Sustainable Living in Finland : Combating Climate Change in Everyday Life

sus ainabili y A icle Sus ainable Li ing in Finland: Comba ing Clima e Change in E e yday Li e A o O. Salonen 1,*, Jani Sii ilä 2and Mikko Val onen 3 1R&D Depa men , Me opolia Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, 00079 Helsinki, Finland 2Facul y o Educa ional Sciences, Uni e si y o Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; [email p o ec ed] 3Facul y o Educa ion, Uni e si y o Tampe e, 33014 Tampe e, Finland; [email p o ec ed] *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +358-40-334-5993 Recei ed: 12 Decembe 2017; Accep ed: 2 Janua y 2018; Published: 4 Janua y 2018 Abs ac : Finland aims o be a ca bon-neu al socie y by he yea 2050. We a e in e es ed o know on a gene al le el how sus ainable li ing ma e ializes among Finnish people, wha is he s uc u e o a sus ainable li es yle in Finland and how do people eason abou hei e e yday beha io choices in he con ex o sus ainabili y in o de o comba clima e change. The da a (n= 2052) we e collec ed by ques ionnai e in Ap il 2017. They we e co ec ed by sex, age and esiden ial a ea o be ep esen a i e o he popula ion o Finland (18–79 yea s old). We applied mixed me hods. A p incipal axis ac o ing was conduc ed on he 32 a iables wi h o hogonal o a ion ( a imax). Six ac o s explained 65.2% o he a iance. The esponden s we e also able o w i e why hey conside ed he speci ic a iable o be impo an o hem. We classi ied 2811 easonings. Acco ding o ou esul s, Finns ha e become conscious o clima e change, bu ca bon educ ion has no become mains eam in hei e e yday li e. Ci cula ion and p e en ing loss o ma e ials show a p omising s a o a Finn’s sus ainable way o li ing. Recycling has been au oma ed so ha i is pa o a Finn’s e e yday ou ine and habi s. Finns also a o domes ic ood and p oduc s. They a e in e es ed in he o igin o ma e ials. Essen ial easons o ha a e suppo ing he local economy and ensu ing a good employmen a e o he s a e. Sma , ca bon- ee mobili y is a challenge. Finns seem o es ima e ha hei pe sonal ca use is al eady a he p ope le el. On he o he hand, e en one i h epo ed conside a ion o en i onmen al e ec s when planning holidays. Keywo ds: sus ainable li ing; sus ainable li es yle; clima e change; beha io al change; social change 1. In oduc ion The in luences on Ea h by mankind ha e become s onge in he las ew cen u ies. Humans a e mo ing u he om sus ainabili y han e e be o e in his o y [ 1 , 2 ]. Abou 74% o he obse ed global wa ming is due o human ac i i y [ 3 ]. Thus, human-incu ed changes occu mo e quickly han do na u al plane a y changes. Due o his shi , a new geological e a has s a ed [ 4 ]. The e a o he An h opocene is based on he e ec ha is caused oge he wi h popula ion g ow h and mains eaming mass consump ion [ 5 ]. Sus ainable li ing is an impe a i e in he e a o he An h opocene because he powe o humans is now s onge han e e . E e y ex ensi e challenge o he u u e has ecological and social backg ounds. All ma e ials needed by humankind a e aken om na u e and e u ned o na u e [ 6 ]. You li e and mine a e ully dependen on he biosphe e: clean ai , esh wa e and ood [ 7 ]. Hence, he e is a hie a chy ha s a es ha humans canno exis wi hou na u e, and wi hou a socie y, he e canno be economy [8,9]. In he e a o he An h opocene, clima e change is he g ea es h ea o mankind [ 10 – 14 ]. Wa ming con inued in 2016, se ing a new empe a u e eco d app oxima ely 1.1 ◦ C abo e he p e-indus ial pe iod and 0.06 ◦ C abo e he p e ious