Building in the city. From archaeological markers to the historical reconstruction of the worksite. Some examples from medieval Rome

Rodis. Journal of Medieval and Post‑Medieval Archaeology ‑ 02 © Material editorial i organització / Editorial material and organization: Universitat de Girona, Càtedra Roses d’Arqueologia i Patrimoni Arqueològic © Continguts i figures / Content and figures: els autors / the authors Equip editorial, objectius de la revista i instruccions per als autors i política editorial / Editorial team, magazine objectives and instructions for authors and editorial policy: www.documentauniversitaria.media/rodis Contacte / Contact: Càtedra Roses d’Arqueologia i Patrimoni Arqueològic cat.rosesarqueologi[email protected] Universitat de Girona Plaça Ferrater Mora, 1 17071 Girona Tel. 972 45 82 90 ISSN: 2604‑6679 ÍNDEX / INDEX Presentació Presentation 7 Josep Burch DOSSIER INFRAESTRUCTURES PORTUÀRIES D’ÈPOCA MEDIEVAL I MODERNA A LA MEDITERRÀNIA OCCIDENTAL MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HARBOUR INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN La Torre de la Trinitat i la pesca de la tonyina (Roses, 1350-1550) Trinity Tower and tuna fishing (Roses, 1350-1550) 11 Marcel Pujol i Hamelink Els ports de Barcelona, Sant Feliu de Guíxols i Roses a la baixa edat mitjana: una comparativa The harbours of Barcelona, Sant Feliu de Guíxols and Roses in the late middle ages: a comparison 21 Marcel Pujol i Hamelink Strutture portuali, architetture e forme urbane medievali tra XI e XIV secolo. Lo spazio tirrenico toscano, la Sardegna, le isole Port structures, architecture and medieval urban forms between the 11th and 14th centuries. The tyrrhenian tuscan space, Sardinia, the islands 57 Marco Cadinu Evolució del front marítim de la zona portuària de Barcelona de la tardoantiguitat a l’edat moderna Evolution of the seafront of the port area of Barcelona from the late antiquity to the modern age 89 Santiago Riera Mora, Ramon Julià Brugués, Carme Miró Alaix VARIA Building in the city. From archaeological markers to the historical reconstruction of the worksite. Some examples from medieval Rome La costruzione della città. Dai marcatori archeologici alla ricostruzione storica dell’opera. Alcuni esempi di Roma medievale 113 Nicoletta Giannini BUILDING IN THE CITY. FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL MARKERS TO THE HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE WORKSITE. SOME EXAMPLES FROM MEDIEVAL ROME COSTRUIRE IN CITTÀ. DAGLI INDICATORI ARCHEOLOGICI ALLA RICOSTRUZIONE DEL CANTIERE. ALCUNI ESEMPI PER LA ROMA MEDIEVALE DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 Nicoletta Giannini Università di Roma Tor Vergata Codi Orcid: https: 0000-0003-2710-3192 Key words Architecture, Medieval Rome, Archaeology, Production Activities, Middle Ages Parole chiave Architettura, Roma medievale, Archeologia, Attività produttive, Medioevo Pages Received date Acceptance date 113-148 2019-10-17 2019-12-02 VARIA ISSN: 2604-6679 | 2019 Copyright © 2019 Universitat de Girona, Càtedra Roses d’Arqueologia i Patrimoni Arqueològic Abstract The present paper considers the topic of building cities. This is certainly a well-studied topic, but also a complex one because different factors are involved with regard to the economic, social and political context, often characterized by the appearance of new main characters. This complexity can be analyzed in many manners, including the one of the archaeology of production and building activities. Starting from the considerable amount of data in the database created between 2013 and 2014 for the project “archeologia della produzione a Roma” (Archaeology of production activities in Rome), the topic will be discussed from a point of view considered particularly interesting: the study of archaeological markers in building materials, and therefore, the study of all those production processes involved in construction activities. The research will demonstrate how the analysis of physical markers of building activities can record important tracks on different aspects of building, aspects of extreme interest for understanding the city. Sommario Il presente contributo vuole affrontare il tema della costruzione della città. Si tratta di un tema certamente classico, ma allo stesso tempo complesso, poiché in esso entrano in gioco diversi fattori che interessano l’economia, la società, la politica, caratterizzandosi spesso per l’irrompere sulla scena di nuovi protagonisti. Tale complessità può essere affrontata e analizzata da molteplici punti di vista, tra cui anche quelli inerenti all’archeologia della produzione e dell’edilizia. Prendendo spunto dalla mole di dati inseriti nel database realizzato tra il 2013 e il 2014, per il progetto “archeologia della produzione a Roma”, si affronterà il tema da un punto di vista che si ritiene particolarmente interessante, quello degli indicatori archeologici pertinenti i materiali da costruzione e quindi dal punto di vista di tutti quei processi produttivi coinvolti nelle costruzioni*. Si mostrerà come l’analisi degli indicatori materiali riguardanti le attività edilizie sia in grado di restituire tracce importanti su vari aspetti del costruire di estremo interesse per la comprensione del sistema città. This work was supported by the project Petrifying Wealth: “The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c.1050-1300.” This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n° 695515”). The images without bibliographic reference or author come from the data collected for the creation of the database published in Molinari, Santangeli Valenzani, Spera 2015. * Quanto si presenta prende le mosse da alcune lezioni tenute per il Corso di Archeologia Medievale dell’Università di Roma Tor Vergata, tenute nell’a.a. 2018-2019 riguardanti l’Archeologia della produzione, i materiali edilizi, le attività di cantiere e in generale tutte le attività edilizie che ruotano attorno alla costruzione di un edificio. In particolare le lezione prendendo ad esempio Roma, volevano mostrare agli studenti come è possibile studiare una città dal punto di vista degli indicatori archeologici che riguardano il costruire e quali potevano essere gli spunti della ricerca che uno studio così impostato poteva portare. Per la preparazione delle lezioni e di questo contributo si è attinto alla banca data del progetto “Archeologia della produzioni a Roma”, il cui database, progettato da scrive, è fruibile in un CD-Rom allegato al volume “Archeologia della Produzione a Roma“ a cura di A. Molinari, R.Santangeli Valenzani, L. Spera. BUILDING IN THE CITY. FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL MARKERS TO THE HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE WORKSITE. SOME EXAMPLES FROM MEDIEVAL ROME1 FOREWORD The construction of medieval cities is certainly a well-studied topic, but also a complex one because different factors are involved with regard to the economic, social and political context, often characterized by the appearance of new main characters. The transformations in a city are the result of complex changes, determined by focused choices made by secular and religious powers, sometimes by the euergetism of private citizens, with regard to several elements, such as the defence of the city, the addition of new political/administrative centres, and the Christianization of the city. For each one of these elements, however, an important role is played by the architecture and, therefore, the urban setting. The former constitutes an important marker of economic development, being the result of a series of production processes but also of an investment. About the latterthe urban settingbuildings often become a relevant point of urban referencethink, for instance, of churches, palaces and houses of rulersand this urban setting is also frequently the result of projects modifying and redesigning the city. In addition, by considering the places of building activity from a topographic point of view, these show relevant patterns in the urban development and in the choices made during the growth of the city. One more extremely interesting factor consists of all the information found on buildings “in negative”, if one may say so, that is, all the organized, or not, activities of demolition and recycling of building material, characterizing several parts of the city between the fifth and fifteenth centuries, that must necessarily be connected to the systematic reuse of ancient building material and can be actually seen in all the techniques adopted in Rome in the chronological period considered2 (Santangeli Valenzani 2015). 1 This study was a continuation of some of the lessons taught during the Course in Medieval Archaeology at Tor Vergata University in 2018/2019; the lessons regarded the Archaeology of production activities, building materials, construction site activities and in general all the activities related to the construction of a building. In particular, by adopting the city of Rome as an example, the teaching goal was to explain how it is possible to study a city through archaeological markers of construction activities and what kind of starting point for research this type of study approach could be. A database was used for the preparation of classes and also of this paper, created by the author of the present paper for the project “Archeologia della produzione a Roma” (archaeology of production activities in Rome) and free to consult on the CD attached to the volume “Archeologia della Produzione a Roma” edited by A. Molinari, R. Santangeli Valenzani, L. Spera. To this end I’ll only take into account archaeological markers of construction activities from archaeological excavations in order to endorse this point of view. 2 For Roman building techniques reusing ancient building material there is a wide bibliography available and only some major studies will be referenced: Avagnina et alli 1977; Barkley Loyd 1985; Esposito 1997; Cecchelli 2001; Meneghini Santangeli Valenzani 2004; Barelli et al. 2005. RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 Nicoletta Giannini 116 THE PROJECT “ARCHEOLOGIA DELLA PRODUZIONE A ROMA”: A DATABASE OF PRICELESS VALUE. The data considered in the present paper largely comes from a database created for the project “Archeologia della produzione a Roma”3 (Archaeology of Production Activities in Rome), a project started from the idea of an exhaustive analysis on production activities in Rome from the fifth to the fifteenth centuries4 (fig. 1). This analysis allowed, for the first time, including Rome within that complex debate on the archaeology of production activities and the different aspects of research that are connected to it. In order to obtain this goal, a thorough survey was