he i le, abs ac , and keywo ds. Pape s bea ing he wo ds in hose h ee sec ions we e e ie ed. Publica ions we e e ie ed om Google Schola wi h Ha zing’s ‘publish o pe ish’ ool, which iden i ied documen s con aining he e m ‘science shop’ in he i le. Sea ches we e no conduc ed in o he documen ields because he esul s comp ised an unwieldy numbe con aining inco ec in o ma ion. The e m was sea ched anywhe e in he ex in p ojec da abases and media po als. None o he sea ches we e il e ed by da es o ensu e he esul s would include all he documen s published. A e he documen s we e e ie ed, scien i ic ac i i y indica o s o pa icula s such as con en and yea ly luc ua ions in ou pu we e ob ained. A model empla e was designed o sys ema ically ga he documen pa icula s, such as sou ce, da e, con en summa y, publica ion objec i es, and ac o s in ol ed in he publica ion. 3. Resul s The numbe o documen s e ie ed as desc ibed in he me hodology a ied wi h he sou ce. Table 1lis s he numbe ga he ed om each. In e -sou ce o e lapping was obse ed because some Publica ions 2018,6, 0036 5 o 15 documen s we e indexed in mo e han one da abase. Ou o he o al 158 documen s iden i ied, 67 we e ound in Google Schola . Table 1. Numbe o documen s e ie ed, by sou ce. GS—Google Schola ; WoS—Web o Science. Sou ce 1s doc. Da e No. docs Sea ch S a egy WoS 1979 38 Ti le, abs ac , keywo ds SCOPUS 1979 39 Ti le, abs ac , keywo ds WoS + SCOPUS 1979 57 Ti le, abs ac , keywo ds Google Schola 1982 67 Ti le only (Ti le, abs ac , keywo ds yielded >1000) GS + SCOPUS + WOS 1979 114 My News 2002 34 Con en and i le P ojec s 2000 10 Con en and i le To al documen s 158 The esul s a e discussed below in wo sub-sec ions: he i s on he indings common o all he sou ces, ha is, ou pu o e ime, pa icipa ing coun ies, and con en ; and he second on he da a speci ic o each. 3.1. Findings Common o All Sou ces A ime-wise analysis o he documen s on science shops showed ha he i s was published in 1979. Lis ed in he Web o Science and SCOPUS and ca ied in Na u e, i bo e he i le ‘Holland’s science shops o made- o-measu e esea ch’. The ex con ained a i s - ime e e ence o Du ch scien is s’ e o s (deemed by he au ho o be ‘scan ly o hodox’) o adap science o social needs. Al hough his pionee ing a icle (a leas in mains eam science) da es om nea ly 40 yea s ago, he e iew showed ha mos pape s on he subjec ha e been published in he las 10 yea s. Ou pu on science shops in all manne s o documen s was obse ed o ollow a ai ly s eady, upwa d pa e n, whe eas news i ems and p ojec lis ings in da abases we e much mo e ecen , mos da ing om 2000 onwa d (Figu e 1). Documen s on he subjec we e published by au ho s o ins i u ions loca ed in a o al o 32 coun ies (Table 2). The ype o sou ce had an impac on dis ibu ion by coun y: in CORDIS, o ins ance, which ocuses on Eu opean esea ch, ac i i y in o he egions was ob iously unde - ep esen ed. Simila ly, he numbe o i ems in MyNews was s ongly biased owa d Spanish ou pu . Despi e hose limi a ions, The Ne he lands could be eadily iden i ied as he coun y wi h he mos in ense ac i i y, ollowed by Ge many and he Uni ed S a es (Figu e 2). Holland also headed he lis o p ojec s, which included he wo a o emen ioned coun ies as well as he Uni ed Kingdom. By ype o ins i u ion, uni e si ies, pa icula ly in The Ne he