highes alue se in 2015. Ca bon dioxide (CO 2 ) eached new highs a 400.0 ± 0.1 ppm in he a mosphe e a he end o 2015. The ex en o global sea-ice d opped Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104; doi:10.3390/su10010104 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104 2 o 16 mo e han 4 million km 2 below a e age. Globally-a e aged su ace mole ac ions o CO 2 , me hane (CH4) and ni ous oxide (N 2 O) eached new highs in 2015, wi h CO 2 a 400.0 ± 0.1 ppm, CH4 a 1 845 ± 2 pa s pe billion (ppb) and N 2 O a 328.0 ± 0.1 ppb. These alues cons i u e, espec i ely, 144%, 256% and 121% o p e-indus ial (be o e 1750) le els [ 15 ]. The global land and ocean empe a u e o Sep embe 2017 was 0.78 ◦ C highe han he 20 h cen u y a e age o 15.0 ◦ C. This was he ou h highes Sep embe empe a u e on eco d o he globe since eco ds began in 1880. The 10 wa mes Sep embe s ha e occu ed du ing he 21s Cen u y, speci ically since 2003 [16]. Fi een housand h ee hund ed six y ou scien is s om 184 coun ies a gue ha he educ ion o ca bon emissions is needed apidly o p o ec young people, u u e gene a ions and na u e [ 17 ]. T ans o ming li es yles and socie ies is no easy. Howe e , he e a e many p omising examples o good p og ess in ou his o y, such as longe li e spans and dec easing mo ali y in unde - i e-yea -old child en. I is also e iden ha basic educa ion is now a ailable in almos e e y coun y [ 18 , 19 ]. In 2002, he Uni ed Na ions summi on sus ainable de elopmen s a ed he ema kable ecological and social disad an ages o lead in gasoline in Sub-Saha an A ica. Oil companies ook up he gaun le . In ou yea s, leaded gasoline disappea ed om he ma ke [ 20 ]. A success ul and p omising example o human powe is also pu ing an end o ozone deple ion. In 1985, he wo ld ook he i s signi ican s ep in Vienna. A common h ea o all li e on Ea h was ecognized, and he necessa y s eps o p e en ion we e aken s aigh away. Cu en ly, ozone deple ion is no a h ea o li e on Ea h [ 21 ]. Fou decisi e s eps a e ypical o sys emic changes in socie ies: (a) scien i ic consensus o he h ea , (b) enligh ening people abou he h ea , (c) de eloping al e na i e echnological solu ions and (d) e ec i e in e na ional coope a ion [22]. Se e al s udies show ha mos people espond posi i ely, bu passi ely, o he inc easing need o a sus ainable way o li ing in hei e e yday li es [ 23 – 26 ]. In Finland, he s anda d way o li e oday is a om sus ainable. I e e yone on Ea h consumed like he a e age Finnish ci izen, ou Ea hs would be needed in o de o ul il humans’ ma e ial needs. The a e age ca bon oo p in in a Finnish household is 10 onnes o CO 2 . The sus ainable ca bon oo p in is less han 2.5 onnes [ 27 , 28 ]. Housing accoun s o 30% ( h ee onnes), consump ion and was e o 31% (3.1 onnes), anspo a ion and mobili y o 21% (2.1 onnes) and ood o 17% (1.7 onnes) [ 29 ]. Finland has he highes ecological oo p in o he No dic coun ies ( o al global hec a es pe capi a 6.7) [ 30 ], and he ca bon dioxide emissions o Finnish consump ion a e he nin h highes in he wo ld [31]. I is p omising ha he majo i y o 15–29-yea -old Finnish people (78%) exp ess he opinion ha hey would ac p o-en i onmen ally e en when o he s do no [ 32 ]. Se en y wo pe cen ag ees ha s i ing o con inuous economic g ow h will ul ima ely lead o he des uc ion o na u e and human li e [ 33 ]. Howe e , Finns sha e he wo ldwide p oblem o being “unmo ed”: he majo i y acknowledge ha clima e change is a se ious p oblem caused by humans, bu s ill pe sonally con inue o o e consume [34]. Thus, i