conducted on all old and new archaeological data, often rich in information on production activities. This type of data had never been read from the point of view of a city system. The systematic collection of all this data was therefore started through bibliographic research and the consequent classification of all data found. The information was then inserted into the database and into a GIS system of the city of Rome and its closest suburban area, containing about 600 markers of production activities. This survey allowed then, and, as will be seen through this paper, still allows analyzing phenomena of production activities with better accuracy, quantifying them in the long-term and studying them in their context. The opportunity to also look at the topographic connotation, both in the short and long term, allows for considering the complexity, distribution and quantity of the different phenomena, all within the growth and development dynamics of the city between the fifth and the fifteenth centuries5. 3 Exceptions are the data on building techniques, on the Fosso della Marana, and on the brick furnaces outside of the Roman area. In order to help in the comparison with the information contained in the published database, each time the database sheet number will be stated (DB). 4 This project was started after the collaboration between the Universities of Tor Vergata and Roma Tre, supported also by several other organizations, such as the École française de Rome, the British School at Rome, the Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, the Museo Nazionale Romano, the Area Archeologica di Roma, and the Soprintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali. The project, coordinated by A. Molinari, R. Santangeli Valenzani, and L. Spera, was developed thanks to the presence of a mixed group of students and young researchers coming from the two universities and the Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, who contributed to the collection of data. They signed the single sheets forming the database under the coordination of C. Palombi, who then managed the implementation of the database. This database was designed by the person writing, who also developed the GIS software containing all the information collected. The results of this project were presented at the conference “L’archeologia della Produzione a Roma” in March 2014 and published in the volume A. Molinari, R. Santangeli Valenzani, L. Spera (edited by), L’archeologia della Produzione a Roma (secoli V-XV), Atti del convegno Internazionale di Studi, in Collection de l’ècole francaise de Rome, 11, Roma 2015. 5 The choice of analyzing on the long term the economy of Rome throughout its production activities allowed for identifying better the phases of change and transition, and the importance of social and institutional transformations for the evolution of economy itself. After all, the final goal of the research was the historical long-term reconstruction of the production processes of the city and of its miles IV-V suburbs, in order to better understand the interactions between urban and suburban areas. Figure 1. Cover of the volume created at the end of the project. RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 BUILDING IN THE CITY 117 THE DATABASE AND GIS OF BUILDING ACTIVITIES IN ROME: A STUDY APPROACH DEVELOPMENT AMONG TRENDS AND THE STATE OF THE FIELD In order to better understand the object of the present paper and the potential shown by this kind of research project, a short foreword is necessary on the software that was developed for the collection of data. To obtain this result the data was at first collected with the use of data sheets, which allowed quantifying the information then included in the database and the GIS (fig. 2). In particular, the sheets used included different predetermined fields and were based on a breakdown of the production cycle into phases. The database was made with the software Access, while the GIS with the desktop application QGIS (Molinari Gianni 2015). The database was developed through the elaboration of relational tables and masks to help the frontend for data filing. These were then georeferenced into shapefiles with specific datasets of information. Since, however, the transfer of data into a GIS software requires applying a specific methodology, the risk was scattering the complexity that characterizes the different production activities. Particular attention was therefore given to the transfer of data and to the critical issues brought by the published data. The smallest recording unit adopted was the marker of production activity, which becomes valid according to the three criteria formulated by Galinié in his work in 2000: locating, chronology, definition, all elements that according to the author rightly define the life of what he refers to as historical objects and that Lefevre identifies as Constituent Element (EC) (Galiniè 2000; Lefevre 2012, 65-82). In organizing data, both according to quantity and quality, the starting point was obviously to identify these conditions, always considering that the archaeology of production activities must not be really considered, at least not only, “from the Figure 2. The elements of the system RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 Nicoletta Giannini 124 In this period there was an increase of data regarding the