Active tectonics, Quaternary stress regime evolution and seismotectonic faults in southern central Hispaniola: implications for the quantitative seismic hazard assessment

Ac i e Tec onics, Qua e na y S ess Regime E olu ion and Seismo ec onic Faul s in Sou he n Cen al Hispaniola: Implica ions o he Quan i a i e Seismic Haza d Assessmen J. Escude ‐Vi ue e 1 , F. J. Fe nández 2 , F. Pé ez Vale a 3 , and F. McDe mo 4 1 Ins i u o Geológico y Mine o España ‐ CSIC, Mad id, Spain, 2 Depa amen o de Geología, Uni e sidad de O iedo, O iedo, Spain, 3 Depa amen o de Ciencias de la Tie a y del Medio Ambien e, Uni e sidad de Alican e, Alican e, Spain, 4 School o Ea h Sciences, Uni e si y College Dublin, Dublin, I eland Abs ac P esen ‐day con e gence be ween Ca ibbean and No h Ame ican pla es is accommoda ed by subduc ion zones, majo ac i e h us s and s ike‐slip aul s, which a e p obably he sou ce o he his o ical la ge ea hquakes on Hispaniola. Howe e , li le is known o hei geome ic and kinema ic cha ac e is ics, slip a es and seismic ac i i y o e ime. This in o ma ion is impo an o unde s and he ac i e ec onics in Hispaniola, bu i is also c ucial o es ima e he seismic haza d in he egion. He e we show ha a ela i ely cons an NE‐ di ec ed sho ening con olled he geome y and kinema ics o main ac i e aul s in sou he n cen al Hispaniola, as well as he e olu ion o he Qua e na y s ess egime. This e olu ion included a p e‐Ea ly Pleis ocene D1 e en o NE‐ ending comp ession, which ga e ise o he la ge‐scale old and h us s uc u e in he Co dille a Cen al, Pe al a Bel , Sie a Ma ín Ga cía and San Juan‐Azua basin. This was ollowed by a nea pu e s ike‐ slip D2 s ess egime, pa i ioned in o he N‐S o NE‐SW ans e se Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guáca a and Bea a Ridge aul zones, as well as subo dina e s uc u es in ela ed sub‐pa allel de o ma ion co ido s. Shi o D2 s ike‐slip de o ma ion was ela ed o inden a ion o he Bea a Ridge in sou he n Hispaniola om he Ea ly o Middle Pleis ocene and con inues oday. D2 was locally coe al by a mo e he e ogeneous and geog aphically localized D3 ex ensional de o ma ion. De ined seismo ec onic aul zones di ide he egion in o a se o simpli ied seismogenic zones as s a ing poin o a seismic haza d modeling. Highes peak g ound accele a ion alues compu ed in he Ocoa Bay es ablish a e y high seismic haza d. 1. In oduc ion The p esen ‐day con e gence be ween he Ca ibbean and No h Ame ican pla es is pa ially accommoda ed wi hin Hispaniola Island (Dominican Republic and Hai i). As consequence, his egion con ains a numbe o majo ac i e aul s wi h leng hs o up o se e al hund ed kilome e s ha s and ou as geomo phological and ec onic ea u es (Calais e al., 2016; He naiz Hue a & Pé ez‐Es aún, 2002; Mann e al., 2002; Mann, D ape , & Lewis, 1991) and ha e been he sou ce o some o he la ges ea hquakes documen ed in he pas 250 yea s (Bakun e al., 2012; Calais e al., 2010; Me cie de Lépinay e al., 2011; P en ice e al., 2010). Fo example, he s ike‐slip sys em o he En iquillo‐Plan ain Ga den Faul Zone (EPGFZ) p oduced he 12 Janua y 2010 M w 7.0 Leogâne and 14 Augus 2012 M w 7.2 Nippes ea hquakes, as well as p obably o he his o ical ea hquakes in 1770 (es ima ed M w 7.5; SISFRANCE‐An illes, 2009) and 1860 (es ima ed M w 6.3; Bakun e al., 2012). The cu en ec onics in his densely popula ed and apidly de eloping egion a e b oadly unde s ood (e.g., Calais e al., 2016; Co beau e al., 2016; Escude ‐Vi ue e & Pé ez, 2020; G anja B uña e al., 2014; He naiz Hue a & Pé ez‐Es aún, 2002; Mann e al., 1995,2002; Pé ez‐Es aún e al., 2007; Sain Fleu e al., 2019; Wang e al., 2018), wi h subduc ion zones, majo ac i e h us s and oblique s ike‐slip aul s iden i ied in se e al clea ly de ined zones. Howe e , li le is known o de ailed geome ic and kinema ic cha ac e is ics, Qua e na y o se s and slip a es on hese ac i e aul sys ems, and i s seismic ac i i y o e ime is poo ly cons ained by geoch onological da a. This in o ma ion is essen ial o unde s anding he p esen ‐day ec onics o Hispaniola, bu i is also c ucial o es ablish an in en o y o po en ial seismogenic sou ces, a seismo ec onic zona ion model, and an es ima e o he seismic haza d in he egion. The ocus o his s udy is h ee old: (a) o cha ac e ize he ac i e de o ma ion pa e n and he main seismo ec onic aul s in sou he n cen al Hispaniola, based on ec onic and geomo phologic ield obse a ions, complemen ed RESEARCH ARTICLE 10.1029/2023GC011003 Special Sec ion: A esh look a he Ca ibbean pla e geosys ems Key Poin s: •Ac i e aul s in cen al sou he n Hispaniola a e con olled by NE‐ di ec ed sho ening •Qua e na y s ess egime e olu ion includes a comp essional D1 ollowed by a s ike‐slip D2, locally coe al wi h an ex ensional D3 •Modeling es ablishes a e y high seismic haza d zone cen e ed in he Ocoa Bay Suppo ing In o ma ion: Suppo ing In o ma ion may be ound in he online e sion o his a icle. Co espondence o: J. Escude ‐Vi ue e, [email p o ec ed] Ci a ion: Escude ‐Vi ue e, J., Fe nández, F. J., Pé ez Vale a, F., & McDe mo , F. (2024). Ac i e ec onics, Qua e na y s ess egime e olu ion and seismo ec onic aul s in sou he n cen al Hispaniola: Implica ions o he quan i a i e seismic haza d assessmen . Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems,25, e2023GC011003. h ps:// doi.o g/10.1029/2023GC011003 Recei ed 13 APR 2023 Accep ed 17 JAN 2024 Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion: F. J. Fe nández, F. Pé ez Vale a Fo mal analysis: F. J. Fe nández, F. Pé ez Vale a, F. McDe mo In es iga ion: F. J. Fe nández, F. Pé ez Vale a, F. McDe mo © 2024 The Au ho s. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems published by Wiley Pe iodicals LLC on behal o Ame ican Geophysical Union. This is an open access a icle unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion‐NonComme cial‐NoDe i s License, which pe mi s use and dis ibu ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, he use is non‐comme cial and no modi ica ions o adap a ions a e made. ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 1 o 39 wi h egional g a ime ic, magne ic and seismic da a analysis; (b) o de e mine he Qua e na y o p esen ‐day s ess egime e olu ion by in e sion o geologically de e mined slip ec o s on mino and majo aul s h oughou he zone; and (c) o di ide he egion in o a se o simpli ied seismogenic zones as a s a ing poin o a subsequen quan i a i e seismic haza d modeling in e ms o he peak g ound accele a ion (PGA). 2. Geological Se ing 2.1. F om In a‐Oceanic Subduc ion o A c‐Con inen Collision and Subduc ion Pola i y Re e sal in he No he n Ca ibbean Pla e Loca ed on he no he n edge o he Ca ibbean pla e, he Hispaniola Island is a ec onic collage p oduced by he SW‐dipping C e aceous subduc ion o Eocene oblique collision o he Ca ibbean in a‐oceanic a c wi h he sou he n con inen al ma gin o No h Ame ica (D ape e al., 1994; Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2013; Escude ‐ Vi ue e, Pé ez‐Es aún, Boo h‐Rea, & Val e de‐Vaque o, 2011; Escude ‐Vi ue e, Pé ez‐Es aún, Gabi es, & Suá ez‐Rod íguez, 2011; Escude ‐Vi ue e, Súa ez, e al., 2016; Mann, D ape , & Lewis, 1991; Pé ez‐Es aún e al., 2007). The main consequence o he a c‐con inen collision we e he blocking o he su u e zone, he ans e o de o ma ion o he back‐a c egion in sou he n Hispaniola and subduc ion pola i y e e sal, wi h enewed subduc ion beginning along a new NE‐dipping subduc ion zone (e.g., K oehle e al., 2011). The geodynamic modeling so wa e GPla es V2.3 (Mülle e al., 2018;www.gpla es.o g), egional bibliog aphic da a, and obse a ions p esen ed in his pape allows he econs uc ion o his ela i e mo emen be ween he Ca ibbean and No h Ame ican pla es, dis inguishing h ee main s ages o e olu ion om he lowe Campanian o he p esen ‐day. In he lowe Campanian (80 Ma), he Lowe C e aceous Ca ibbean island‐a c is mo ing o he no heas a a a e o abou 4–5 cm/y (Figu e 1a). By his ime, he Ca ibbean a c had o e idden he Galapagos ho spo , gi ing ise o a pe iod o igo ous subma ine oceanic pla eau olcanism ha began as ea ly as 139 Ma and was widesp ead by 88 Ma, building he Ca ibbean La ge Igneous P o ince (CLIP). In a SW‐dipping sub- duc ion zone, he in a‐oceanic a c consumed h ough subduc ion he la ge a ea occupied by he p o o‐Ca ibbean oceanic c us in he cu en cen al pa o he Ca ibbean, and obliquely collided wi h he Maya block o he sou heas e n ma gin o he No h Ame ican pla e (Mann e al., 2007). By he middle Eocene (40 Ma) he collision and su u ing o he Ca ibbean island‐a c agains No h Ame ica had hal ed he o wa d mo ion o he oceanic a c (Figu e 1b). P e ious con e gence and a c‐con inen collision caused he ex inc ion o he a c olcanism, he emplacemen o sup a‐subduc ion zone ophioli es and de eloped a zone o NE‐di ec ed o eland h us ing on he lowe pla e (Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2013; Escude ‐Vi ue e, Súa ez, e al., 2016; Mann, D ape , & Lewis, 1991; Pé ez‐Es aún e al., 2007; Pindell & Kennan, 2009). Because he a c can no longe subduc he mo e con inen al c us o No h Ame ica, con e gence was accommoda ed by back‐ h us ing and he ini ia ion o a new, NE‐dipping subduc ion zone (K oehle e al., 2011). In sou he n Hispa- niola, he a c‐con inen collision in he middle o uppe Eocene esul ed in a e e sal o subduc ion pola i y in he back‐a c egion, as well as de o ma ion by back‐ h us ing a he esul ing Pe al a‐Mue os acc e iona y p ism in he uppe pla e (Dolan e al., 1991; He náiz‐Hue a & Pé ez‐Es aún, 2002; Mann, McLaughlin, & Coope , 1991; Wi scha d & Dolan, 1990). The new subduc ion zone sepa a ed he Venezuela basin om he uppe island‐a c c us o cen al Hispaniola. Since he lowe Miocene, he ENE mo emen o he Ca ibbean pla e ga e ise o he oblique collision/acc e ion o he no he n sec o o he Ca ibbean oceanic pla eau o ansi ional c us wi h he Pe al a acc e iona y p ism, esul ing in he o ma ion o he SW‐di ec ed Hai ian‐Neiba old‐and‐ h us bel and he San Juan‐Azua basins in he o eland (Figu e 1c; Dolan e al., 1991; Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2023; G anja B uña e al., 2014; He náiz‐ Hue a & Pé ez‐Es aún, 2002; Heubeck & Mann, 1991; Me cie de Lépinay, 1987; Pubellie e al., 2000; Wi - scha d & Dolan, 1990). Du ing he Pliocene and un il he p esen ‐day, con e gence ga e ise o he acc e ion o he cen al sec o o he Ca ibbean oceanic pla eau o hickened c us , causing in sou