seems ha adical beha io al changes a e equi ed. The pu pose o his wo k is o esea ch sus ainable li ing in a Finn’s e e yday li e. We analyze sus ainable li ing in he con ex o minimizing di ec and indi ec in luences on clima e change. We a e no in e es ed in knowing he a i udes o alues o ci izens, bu he eal implemen a ion o sus ainabili y in daily li e. Wha we do is ocus on he Finnish popula ion in a holis ic way, ha is wi hou demog aphics. Ou speci ic esea ch ques ions a e (a) How does sus ainable li ing ma e ialize among Finnish people? (b) Wha is he gene al s uc u e o a sus ainable li es yle in Finland? (c) How do people a gue hei e e yday beha io choices and decisions in he con ex o sus ainabili y? 2. Ca ego ies o Sus ainable Li ing The ea u es o a sus ainable and desi able u u e can be ela i ely simila despi e people’s age, educa ion, oca ion o cul u al backg ound. Mos people in he wo ld hink ha , o ins ance, inc easing conges ion is no he igh cou se o de elopmen , bu ins ead inc easing heal hy yea s o li e is an example o a desi able u u e we wan o ha e. Typically, long li e expec ancy is linked wi h Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104 3 o 16 well-being. A challenge is, howe e , ha people end o o e es ima e he li e sa is ac ion hey de i e om money and ma e ial possessions. They also unde es ima e he bene i s om mo e ime spen wi h amily and iends [ 18 ]. Thus, a long, heal hy and happy li e is achie able in socie ies whe e he ca bon dioxide equi alen is ema kably small compa ed o he a luen socie ies [ 35 ]. The main challenge is he e: achie ing any gi en global empe a u e s abiliza ion equi es e en s eepe g eenhouse gas emission educ ions han p e iously calcula ed [36]. Typically, ou main ca ego ies o ansi ioning o a sus ainable socie y can be iden i ied. The ca ego ies a e: sus ainable ood and ag icul u e, sus ainable housing and ene gy, sus ainable consump ion and sus ainable mobili y [37]. Sus ainable ood and ag icul u e: Food p oduc ion and consump ion a e he mos impo an con ibu o s o global wa ming in Eu ope. The sha e is g ea e han he clima e change e ec caused by housing and anspo [ 38 , 39 ]. In Finland, ood choices cons i u e one six h o he a e age Finnish ca bon oo p in [29]. Globally, li es ock accoun s o up o 18% o he global wa ming e ec [ 40 ]. C ops a e mos ly used o animal eed ins ead o eeding humans [ 41 ]. Bee is es ima ed o be en- imes mo e ca bon in ensi e han ish and h ee- imes mo e han po k o chicken [ 27 , 42 ]. A s anda d mea -based die in Finland p oduces 1.5 onnes o CO 2 , a ege a ian die 0.9 onnes and a egan die 0.5 onnes. A high mea die is es ima ed o be ou - imes mo e emission in ensi e han a egan die [29]. In Finland, a egan die would educe ag icul u al emissions by 48% and o e all ood sys em emissions by 34% compa ed o he a e age Finnish die [ 43 ]. Howe e , mea consump ion has inc eased by 24% be ween 1966 and 2006 in Finland. A he same ime, milk consump ion has hal ed, and ca bon-in ensi e cheese consump ion has mo e han ipled (+348%) [ 44 ]. As a esul o educing he ac ion o animal-sou ced oods in human die s, dual ecological and heal h bene i s can be eached [ 45 ]. The e a e p omising signs o a change in ecological consume beha io . The ma ke in o ganic ag icul u al p oduc s g ew in Finland by a ound 24% in 2012 [ 46 ]. A ansi ion o socially- ai e p oduc ion and consump ion habi s is indica ed by he ac ha in 2012, ai ade g ew globally by 21% and in Finland by 48%. In Swi ze land, he ma ke sha e o ai ade