Smart specialization strategy and its operationalization in the regional policy : case Finland

Copy igh © 2017 The Au ho s. Published by VGTU P ess. This is an open-access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. The ma e ial canno be used o comme cial pu poses. Sma Specializa ion S a egy and i S ope a ionaliza ion in he egional policy: caSe Finland Ja i KaiVo-oJa1, Saku VÄhÄSan anen2, a i Ka ppinen3, eemu haUKioJa4 1Finland Fu u es Resea ch Cen e, Tu ku School o Economics, Uni e si y o Tu ku 2Regional Council o Sa akun a, Po i, Finland 3School o Managemen , Uni e si y o Tampe e, FI-33014 Tampe een yliopis o, Tampe e, Finland 4Po i Uni , Tu ku School o Economics, Uni e si y o Tu ku, P.o. Box 170 (Pohjois an a 11A), FI-28101 Po i, Finland E-mails: 1[email p o ec ed] (co esponding au ho ); 2[email p o ec ed]; 3[email p o ec ed]; 4[email p o ec ed] Recei ed 6 Feb ua y 2017; accep ed 7 May 2017 abs ac . In he Eu opean Union, sma specializa ion is an impo an concep in egional policy. I s p ima y aim is o achie e inclusi e and sus ainable economic g ow h. The e is a lack o con enien egion speci ic measu es o ope a ionalize sma specializa ion s a egies (S3). The pu pose o he pape is o ind “indices o sma specializa ion” on a egional le el. We p opose indices ha a e based on (1) he a e o indus ial di e si ica ion, (2) e ealed compa a i e ad an age and (3) egions’ o e all ela i e specializa ion. In he empi ical pa , we analyze sma specializa ion in Finland using s uc u al da a p o ided by S a is ics Finland o se en y sub- egions (LAU1) and 24 sub-indus ies in manu ac u ing. These indus ies a e he mos impo an o expo s, p oduc i i y, and egional economic pe o mance o a small coun y. The ollowing indices a e used in empi ical e alua ions: He indahl-Hi schman Index (HHI) o egional di e si y, Balassa- Hoo e Index (BHI) o e ealed compa a i e ad an age, and Region’s Rela i e Specializa ion Index (RRSI) o agg ega e egional specializa ion di e ences. The concep o sma specializa ion is ela ed o hese measu es. Index analyses e eal ha many g owing sub- egions ha e simila compa a i e ad an ages. This means in e - egional syne gy, and i enables oppo uni ies o s a egic coope a ion be- ween egions. To de elop sma specializa ion s a egies o Eu ope’s egions, we need hese kinds o empi ical knowledge-based managemen ools and planning app oaches. Keywo ds: sma specializa ion, Finland, manu ac u ing, sub-indus y, LAU1, He indahl-Hi schman index (HHI), Balassa-Hoo e index (BHI), e ealed com- pa a i e ad an age, Region’s ela i e specializa ion index (RRSI). Jel Classi ica ion: B41, C18, C43, D20, D78, F14, F43, F63, H70, I23, I25, I52, L60, L78, N80, O12, O32, O33, R10, R11, R12, R58, Z18. Business, ManageMen and educa ion ISSN 2029-7491 / eISSN 2029-6169 2017, 15(1): 28–41 doi:10.3846/bme.2017.362 29 Business, Managemen and Educa ion, 2017, 15(1): 28–41 1. In oduc ion The Eu opean Union has a cohesion policy which unde lines in eg a ed and place- based economic con e gence. The gene al dimensions o Na ional/Regional Resea ch and Inno a ion S a egies o Sma Specialisa ion (S3 s a egies) a e policy suppo and in es men s, spa ial s eng hs, compe i i e ad an age and excellence, inno a ion ac i i- ies, s akeholde s’ pa icipa ion, and expe imen s and e idence-based policy (Eu opean Commission 2014: 1). We ocus he e on he e idence-based s a egy ools o RIS3. We shall demons a e he use o some egional planning and managemen ools, which a e sui able o sma specializa ion (S3) analysis and managemen . We expec hese me hods a e use ul in he egional policy p ocesses o he Eu opean Union. The EU egions a e acing many challenges o he global economy and global poli ical land- scape. The spa ial con ex o ou analysis is Finland and i s sub- egions (LAU1). Ea lie , Ka ppinen and Vähäsan anen (2015) ha e s udied he esilience o Finnish sub- egions by ocusing on manu ac u ing indus ies. This means ha ou analysis can be applied in all he LAU1-le el sub- egions in he Eu opean Union. The e is la ge and g owing li e a u e on he issue o sma specializa ion (Capello 2014; McCann, O ega-A gilés 2015; Fo ay 2015; Gianelle e al. 2016). In addi ion o he EU, also he OECD has paid a en ion o his issue in i s epo (OECD 2013). In b oade in e na ional pe spec i e, sma specializa ion has been seen a policy ele an opic. Ou amewo k is closely linked o