he n Hispaniola he upli and olding o he Massi de la Se e‐Sie a Baho uco and he ec onic indi idualiza ion o he En iquillo‐Cul de Sac basin. The blue s a and line in Figu e 1c ep esen s he econs uc ed loca ion and pa h o a poin o he Sie a Baho uco as i a els wi h he Ca ibbean pla e. GPla es econs uc ion shows ha he poin s a ed a eling o he NE a a apid a e o 3–5 cm/y and changed o a ENE di ec ion in middle Eocene imes (45 Ma) wi h a slow a e o 0.7–2.1 cm/y . This change coincides wi h he a c‐con inen collision in no he n Hispaniola and he s a o subduc ion by back‐ h us ing in he Pe al a‐Mue os bel s o sou he n Hispaniola. Me hodology: F. J. Fe nández, F. Pé ez Vale a, F. McDe mo Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 2 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 2.2. P esen ‐Day Geodynamic Con igu a ion o Sou he n Hispaniola Oblique collision has also led o he agmen a ion o he no he n Ca ibbean pla e in o se e al mic opla es, which a e Sep en ional (o No h Hispaniola), Hispaniola‐Pue o Rico and Gonâ e (Figu e 2; Calais e al., 2016; Mann e al., 1995; Rod íguez‐Zu une o e al., 2019). Mic opla es a e limi ed by majo aul zones ha , as e lec ed by he associa ed seismici y and modeled displacemen a es, accommoda e pa o he ela i e mo emen be ween hem (Ben o d e al., 2012; Calais e al., 2016; Co beau e al., 2019; Manake e al., 2008; Mann e al., 2002; Symi he e al., 2015). In no he n Hispaniola, he Sep en ional mic opla e is a wedge‐shaped ec onic o ea c sli e , limi ed o sho e o he no h by he No he n Hispaniola Faul Zone (NHFZ, o wes e n ex ension o he Pue o Rico T ench) and onsho e o he sou h by he Sep en ional Faul Zone (SFZ; Dolan e al., 1998; Escude Vi ue e & Pé ez, 2020; Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2020; Mann e al., 2002). The Hispaniola‐Pue o Rico mic opla e is an a c‐c us block, limi ed o he no h by he SFZ and o he sou h by he Mue os T ough (MT). To he wes , he bounda y be ween he Hispaniola block and Gonâ e mic opla e is gene ally placed in he San Juan‐Los Pozos aul zone (SJPFZ; e.g., Mann, D ape , & Lewis, 1991, Mann, McLaughlin, & Coope , 1991). F om N o S (Figu e 2), he Hispaniola mic opla e includes he Co dille a Cen al domain and he Pe al a‐Mue os de o med bel s. The Co dille a Cen al in he Dominican Republic and i s p olonga ion in he Massi du No d in Hai i is an Uppe Ju assic‐Uppe C e aceous basemen composed mainly o Paci ic‐de i ed oceanic uni s, s uc u ally limi ed o he no heas by he Hispaniola aul zone (HFZ) and o he sou hwes by he SJPFZ (Mann, D ape , & Lewis, 1991, Mann, McLaughlin, & Coope , 1991). I comp ises agmen s o oceanic li hosphe e, plu ono‐ olcanic complexes ela ed o subduc ion, and basal ic uni s ela ed o a man le‐plume magma ism (Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2008). I also comp ises he Qua e na y in amoun ain basins o Cibao, Ja abacoa, Bonao, Cons anza, Rancho A iba, and San José de Ocoa (Figu e 3). The Pe al a Bel (PB) is a NW‐ ending and SW‐ e ging old‐and‐ h us bel , s uc u ally sandwiched be ween he San José‐Res au ación (SJRFZ) and he San Juan‐Pozos aul zones (Mann, McLaughlin, & Coope , 1991). The bel e ol ed om a back‐a c basin o he Ca ibbean island‐a c, wi h deposi ion o Campanian o Eocene u bidi es (T ois Ri iè es and Las Palmas Fo ma ions), h ough a ansp essi e old‐and‐ h us bel in he middle Eocene o ea ly Miocene (Dolan e al., 1991; He náiz‐Hue a e al., 2007a; Me cie de Lépinay, 1987; Ramí ez, 1995; Wi scha d & Dolan, 1990). In he SE sec o , he li hos a ig aphic uni s o he PB ha e been g ouped in o h ee hick sedimen a y sequences, sepa a ed om each o he by majo uncon o mi ies: he Paleocene‐Eocene Pe al a G oup; he middle Eocene‐ea ly Miocene Río Ocoa G oup; and he middle Miocene‐Pleis ocene Ingenio Caei G oup (Díaz de Nei a & Solé Pon , 2002; Dolan e al., 1991; He naiz Hue a & Pé ez‐Es aún, 2002; He náiz‐ Hue a e al., 2007b; Heubeck e al., 1991; Pé ez‐Vale a, 2010). The MT ma ks he bounda y be ween he subduc ing loo o he Ca ibbean pla e and he o e lying de o med bel sou h o eas e n Hispaniola and Pue o Rico (Figu e 2). The h us ocal mechanism o he 24 June 1984 ea hquake (M w 6.7) indica es subduc ion along he MT (By ne e al., 1985). Seismic e lec ion p o iles ac oss he MT image an N‐dipping low‐angle h us s uc u e, wi h olded and aul ed sedimen a y ocks on op o ming an acc e iona y p ism (Dolan e al., 1998; D iscoll & Diebold, 1998; G anja B uña e al., 2009,2014; Mau e & Le oy, 1999). Con e gence ac oss he MT p obably begins wi h he end o he a c‐con inen collision and he onse o back‐ h us ing. GPla es econs uc ion shows ha he amoun o oblique subduc- ion o he Ca ibbean pla e benea h sou he n Hispaniola a he wes e nmos Mue os T ench has been abou 100 km (Figu e 1). The Gonâ e mic opla e is limi ed o he no h by he O ien e Faul Zone and o he sou h by he EPGFZ. The na u e o he c us o he Gonâ e mic opla e is no well es ablished, ha ing been p oposed as a C e aceous‐Eocene emnan a c (Heubeck e al., 1991), back‐a c (Mann, D ape , & Lewis, 1991) o he i ed c us o he eas e n Cayman con inen al passi e ma gin (Co beau e al., 2017,2019). F om he lowe Miocene onwa ds, he oblique collision/acc e ion p ocesses ha e o med he Hai ian‐Neiba bel in he mic opla e. I consis s o a NW‐ ending and SW‐ e ging old‐and‐ h us bel , bounded o he no h by he NE‐dipping SJPFZ (He náiz‐Hue a e al., 2007b; Mann e al., 1995; Pubellie e al., 2000; Ramí ez, 1995). The h us bounding he NE Mon agnes Noi es‐Sie a de Neiba h us shee was ac i a ed du ing he lowe ‐middle Miocene and he h us bounding he SW Chaîne des Ma heux‐sou he n Sie a de Neiba h us shee was de eloped om he middle‐uppe Miocene (Pubellie e al., 2000). Til ing and aul ing o Qua e na y age deposi s in he no he n ma gin o he En iquillo Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 3 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License basin indica e ha he h us bel is s ill ac i e (He náiz‐Hue a e al., 2007a,2007b), which is consis en wi h he seismic ac i i y eco ded by Co beau e al. (2019). The Bea a Ridge is a p ominen NE‐ ending ba hyme ic high o abou 450 km long buil on he Ca ibbean pla e (Figu e 2a; G anja B uña e al., 2014; Mau e & Le oy, 1999; Mau e e al., 2001). I sepa a es he Hai i basin o he wes , om he Venezuelan basin o he eas . The wid h o his s uc u e in he zone o in e ac ion wi h he Hispaniola‐Pue o Rico mic opla e is abou 120 km. The idge comp ises an unusually hick oceanic c us , Figu e 1. Geodynamic econs uc ions made wi h Gpla es 2.3.0 so wa e o a c‐con inen and a c‐oceanic pla eau collisions in no he n and sou he n Hispaniola, espec i ely. Di e en ec onic elemen s a e colo coded and desc ibed in he key. (a) Recons uc ion a 80 Ma (lowe Campanian): he la ge whi e a ea in he p esen ‐ day loca ion o he cen al Ca ibbean ep esen s he p o o‐Ca ibbean oceanic c us ha will be subduc ed by he NE mo ion o he in a‐oceanic Ca ibbean island‐a c. Da k g ay a eas ep esen zones o hickened Ca ibbean oceanic pla eau (CLIP; Ca ibbean La ge Igneous P o ince). (b) Recons uc ion a 40 Ma (middle Eocene): a his ime he Ca ibbean island‐a c collided wi h he sou he n No h Ame ican con inen al ma gin and is mo ing eas wa d. The small whi e a ea adjacen o sou he n Hispaniola will s a o subduc due o back‐ h us ing in he Pe al a‐Mue os acc e iona y p ism. (c) P esen ‐day: he ENE‐di ec ed con e gence led o Ca ibbean pla e subduc ion and Bea a Ridge collision in sou he n cen al Hispaniola. The blue line ep esen s he pa h o a poin (blue s a ) on he Sie a Baho uco in he Ca ibbean pla e since 80 Ma. GPla es econs uc ions show ha he di ec ion o mo ion o he cen al Ca ibbean pla e ab up ly changes om no heas wa d o eas ‐no heas wa d in he middle Eocene. This means ha he di ec ion o subduc ion/collision is highly oblique along he E‐W‐s iking Pe al a‐Mue os de o med bel in sou he n Hispaniola. AVR, A es Ridge; BR, Ba bados P ism; BE, Bea a Esca pmen ; BOFZ, Boconó Faul Zone; BOFZ, Bowin Faul Zone; BFZ, Buca amanga aul zone; CAT, Cayman T ough; CHO, Cho is block; CGFZ, Ce o Golden Faul Zone; CR, Cos a Rica; CU, Cuba; EPFZ, El Pila Faul Zone; EPGFZ, En iquillo‐Pla ain Ga den Faul Zone; GRB, G enada basin; H; Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Hai i); HP, Hai i Pla eau; HE, Hess Esca pmen ; HB, Hispaniola Basin; LA, Lesse An illes; MB, Ma acaibo basin; MES, Mesqui o e anes; MAT, Middle Ame ica T ench; MC, Mona Canyon; MP, Mona Passage; MDB, Mue os De o med Bel ; MT, Mue os T ough; MPFZ, Mo aguá Polochic aul zone; NHDB, No h Hispaniola De o med Bel ; NHFZ, No h Hispaniola Faul Zone; NPFB, No he n Panamá Fold Bel ; OFZ, O ien e aul zone; P, Panamá; PB, Pe al a Bel ; PR, Pue o Rico; PRT, Pue o Rico T ench; SFZ, Sep en ional Faul Zone; SCDB, Sou h Ca ibbean De o med Bel ; SFB, Sou h Flo ida basin; TB, Tobago basin; VDB, Venezuela De o med Bel ; VI, Vi gin Islands; YUC, Yuca án block. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 4 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License essen ially made up o ma ic igneous ocks (gabb os, dole i es and basal s) o he C e aceous CLIP (Dü ke älden e al., 2019; Ré illon e al., 2000; Sin on e al., 1998). The C e aceous basemen o he Sie a Baho uco and Ho e‐ Selle Massi s is made up o subma ine olcanic ocks wi h simila pe ological and geochemical cha ac e is ics, indica ing ha he Sou he n Peninsula o Hispaniola is an eme ged agmen o he CLIP (Escude ‐Vi ue e, Joube , e al., 2016). Onsho e/o sho e seismic e ac ion and wide‐angle e lec ion s udies indica e a c us al hickness o 26–32 km in he Sie a Baho uco, 20–22 km a he Bea a Ridge, 10–15 km in he Venezuelan basin and only 5–10 km in he Hai ian basin (Kuma e al., 2020; Núñez e al., 2019). The c us al hickness o he Bea a Ridge is con olled mainly by NNE o NE‐s iking aul s, such as he Bea a Ridge aul zone (BRFZ) ha ollows i s axial end (Mau e e al., 2001). Acco ding o G anja B uña e al. (2014), his aul ac ed in p e‐Neogene imes as a no mal aul . The BRFZ con inues o he NE, ab up ly limi ing he Sie a Baho uco and Sie a Ma ín Ga cía o he sou heas , un il i in e sec s he SJPFZ in he wes e n Ocoa Bay. The NE‐di ec ed collision and impingemen o he hickened c us o he Bea a Ridge wi h he Hispaniola mic opla e in he Neogene ga e ise o a ecess o he Mue os acc e iona y p ism and he clockwise o a ion o old and h us s uc u es o he PB eas o he Ocoa Bay (G anja B uña e al., 2014; He naiz Hue a & Pé ez‐ Es aún, 2002; Mann, McLaughlin, & Coope , 1991; Me cie de Lépinay, 1987; Ramí ez, 1995). Pa o he p esen ‐day s ess‐ ield induced by he Bea a Ridge collision is accommoda ed by he Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guaca a Faul Zone (OBFZ) wi hin he Hispaniola mic opla e (Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2023). This aul zone is an ac i e, NNE o NE‐s iking la ge‐scale aul sys em ha c osses he sou he n cen al sec o o Hispaniola along mo e han 250 km (Pé ez‐Es aún e al., 2007). In he eas e n Ocoa Bay, he OBFZ bends he old and h us s uc u es o he PB, he SJPFZ and he lowe Miocene o Ea ly Pleis ocene sedimen a y ill o he Azua basin (Figu e 2). This aul zone has ecen ly been p oposed as he onland ansi ion be ween oceanic subduc ion and a c‐oceanic pla eau collision (Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2023). 