bananas has been 55–60% in ecen yea s [47]. Globally, 30–50% o all ood p oduced ends up as ood was e [ 48 ]. A oiding ood was e has a mul iple imes mo e signi ican e ec on emissions han a oiding ood packaging [ 27 ]. An a e age Finn p oduces 23 kg o ood was e pe yea [49]. Sus ainable housing and ene gy: Housing and ene gy cons i u e nea ly a hi d o he a e age Finnish ca bon oo p in . The majo i y (75%) o hese emissions accoun s o hea ing ene gy, o which one hi d is used o wa e hea ing [ 29 ]. Hea ed li ing a ea has g ea ly inc eased because he a e age li ing space pe pe son has mo e han doubled (+113%) be ween 1970 and 2016 [ 50 ]. On he o he hand, he ene gy use o household ligh ing in Finland dec eased by almos a hi d (30%) be ween 2010 and 2015. The ene gy use by household appliances has also dec eased by 13% [ 51 ]. The g ow h in he clean ech sec o , which ocuses on ene gy and ma e ial e iciency, was app oxima ely 30% in 2013 [ 52 ]. Un o una ely, ene gy upg ades may cause a ebound e ec : an es ima ed 5–15% o emissions sa ed by ene gy e iciency imp o emen s a e spen elsewhe e, causing ca bon emissions [53]. Sus ainable consump ion: Consump ion o goods and se ices including was e managemen is esponsible o a hi d (31%) o he a e age Finnish ca bon oo p in . An a e age Finn p oduces 330 kg o household was e pe yea [ 29 ]. The ecycle a e o household was e is 41%; his is below he a e age le el (45%) in he EU [ 54 ]. S ill, ecycling is among he i s examples o a sus ainable li es yle in Finland. In 2006, one in h ee Finnish households so ed ca dboa d packaging, bu in 2012, 61% o households made e o s o ensu e ha ca dboa d packaging could be ecycled [55]. In he con ex o clima e change, howe e , he e ec o ecycling is a he small, only 2% [ 29 ]. Mo eo e , en i onmen al aspec s o consump ion a e s ill mos ly in e io compa ed o expe ienced luency and com o oge he wi h pe sonal and amily well-being a all income le els [56]. Sus ainable mobili y: Mobili y and anspo a ion cons i u e a i h o he a e age Finnish ca bon oo p in [ 29 ]. An a e age Finn uses a ca o 32 km a day; his amoun s o 12,000 km pe yea wi h Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104 4 o 16 1.7 passenge s on boa d on a e age. Public anspo a ion a el has hal ed in Finland be ween 1974 (15%) and 2011 (8%). [ 57 , 58 ]. Ca a el and holidays ab oad ha e become he no m in Finnish socie y. High-ca bon o e nigh leisu e a el ab oad has almos doubled (+98%) among Finns be ween 2005 and 2015 [59]. In con as , low-ca bon ips by walking and cycling ha e dec eased 5% be ween 2005 and 2011 [ 57 ]. The e is local a ia ion in sus ainable li ing. Fo example, use o public anspo a ion has inc eased by 28% in Espoo du ing 2005–2015 [ 60 ]. Howe e , he mobili y end in Finland is s ill in gene al inc easingly ca bon-in ensi e. The e is a p omising global end in anspo and mobili y. Especially in ci ies, people a e mo e o en mo ing om owne ship o ca s o use o mobili y se ices. Vehicles a e eplaced by access o seamless collec i e mobili y se ices such as public anspo . In S ockholm, Sweden, only one in en 18-yea -olds ob ains a d i ing license [61]. This end is also iden i ied in Helsinki, Finland [62]. 