he mains eam hinking o economics. We em- phasize he iden i ica ion o po en ial domains o specializa ion ha migh be bene icial o he coun y gi en i s p oduc i e asse s (Fo ay 2011). We ocus on he indus ies, he mos impo an elemen o Qua e Helix, when analysing sma specializa ion s a egy in he egional con ex . O he key elemen s o he helix a e he academia, he go e n- men , and ci il socie y wi h ci izens (see e.g. Fo ay e al. 2009; Fo ay 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015; San onen e al. 2014; Vi kkala e al. 2014; S3 Pla o m 2015; Johnson 2015; Mc- Cann, O ega-A gilés 2015). The p inciple o compa a i e ad an age1 and he s uc u e o spa ial economic ac i i y ha e been key opics in he ield o egional economics. Ou aim is o link hese wo impo an app oaches o he discussion on sma speciali- za ion s a egy. This c i ical aspec o sma specializa ion has been lacking in many scien i ic a icles, which ha e analysed and elabo a ed sma specializa ion s a egy in he Eu opean Union (see e.g. Juce icius, Galbuogiene 2014; Sipilo a 2015; Gule 2015; Paliokai e e al. 2015; Paliokai e e al. 2016; Gheo ghiu e al. 2016). We shall p o ide a new empi ical ool package o he analysis o sma specializa ion s a egy in he Eu opean Union. Measu emen o hese economic issues is impo an o he sma specializa ion s a egy in EU-coun ies and EU- egions (Gianelle e al. 2016). 1 Compa a i e ad an age is a adi ional concep in he ield o in e na ional ade. We apply he hypo hesis o e- ealed compa a i e ad an age, which is pa allel o compe i i e ad an age in a egional con ex (see e.g. Thissen e al. 2013: 34–35). 30 J. Kai o-oja e al. Sma specializa ion s a egy and i s ope a ionaliza ion in he egional policy: case Finland Poli ical decision-make s in Eu opean Union a e oday e y in e es ed in key suc- cess ac o s like economic g ow h, jobs, and in es men s (see Eu opean Commission 2017). These economic success ac o s a e always linked o egional economies in he Eu opean Union. The idea o sma specializa ion can be conside ed a s a egic plan- ning policy ins umen . Ou mo i a ion is o show how egions in he Eu opean Union can analyse he ac ual con en s o sma specializa ion policy in hei local ac i i ies. In he p ac ice o egional economic policy, we can imp o e economic p oduc i i y and expo success h ough sma specializa ion. We a gue ha sma specializa ion s a egy mus be based on he knowledge o basic eali ies o egional economy and place-based indus ial ac i i y/s uc u e. 2. heo e ical amewo k In scien i ic li e a u e, he concep s o inno a ion, compe i i e ad an age, and spa ial de elopmen a e closely in e connec ed (Bo seko a e al. 2016). These concep s ha e a ious common ea u es and a e he subjec o many deba es among p ac ione s and academics. This a icle ocuses on compe i i e ad an age and spa ial de elopmen , bu we unde s and ha all kinds o inno a ion ac i i ies a e shaping local economies and indus ies. Cu en indus ial s uc u es and egional compe i i e ad an ages a e ou pu s o inno a ion ac i i ies (Fig. 1). The sma specializa ion s a egy depends on he h ee key elemen s desc ibed below. I (1) he e is no much inno a ion and R&D ac i i y, i (2) he e a e no much compe i- i e ad an ages in local economies, and i (3) spa ial de elopmen is no e ec i e and economy is no deli e ing economic g ow h, wel a e, and happiness, he de elopmen p ocess is no ully based on sma specializa ion s a egy. Ou empi ical analysis is ocused di ec ly on he measu emen o compe i i e ad an age and spa ial de elopmen . Inno a ion ac i i ies a e d i ing o ces o spa ial economic g ow h, bu in his a icle we a e ocusing on ealized compe i i eness. The elemen s o (1) c ea i e des uc ion and en ep eneu ial disco e y (see e.g. Ma- li an a 2005) and (2) lexible se endipi y managemen can play egene a i e oles in spa ial de elopmen (see e.g. Kakko e al. 2016; Ro h e al. 2017; Gheo ghiu e al. 2016). These aspec s do no elimina e he ole o s a egic planning in he con ex o spa ial de elopmen . Fig. 1. In e connec ions among inno a ion, compe i i e ad an age, and spa ial de elopmen (Bo seko a e al. 2016). 