manufacturing of lime, among which it is possible to find several permanent structures in use for a relatively long time. To these, many structures can be added, interpreted as temporary installations for specific restructuring needs, and some installations made for satisfying the building requirements of specific settlement centres. To the former category belong, besides the previously mentioned lime kiln in the Basilica Iulia, the furnaces found close to Figure 8. Via Vitorchiano, Spoliation activity. RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 BUILDING IN THE CITY 125 Hadrian’s curia27; the furnace of Piazza Venezia can instead be associated to the temporary structures, together with the structure in the area of the so called Bathhouse of Elagabalo28 at the north-east bottom of the Palatine Hill; these structures appear to be created to satisfy the building needs of the settlement nucleus developed around S. Maria Nova. If more is documented in the urban context, rarer are the data on the suburbs. It is in fact possible to connect only the lime kiln found in the villa of the Quintili29 and the one in 27 DB, context 50, markers 97-99. 28 DB context 145, markers 328-332; Traini 2013, 51-53. 29 DB context 275, markers 557-559. Figure 9. Distribution of production activity indicators for the viii-x centuries (graphic elaboration by N. Giannini). RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 Nicoletta Giannini 126 the atrium of the Sant’Elena Mausoleum along the Via Labicana30; in both cases these finds, even if sporadic, bear witness to a clear change in use of the residential complexes that, entirely or in part, were converted into places for production activities. A case of extreme interest is represented by what emerged from the excavations conducted in the area south of the basilica of S.Paolo f.l.m., which allowed identifying a very long-standing worksite activity dated between the first half of the eighth and the tenth-eleventh centuries, in relation to different building phases of the monastery31 (Filippi, Spera 2009, Spera 2011a, Spera 2011b; Spera, Esposito, Giorgi 2011, Appetecchia Palombi c.s.) (fig. 10, 11) . Among the several tracks found, the presence of mortar mixers is of great interest. A further example of this is documented inside a large continuously inhabited architectural complex, along via Sorelle Marchisio, close to via Trionfale32 (Brucchietti, Olmeda 2006; Santolini Giordani 2009, 621-629; Spera-Palombi 2015, 31, note 174) (fig. 12). Middle Ages (11-15th centuries) (fig.13). The picture that can be defined for this chronological period is certainly richer in evidence. For the eleventh century several lime kilns were found, especially in the area of the Roman Forum and in some portions of the Palatine Hill33, where spoliation pits were also 30 DB context 232. markers 501-502. 31 DB context 188, markers 395-396; context 313, marker 625. 32 DB context 225, marker 493; 33 DB context 60, markers 118-20; context 146, marker 333. Figure 10. Construction site activities found during excavations at S. Paolo f.l.m. RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 BUILDING IN THE CITY 127 Figure 11. Construction site activity in Via Trionfale, complex in via Sorelle Marchisio. Figure 12. Excavations of S.Paolo f.l.m.: pit for mixing lime with fillers for the realization of the mortar (viii century). RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 Nicoletta Giannini 128 Figure 13. Distribution of production activity indicators for the xi-xv centuries) (graphic elaboration by N. Giannini). Figure 14. Lime kilns found in S. Pasquale Baylon. RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 BUILDING IN THE CITY 129 associated; tracks tied to the presence of marmorarii workshops, however, are recorded in the Templum Pacis34 (Spera, Palombi 2015). Between the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries, in connection to the sudden growth of building activities recorded by written sources (Hubert 2000) and to what survived of secular buildings, one witnesses an exponential increase of markers of building activity, where the rise of permanent structures is symptomatic. The distribution analysis of markers concerning lime manufacturing highlights an almost detailed distribution in all the portions of the residential area35. Among the structures of greater interest, the ones formed by multiple furnaces stand out, a sign that the area was frequented and used for long term production activities organized into a well-structured worksite. Of extreme interest appears the structure of S. Pasquale Baylon, also located in an area, Trastevere, that saw in this same period a large settlement growth and where, besides permanent production structures, notable tracks of calcination activities have also been found, as well as intentional heaps of spolia, and storage areas (Porcari 2009, 93-129)36(fig. 14). From this time period numerous lime kilns are also found in the suburban area, almost always made within settlements and with the same characteristics as the urban ones. These are the cases of the Quintili villa37, the villa of Lucio Vero at mile V of the Via Cassia38, the so called Horti of Ovidio39, the small site of Acquatraversa40, and the domus Marmeniae on the Appian Way41. Besides the structures like these, occupying different residential spaces in an indistinct way, structures within funerary contexts were also found along main roads, such as in the sepulchre of the Servili, the architectural complex of S. Sebastiano, the necropolis of via Vitorchiano42 (fig. 15), or in religious buildings like the basilica of S. Stefano on the Via Latina, or of S. Paolo f.l.m43. Many of these structures were found together with heaps of spolia, adding to the hypothesis of existing spots for the collection of materials. At the same time, data suggests an intense spoliation activity, often in relation to the major monumental complexes such as the Coliseum44, the Baths of Caracalla45, the temple of Bellona46, the 34 DB, context 305, 616. 