3. Ma e ials and Me hods The da a we e collec ed by ques ionnai e in Ap il 2017. The ques ionnai e was p e es ed and he p oposi ions imp o ed in acco dance wi h eedback. A sample (n = 2052) was co ec ed by sex, age and esiden ial a ea o co espond o he popula ion o Finland. The e o e, he sample o 1030 woman and 1022 men ep esen ed he popula ion o Finland (18–79 yea s old). Responden s we e asked o espond o 46 p oposi ions abou he sus ainable way o li e. The esponse pa e n ollowed a 5-poin Like scale (1 = o ally disag ee, 5 = o ally ag ee) and open ques ions. We applied mixed me hods. A p incipal axis ac o ing was conduc ed on he 46 a iables. Consis ency o he measu e was maximized by dele ing a iables ha imp o ed o e all eliabili y. We ended up wi h 32 a iables wi h o hogonal o a ion ( a imax). The Kaise –Meye –Olkin measu e e i ied he sampling adequacy o he analysis (KMO = 0.96), which is well abo e he accep able limi [ 63 ]. Ba le ’s es o sphe ici y, χ2 (496) = 22,304.2, p< 0.000, indica ed ha co ela ions be ween a iables we e su icien ly la ge o p incipal axis ac o ing. Wi h he co ela ion ma ix, we e i ied ha he co ela ions we e no oo s ong (>0.8), so ha he mul icollinea i y would p e en p esen ing esul s [ 64 ]. The lowes loading included in he analysis was 0.38, which su passed he limi o 0.32 de ined by Tabachnik and Fidel [65]. The esponden s we e able o explain why hey conside ed he speci ic p oposi ion o be impo an o hem. A e he p incipal axis ac o ing, we classi ied 2811 w i en easonings. By classi ying hese open ques ions, i was possible o ge complemen a y in o ma ion o be added o he quan i a i e analysis. The mos emphasized a iable om each ac o was analyzed by quali a i e analysis using poin a ing. Thus, ou quali a i e analysis con ained quan i a i e examina ion [ 66 ]. Coun ing he equencies o hese quali a i e hemes does no educe he “quali a i i y” o analysis, bu b ings ano he dimension [ 67 ]. The answe w i en as an open ques ion o di e en a iables o sus ainable li ing was analyzed by he c ucial p oposi ion o he esponden . The gene al iewpoin s we e e med based on how hey bes desc ibed he p oposi ions made by he esponden s. The iewpoin s ( easons) made om each a iable can be seen as a gene al concep [68]. 4. Resul s 4.1. Sus ainabili y in E e yday Li e Desc ip i e s a is ics o he da a we e in e es ing. In Figu e 1, we p esen desc ip i e in o ma ion abou he 32 a iables. Fou a iables o sus ainable li ing ma e ialized equen ly among he esponden s (mean ≥ 4). The common denomina o o he h ee mos - a o ed a iables was ecycling and educ ion o was e: I ake ca e o haza dous was e and also ecycle unused elec onics (mean 4.51), I so ou was e ma e ials in o de o ecycle (mean 4.21), and I y o educe he amoun o was e ood (mean 4.11). The ou h a iable ha ma e ialized equen ly was I sa e ene gy by u ning o unnecessa y household appliances and lamps (mean 4.04). Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104 5 o 16 Sus ainabili y 2018, 10, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y Figu e 1. Va iables o sus ainable li ing. Figu e 1. Va iables o sus ainable li ing. Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104 6 o 16 Eigh een a iables o sus ainable li ing ma e ialized occasionally among esponden s (3 ≤ mean < 4). The e y nex a iables o equen ly ma e ialize we e I a o locally p oduced ood (mean 3.98), I a o locally p oduced goods and commodi ies when making buying decisions (mean 3.87), I y sys ema ically educe he amoun o was e o household (mean 3.76), and I sa e ene gy by using ene gy-e icien ligh bulbs and household appliances (mean 3.74). Ten a iables o sus ainable li ing ma e ialized a ely among esponden s (mean < 3). The e y nex a iables o occasionally ma e ialize we e I make choices o minimizing he en i onmen al e ec s o die (mean 2.99), I a o he plan -based die (mean 2.92), I minimize he use o my ca (mean 2.87), I a o ai - ade p oduc s (mean 2.77), and I a o o ganic ood (mean 2.70). I choose a p o-clima e meal in a es au an was he a es a iable ha ma e ialized among he esponden s (mean 2.26). 