lands, accoun ed o he la ges numbe o documen s and he mos in ense pa icipa ion and leade ship in Eu opean p ojec s. The ype o ex s mos equen ly ound included case s udies, me hodological p oposals (app oach o pa icipa ion), science shop impac , and his o ical and con ex ual analyses o hese ini ia i es. Con en cha ac e is ics could be g ouped by ype o documen analysed (Figu e 3). Publica ions 2018,6, 0036 6 o 15 Publica ions 2018, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 15 Table 1. Numbe o documen s e ie ed, by sou ce. GS—Google Schola ; WoS—Web o Science. Sou ce 1s doc. Da e No. docs Sea ch S a egy WoS 1979 38 Ti le, abs ac , keywo ds SCOPUS 1979 39 Ti le, abs ac , keywo ds WoS + SCOPUS 1979 57 Ti le, abs ac , keywo ds Google Schola 1982 67 Ti le only (Ti le, abs ac , keywo ds yielded >1000) GS + SCOPUS + WOS 1979 114 My News 2002 34 Con en and i le P ojec s 2000 10 Con en and i le To al documen s 158 The esul s a e discussed below in wo sub-sec ions: he i s on he indings common o all he sou ces, ha is, ou pu o e ime, pa icipa ing coun ies, and con en ; and he second on he da a speci ic o each. 3.1. Findings Common o All Sou ces A ime-wise analysis o he documen s on science shops showed ha he i s was published in 1979. Lis ed in he Web o Science and SCOPUS and ca ied in Na u e, i bo e he i le ‘Holland’s science shops o made- o-measu e esea ch’. The ex con ained a i s - ime e e ence o Du ch scien is s’ e o s (deemed by he au ho o be ‘scan ly o hodox’) o adap science o social needs. Al hough his pionee ing a icle (a leas in mains eam science) da es om nea ly 40 yea s ago, he e iew showed ha mos pape s on he subjec ha e been published in he las 10 yea s. Ou pu on science shops in all manne s o documen s was obse ed o ollow a ai ly s eady, upwa d pa e n, whe eas news i ems and p ojec lis ings in da abases we e much mo e ecen , mos da ing om 2000 onwa d (Figu e 1). Figu e 1. Numbe o lis ed publica ions, p ojec s, and news i ems on science shops, 1979–2017. WoS—Web o Science. 11000 22112 00010 2 0 3 12 011 32321011100 322 45 1 21 9 4 22 1 4 9 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Nº o documen s WoS / SCOPUS News Eu opean P ojec s Google Schola Figu e 1. Numbe o lis ed publica ions, p ojec s, and news i ems on science shops, 1979–2017. WoS—Web o Science. Publica ions 2018, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 15 Figu e 2. Wo ldwide dis ibu ion o publica ions, p ojec s and news i ems on science shops. The size o he ci cles and in ensi y o he colou a e p opo ional o he in ensi y o documen ou pu on science shops. By ype o ins i u ion, uni e si ies, pa icula ly in The Ne he lands, accoun ed o he la ges numbe o documen s and he mos in ense pa icipa ion and leade ship in Eu opean p ojec s. The ype o ex s mos equen ly ound included case s udies, me hodological p oposals (app oach o pa icipa ion), science shop impac , and his o ical and con ex ual analyses o hese ini ia i es. Con en cha ac e is ics could be g ouped by ype o documen analysed (Figu e 3). Figu e 3. Con en in a icles, books, p ojec s, and news i ems on science shops. Figu e 2. Wo ldwide dis ibu ion o publica ions, p ojec s and news i ems on science shops. The size o he ci cles and in ensi y o he colou a e p opo ional o he in ensi y o documen ou pu on science shops. Publica