3. Me hodology 3.1. Ba hyme ic, G a ime ic, and Magne ic Da a Se s Maps shown in his s udy we e c ea ed using se e al opog aphic and ba hyme ic da a se s: (a) digi al ele a ion models (DEMs) om he Shu le Rada Topog aphy Mission‐30 Plus (h ps://www2.jpl.nasa.go /s m/) wi h a esolu ion o 30 m (Toze e al., 2019); (b) DEMs ob ained om ALOS Global Digi al Su ace Model wi h a esolu ion o 25 m (Takaku e al., 2020); (c) sa elli e images om Google Ea h P o® (h p://ea h.google.com) wi h a esolu ion om 1 km o 10 m; and (d) opog aphic and ba hyme ic p o iles ob ained om he GMRT da a ‐ se (a ailable wi h GeoMapApp;www.geomapapp.o g; Ryan e al., 2009). The g a i y da a a e om he compila ion by he Na ional Geospa ial‐In elligence Agency (h ps://www.nga.mil). This compila ion includes da a om a ious campaigns conduc ed onland be ween 1939 and 1991 by IFREMER, Royal As onomical Socie y, Camb idge Uni e si y, Lamon ‐Dohe y Geological Obse a o y and Woods Hole Oceanog aphic Ins i u ion. This compila ion con ains 3,012 s a ions wi h a esolu ion o ±2 mGal and a densi y educ ion o 2.67 g/cm 3 . The magne ic da a come om he magne ic and adiome ic ligh ca ied ou be ween 1995 and 1997 by he Compagnie Géné ale de Géophysique (CGG) in he onland e i o y o he Dominican Republic, wi h 500 m o sepa a ion o lines and a nominal heigh o 120 m, in he con ex o he SYSMIN P og am o he EU o Ca - og a ía geo emá ica de la República Dominicana (Ga cía Lobón & Rey Mo al, 2004). Da a we e g idded a 250 m and se e al p ocedu es we e ollowed o ensu e da a quali y, such as mic o‐le elling and il e ing o equencies g ea e han Nyquis . 3.2. Regional Analysis o Po en ial Field Da a In his wo k, li hological, s uc u al, g a ime ic and magne ic da a we e analyzed oge he o cons ain he c us al s uc u e unde lying sou he n cen al Hispaniola, o es ablish he dis ibu ion o di e en c us al blocks wi h speci ic geophysical p ope ies a he su ace and o iden i y hei ec onic bounda ies (e en when hey a e hidden by a ecen sedimen a y co e ). The analysis o he po en ial ield da a was ca ied ou wi h he Geoso Oasis Mon aj® so wa e. G a i y da a has been g idded using a minimum cu a u e algo i hm, esul ing a g id cell size o 250 ×250 m. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 5 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Magne ic g ids we e calcula ed om aw da a p o ided by CGG. Quali a i e in e p e a ion o he magne ic da a has been made using a educ ion echnique o he pole o he o al magne ic ield. This educ ion o he pole was calcula ed assuming a local inclina ion o 48°N and declina ion o 10°W. This p ocess emo es he inclina ion e ec o he o al magne ic ield by ans o ming he anomaly in o he e ical componen o he ield p oduced as i he sou ce we e a he No h magne ic pole −90° inclina ion. The inclina ion and declina ion used in he educ ion o he pole we e calcula ed om he In e na ional Geomagne ic Re e ence Field sub ou ine in Oasis Mon aj® based on he la i ude and longi ude. G a ime ic and magne ic g ids we e in e p e ed on a ia ions in Figu e 2. (a) Map o he no heas e n ma gin o he Ca ibbean Pla e showing he loca ion o pla e and mic opla e bounda ies, as well as he main ec onic s uc u es. The ed a ow de ines he mo emen ec o o 18–20 mm/a in he di ec ion N070°E o he Ca ibbean Pla e wi h espec o he No h Ame ican Pla e (mod. Mann e al., 2002). Relie in colo scale has been made om he GMRT syn hesis da a se (Ryan e al., 2009) wi h GeoMapApp (www.geomapapp.o g). The discon inuous ed ec angle de ines he si ua ion o he s udy a ea in he Dominican Republic. (b) Schema ic geologic map o sou he n Hispaniola (mod. om he SYSMIN P ojec ; Pé ez‐Es aún e al., 2007). The discon inuous ed line ma ks loca ion o Figu e 3. (c) Geological c oss‐sec ion o he s udy a ea. The loca ion is shown in (b). Abb e ia ions as in Figu e 1, in addi ion: CFZ, Camú aul zone; HFTB; Hai ian old‐and‐ h us bel ; OBFZ, Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guaca a aul zone; SFZ, Sep en ional aul zone; SJPFZ, San Juan‐Los Pozos aul zone; TBFZ; T ois Baies aul zone. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 6 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License ampli ude, wa eleng h cha ac e , lineamen dis ibu ion, ex u e, and s uc- u al discon inui ies. Mo e de ails o he me hodology o acquisi ion and analysis o he po en ial ield da a a e included in Ga cía Lobón and Rey Mo al (2004), Ga cía‐Lobón and Ayala (2007), and Ayala e al. (2017). 3.3. Seismici y Compila ion o an ea hquake ca alog allowed us o de e mine he spa ial and empo al dis ibu ion o ea hquakes, hei ela ionships wi h he main ac i e aul zones, and he cha ac e iza ion o he seismo ec onic s uc u es in e ms o hei seismic pa ame e s. Fo sou he n cen al Hispaniola, he ca alog was compiled by collec ing and analyzing his o ical da a (Bakun e al., 2012; Be il e al., 2010; Flo es e al., 2011; McCann e al., 2011; SISFRANCE‐ An illes, 2009; en B ink e al., 2011; and e e ences he ein) and ins u- men al/expe imen al da a (Al a ez e al., 1999; Russo & Villaseño , 1995; Tanne & Shephe d, 1997; Te ie ‐Sedan & Be il, 2021; ISC 2014; RSPR‐ Pue o Rico ca alogue, and USGC‐NEIC ca alogue). Access he local ne wo k, cons i u ed by he Ins i u o Sismológico de la Uni e sidad Au ón- oma de San o Domingo (ISU; uasd.edu.do), he Obse a o io Sismológico Poli écnico Loyola (OSPL; ospl.ipl.edu.do) and he P oje Ayi i‐Seismes pe o med by Labo a oi e Mix e In e na ional CARIBACT (ayi i.unice. / ayi i‐seismes; BME, UEH/FDS/URGéo, ENS, and Géoazu pa ne ship), enabled in o ma ion on ea hquakes in ghos a eas o he global seismic ne wo k o be ob ained. Following Be il e al. (2010,2015), he ca alogue was e ised o da a quali y, duplica ion, and o eshocks o a e shocks, and hen homogenized he magni udes using he momen magni ude scale (M w ). The mos con empo a y sou ces desc ibing he his o ical ea hquakes we e in es iga ed o es ablish he ocal cha ac e is ics o each seismic e en . Due o he high unce ain y ela ed o he magni ude and loca ion o his o ical ea hquakes, he ea hquakes in he ca alogue we e classi ied in o h ee g oups ollowing Te ie ‐Sedan and Be il (2021): his o ical da a be o e 1750 o un eliable magni ude and loca ion; his o ical da a be ween 1750 and 1960 o in e media e quali y; and ins umen al da a a e 1960 gene ally o high quali y. Mo e han 12 epicen e s o ea hquakes o magni ude a leas M w 6.0 a e loca ed in he s udy a ea, o he immedia e su oundings, including he ea hquakes o 1562 (des oyed La Vega and San iago de los Caballe os), 1615 (des oyed San o Domingo), 1684 (a ec ed Azua and San o Domingo), 1691 (des oyed Azua, a ec ed San o Domingo), 1751 (des oyed Azua) and 1911 (a ec ed San Juan). The ca alogue o ea hquakes and ocal mecha- nisms compiled o sou he n cen al Hispaniola is included in Figu e S1 o Suppo ing In o ma ion S1. 3.4. U‐Th Geoch onology Fossil co al ee s p o ide a snapsho o he ocean en i onmen and sea le el du ing hei g ow h. As u anium is inco po a ed in o he co al calcium ca - bona e skele on du ing i s g ow h, he U‐Th geoch onology me hod is app op ia e o da ing geological and oceanog aphic e en s in he Qua e na y (e.g., Hibbe e al., 2016). To limi he e ec s o elemen mobili y du ing diagenesis and/o any chemical al e a ion, co al samples we e collec ed in appa en ly unal e ed sec o s on op o ossil wa e‐cu pla o ms and paleo‐cli s o he opog aphically lowe e aces, as well as on he sides o small na ow go ges cu h ough he highe e aces. F agmen s o co als ha p ese e he p is ine g ow h s uc u e we e selec ed in he ield. Subsequen ly, hin sec ions o hese agmen s we e examined unde he pe og aphic mic oscope o cha ac e ize he c ys alline habi , he mine alogy as indi- ca ed by s aining o ca bona e mine als, and he deg ee o neomo phism. Co al agmen s wi h an excellen Figu e 3. Neo ec onic map o sou he n cen al Hispaniola. Shaded elie in g ayscale has been made om he GMRT syn hesis da a se (Ryan e al., 2009) wi h GeoMapApp (www.geomapapp.o g). The neo ec onic s uc u es and la e Neogene and Qua e na y li hos a ig aphic uni s compiled in he map esul om in eg a ing new ield da a wi h he geologic map ob ained by he SYSMIN P ojec in he Dominican Republic (Pé ez‐Es aún e al., 2007). The main neo ec onic s uc u es a e: O sho e (O‐OBFZ) and Sou he n (S‐OBFZ) segmen s o he Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guaca a aul zone; Cen al (C‐SFZ) segmen o he Sep en ional aul zone; Sou he n (S‐HFZ), Cen al (C‐HFZ) and No he n (N‐HFZ) segmen s o Hispaniola aul zone; Sou he n (S‐JPFZ) and Cen al (C‐JPFZ) segmen s o he San Juan‐Los Pozos aul zone; and No he n (N‐BRFZ) and Cen al (C‐BRFZ) segmen s o he Bea a Ridge aul Zone. O he ele an s uc u es a e he Baho uco aul zone (BAFZ) and he Ocoa segmen o he Mue os T us (O‐MT). Abb e ia ions as in Figu e 1, in addi ion: AZ, Azua; BA, Ba ahona; BN, Baní; BO, Bonao; CO, Cons anza; JA, Jánico; JB, Ja abacoa; LV, La Vega; MA, Mao; MN, Manabao; RA, Rancho A iba; SB, Sabana Buey; SC, San iago de los Caballe os; SJ, San José de Ocoa; SQ, Sábana Quéliz; VA, Villa Al ag acia. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 7 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License p ese a ion o he o iginal skele on and p ima y po e spaces oid o cemen and sedimen we e selec ed. F agmen s we e g ound and he esul ing powde analyzed by X‐ ay di ac ion analysis a he IGME Labo a- o ies in Mad id. Samples selec ed o U‐Th da ing yielded mo e han 95% a agoni e du ing di ac ion analysis. This es elimina ed mos samples o he opog aphically highe co al ee e aces. U‐se ies measu emen s we e ca ied ou using a high‐ esolu ion mul i‐collec o induc i ely coupled plasma mass‐ spec ome e (The moFishe Nep une® mul i‐collec o equipped wi h an A idus® desol a ion nebulize ) a he Na ional Cen e o Iso ope Geochemis y, Uni e si y College Dublin. Samples we e spiked wi h a mixed 229 Th‐ 233 U– 236 U spike and we e slowly dissol ed in 7M HNO 3 . Following o e nigh sample‐spike equilib a ion, U and Th ac ions we e sepa a ed using anion ion‐exchange columns using s anda d me hods (Fankhause e al., 2016). 238 U/ 236 U and 233 U/ 236 U iso ope a ios we e measu ed simul aneously using Fa aday collec o s, and he lowe in ensi y o he 234 U ion beam was measu ed using a Fa aday collec o equipped wi h a low‐noise 10^ 13 Ω esis o . A mass‐ ac iona ion co ec ion was applied o he measu ed u anium and ho ium iso ope a ios based on he ce i ied nea ‐uni y 233 U/ 236 U a io o he mixed spike (su icien u anium ca y o e in o he ho ium ac ion pe mi ed his o all ho ium analyses). Fo ho ium, 230 Th/ 232 Th and 230 Th/ 223 Th a ios we e measu ed sepa a ely om he u anium uns, using he 10^ 13 Ω equipped Fa aday collec o in he axial posi ion o 223 Th. A de i al (inhe i ed ini ial non‐ adiogenic 230 Th) co ec ion was applied o all U‐Th analyses, assuming ha he inhe i ed componen had a ( 230 Th/ 232 Th) a io o 0.8 ±0.4 (pa en heses deno e ac i i y a ios). Whils he choice o ( 230 Th/ 232 Th) o he de i al componen is somewha a bi a y, he calcula ed ages o all a e qui e insensi i e o his co ec ion (Table S2). All ages we e calcula ed using he ollowing decay cons an s (λ 234 U=2.826E−6, λ 230 Th =9.1577E−6, λ 238 U=1.551E−10 and λ 232 Th =4.9475–11; Cheng e al., 2000; Ja ey e al., 1971). Labo a o y blanks o 238 U and 232 Th we e ypically in he 1–10 pg ange, and no blank co ec ions we e applied. 3.5. Faul ‐Slip Da a Analysis S ess o s ain can be e alua ed using b i le aul ‐slip da a in e sion me hods (Angelie , 1994). I in ol es collec ing aul s da a such as plane o ien a ions, aul s iae di ec ions and sense o slip om kinema ic indica o s a he ou c op scale. The me hodology o aul ‐slip da a in e sion o de e mine s ess ields and o demons a e empo al and spa ial changes in he la e Cenozoic s ess s a es has been used in many ac i e ec onic a eas a ound he wo ld o e he pas h ee decades (Angelie , 1994; Célé ie e al., 2012; Twiss & Un uh, 1998; and e e ences he ein). I consis s o ob aining om a popula ion o aul ‐slip da a he p incipal s ess axes ha bes i he educed s ess enso a a gi en measu emen si e. In e sion esul s include he o ien a ion (azimu h and plunge) o he p incipal s ess axes (σ 1 >σ 2 >σ 3 ) o a educed s ess enso as well as he s ess a io R=(σ 2 −σ 3 /σ 1 −σ 3 ), a pa ame e desc ibing ela i e s ess magni udes. The s ess enso p o ides in o ma ion on he s ess egime, ha is, comp essional (wi h σ 3 e ical), s ike‐slip (wi h σ 2 e ical), ansp essional (σ 2 o σ 3 e ical and σ 2 close o σ 3 in magni ude), o ex ensional (wi h σ 1 e ical). Se e al in e sion me hods ha e been p oposed in he li e a u e (see e iews by Célé ie e al. (2012)). Using mul iple me hods, hence di e en algo i hms, inc eases he accu acy o he esul s by educing he e ec o sys ema ic e o s. In his s udy, he aul ‐slip da a analysis and p incipal s ess axes calcula ion we e i s pe - o med wi h he kinema ic igh ‐dihed a me hod (RDM; Angelie , 1994), which shows he dis ibu ion o he pe cen age o comp ession o ex ension dihed a in s e eog aphic p ojec ion. Nex , aul ‐slip da a we e in e ed wi h wo independen me hods: di ec in e sion (DIM) and nume ic dynamic analysis. All in e sion me hods we e pe o med wi h Tec onicsFP 1.7.9 so wa e o Rei e and Acs (2000) and O ne e al. (2002). S a is ically s able s ess enso s we e ob ained om 10 o 30 aul ‐slip da a measu ed in each s uc u al si e, which ha e dimensions be ween 5 and 50 m in leng h and/o wid h. A u he explana ion o he aul ‐slip da a acquisi ion and analysis is included in Tex S3 o Suppo ing In o ma ion S1. The main goal o he aul ‐slip da a analysis was o cha ac e ize he Qua e na y o p esen ‐day s ess egime e olu ion in sou he n cen al Hispaniola. Un o una ely, i is gene ally challenging o da e he s ia ions mo e p ecisely han by simply eco ding ha hey a e younge han he ocks de o med by he aul s. Fo his eason, we include esul s ob ained om aul ‐slip da a measu ed in igneous and sedimen a y ocks o uppe C e aceous o La e Pleis ocene age, which we e cons ained wi h geoch onological da a om aul ed Middle o La e Pleis ocene co al ee e aces and allu ial an deposi s. On occasions, mo e han one se o s iae a e p esen on a aul plane a he same measu emen si e, which we e o med by di e en s ess enso s. Fo example, e e se dip‐slip and oblique e e se s ia ions caused by an NE‐ Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 8 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License ending comp ession a e c osscu by low‐pi ch angle s ia ions esul ing om a NE‐ ending σ 1 s ike‐slip s ess egime. The disc imina ion o s iae belonging o each aul se was conduc ed by nume ical checking o compa ibili y wi h an in e sion me hod and geological a gumen s. Faul c osscu ing ela ionships, he o e - p in ing o se e al s ia ions in he same aul plane and he absolu e age o he aul ed ocks ha e also been used as geological c i e ia o da e aul s and hus disc imina e paleos ess enso s and ec onic e en s. 4. Neo ec onics o Sou he n Cen al Hispaniola 4.1. La ge‐Scale S uc u es The geology o sou he n cen al Hispaniola consis s o i e main elemen s: (a) an Uppe Ju assic o Uppe C e aceous igneous and me amo phic basemen o he Co dille a Cen al domain; (b) a g oup o la es C e aceous‐lowe Eocene sedimen a y ocks o he Pe al a old‐and‐ h us bel , ha locally uncon o mable o e lie he basemen ; (c) an uncon o mable co e o olded and aul ed middle Eocene o lowe Miocene sedi- men a y ocks o he Rio Ocoa G oup; (d) a sequence o sligh ly aul ed and il ed Neogene sedimen s o he San Juan‐Azua and En iquillo basins; and (e) an uncon o mable co e o Qua e na y allu ial, lu ial and shallow ma ine deposi s. The spa ial dis ibu ion o hese elemen s is included in he geological map and c oss‐sec ions o Figu e 2. The neo ec onic s uc u es o sou he n cen al Hispaniola a e compiled in he map o Figu e 3, which esul s om in eg a ing o new ield da a wi h he geologic map ob ained by he SYSMIN P ojec in he Dominican Republic (Pé ez‐Es aún e al., 2007). This map co e s he eas e n hal o he Co dille a Cen al, he Sie a Ma ín Ga cía, he sou heas e n pa o he San Juan basin and he whole Azua basin including he Baní pedimen . This ieldwo k a ea was selec ed because con ains he main ac i e s uc u es o he a c‐pla eau collision in he sou he n Dominican Republic. The neo ec onic s uc u es o his a ea show h ee main ends: NW o WNW‐s iking olds and h us s; N o NE‐ s iking igh ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul s; and ENE o E‐s iking le ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul s. Combined de ailed s uc u al analysis, aul ‐slip da a in e sion, and geoch onology show ha hese s uc u es we e gene a ed du ing h ee main ec onic e en s (Table 1). The NW o WNW‐ ending D1 s uc u es a e pa allel o he s uc u al g ain o he Co dille a Cen al, as he olds and h us s o he PB. Loca ed in he sou he n and eas e n pa s o he s udy a ea, he N‐S o NE‐SW ans e se D2 s uc u es a e he s ike‐slip aul segmen s o he Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guáca a and Bea a Ridge aul zones, as well as second‐o de s uc u al elemen s o he ela ed sub‐pa allel de o ma ion co ido s. The ENE o E‐s iking aul s a e also ans e se D2 s uc u es concen a ed in he no hwes e n sec o o he s udied a ea, which also de o m he bounda y wi h he Cibao basin. The p e ious s uc u es appea locally cu by wo amilies o D3 ex ensional aul s, which ha e a di e en end depending on hei geog aphic loca ion: WNW o W in he Ocoa Bay sec o ; and NE in he Co dille a Cen al sec o . The Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guáca a aul zone ep esen s he s uc u al ansi ion be ween he Mue os oceanic acc e iona y p ism and he Bea a Ridge‐Pe al a Bel collision zone (Figu e 3; Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2023). This aul uns along a N o NNE‐s iking band, 2–12 km wide and 120 km long, ex ending om he wes e n e mina ion o he MT in he sou h o he Cibao basin in he no h. No hwa d, he aul zone connec s o he HFZ Table 1 Cha ac e is ics o Neo ec onic S ic i es in Sou he n Cen al Hispaniola De o ma i e e en Main s uc u es S ess egime Age D1 NW o WNW‐s iking olds and h us s. La ge‐scale s uc u e o he Co dille a Cen al and Pe al a bel Comp ession. NE‐ ending σ 1 axis Lowe Miocene o Ea ly Pleis ocene D2 N‐S o NE‐SW s ike‐slip aul s and aul segmen . T ans e se s uc u es ela ed o Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guáca a and Bea a Ridge aul zones. ENE o E‐s iking le ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul s. T ans e se s uc u es in he NW sec o Nea pu e s ike‐slip. NE‐ ending σ 1 axis Ea ly‐Middle Pleis ocene o Holocene D3 Ex ensional aul s. D3a, NE o NNE s iking aul s in he Co dille a Cen al sec o ; D3b, WNW o W s iking aul s in he Ocoa Bay sec o . Alignmen o he Qua e na y emissi e cen e s D3a, NW‐di ec ed pu e ex ension; D3b, N o NNE‐di ec ed ex ension La e Pleis ocene‐ Holocene Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 9 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License s e ching linea ion (Lp) subpa allel o he old axes. In his Sp‐Lp ab ic, kinema ic indica o s such as he asymme y o he boudins o he S‐C s uc u es es ablish a gene al op‐ o‐ he W and SW shea sense. All hese s uc u es a e ypical o a block‐in‐ma ix ab ic o a mélange, essen ially p oduced by syn‐sedimen a y de o - ma ion du ing he La e Eocene (see below). S a ally dis up ed zones in he Ocoa G oup ocks a e cu by WNW‐ s iking D1 h us su aces ha ypically dip 5°–30° mo e deeply han he Sp ab ic, when hey a e es o ed o he o iginal ho izon al posi ion. Bo h he block‐in‐ma ix ab ic and he h us s a e cu by NNW o NE‐s iking s ike‐ slip aul s D2 and by high‐dip angle no mal aul s D3 (Figu e 6). The in e sion o aul ‐slip da a collec ed in se e al localidades h oughou he PB enables he sepa a ion o popula ions ela ed o h ee dis inc s ess egimes (Figu e 6). The i s popula ion is ep esen ed by a iably oblique e e se slip ec o s in NW‐s iking and NE‐dipping aul s (si es 20JE09, 21JE94, 22JE12 in Yayas de Figu e 8. S uc u al analysis in he Loma Vigia sec o o he Ocoa Bay. (a) S e eoplo s o he p incipal s ess axes ob ained om in e sion o aul ‐slip da a. (b) D1 old and e e se aul unca ed by D3 no mal aul s, d agging he limes one laye s in he hanging‐wall block o he SW (si e 21JE120). (c and d) Limes one beds o he Somb e i o Fo ma ion displaced by a sys em o ENE o E‐s iking no mal aul s along whose planes in ude locally ma ic magmas (si e 21JE113). Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 16 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Viajama, and 22JE13 in Tabe a A iba). I co esponds o a comp essional s ess egime D1 cha ac e ized by a NE‐SW o ENE‐WSW ending σ 1 . The second popula ion con ains s ike‐slip o oblique e e se le ‐la e al slip ec o s in NE‐s iking sub e ical aul s (si es 22JE13 and 21JE93). I is ela ed o a nea pu e s ike‐slip s ess egime D2 cha ac e ized by a NNE o NE‐ ending σ 1 . The hi d popula ion includes no mal ec o s along dip‐slip and oblique no mal s iae in NE‐s iking high‐angle aul s (si e 21JE96), and co esponds o an ex ensional s ess egime D3 wi h a N136°E ending σ 3 (Figu e 13). Si es 21JE123 and 21JE125 a e loca ed in he sou he nmos ou c ops o he PB, on he oad Azua‐Baní in he no he n sec o o he Ocoa Bay (Figu e 7). In his sec o , he mac os uc u e in he PB consis s o a old sys em o he lowe o middle Eocene limes ones o he Pe al a G oup and he uppe Eocene u bidi es wi h olis oli hs o he Ocoa G oup, ela ed o a D1 de o ma ion in a old‐and‐ h us bel o NW‐SE end and SW‐di ec ed e gence. Towa d he SE, he NW‐ ending D1 olds and h us s o he PB u n p og essi ely owa d a N‐S end and a e cu and displaced by he O‐OBFZ igh ‐la e al D2 s ike‐ slip aul . In he geological c oss‐sec ion o Figu e 7, he Eocene ocks o he PB o e h us h ough he SJPFZ he lowe o middle Miocene limes ones o he Sob e i o Fo ma ion, and he assemblage o e h us in u n he con- glome a es o he uppe Pliocene o Ea ly Pleis ocene A oyo Seco Fo ma- ion. The e o e, D1 h us ing con inued in his sec o un il he Ea ly Pleis ocene imes. Si e 21JE123 is loca ed along he Loma Vieja on al h us , which co e- sponds o he h us amp associa ed wi h he NNW o NW‐ ending D1 Loma Vieja an icline (Figu e 7). The ela ed D1 s uc u es in he limes ones o he Sob e i o Fo ma ion consis o SW‐ e ging asymme ic olds, associa ed wi h mid‐dip angle aul s inclined o he NE and SW, subpa allel o he Loma Vieja h us . The mesoscopic S‐C s uc u es and o he kinema ic indica o s imp in ed on he aul planes es ablish a op‐ o‐ he‐SW e e se mo emen . P edominan dip‐slip s iae in e e se aul planes de ine a popula ion compa ible wi h a h us aul ing s ess egime and a N204°E ending comp essional axis (Figu e 7). On he o he hand, he o ien a ion o calci e eins and T‐planes in clas s o he conglome a es o he A oyo Seco Fm es ablish a consis en NNE end o D3 subho izon al ex ension. Si e 21JE125 is loca ed a he no hwes end o he Ocoa Bay, 3.5 km sou heas o he own o Azua, on he sou he n lank o a W‐ ending D1 an icline build‐up in he limes ones o he Somb e i o Fo ma ion (Figu e 7). The an icline is a ec ed by a sys em o high‐dip angle (>60°) s ike‐slip aul s D2 composed by NE‐s iking le ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul s and an i- he ic N‐s iking igh ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul s. The assemblage is unca ed by E o WNW‐ ending D3 no mal aul s, exhibi ing a high‐dip angle owa d he N and S. Faul ‐slip measu emen s de ine wo con as ing subse s (Figu e 7). The i s subse includes s ia ions wi h a low‐pi ch angle in NE‐ s iking s ike‐slip aul s. No mal and oblique no mal dip‐slip ec o s in WNW‐s iking and NE and SW‐dipping conjuga e aul s ep esen he second subse . The i s popula ion co - esponds o a pu ely s ike‐slip s ess egime D2 wi h a N200°E ending σ 1 and he second popula ion o an ex ensional s ess egime D3 cha ac e ized by a N020°E ending σ 3 . 5.2. Faul ‐Slip Da a In e sion in he Ocoa Bay The limes one ou c ops o he Somb e i o Fm loca ed on he eas e n coas o Loma Vigía, abou 6 km sou heas o Azua (Figu e 7) exhibi olds, e e se aul s and h us s ela ed o D1 de o ma ion. In he 21JE112 si e, hese D1 Figu e 9. S uc u al analysis in he Sie a Ma ín Ga cía. (a) S e eoplo s o he p incipal s ess axes ob ained om in e sion o aul ‐slip da a. (b) S uc u al map o he eas e n Sie a Ma ín Ga cía in sou he n cen al Hispaniola (see loca ion in Figu e 3), showing main li hos a ig aphic uni s, neo ec onic s uc u es, and si es o aul ‐slip da a measu emen s. (c) S a ig aphic logs in Cañada A enazo and Playa Caobi a si es. (d) Aspec o he bands o aul ‐gouge and ine c ush b eccia se e al ens o me e s hick associa ed wi h he s ike‐slip D2 de o ma ion. View wid h is 40 m. (e) D3 no mal aul s de o ming he allu ial ans deposi s o La e Pleis ocene o Holocene age? View wid h is 18 m. ( ) Co al‐ ee e ace o La e Pleis ocene bounda y age (MIS 5c) de o med by D3 no mal aul s. (g) Field appea ance o he calci e ill in he planes o he D3 ex ensional aul s ha de o m he co al e ace. Gm, ma ix‐suppo ed, muddy‐sandy conglome a e; Gp, clas ‐ suppo ed, sandy conglome a e; Sc, medium‐ o‐ hick bedded coa se‐g ained sands one and mic oconglome a es; Sm, hin‐bedded, medium‐ o‐ ine‐ g ained sands one; S , ine‐g ained sands one, sil s one and lamina ed muds one; Ms, massi e a iocolo ed muds one; Ls, co al ee limes one. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 17 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License s uc u es consis o NW o WNW‐ ending and SW‐ e ging asymme ic olds, associa ed wi h low o mid‐dip angle e e se aul s inclined o he NE, subpa allel o he SJPFZ. The mesoscopic S‐C s uc u es and o he ki- nema ic indica o s imp in ed on hese aul planes es ablish a op‐ o‐ he‐SW e e se mo emen . S iae on he aul planes de ine a e e se slip consis en wi h a h us aul ing s ess egime and a N222°E ending comp essional axis (Figu e 8). In he 21JE120 si e, se e al WNW‐s iking and NE‐ e ging asymme ic an iclines co espond o he olds associa ed wi h a D1 back‐ h us (Figu e 8). Slip measu emen s on he limbs o a decame e ‐scale an icline de ine a popula ion o WNW‐s iking and SW‐dipping e e se aul s. This popula ion co esponds o a pu ely comp essional s ess egime wi h a N026°E ending σ 1 . Figu e 10. S uc u al analysis in no heas Sie a Baho uco. (a) S e eoplo s o he p incipal s ess axes ob ained om in e sion o aul ‐slip da a. (b) Geological c oss‐sec ion o he Playa Azul si e (see loca ion in Figu e 3). (c) Pano amic iew o he geological c oss‐sec ion ou c op. (d) Field ela ionships o he limes ones o he Somb e i o Fo ma ion, co al‐ ee e ace o Middle o La e Pleis ocene bounda y age (MIS 5e s age) and g a els and ed muds ones o he allu ial an aul ed by D2 s ike‐slip aul s. (e) Field aspec o he g a els and ed muds ones o he allu ial an aul ed by D3 ex ensional aul s. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 18 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Th oughou he Loma Vigia sec o , D1 s uc u es appea unca ed by NW o W‐ ending D3 no mal aul s, which exhibi mid o high‐dip angles owa d he NE and SW (Figu e 8). Fo ins ance, he SW limb o a D1 an icline is cu by a D3 no mal aul , causing he d agging o he limes one laye s in he hanging‐wall block (si e 21JE120), o he s a i ica ion appea s displaced by a sys em o ENE o E‐s iking no mal aul s wi h associa ed in usion o ma ic magmas (si e 21JE113). In gene al, dip‐slip s iae in hese aul planes de ine no mal aul s popula ions compa ible wi h ex ensional s ess egimes D3, cha ac e ized by a SSW o SW ending σ 3 (Figu e 8). 5.3. Faul ‐Slip Da a In e sion in he Eas e n Sie a Ma ín Ga cía In he limes one ou c ops o he Somb e i o Fo ma ion loca ed on he sou heas coas o he Sie a Ma ín Ga cía, he D1 s uc u es a e s ongly obli e a ed by he D2 de o ma ion. This de o ma ion has gi en ise o aul zones wi h a gene al NE‐SW di ec ion and se e al kilome e s in leng h, pa allel o he ace o he BRFZ, which uns o sho e abou 1.5 km o he SE. Faul zones a e ma ked by he de elopmen o bands o aul ‐gouge and ine c ush b eccia se e al ens o me e s hick (Figu e 9). Indi idual aul planes a e e y s eep (dip >70°) and ha e low‐pi ch angle (<20°) s ia ions ha indica e a dominan s ike‐slip displacemen . A he Playa Caobi a (si e 21JE126), he Miocene limes ones appea o be uncon o mably o e lain by a ∼50 m‐ hick Qua e na y sequence composed om bo om o op o (Figu e 9): ee limes ones o a basal ossil co al e ace; poo ly consolida ed conglome a es o an in e media e allu ial an, ha includes ewo ked co als and cobbles a he base; and g a els and sands ich in limes one cobbles o a younge allu ial an. A gas opod S ombus sp. collec ed a he highes s a ig aphic le els o he co al e ace has p o ided a U‐Th age o 118.47 ±0.52 ka (21JE126C), so i s g ow h ook place in he in e glacial ma ine oxygen iso ope s age (MIS) 5e, in he Middle o La e Pleis ocene bounda y. Two specimens o co al Diplo ia sp. collec ed owa d he basal and in e media e le els o he e ace ha e p o ided U‐Th ages o 476.99 ±23.6 ka (21JE126B) and 331.92 ±4.51 ka (21JE126A), espec i ely. These ages indica e g ow h o he co al e ace du ing MIS 9c and 11 s ages in he Middle Pleis ocene, al hough a ewo king o he co als is no uled ou because he e ace in e cala es clas ic le els. Obse a ions made in ou c ops along he coas indica e ha D2 s ike‐slip aul s cu bo h ee e ace limes ones and in e media e allu ial an conglome a es. These ela ionships es ablish a La e Pleis ocene age a leas o he D2 de o ma ion. On he o he hand, he whole sequence o he co al e ace and he o e lying allu ial ans is il ed 10–18° owa d he SE and appea de o med by a sys em o E o ENE‐s iking D3 no mal aul s, which exhibi s a high‐dip angle (>60°) owa d he N and S (Figu e 9). The e o e, he D3 de o ma ion has aken place in he La e Pleis ocene o Holocene. Faul ‐slip da a measu emen s allow disc imina ion o a i s popula ion cha ac e ized by s ia ions wi h a low‐pi ch angle in sub e ical aul planes and a second popula ion o no mal dip‐slip ec o s in high‐dipping aul s. These popula ions ep esen wo successi e s ess egimes: he i s co esponds o a nea s ike‐slip s ess egime D2 wi h a N020°E ending σ 1 (21JE127); and he second ma ches wi h a nea pu ely ex ensional egime D3 wi h a N008°E ending σ 3 (22JE15; Figu e 9). 