4.2. S uc u e o Sus ainable Li ing The da a was di ided in o six ac o s which explained 65.2% o a iance. We called he i s ac o conscious ci izenship, which explained 40.1% o he a iance. This ac o is p o iled as a gene ally desc ip i e ac o o he sus ainable way o li ing unlike he o he ac o s whe e a ce ain sec o o sus ainabili y is desc ibed. The o he i e ac o s we e named awa eness o o igin o ma e ials, awa eness o sus ainable ene gy solu ions, ci cula ion and loss o ma e ials, sma mobili y and sus ainable ood (Table 1). Fac o s and o a ed ac o loadings a e p esen ed in Table 1. Bolded loadings o e 0.38 a e included in he in e p e a ion. C onbach’s alpha was used as a eliabili y analysis. I measu es he consis ency o he ques ionnai e. The o e all eliabili y o a ques ionnai e is good because alues a e a ound 0.8 [69,70]. Table 1. Summa y o explo a o y ac o analysis o he sus ainable li ing ques ionnai e by p incipal axis ac o ing wi h Va imax- o a ion and Kaise no maliza ion. Bolded loadings o e 0.38 a e included in he in e p e a ion. VARIABLES Fac o s and Ro a ed Fac o Loadings Conscious Ci izenship Awa eness o O igin o Ma e ials Awa eness o Sus ainable Ene gy Solu ions Ci cula ion and P e en ing Loss o Ma e ials Sma Mobili y Sus ainable Food 1. I ask o p o-en i onmen p oduc s o he ma ke 0.719 0.166 0.203 0.016 0.186 0.096 2. I choose a p o-clima e meal in a es au an 0.689 0.120 0.191 0.036 0.180 0.275 3. I a o ai - ade p oduc s 0.681 0.281 0.160 0.059 0.121 0.215 4. I make choices o minimizing he en i onmen al e ec s o die 0.677 0.151 0.196 0.270 0.173 0.248 5. I a o en i onmen al ce i ica ed p oduc s 0.650 0.351 0.186 0.208 0.190 0.171 6. I conside an ecological poin o iew when planning my aca ion 0.649 0.093 0.200 0.197 0.268 0.090 7. I a o o ganic ood 0.607 0.384 0.129 0.037 0.085 0.338 8. In elec ions I o e o he candida e who is ac i ely p o ec ing he en i onmen 0.569 0.128 0.049 0.331 0.193 0.208 9. I ha e educed my le el o consump ion and am aiming o esponsible choices o en i onmen al easons 0.557 0.140 0.208 0.445 0.210 0.188 10. I buy o ganic, local and seasonal ood 0.555 0.433 0.075 0.128 0.038 0.298 11. I y o minimize he en i onmen al e ec s o mobili y 0.533 0.052 0.220 0.280 0.444 0.150 Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104 7 o 16 Table 1. Con . VARIABLES Fac o s and Ro a ed Fac o Loadings Conscious Ci izenship Awa eness o O igin o Ma e ials Awa eness o Sus ainable Ene gy Solu ions Ci cula ion and P e en ing Loss o Ma e ials Sma Mobili y Sus ainable Food 12. I gladly y new heal hy and en i onmen ally iendly ood 0.484 0.250 0.124 0.242 0.137 0.413 13. I educe he amoun o was e by changing shopping habi s 0.432 0.223 0.347 0.413 0.234 0.093 14. I change my consuming habi s when ge ing new in o ma ion 0.431 0.270 0.207 0.327 0.221 0.370 15. I a o locally p oduced ood 0.176 0.784 0.155 0.211 0.021 0.065 16. I a o locally p oduced goods and commodi ies when making buying decisions 0.211 0.768 0.157 0.203 0.055 0.030 17. I ake in o accoun he o igin o ood when making a decision o shopping 0.343 0.635 0.103 0.193 0.083 0.216 18. I a o seasonal ood 0.333 0.361 0.182 0.157 0.139 0.343 19. I minimize he use o wa m wa e 0.225 0.019 0.662 0.162 0.117 0.073 20. I sa e ene gy by educing he oom empe a u e 0.195 0.097 