ions 2018,6, 0036 7 o 15 Table 2. Documen ou pu by coun y in he sou ces analysed. COUNTRY WOS SCOPUS Google Schola P ojec s Headed P ojec Pa icipa ion NEWS Ne he lands 8 12 5 6 6 0 USA 5 5 0 0 2 0 F ance 2 1 0 0 1 0 I eland 3 0 0 2 0 Aus alia 1 0 0 0 0 0 Denma k 1 0 3 0 2 0 England 1 1 0 0 7 0 Hunga y 1 1 0 0 2 0 I aly 1 2 0 0 3 1 Japan 1 1 0 0 0 0 China 1 0 5 0 0 0 Sweden 1 0 0 0 1 0 Ge many 2 4 3 1 6 1 Romania 0 1 0 0 3 0 Russia 0 1 0 0 0 0 Senegal 0 1 0 0 0 0 Spain 0 0 2 0 3 28 Czech epublic 0 0 1 0 1 0 A gen ina 0 0 1 0 0 0 Canada 0 0 1 0 0 0 Aus ia 0 0 0 2 3 0 G eece 0 0 0 1 2 0 Cyp us 0 0 0 0 3 0 Belgium 0 0 0 0 3 0 Sou h a ica 0 0 0 0 1 0 Li huania 0 0 0 0 2 0 Tu key 0 0 0 0 1 0 Is ael 0 0 0 0 2 0 La ia 0 0 0 0 1 0 Es onia 0 0 0 0 2 0 No way 0 0 0 0 1 0 Slo enia 0 0 0 0 1 0 Publica ions 2018, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 15 Figu e 2. Wo ldwide dis ibu ion o publica ions, p ojec s and news i ems on science shops. The size o he ci cles and in ensi y o he colou a e p opo ional o he in ensi y o documen ou pu on science shops. By ype o ins i u ion, uni e si ies, pa icula ly in The Ne he lands, accoun ed o he la ges numbe o documen s and he mos in ense pa icipa ion and leade ship in Eu opean p ojec s. The ype o ex s mos equen ly ound included case s udies, me hodological p oposals (app oach o pa icipa ion), science shop impac , and his o ical and con ex ual analyses o hese ini ia i es. Con en cha ac e is ics could be g ouped by ype o documen analysed (Figu e 3). Figu e 3. Con en in a icles, books, p ojec s, and news i ems on science shops. Figu e 3. Con en in a icles, books, p ojec s, and news i ems on science shops. Publica ions 2018,6, 0036 8 o 15 3.2. Resul s Speci ic o Each Sou ce The indings no accommoda ing in e -sou ce compa ison a e discussed below. 3.2.1. Publica ions Lis ed in WoS, SCOPUS, and Google Schola A o al o 43 jou nals ca ied pape s on science shops. Al hough a icles on he subjec appea ed only spo adically in many, 10% appea ed in such a highly epu ed jou nal as Science. The jou nals ha ca ied mo e han one pape on he subjec a e lis ed in Table 3. Al hough some o he same pape s we e ound in all h ee sou ces, each jou nal is shown only once in he able. Table 3. WoS- and SCOPUS-lis ed jou nals ca ying a icles on science shops. Jou nal No. docs % Science 6 10.53 Science and Public Policy 4 7.02 Pha maceu isch Weekblad 3 5.26 En i onmen al Enginee ing and Managemen Jou nal 2 3.51 Reche che 2 3.51 The WoS-indexed jou nals ca ying pape s on science shops we e mos equen ly classi ied unde he ca ego y ‘Mul idisciplina y Sciences’, whe eas hose in SCOPUS wi h he highes ou pu we e ound unde ‘Social Sciences’, ‘Humani ies and A s’, and ‘En i onmen al Science’ (Figu e 4). Publica ions 2018, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 15 3.2. Resul s Speci ic o Each Sou ce The indings no accommoda ing in e -sou ce compa ison a e discussed below. 