5.4. Faul ‐Slip Da a In e sion in he No heas Sie a Baho uco The no hwes e n end o he Sie a Baho uco shows a e y sha p NE‐SW ending coas line, subpa allel o he ace o he cen al segmen o he BRFZ, which uns o sho e abou 2.5 km o he SE (Figu e 3). Swa h ba- hyme y and seismic e lec ion da a sugges ha aul segmen cons i u es he ac i e bounda y be ween he 1,500 m ele a ed moun ains o he Sie a Baho uco o he NW and he −2,500 m subme ged slope o he Dominican sub‐basin o he SE (G anja B uña e al., 2014; Mau e & Le oy, 1999). Si es 21JE137 and 22JE26 a e loca ed in Playa Azul, abou 6 km sou heas o Ba ahona (Figu e 10). Along he coas , he limes one ou c ops o he Somb e i o Fo ma ion de ine he no he n limb o a D1 h us ing an icline o WNW end and kilome ic scale, which cons i u es he in e nal s uc u e o he Sie a Baho uco in his sec o . Limes ones a e s ongly ka s i ied and a e uncon o mably o e lain by a ossil co al ee 6 o 10 m‐ hick ha de ines a discon inuous mo phological e ace along he coas . A Diplo ia sp. collec ed in he s a ig aphically highes le els o he co al e ace has p o ided a U‐Th age o 123.23 ±0.70 ka (22JE26B), so i s g ow h ook place in he MIS 5e. The assemblage is also uncon o mably o e lain by he poo ly consolida ed conglome a es and ed clays o a >20 m‐ hick allu ial an (Figu e 10). Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 19 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Figu e 11. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 20 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Figu e 12. S uc u al analysis in he San José de Ocoa basin. (a) S e eoplo s o he p incipal s ess axes ob ained om in e sion o aul ‐slip da a. (b) Folded and aul ed muds ones o he Nume o Fo ma ion jux aposed o il ed and aul ed San José de Ocoa basin deposi s h ough sub e ical oblique e e se igh ‐la e al D2 aul s o he eas e n b anch o he S‐OBFZ segmen . (c) Low‐pi ch angle s ia ions de eloped in sub e ical aul planes subpa allel o he S‐OBFZ segmen de o ming he olcanic ocks o he Ti eo G oup. (d) B eccia ed damage aul zone wi h low‐pi ch angle s ia ions de eloped in sub e ical D2 aul planes sub‐pa allel o he S‐OBFZ segmen . (e) Field o e lapping ela ionships be ween low‐pi ch angle s ike‐slip s iaes de o med by dip‐slip no mal s iaes in he same aul plane, es ablishing a empo al o de be ween D2 and D3 de o ma ions. Figu e 11. S uc u al analysis in he Sie a Ma ín Ga cía. (a) S e eoplo s o he p incipal s ess axes ob ained om in e sion o aul ‐slip da a. (b) S uc u al map o he sou hwes e n Sie a Ma ín Ga cía (see loca ion in Figu e 3), showing main li hos a ig aphic uni s, neo ec onic s uc u es, and si es o aul ‐slip da a measu emen s. (c) WNW‐ ending and SW‐ e ging asymme ic D1 olds de eloped in he ma ls and gypsum beds o he uppe Pliocene La Salina Fo ma ion. (d) SW‐ e ging asymme ic D1 olds associa ed wi h mid‐dip angle e e se aul s inclined o he NE de eloped in he gypsum deposi s. The asymme y o D1 olds and mesoscopic S‐C s uc u es es ablish a op‐ o‐ he‐SW e e se mo emen . (e) Field ela ionships o supe posi ion o D3 no mal aul s ia ions (e2) o e D2 s ike‐slip s ia ions (e1) de o ming s a i ied gypsum beds (S0). ( ) Accumula ion o Diplo ia sp. o ming he ee ‐pla o m acies o a co al e ace g own du ing he MIS 5e s age ha ossilizes he D1 on al h us o he Sie a Ma ín Ga cía. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 21 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Bo h he ka s i ied limes ones and he o e lying co al e ace and clas ic deposi s a e aul ed and il ed by a sys em o N o NE‐s iking D2 s ike‐slip aul s, subpa allel o he ace o he BRFZ (see c oss sec ion in Figu e 10). Faul planes a e gene ally e y s eep (dip >65°) and he s iae show le ‐ and igh ‐la e al conjuga e mo ion wi h a low e e se componen (pi ch <25°). Faul ‐slip da a in e sion e eals a s ike‐slip D2 s ess‐ ield wi h a N046°E ending σ 1 s ess axis (Figu e 10). The e o e, he cen al Bea a Ridge aul segmen has been ac i e o a leas he La e Pleis ocene. In u n, he in e nal s uc u e in he allu ial an deposi de ines a sys em o open an iclines and synclines o WNW‐ESE end and decame ic o hec ome ic wa eleng h, which appea s aul ed on he lanks by WNW o W‐ ending D3 no mal aul s. These olds a e in e p e ed as oll‐o e s uc u es ela ed o he D3 ex ensional aul ing. S ia ions measu ed in decame ic‐scale aul planes and T‐planes open in clas s a e compa ible wi h an ex ensional D3 egime, cha ac e ized by a N010°E ending σ 3 (Figu e 10). Figu e 13. S uc u al analysis o he ex ensional D3 de o ma ion in he Co dille a Cen al. (a) S e eoplo s o he p incipal s ess‐axes ob ained om in e sion o aul ‐ slip da a. (b) Map o dis ibu ion o ossil co al ee e aces o he MIS 5e/5c and 1 s ages, as well as he a ea a ec ed by he D3b ex ensional e en . See explana ion in ex . Shaded elie as in Figu e 3. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 22 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 5.5. Faul ‐Slip Da a In e sion in he Sou hwes e n Sie a Ma ín Ga cía In he sou hwes e n sec o o he Sie a Ma ín Ga cía, he limes ones o he Miocene Somb e i o Fo ma ion o e h us he sands ones, ma ls and gypsum o he uppe Pliocene La Salina Fo ma ion, and he ensemble egionally o e h us s he con inen al conglome a es and munds ones o he uppe Pliocene o Ea ly Pleis ocene A oyo Seco Fo ma ion. These WNW‐ ending s uc u es cons i u e he SW‐di ec ed D1 on al h us , which jux aposes he an icline mac os uc u e o he Sie a Ma ín Ga cía o he poo ly consolida ed allu ial, loodplain and del aic Qua e na y deposi s o he En iquillo basin (Figu e 3). Figu e 14. S uc u al analysis in he Co dille a Cen al. (a) S e eoplo s o he p incipal s ess‐axes ob ained om in e sion o aul ‐slip da a. (b) La e C e aceous g een u s o he Ti eo G oup imb ica ed by WSW‐di ec ed D1 h us s. (c) De ail o D3 ex ensional aul s o e laping D1 h us s in he g een u s. (d) Pano amic iew o Cons anza moun ainous a ea showing a D1 mac os uc u e o NW‐s iking h us s buil up on la e C e aceous olcano‐plu onic ocks o e h us ing he sedimen a y ill o a Qua e na y in amoun aneous basin. No e he de elopmen o pe ched alleys and iangula ace s in he hanging‐wall block. (e) De ail o he s iae associa ed o he de elopmen o a D2 sinis al s ike‐slip aul in la e C e aceous onali ic ocks. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 23 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Si e 21JE130 is loca ed in he hanging‐wall block, abou 300 m no hwa d o he on al h us , whe e he gypsum and ma l beds o he La Salina Fo ma ion exhibi s uc u es ela ed o D1 de o ma ion (Figu e 11). These s uc u es consis o WNW‐ ending and SW‐ e ging asymme ic olds, associa ed wi h mid‐dip angle e e se aul s inclined o he NE, subpa allel o he basal h us . The asymme y o D1 olds and mesoscopic S‐C s uc u es es ablish a op‐ o‐ he‐SW e e se mo emen . Oblique e e se s iae measu ed in he e e se aul planes de ine a aul popula ion compa ible wi h a D1 h us aul ing s ess egime and a N047°E ending comp essional axis (Figu e 11). In he si e 21JE129, he D1 on al h us is locally ossilized by a co al ee e ace, whe e a S ombus sp. collec ed nea i s s a ig aphic base has p o ided a U‐Th age o 124.65 ±0.85 ka. A Diplo ia sp also collec ed in he same basal le els has gi en a simila U‐Th age o 128.89 ka (Figu e 11), hus he co al e ace g ew in he MIS 5e s age. Bo h he D1 h us ‐ ela ed olds and he co al e ace a e a ec ed by a sys em o high‐dip (>60°) s ike‐slip aul s D2. This aul sys em comp ises NE o ENE‐s iking le ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul s illed by sub e ical calci e eins and an i he ical N o NNE‐s iking igh ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul s, es ablishing a s ike‐slip s ess D2 egime cha ac e ized by a NE‐ ending σ 1 axis (Figu e 11). The e o e, he h us ‐ ela ed D1 de o ma ion eaches he Middle Pleis ocene and he s ike‐slip‐ ela ed D2 de o ma ion con inues a e he Middle o La e Pleis ocene bounda y. Finally, a se o E o ENE‐ ending and high‐dip angle D3 no mal aul s locally unca e he assem- blage. No mal dip‐slip s iae measu ed in hese aul planes cu ing he gypsum beds a e compa ible o an ex ensional egime wi h a N355°E ending σ 3 axis (Figu e 11). 5.6. Faul ‐Slip Da a In e sion in he San José de Ocoa Basin The sou he n segmen o he Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guáca a aul zone is a oughly 50 km‐long, N‐s iking igh ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul sys em, ha cu s a a high‐angle and clockwise o a e he NW‐SE ending olds and h us s o he PB and he s uc u e o he la e C e aceous basemen o he Co dille a Cen al (Figu es 3and 5). The segmen is geome ically cha ac e ized by sepa a ing he aul ace in o wo b anches sou h o San José de Ocoa own, gi ing ise o a igh ‐hand eleasing‐bend and he San José de Ocoa pull‐apa sedimen a y basin (Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2023). Bo h b anches ejoin abou 35 km no hwa d in o he C‐OBFZ segmen in he Bonao basin. Si e 21JE102 is loca ed nea he eas e n b anch o he S‐OBFZ segmen , in he own o Na anjal, 2.5 km eas o San José de Ocoa (Figu e 5). A ou c op scale, N o NNE‐s iking igh ‐la e al D2 s ike‐slip aul s cu D1 h us su aces inclined o he NE, de ined by shea ed bands o muds ones in he uppe Eocene Ocoa Fo ma ion, cha ac e ized by a SW‐di ec ed pene a i e S‐C ab ic. Faul ‐slip measu emen s de ine wo con as ing subse s (Figu e 12): he i s subse is e e se o oblique e e se and is associa ed o s ia ions wi h a high‐pi ch angle in NW‐s iking aul planes; he second subse has oblique e e se and s ike‐slip ec o s in conjuga e igh ‐ and le ‐ la e al aul s. The i s popula ion co esponds o a comp essional s ess egime D1 wi h a N243°E ending σ 1 and he second popula ion es ablishes a pu ely s ike‐slip s ess egime D2 cha ac e ized by a N047°E ending σ 1 . Si e 21JE100 is also loca ed along he eas e n s and o he S‐OBFZ segmen , 2 km no h o San José de Ocoa, on he oad o Cons anza (Figu e 5). The aul segmen ec onically jux aposes he olded and aul ed olcanic ocks o he Ti eo G oup and he g a els and sands o he Qua e na y ill o he San José de Ocoa basin. Volcanic ocks ha e de eloped hec ome e ‐scale sub e ical aul planes sub‐pa allel o he S‐OBFZ, cha ac e ized by a 5 m‐ wide b eccia ed damage zone and s ia ions wi h a low‐pi ch angle (Figu e 12). These s iae de ine a ec o popula ion compa ible wi h a D2 s ike‐slip s ess egime and a N226°E ending comp essional axis. Sou h o San José de Ocoa own, he eas e n s and jux aposes he olded and aul ed muds ones o he Nume o Fm and he g a els and sands o he basin h ough a sub e ical D2 aul sys em ha also il s wes wa d he Qua e na y deposi s. S ia ions measu ed in NNW‐s iking oblique e e se igh ‐la e al aul s o he 20JE15 si e a e compa ible wi h a D2 s ike‐slip egime and a N186°E σ 1 axis (Figu e 12). The D2 s ike‐slip de o ma ion is also e y pene a i e along he wes e n b anch o he S‐OBFZ segmen , which is mo phologically ma ked by an eas acing 200 m‐high sca p. This s and jux aposes he olded and aul ed ocks o he PB o he W wi h poo ly consolida ed g a els and sands ha ill he San José de Ocoa basin o he E (Figu e 5). In se e al si es (20JE14, 21JE97, 21JE98 and 21JE99), s ia ions measu ed on me ic o decame ic‐ scale aul s subpa allel o he S‐OBFZ segmen de ine a popula ion o pu e s ike‐slip o oblique e e se slip ec o s, compa ible wi h a D2 s ike‐slip egime and a p edominan NE ending σ 1 s ess axis (Figu e 12). The sub e ical o ien a ion o calci e eins and T‐planes in clas s o he Qua e na y conglome a es consis en ly es- ablishes a WNW o NW end o subho izon al ex ension. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 24 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Howe e , he e ec s o D3 ex ensional de o ma ion a e limi ed in his sec o and geog aphically localized o he igh ‐hand eleasing‐bend ha o ms he San José de Ocoa basin. Si e 21JE99 is loca ed be ween he wo b anches o he S‐OBFZ segmen , whe e he ma ic o in e media e u s o he Ti eo G oup a e in ec onic con ac wi h he well‐bedded limes ones o Maas ich ian age. Slip measu emen s show wo di e en popula ions: oblique e e se igh‐la e al and dip‐slip e e se ec o s (Figu e 12); and oblique no mal ec o s (Figu e 13). The o e lap e- la ionships be ween s iaes es ablish ha hese wo popula ions ep esen wo successi e s ess ields: he i s co esponds o a ansp essional D2 s ess egime wi h a N270°E ending σ 1 ; and he second co esponds o a mo e pu ely ex ensional D3 egime cha ac e ized by a N121°E ending σ 3 . Also ela ed o local D3 ex ensional ec onics, NW o N‐s iking no mal aul s ha e also been obse ed a si es 21JE103 and 21JE108 (Figu e 5). Dip‐ slip s ia ions measu ed on hese aul planes es ablish an ex ensional D3 egime cha ac e ized by a W‐ ending σ 3 (Figu e 13). 5.7. Faul ‐Slip Da a In e sion in he Co dille a Cen al The Co dille a Cen al is cha ac e ized by he de elopmen o c us al sho ening s uc u es, opog aphic upli and exposu e o he la e C e aceous olcano‐plu onic basemen in he co e o la ge‐scale WNW o NW‐ ending D1 an iclines (Figu e 3). In he Cons anza‐Sabana Quéliz a ea, he mac os uc u e consis s o D1 olds and h us s o WNW‐ESE end and usually SW‐di ec ed e gence, buil up in a sequence composed by Cenomanian limes ones and siliceous‐ ich sedimen s, Tu onian o ea ly Campanian ma ic u s o he Con- s anza Fo ma ion, la e Campanian muds ones o he El Con en o Fo ma ion and Maas ich ian shallow‐wa e pla o m limes ones, as well as plu onic ocks (Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2008). This mac os uc u e is locally cu and displaced by a sys em o high‐dip angle s ike‐slip D2 aul s, which includes NW o NNE‐s iking igh ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul s and conjuga e NE o ESE‐s iking le ‐la e al s ike‐slip aul s. NE o E‐ ending D3 no mal aul s locally unca ed he assemblage exhibi ing a high‐dip angle owa d he NW and SE. This de o ma i e sequence is well eco ded a he 21JE80 si e, loca ed ∼10 km eas o he Cons anza own in he Ti eo i e alley (Figu e 5). Faul ‐slip da a measu emen s and c oss‐cu ing ela ionships show h ee con as ing subpopula ions (Figu e 14): e e se and oblique e e se le ‐la e al aul s; sub e ical aul s wi h low‐pi ch angle s ia ions; and no mal and oblique no mal igh ‐la e al aul s. These subse s ep esen h ee successi e s ess egimes: he i s co esponds o a comp essional s ess egime D1 cha ac e ized by a N213°E ending σ 1 ; he second adjus s o a nea s ike‐slip s ess egime D2 wi h a N321°E ending σ 1 ; and he hi d ma ches wi h a pu ely ex ensional egime D3 wi h a N183°E ending σ 3 (Figu e 14). Field obse a ions a a ious poin s in he Co dille a Cen al show ha D3 ex ensional aul s o e lap D1 h us s. Fo example, he a ious kinema ic ypes o aul s ha de o m g een ma ic u s a si es 21JE78 and 21JE79, whe e he aul ‐slip da a in e sion enables he sepa a ion o popula ions ela ed o wo dis inc s ess egimes (Figu es 13 and 14). The i s popula ion is ep esen ed by dip‐slip o a iably oblique e e se slip ec o s in low o mid‐dip aul s; he second popula ion includes no mal slip ec o s along dip‐slip s iae in p edominan ly NNE o NE‐s iking high‐dip aul s. Bo h aul ypes de ine a NE‐SW o W‐E comp essional D1 egime and a NW‐SE ex ensional D3 egime, espec i ely. A simila de o ma i e sequence is ecognized in he sou heas e n Co dille a Cen al, loca ed eas o he S‐OBFZ segmen (Figu e 3). In his sec o , he S‐OBFZ exhibi s a esh N‐S sca p and ep esen s he bounda y be ween he >2,000 m ele a ed moun ains o he Co dille a Cen al o he W and he 650 m ele a ed Rancho A iba alley o he E. Along his mo phological s ep, he aul zone p oduces iangula ace s, pe ched alleys, and dex al o se s o s eams ha es i y i s ecen ac i i y. De o ma ion ela ed o his segmen p oduced he local clockwise o a ion o he D1 old and h us s uc u e and he o ma ion o he Rancho A iba in amoun ain basin, which is illed by he Qua e na y allu ial ans ed by he e osion o he su ounding elie . Si e 21JE70 is loca ed a he Rancho A iba basin sou he n bound. The basin exhibi s an ENE‐WSW elonga ed ec angula shape con olled by a sou he n ac i e mas e aul (Figu e 5). Faul ‐slip measu emen s on ho nblende‐ bea ing onali ies o he A oyo Caña ba holi h de ine wo con as ing subse s (Figu es 13 and 14): oblique e e se o s ike‐slip ec o s in NE o ENE‐s iking aul s; and oblique no mal slip ec o s in conjuga e ENE and WSW‐ s iking high‐angle aul s. The i s se co esponds o a s ike‐slip s ess egime D2 wi h a N022°E ending σ 1 and he second se es ablishes a nea pu e ex ensional s ess egime D3 cha ac e ized by a N023°E ending σ 3 , ela ed o he o ma ion o he basin. Obse a ions ca ied ou in he olcanic ocks o he Ti eo G oup a si es 21JE72 and Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 25 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Table 2 Cha ac e is ics o he Main Seismo ec onic S uc u es in Sou he n Cen al Hispaniola Code Faul /segmen name De o ma ion mechanism Maximum es ima ed magni ude (M w ) Majo known ea hquake and magni ude (M w ) Es ima ed displacemen a e a Leng h b Azimu h and dip o aul zone b Wid h o aul zone b (km) S‐OBFZ Sou he n Ocoa‐ Bonao‐La Guaca a Faul Zone Righ ‐la e al s ike‐slip M max 6,5 (±0,5) Unknown 0.4 (±0.2) mm/y 60 (±10) km N010°E o N030° E, sub e ical dip 10 ±5 C‐OBFZ Cen al Ocoa‐ Bonao‐La Guaca a Faul Zone Oblique e e se M max 6,5 (±0,5) Unknown 0.4 (±0.2) mm/y 50 (±10) km N160°E o N010° E, sub e ical dip o 40° (±15) W 10 ±5 W‐OBFZ Wes e n Ocoa‐ Bonao‐La Guaca a Faul Zone Le ‐la e al oblique e e se o s ike‐slip M max 6,0 (±1,0) 1562 ea hquake? 0.2 (±0.1) mm/y 90–120 km N100°E o N150° E, 45° (±15) SW o sub e ical dip 5±2 S‐HFZ Sou he n Hispaniola Faul Zone Righ ‐la e al s ike‐slip? M max 7.1 (±0.3) Unknown <0.2 mm/y 50–70 km N140°E (±15), sub e ical dip 10 ±5 E‐MAFZ Eas e n Sie a de Neiba‐ Ma heux h us Le ‐la e al oblique e e se o h us M max 5.8 (±0.3) 1942 (M w 5.8) 0.2 mm/y segmen s o 30 (±5) km N120°S (±15), 65° (±10) N 15 ±5 S‐JPFZ Sou he n San Juan—Pozos Faul Zone Le ‐la e al oblique e e se o h us M max 6.5 (±0.5) 1911 (M w 6.7) 1.5 (±1.5) mm/y >250 km, including segmen s and imb ica ions N130°E (±15), 45° (±15) NE 7±5 BAFZ Baho uco Faul Zone o Ba ahona Th us Re e se M max 7.0 (±0.6) 1963, M w 5.7; FD 9 km 0.2 mm/y 50–85 km, including segmen s and imb ica ions N100°E (±15), 50° (±15) S 7±5 E‐EPGFZ Eas e n En iquillo‐ Plan ain Ga den Faul Zone Le ‐la e al s ike‐slip o oblique e e se M max 7.3 (±0.3) 1751 (M w 7.5)?, 2010 (M w 7.0) 8.3 (±2.0) mm/y 80 (±10) km N080°E (±10), sub e ical dip 10 ±5 N‐BRFZ No he n Bea a Ridge Faul Zone Le ‐la e al s ike‐slip o e e se M max 6.5 (±0.1), eco ded: 4.3 (12/09/ 2005) and 4.1 (12/10/ 2013) 1751 (M w 7.5–8.0)?, 1691? 0.2 mm/y , p obably 60 (±5) km N040°E (±10), sub e ical dip 10 ±5 C‐BRFZ Cen al Bea a Ridge Faul Zone Le ‐la e al s ike‐slip o no mal dip‐slip M max 6.5 (±0.1), eco ded: 4.3 (12/09/ 2005) and 4.1 (12/10/ 2013) 1751 (M w 7.5–8.0)?, 1691? 0.2 mm/y , p obably 100 (±5) km N030°E (±10), 70° (±15) E o sub e ical dip 10 ±5 W‐MT Wes e n Mue os T ough Re e se o oblique e e se M max 7.5 (±0.5) 1673 (M w 7.3)?; 1691 (M w 7.7)?; 1751 (M w 7.5–8.0)? 6.2 (±1.0) mm/y 170 km N100°E (±5), 12° (±5) no hwa d dip 20 ±15 W‐DEEP‐ MT Wes e n Mue os T ough, deep pa Re e se o oblique e e se M max 7.5 (±0.5) 1673 (M w 7.3)?; 1691 (M w 7.7)?; 1751 (M w 7.5–8.0)? 6.2 (±1.0) mm/y 170 km N100°E (±5), 40° (±5) no hwa d dip 20 ±15 O‐MT Mue os T ough, Ocoa Bay pa Re e se o oblique e e se M max 7.5 (±0.5) 1751 (M w 7.5–8.0)? 6.2 (±1.0) mm/y 40 km N135°E (±5), 15° (±5) no hwa d dip 20 ±15 a De i ed om geological mapping (SYSMIN P ojec , 2010; Escude ‐Vi ue e, 2022; his wo k), geode ic GPS measu emen s (Calais e al., 2002; Manake e al., 2008) and empi ical ela ionships (e.g., Wells & Coppe smi h, 1994). b De i ed om geological mapping (Be il e al., 2015; Escude ‐Vi ue e, 2022; Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2023; SYSMIN P ojec , 2010; Te ie ‐Sedan & Be il, 2021; his wo k). Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 32 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Ridge in high‐ esolu ion ba hyme ic swa h maps o he Ca ibbean‐Hispaniola pla e bounda y egion and in seismic e lec ion p o iles ac oss he Mue os T ench (e.g., G anja B uña e al., 2014), oge he wi h he p oposed loca ion o he Azua ea hquake in ensi y cen e in he Ocoa Bay (Bakun e al., 2012), sugges ha his M w =7.5 e en may ha e esul ed om he up u e o a idge aspe i y in he subduc ion and can he e o e be epea ed in he u u e. 6.4. De ini ion o Seismo ec onic S uc u es in Sou he n Cen al Hispaniola The cha ac e iza ion o seismo ec onic s uc u es has been p e iously ca ied ou in some sec o s o Hispaniola Island (Be il e al., 2015; Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2020; F ankel e al., 2011; Te ie ‐Sedan & Be il, 2021). Used c i e ia in he de ini ion we e: geodynamic si ua ion; geological, s a ig aphic and/o ec onic e idence o ecen ac i i y; kinema ic ype o aul and a e o displacemen ; and associa ed his o ical and/o ins umen al seismici y. The de ini ion o hese la ge‐scale ac i e s uc u es is c i ical since i allows o es ablishing seismo ec onic zona ion models o he a ea unde conside a ion, which is undamen al o he quan i a i e seismic haza d assessmen . Howe e , his app oach equi es upda ing he in en o y o ac i e s uc u es as ec onic and seis- mological knowledge inc eases. The p e ious wo ks and he new da a p esen ed in his wo k allow upda ing he main seismo ec onic aul zones s uc u es in sou he n cen al Hispaniola, including i s adjacen o sho e sec o . They a e: San Juan‐Pozos (Mann, D ape , & Lewis, 1991); Ma heux‐Sie a de Neiba (MAFZ, He náiz‐Hue a e al., 2007a,2007b); Baho uco (BAFZ o Ba ahona Th us ; Rod íguez e al., 2018); Bea a Ridge (Mau e & Le oy, 1999); MT (G anja B uña e al., 2009,2014); Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guaca a (Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2023; Pé ez‐Es aún e al., 2007); and p obably he eas e n end o he En iquillo‐Plan ain Ga den (EPGFZ; Mann e al., 1995). The a ibu e compila ion o hese seismo ec onic s uc u es is ou lined in Table 2, including he aul o segmen name, de o ma ion mechanism, es ima ed maximum magni ude (M w ), known bigges ea hquake (magni ude in M w ), es ima ed displacemen a e, leng h, s ike and dip, and wid h o he aul zone. Following Be il e al. (2015), he maximum magni ude o up u e o each aul /segmen was es ima ed using he majo eco ded his o ical ea hquake (Te ie ‐Sedan & Be il, 2021), o i s geome ic pa ame e s (e.g., Wells & Coppe - smi h, 1994), aking in o accoun i s deg ee o unce ain y. Displacemen a es o each seismogenic s uc u e we e de i ed om geological mapping (Escude ‐Vi ue e, 2022; Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2023; SYSMIN P ojec ; his wo k), geode ic GPS measu emen s (Calais e al., 2002; Manake e al., 2008), o calcula ed in he p esen s udy h ough empi ical ela ionships (e.g., Wells & Coppe smi h, 1994). F om his in o ma ion, a simpli ied seismo ec onic model was buil ha conside s wo ypes o seismic sou ces: subduc ion and s ike‐slip aul zones in which he seismici y o g ea e magni ude is concen a ed; and supe - icial/uppe c us al a eas loca ed be ween hem whe e he seismici y is o mode a e o low magni ude and is mo e homogeneously dis ibu ed. This seismo ec onic model is he s a ing poin o he seismic haza d assessmen in sou he n cen al Hispaniola p esen ed below. 6.5. Seismic Haza d Assessmen in Sou he n Cen al Hispaniola The seismic haza d assessmen ca ied ou in his wo k ollows a p obabilis ic app oach. Following he Co nell‐ McGui e me hodology, he R‐CRISIS calcula ion code (O daz e al., 2014) builds a p obabilis ic model ha akes in o accoun he spa ial dis ibu ion o seismogenic sou ces, he occu ence and magni ude o ea hquakes in ime, and he a enua ion cha ac e is ics o he s ong mo ion in he g ound. Thus, he R‐CRISIS code compu es he seismic haza d in e ms o he p obabili y o exceeding a PGA alue o a speci ic si e in a gi en pe iod. Fo he seismic haza d assessmen in sou he n Cen al Hispaniola, he p e iously desc ibed seismo ec onic zona ion model composed o subduc ion zones, main s ike‐slip aul zones and di use seismogenic zones loca ed be ween hem, was geome ically buil as simpli ied 3‐D polygonal su aces o speci ic wid h. In hese seismic sou ces, ea hquakes can occu a any poin o he sou ce wi h equal p obabili y (O daz e al., 2014). Func ions selec ed o desc ibe he a enua ion o he g ound mo ion accele a ion wi h dis ance om he sou ce a e he same as hose used by F ankel e al. (2011) and Beni o e al. (2012) o e alua e he seismic haza d in Hai i a e he 12 Oc obe 2010 ea hquake. Pa ame e s used o es ablish he seismic ac i i y o each sou ce and hei unce ain ies a e included in Escude ‐Vi ue e e al. (2020). The haza d analysis pe o med in his wo k did no ake in o accoun possible ampli ica ions o he seismic pa ame e s by si e e ec s. Seismic haza d was compu ed in a ec angula Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 33 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License poin g id, amed by he coo dina es: 17.960° and 18.835°N o la i ude; −70.175° and −71.250°W o longi ude (WGS‐84 p ojec ion sys em), wi h a poin spacing o 0.025° in bo h di ec ions. Resul s we e con e ed in a con inuous su ace using an in e se dis ance squa ed weigh ed in e pola ion algo i hm. Figu e 17 includes he esul s o he seismic haza d assessmen in sou he n cen al Hispaniola, exp essed as PGA in e als ( alues in cm/s 2 ) and o a e u n pe iod o 475 yea s (i.e., o a p obabili y o exceedance o 10% in 50 yea s). Modeled minimum and maximum PGA alues a e 86 and 857 cm/s 2 , espec i ely, wi h a mean (and s anda d de ia ion) o 386.7 (148.0). The e o e, he egional seismic haza d alues ange om low o e y high. PGA zoning de ines an elonga ed pa e n sub‐pa allel o he main aul zones. Seismic haza d is highe in he Ocoa Bay, along he San José de Ocoa alley in he sou he n Co dille a Cen al, and in he opog aphic ansi ion be ween he no he n Co dille a Cen al and he eas e n Cibao Valley. I dec eases owa d he NW and SE egions. Figu e 17. Resul o he p obabilis ic seismic haza d modeling in sou he n cen al Hispaniola, as well as adjacen o sho e sec o s o he Ocoa Bay, exp essed as iso‐peak g ound accele a ion zones (in cm/s 2 ) o a e u n pe iod o 475 yea s (i.e., an exceedance p obabili y o 10% in 50 yea s). The modelled a ea is he same o Figu e 3and amed by a discon inuous ed box in Figu e 2. Figu e also includes he ace o he main seismogenic s uc u es desc ibed in Table 2. MDT. Shaded elie and ac onyms as in Figu e 3. See ex o explana ion. Geochemis y, Geophysics, Geosys ems 10.1029/2023GC011003 ESCUDER‐VIRUETE ET AL. 34 o 39 15252027, 2024, 2, Downloaded om h ps://agupubs.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GC011003 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License This seismic haza d zoning con as s wi h he p e iously p oposed by F ankel e al. (2011), Beni o e al. (2012), and Be il e al. (2010,2015), which did no ake in o accoun all he seismic sou ces included in he p esen wo k, pa icula ly he Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guáca a aul zone. Wi h his seismo ec onic model, he highes PGA alues (>600 cm/s 2 ) a e associa ed wi h he N‐BRFZ, O‐OBFZ and C‐OBFZ segmen s. B anches o he S‐OBFZ segmen se in e media e o high alues (500–650 cm/s 2 ). The C‐OBFZ segmen also has associa ed high PGA alues (>650 cm/s 2 ), which dec ease o in e media e and low alues wes wa d along he W‐OBFZ segmen (250–450 cm/s 2 ). The supe icial ace o he O‐MT segmen o he MT also has associa ed high PGA alues (600 cm/s 2 ), which ex end in o dep h ollowing he subduc ion in e ace. The BAFZ has associa ed in e media e PGA alues in i s connec ion o he BRFZ, which also dec ease wes wa d. The S‐JPFZ p esen s high PGA alues a i s SE end (500–700 cm/s 2 ), whe e i is displaced by he N‐BRFZ, dec easing owa d he NW. The HFZ has also been included in he modeling, gi ing ise o in e media e alues o he PGA ha become high in i s cen al segmen . The E‐EPGFZ segmen also has associa ed in e media e o low PGA alues (400–500 cm/s 2 ). In summa y, he highes PGA alues in sou he n cen al Hispaniola a e associa ed wi h N‐BRFZ, O‐OBGFZ and A‐MT segmen s, whose aces ame a iangula zone cen e ed on Ocoa Bay whe e he seismic haza d is e y high. As desc ibed, his sec o includes he in ensi y cen e es ima ed o he 1751 Azua ea hquake (M w 7.5), which acco ding o some his o ical accoun s ga e ise o a sunami in he bay. Fo Bakun e al. (2012), his e en could be p oduced by he En iquilo‐Pla ain Ga den aul zone o , as an al e na i e sou ce, he Mue os de o - ma ion bel . The esul s o he PGA modeling ule ou he EPGFZ as a sou ce and indica e ha he BRFZ, he O‐ MT and, less likely, he O‐OBFZ, could ha e gene a ed his ea hquake. His o ical eco ds indica e ha he g ea es e ec s o he 1615, 1684, 1691 and 1911 ea hquakes (M w om 6.0 o 7.5) we e in he sou he n sec o o he Cen al Co dille a. Howe e , he de e mina ion o i s seismic sou ce could no be con iden ly es ablished wi h he a ailable da a, since hese s ong ea hquakes did no p oduce known su ace up u es. Fu u e neo ec onic and paleoseismological s udies, oge he wi h he seismic haza d modeling, may shed ligh on he ac i e aul zones ha gene a ed la ge ea hquakes in he egion and he e o e allow upda ing he spa ial dis ibu ion o he seismic haza d. 7. Conclusions The cha ac e iza ion o ac i e ec onics and he main seismo ec onic aul s in sou he n cen al Hispaniola was de eloped om ec onic and geomo phologic ield obse a ions, he egional g a ime ic and magne ic da a in e p e a ion, and he in e sion o aul ‐slip da a. The main conclusions o his wo k a e: 1. A ela i ely cons an NE‐di ec ed sho ening con olled he geome y and kinema ics o main ac i e aul s in cen al sou he n Hispaniola, as well as he e olu ion o he Qua e na y s ess egime. 2. Qua e na y s ess egime e olu ion includes a comp essional D1 e en , which ga e ise o he la ge‐scale old and h us s uc u e in he Co dille a Cen al, PB, Sie a Ma ín Ga cía and San Juan‐Azua basin. 3. D1 was ollowed by a s ike‐slip D2 s ess egime, pa i ioned in o he N‐S o NE‐SW ans e se Ocoa‐Bonao‐ La Guáca a and Bea a Ridge aul zones, which a e ela ed o inden a ion o he Bea a Ridge in sou he n Hispaniola om he Ea ly o Middle Pleis ocene and con inues oday. 4. D2 was coe al by a mo e he e ogeneous and geog aphically localized D3 ex ensional de o ma ion. 5. Se e al seismo ec onic aul zones di ide he egion in o a se o simpli ied seismogenic zones. 6. Modeled highes PGA alues es ablish a e y high seismic haza d. in he Ocoa Bay. Da a A ailabili y S a emen The da a o his pape a e con ained in he ex , igu es, and he Suppo ing In o ma ion, and can also be ound in he da a eposi o y DIGITAL.CSIC, which is he ins i u ional eposi o y o he Spanish Na ional Resea ch Council (Escude ‐Vi ue e e al., 2024,h ps://doi.o g/10.20350/digi alCSIC/16112). Re e ences Alonso, J. L., Ma cos, A., Villa, E., Suá ez, A., Me ino‐Tomé, O. A., & Fe nández, L. P. (2014). 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