0.661 0.085 0.091 0.140 21. I sa e ene gy by u ning o unnecessa y household appliances and lamps 0.060 0.114 0.618 0.259 0.114 0.029 22. I sa e ene gy by using ene gy-e icien ligh bulbs and household appliances 0.162 0.192 0.534 0.186 0.075 0.082 23. I so ou was e ma e ials in o de o ecycle 0.144 0.193 0.224 0.616 0.076 0.106 24. I y o sys ema ically educe he amoun o was e o household 0.353 0.133 0.321 0.561 0.147 0.129 25. I ake ca e o haza dous was e and also ecycle unused elec onics 0.060 0.239 0.251 0.546 0.024 0.061 26. I y o educe he amoun o was e ood 0.110 0.229 0.378 0.388 0.164 0.158 27. I walk mo e o en om poin A o B ins ead o using ca o public anspo 0.169 0.080 0.092 0.073 0.747 0.136 28. I minimize he use o my ca 0.182 0.022 0.230 0.137 0.621 0.113 29. I choose public anspo e en hough I would ha e he possibili y o use my own ca 0.206 0.044 0.047 0.033 0.600 0.094 30. I a o a plan -based die 0.371 0.107 0.144 0.097 0.179 0.666 31. I a oid ea ing ed mea (bee , po k, lamb) 0.403 0.023 0.086 0.098 0.198 0.539 32. I change my ea ing habi s when ge ing mo e in o ma ion 0.355 0.271 0.173 0.214 0.191 0.497 Eigen alues 13.246 2.239 1.984 1.272 1.111 1.029 65.2% o a iance explained 41.3 7.0 6.2 4.0 3.5 3.2 C onbach α1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104 8 o 16 4.3. Quali a i e Analysis o he S uc u e o Sus ainable Li ing Mos loaded a iables selec ed om he ac o s and he iewpoin s emphasized by hei quali a i e analysis a e isualized as a concep map (Figu e 2). Sus ainabili y 2018, 10, 104 8 o 16 26. I y o educe he amoun o was e ood 0.110 0.229 0.378 0.388 0.164 0.158 27. I walk mo e o en om poin A o B ins ead o using ca o public anspo 0.169 0.080 0.092 0.073 0.747 0.136 28. I minimize he use o my ca 0.182 0.022 0.230 0.137 0.621 0.113 29. I choose public anspo e en hough I would ha e he possibili y o use my own ca 0.206 0.044 0.047 0.033 0.600 0.094 30. I a o a plan -based die 0.371 0.107 0.144 0.097 0.179 0.666 31. I a oid ea ing ed mea (bee , po k, lamb) 0.403 0.023 0.086 0.098 0.198 0.539 32. I change my ea ing habi s when ge ing mo e in o ma ion 0.355 0.271 0.173 0.214 0.191 0.497 Eigen alues 13.246 2.239 1.984 1.272 1.111 1.029 65.2% o a iance explained 41.3 7.0 6.2 4.0 3.5 3.2 C onbach α 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 4.3. Quali a i e Analysis o he S uc u e o Sus ainable Li ing Mos loaded a iables selec ed om he ac o s and he iewpoin s emphasized by hei quali a i e analysis a e isualized as a concep map (Figu e 2). Figu e 2. Examina ion o he ac o s o sus ainable li ing: he a iables and iewpoin s poin ed ou by quali a i e analysis. Conscious ci izenship: The mos impo an eason o asking o p o-en i onmen al p oduc s o he ma ke was gi ing eedback and in luencing. “My eedback deals wi h sus ainable ood and need Figu e 2. Examina ion o he ac o s o sus ainable li ing: he a iables and iewpoin s poin ed ou by quali a i e analysis. Conscious ci izenship: The mos impo an eason o asking o p o-en i onmen al p oduc s o he ma ke was gi ing eedback and in luencing. “My eedback deals wi h sus ainable ood and need o ecologically p oduced commodi ies. I’ e also asked o biodeg adable shopping bags o he ma ke ”. The nex aspec s o easons we e e sa ile p oduc ange possibili y o make socie al impac h ough shopping. Fu he mo e, minimizing he e ec s o clima e change and ecological sus ainabili y we e emphasized in he esul s. “The less is consumed by anspo , he mo e i helps aking ca e o he en i onmen and minimizing he ca bon oo p in ” (Table 