3.2.1. Publica ions Lis ed in WoS, SCOPUS, and Google Schola A o al o 43 jou nals ca ied pape s on science shops. Al hough a icles on he subjec appea ed only spo adically in many, 10% appea ed in such a highly epu ed jou nal as Science. The jou nals ha ca ied mo e han one pape on he subjec a e lis ed in Table 3. Al hough some o he same pape s we e ound in all h ee sou ces, each jou nal is shown only once in he able. Table 3. WoS- and SCOPUS-lis ed jou nals ca ying a icles on science shops. Jou nal No. docs % Science 6 10.53 Science and Public Policy 4 7.02 Pha maceu isch Weekblad 3 5.26 En i onmen al Enginee ing and Managemen Jou nal 2 3.51 Reche che 2 3.51 The WoS-indexed jou nals ca ying pape s on science shops we e mos equen ly classi ied unde he ca ego y ‘Mul idisciplina y Sciences’, whe eas hose in SCOPUS wi h he highes ou pu we e ound unde ‘Social Sciences’, ‘Humani ies and A s’, and ‘En i onmen al Science’ (Figu e 4). Figu e 4. Jou nals ca ying a icles on science shops: WoS and SCOPUS ca ego y lis ings. Figu e 4. Jou nals ca ying a icles on science shops: WoS and SCOPUS ca ego y lis ings. Publica ions 2018,6, 0036 9 o 15 3.2.2. EU F amewo k P og ammes Ten Eu opean Union F amewo k p og ammes included p ojec s dealing wi h science shops. The i s , SCIPAS, was awa ded in 2000 unde he FP5. While he numbe o pa icipa ing ins i u ions a ied, Du ch o ganisa ions we e o en p esen bo h as pa ne s and p ojec leade s. To da e, he mos gene ous g an , o nea ly h ee million eu os, was awa ded o a SciShops.eu p ojec en i led ‘Expanding he Eu opean science shop ecosys em’ (Table 4). Table 4. Cha ac e is ics o Eu opean science shop p ojec s. Ac onym P og amme Du a ion Coo dina o No. Pa ne s Funding (€) COMSCIENCE 7FP (Science and Socie y) 2009–2012 LUDWIG MAXIMILIAN UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH 8 794,720 SciShops.eu H2020-Swa S 2016-1 2017–2020 SYNYO GmbH (Aus ia) 18 2,935,887 PERARES 7FP (Science and Socie y) 2010–2014 UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN (The Ne he lands) 28 2,728,041 TRAMS FP6-Socie y 2005–2008 UTRECHT UNIVERSITY 11 449,250 VECTOR FP6-Socie y 2007–2009 IVAM RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY ON SUSTAINABILITY (The Ne he lands) 6 314,483 PARCEL FP6-Socie y 2005–2007 SCIENCE SHOP VIENNA (Aus ia) 4 175,983 WINDFARMPERCEPTION FP6-Socie y 2007–2008 UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN (The Ne he lands) 3 170,900 NEWCOM FP6-Socie y 2007–2008 DUBLIN CITY UNIVERSITY (I eland) 3 66,000 INMOSION FP6-Socie y 2007–2009 UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY (G eece) 7 395,000 SCIPAS FP5-HUMAN POTENTIAL 2000–2001 UTRECHT UNIVERSITY (The Ne he lands) 7 212,630 ISSNET FP5-HUMAN POTENTIAL 2003–2005 UTRECHT UNIVERSITY (The Ne he lands) 12 396,220 Ne wo k c ea ion, one o he ea u es cha ac e ising hese p ojec s, a es s o he coope a ion exis ing among ins i u ions o di e en o igins. The in ense engagemen on he pa o Du ch and Ge man ins i u ions is isible in he lis o pa icipa ing coun ies shown in Figu e 5. Al hough his is a p ima ily Eu opean ac i i y, hi d coun y pa ne s om he Uni ed S a es, Is ael, and Sou h A ica also pa icipa ed. 3.2.3. I ems in MyNews O he 34 news i ems iden i ied in MyNews, 30 we e ela ed o science shops howe e ou we e disca ded because he e we e no linked o his opic. Al hough his sou ce was ini ially p omising, subs an ial limi a ions we e de ec ed, in pa icula in connec ion wi h egional co e age. As Figu e 6 shows, he as majo i y o he i ems e ie ed we e d awn om Spanish newspape s. The i ems on science shops no mally appea ed in egional o local pape s and p ima ily in hei socie y and cu en a ai s sec ions.