35 Lime kilns in the central area of the Roman Forum are documented in: the surroundings of the church of SS. Cosma e Damiano, Arch of Titus, the temples of the Castori, the temple of Antonino and Faustina, the temple of Venus and Rome; the area of the Coliseum, on the Celio Hill, in the Laterano area, the Palatino, Esquilino, Aventino Hills and in Campo Marzio (cfr. context 49, marker 96; context 52 marker 101; context 53, markers 102-103; context 54, marker 104; context 164, markers 360-361; context 166, marker 364; context 167, marker 365-3669; context 81, markers 172-174; context 106, markers 261-264; context 133, marker 312; context 134, marker 313; context 142, marker 323; context 146, marker 333; context 154, markers 337-338; context 161, marker 356; context 162, marker 357; context 165, markers 362-363; context 168, markers 367-368; context 169, marker 169, marker 369; context 170, marker 370; context 172, markers 373-375; context 173, markers 376377; context 174, markers 378-380; context 175, marker 381, context 178, marker 384; context 179, marker 385; context 180, marker 386; context 181, marker 387; context 183, marker 389; context 190, markers 399-400; context 262, marker 539; context 270, markers 548-549. 36 DB context 100, markers 240-245 37 DB context 276, markers 560-564. 38 DB context 222, markers 489-491. 39 DB context 40, markers 82-85; 40 Db context 223, markers 489-491. 41 Db, context 115, marker 280. 42 Db context 184, marker 390; context 127, markers 297-301; context 220, marker 480. 43 Db, context 39, marker 81, context 315, markers 628-630. 44 Db context 93, marker 222. 45 Db context 107, marker 265. 46 Db context 177, markers 383. RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 Nicoletta Giannini 130 Mausoleum of Augustus47, and the domus Tiberiana on the Palatine Hill48. Once more, tracks of brick production are almost completely missing, and are only ascribed to the one furnace found for this time period: the one of Piazza Cesarini (Giannini 2015, 82-89)49 (fig. 16). 47 Db context 172, markers 372-375. 48 Db context 121, marker 288. 49 Db context 286, marker 581. Figure 15. Limestone remains in via Vitorchiano, Via Flaminia. Figure 16. The furnace of Piazza Cesarini. RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 BUILDING IN THE CITY 131 The summaries presented, even if concise, allow for underlining from the fifthseventh centuries an ever increasing and more documented reuse of material, tied in many cases to reworking activities. This increase is obviously connected to the abandonment of many buildings and to the considerable changes of use that modified the urban setting and that often prove their conversion into small or medium-sized worksites. The changes in use often document the reuse of especially public buildings. On the one hand this highlights a certain privatization of public areas, and on the other, they recall, since Late Antiquity, the presence of a patron with a promotional function and controlling activities. One other element that emerged was the fact that sporadic structures are side by side with actual dismantling worksites, implying a considerable organization and programming of the same worksites. A large portion of data is, in fact, related to the recycling of the main building materials, as seen from the several tracks of dismantling and recovery, both in the urban and suburban contexts. These activities are perfectly in line with what was found both in secular and religious buildings, where the systematic reuse of selected, or not, building material occurs during the entire time period considered (5-15th centuries) (Meneghini-Santangeli Valenzani 2004; Esposito 1997, Cecchelli 2001). So, if on the one h and, buildings show the presence of reused material, on the other, many archaeological markers document dismantling and demolition activities which allowed the reuse of building materials. Among these, the largest amount of information comes from all the markers tied to the production of lime. The information in the database highlights how the majority of structures is concentrated in that monumental area of ancient Rome, underlining the close relationship between their presence and the consequent presence of material to calcinate (Santangeli Valenzani 2015, 336). If the impact of these activities on the conservation of ancient monuments was certainly remarkable, impressive was also their economic cost; in addition, especially the greatest dismantling, such as the one of the pavement of the Forum of Caesar removed in a single phase halfway through the eighth century, one can suggest an intervention tied to precise and important building operations, connected to a high level patronage (papal