2). Table 2. Reasons o asking o p o-en i onmen al p oduc s on he ma ke . Reason % eedback and impac on socie y 50 55 e sa ile p oduc ange 12 13 making socie al impac h ough shopping 12 13 ecology and comba ing clima e change 10 11 awa eness o p oduc s 4 5 sus ainable consump ion 2 2 heal hiness and cleanness 1 1 To al 91 100 Awa eness o o igin o ma e ials: The mos impo an iewpoin abou he impo ance o locally p oduced ood acco ding o he esponden s was suppo ing he economy and employmen , as one o he esponden s men ioned o be he co e hing: “Vi ali y o coun yside and domes ic employmen ”. The nex aspec s o easoning we e sa e y, quali y and pu i y o ood and suppo ing domes ic ood Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104 9 o 16 p oduc ion, which is illumina ed by he commen s such as “I y o choose domes ic p oduc s whene e i ’s possible” (Table 3). Table 3. Reasons o domes ic ood. Reason % suppo ing economy and employmen 203 20 sa e y and quali y 162 16 pu i y o ood 151 15 a o ing domes ic ood 136 13 locally p oduced ood 84 8 domes ic p oduc ion o ood 59 6 p ice o ood 50 5 ecology and ca bon oo p in o ood p oduc ion 49 5 as e o ood 40 4 heal hiness 23 2 sel -g own ood 21 2 in o ma ion abou he o igin o ood 18 2 secu i y o supply 10 1 e hics 7 <1 seasonal ood 5 <1 o ganic ood 2 <1 domes ic ood as a alue 2 <1 To al 1022 100 Awa eness o sus ainable ene gy solu ions: The mos impo an iewpoin was educing he use o wa m wa e as a sma beha io , which does no accep any kind o was e: a oiding was e o na u al esou ces, money and ene gy: “E e yone should a oid he unnecessa y use o wa e ” men ioned one o he esponden s. The nex aspec s o easons we e sa ing cos s and sa ing ene gy: “I sa e ene gy by educing he amoun o wa m wa e ” (Table 4). Table 4. Reasons o minimizing he use o wa m wa e . Reason % sma people do no was e 110 45.8 sa ing cos s 71 29.6 sa ing ene gy 36 15.0 ecological easons, comba ing clima e change 13 5.4 o he easons 10 4.2 To al 240 100 Ci cula ion and p e en ing loss o ma e ials: The mos impo an eason o he beha io was p ope acili ies o e ed by housing coope a i es and local was e managemen . This is a icula ed as ollows: “The was e managemen is o ganized e y well in ou ci y. The e a e own places o di e en ma e ials. Also, he ecycling o clo hes comes ou well”. The nex aspec s o eason we e p omo ing he ci cula economy: “Recycling o ma e ials is impo an so ha hey can be used also in he u u e”. Recycling seems o be a solid habi o he esponden s, which is demons a ed by commen s such as “Recycling has been an ob ious way o ac ion o yea s”. Sus ainable use o na u al esou ces and comba ing clima e change comp ise he ou h bigges eason o ecycling. One o he esponden s said ha “E e y li le decision helps he en i onmen ” (Table 5). Sus ainabili y 2018,10, 104 16 o 16 76. Salonen, A.; F ed iksson, L.; Jä inen, S.; Ko eniemi, P.; Danielsson, J. Sus ainable consump ion in Finland—The phenomenon, consume p o iles and u u e scena ios. In . J. Ma k. S ud. 2014 ,6, 59–82. [C ossRe ] 77. Si a. Bene i s o Ca bon Neu ali y in a Rapidly Changing Business En i onmen ; Si a S udies 102; Si a, The Finnish Inno a ion Fund: Helsinki, Finland, 2015. 78. Hu unen, R. (Ed.) Go e nmen epo on he Na ional Ene gy and Clima e S a egy o 2030; Minis y o Economic A ai s: Helsinki, Finland, 2017. 79. Salonen, A.; Åhlbe g, M. Obs acles o Sus ainable Li ing in he Helsinki Me opoli an A ea. Sus ain. Ci ies Soc. 2013,8, 48–55. [C ossRe ] © 2018 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).