or of the ruling classes), since they took place in areas that were, at least to that moment, public. If the archaeological markers found do not provide detailed information on the forms of this reuse and on the person managing it, the adoption of this building material, especially in the early medieval period, still shows a clear use in religious and high-quality residential buildings. An evident example is in the opus quadratum technique called “Carolingian”, made with reused blocks that were reworked and often reduced in size (fig. 17, 18). This is a well-studied example, also considered by R. Santangeli Valenzani, which allows a clear reflection on the kind of access allowed to these dismantling worksites, given the kind of buildings where this technique is found; whoever had access could manage the worksite, and, most of all display of amounts of money to invest in these sites. In the light of this, the important role played by the church cannot be underestimated, which certainly acquired more managing and organizing independence between Late Antiquity and the early medieval period for the provision of building material, their RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 Nicoletta Giannini 132 Figure 17. S. Maritno ai Monti, detail of the early medieval opus quadratum. Figure 18. Houses of the Forum of Nerva. Detail of the early medieval opus quadratum. RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 BUILDING IN THE CITY 133 manufacturing, the management of worksites, and the summoning of specialized workforces50. It is possible to also add to these activities the management of monuments in the city, which determined in a certain way the consolidation of the pope’s political authority (Santangeli Valenzani 2015, 341). The situation in the following centuries appears different, because some data suggests a change in the managing of monuments, since the spoliation practice, still documented, seems to be more tied to private patrons than in the past, partly in connection to the privatization of public areas in many sections of the city since the ninth century51. Moving ahead in time, we cannot avoid associating the archaeological record to what is known about the development of the city. From the end of the eleventh century the city saw an economic and demographic recovery, intertwined with the birth of the communewith its significantly complex historyand with the transformations of papacy in this same period. These events put an end to that system of Adelpapsttum or Familiennpapsttum, that brought to the end within the city the identification of the papacy with the Roman aristocracy: the former became a distinct entity from the city and separated, at least in part, from the influence of the important aristocratic families. Therefore, from the second half of the eleventh century, a new urban aristocracy was born, with the establishment of new family groups that were untied from the papacy but also related to it differently (in economic or political ways or through patronage), in line with the economic development of the time; between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the establishment of the senatorial aristocracy will follow and also a further growth that will turn Rome into a mercantile city. In conjunction with the events summarized, Rome also saw its most intense urbanization, as documented by the many buildings from this period in several areas of the city. An interesting example in this context is the making of the Marana stream, completed by Pope Callixtus II in the first half of the twelfth century52 (fig. 19). This canal has already been described in other studies, consultable by the reader, but the present paper will focus only on the structures 50 Think, for instance, of the mortar mixers in S. Paolo f.l.m. or of the one found close to Via Trionfale, elements that suggest the use of specialized building workforces showing the same knowledge of techniques. 51 As shown by the surveys in the area of the Imperial Forums, in many nearby public spaces, orchards, vines and houses were installed. Cfr. Meneghini Santangeli Valenzani 2004. As already underlined by R. Santangeli Valenzani, the houses made in these sections were completely built in reused material and it is hard to hypothesize if they were granted to each owner to obtain the demolition of a monument, or part of it, to recover building material out of it. It is instead more plausible that these demolitions would happen because of the simple property right on the monuments or part of them, because they were inside the owned piece of land. Cfr.Santangeli Valenzani 2015, 341. 52 The “fosso dell’acqua Mariana” or “Marana” is certainly one of the most interesting canals of the Roman Campagna. Already mentioned in sources of the eleventh century as Acqua Crabra (Tab. Santa Maria Nova doc. VIII), it started from the springs in the Latin Valley between Colle Tuscolo and Colle Molara, continued north-west towards the Tuscolano-Artemisio enclosure, crossing the residential area of Grottaferrata and collecting also the springs from the “Acqua Julia”. From here it continued towards Valle Marciana under the abbey of S. Nilo and, across an itinerary now matching the stream of Tor Sapienza, joined the Aniene river in the area of Ponte Mammolo. The deviation, attributed to Pope Callixtus II, modified its itinerary in the area of the “villa dei Centroni” on the Via Anagnina, where, through the creating of a sluice, the waters of this river were channeled into the “fosso dell’acqua Mariana” and then towards the Laterano area. The stream, by reusing parts of an underground pipe of the Claudian aqueduct, reemerged on the surface in the area of Casalotto to cross the farms of Casale della Marana, Buon Ricovero, and Roma Vecchia. From here it proceeded to the current via del Mandrione and, siding the aqueduct, reached the Aurelian Walls in the surroundings of Porta Asinaria, where it touched both areas of Laterano and Celio, to then enter the city from Porta Metronia. Finally, in its last portion, it sided the area of S. Sisto Vecchio and of di S. Maria in Tempulo, crossed the Circus Maximus and ended in the river Tevere. RODIS - 02 | 2019 | ISSN: 2604-6679 | p. 113-148 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33115/a/26046679/2_5 Nicoletta Giannini 140 of furnaces in Rome, in its territory and in other areas of the Lazio region, such as Montecassino (Pantoni, 1953, 258). Here, research on the technology of production underlined the presence of specific production activities, which seem to correspond with practices typical of the Lombardian area (Giustini 2001,11). Another interesting example is the furnace found in archaeological excavations conducted in the domuscultae of Santa Cornelia, where its products and waste materials could be dated between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. The structure was put in relation to the production of roof materials for the church57. The exclusive presence in the walls of the ecclesiastic complex of reused “tufelli” and bricks support this interpretation, even if perhaps with the newly acquired information on the stratigraphy of the Roman brick buildings, an updated reading of data would be appropriate. The structure invites reflection on the relationship between places of production activities, patrons (ecclesiastic) and materials used. This connection between the production cycle and the ecclesiastic worksite, always in the surroundings of Rome, emerges also in the case of the brick furnace found in the square facing the castle of Julius II, referable to the creation of the episcope wanted by Pius II, inside the town of Ostia Antica, even if dated to the beginning of the fifteenth century (Broccoli 1983, 170-175; Giustini 2001, 13). Production activity is also documented here, comparable to the case mentioned, but also to other structures in the Lazio area. Let’s consider, for example, the furnace found in the area of La FontanacciaAllumiere, also in close connection with a religious patron and in the proximity of an area characterized by the presence of figlinae in the ancient Roman period58. It is definitely still a small number of known structures. However, these show an interesting situation for the chronological period between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, when, in the light of archaeological evidence, brick production appears to always be tied to ecclesiastic worksites of a certain relevance59; these also show how, next to a wide use of spolia material in the construction of religious buildings, rare examples of new production existed and started growing until they proliferated in the following centuries60 (Giannini 2015). 57 The furnace can be compared to the structure found in the church of SS. Giovanni e Reparata in Lucca and dated to the end of the twelfth century. Cfr. Quiros Castillo 2001, 35. It is interesting to remember that, in the light of what is presented in this paper, what the author says about its characteristics: Quiros Castillo underlines how the furnace was made of bricks of a particular module (26x 13x 5 m) and that these can be compared to the bricks used for the church aisles, confirming their creation for the construction of the building. 58 I also consider it appropriate to remind that the data on the section of the Appian Way including the domusculta Sulpiciana is still scarcely studied under this particular research field; for several production features this territory keeps on having a determining role in the evolution patterns of the city. In particular, regarding brick production, the find of a brick stamp of the figlinae Sulpicianae should be remembered, in the area of the Colle Savelli, a focal point of this territory for a long time. On other aspects of production in this zone where the relationship with Rome can be seen Giannini 2006 e ead 2013. For the Roman figlinae and the interest of Roman aristocracy in the economic management of these activities see Coarelli 2015. 59 The relationship between new brick production and worksites of religious patrons is also tied to the presence of a series of technological innovations compared to the Roman tradition, marking in a significant way the study approaches, not only in the archaeology of production activities, but also in the construction of the city. 60 In the light of the context described, it appears suitable to also remind about the structure excavated in 1996 in the site of Rossilli along the Via Latina. The structure found dates back to the 13-14th centuries, and stratigraphic data highlighted an abandonment of the structure already at the end of the fourteenth century. See on this Giustini 2001, 13. 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