31 Business, Managemen and Educa ion, 2017, 15(1): 28–41 In nex sec ions, we de ine ou empi ical analysis ools o he sma specializa ion s a egy. Sma specializa ion o he EU egions does no happen in a acuum. Globali- za ion, hype compe i ion, and apid echnological changes eshape he condi ions o egions and local economies con inuously (see Fig. 2 abo e). Mindse s o local s ake- holde s play an impo an ole in he o mula ion o sma specializa ion s a egies (see Laha i, Pe ez-No d ed 2008; Vi kkala e al. 2014). Based on Fig. 2 we can unde s and ha i is impo an ha he mindse s o s ake- holde s (global mindse , i ual mindse , inno a ion mindse , and collabo a ion mindse ) co ela e wi h he eali ies o globaliza ion, hype compe i ion, and apid echnological change. Ou empi ical app oach di ec ly suppo s egional and local eali y checks in his espec . 3. Index amewo k o he s udy All he ollowing indices a e based on Ka ppinen and Vähäsan anen (2015). He indahl-Hi schman Index (HHI) We apply he He indahl-Hi chman Index (HHI) o he Finnish sub- egion da a. Ou da a includes 71 sub- egions and 24 indus ial sec o s. The He indahl-Hi schman index (HHI) is a commonly accep ed measu e o ma ke concen a ion. We a e no analyzing ma ke sha es bu he indus y sha es o sub- egions. The HHI o mula is he ollowing: 2 1=  =  ∑ ni ss i x HHI x  (1) whe e xi is he numbe o employed people in indus ial sec o (i) and x is o al numbe o people employed in all indus ial sec o s in egion (s) and n is numbe o indus ial sec o s (n). HHI-index is calcula ed as he sum o squa ed indus y sha es o each sub- egion. In o he wo ds, i measu es he di e si ica ion o indus y s uc u e o a Fig. 2. F amewo k showing ela ionships be ween compe i i e challenges, mindse s, and sma spe- cializa ion challenges (modi ied, see Laha i, Pe ez-No d ed 2008: 313). 32 J. Kai o-oja e al. Sma specializa ion s a egy and i s ope a ionaliza ion in he egional policy: case Finland sub- egion. HHI akes alues be ween [0,1]. The smalle he alue, he mo e di e si ied egion, and ice e sa. Balassa-Hoo e Index (BHI) The key index in his s udy is he Balassa-Hoo e Index (BHI). The o mula o BHI is he ollowing: BHIsi = si i s x X x X (2) whe e xsi is he numbe o employed people in egion s and in indus y i, (Xsi/Xi) is co esponding sha e o all sub- egions. I BHIsi ≥ 1, he e is e ealed compa a i e ad an age in ela ion o all egions. We use BHI wi h indus ial labo da a o S a is ics Finland (2017). Region’s Rela i e Specializa ion Index (RRSI) We use RRSI as a measu e o compa a i e specializa ion o sub- egions. RRSI can be calcula ed in he ollowing way: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 22 2 12 11 1= − + − +…+ − i i in s RRSI BHI BHI BHI        (3) The highe he RRS index is he mo e specialized he s uc u e o manu ac u ing in- dus y is in he egion. I he s uc u e o a egion is homogenous, he RRSI ob ains alue ze o. I he RRSI ≠ 0, he indus ial s uc u e o a egion di e s om he coun y’s a e - age. The highe he RRSI alue, he mo e a egion is di e en om he whole coun y. 4. Empi ical demons a ions: case Finland In his sec ion, we p esen some empi ical esul s based on sma specializa ion ools p esen ed abo e. We ocus on key esul s in he case o Finland. Fi s , we igu e ou he HHI index o sub- egions in Finland (Fig. 3). This indica o is impo an o esilience analysis. Small HHI alue means s onge esilience po en ial and highe index numbe s mean weake esilience. The HHI is an indica o o indus ial di e si y. F om he Figu e 3, we can obse e ha in 2014 he se en mos di e si ied sub- egions in Finland we e Kuopio, Tu ku, Lah i, Helsinki, Tampe e, Hämeenlinna and Po i. Excep in Helsinki and Tampe e, hey all ha e been g ow h-led sub- egions in he ecen ecession. The GDP a e o g ow h in Finland was 2.07% in 2011–2014. Co esponding igu es o he sub- egions a e: 4.94% in Tu ku, 4.19% in Hämeenlinna, 3.81% in Jy äskylä, 3.80% in Kuopio, 3.63% in Po i, and 2.27% in Lah i. The a es o GDP g ow h in Helsinki (1.97%) and in Tampe e (1.86%) we e sligh ly less han he a e age (S a is ics Finland 2017). Since he la e 2000s Oulu egion has been one o he g ow h cen e s in Finland due o Nokia and he apid g ow h o he ICT-sec o . Du ing 2011–2014, i s a e o g ow h (0.53%) de ia ed 70% om he coun y a e age. 33 Business, Managemen and Educa ion, 2017, 15(1): 28–41 The HHI-index ells ha he egion is he leas di e si ied among he g oup o la ge sub- egions. On he he hand, Salo sub- egion was hi by he wo s nega i e a e o g ow h, –9.04% in 2011–2014. O he sub- egions wi h nega i e a es o g ow h we e Po oo (–7.05%), Lo iisa (–5.46%), Ålands Skä gå d (–5.25%), E elä-Pi kanmaa (–4.64%), Sy- dös e bo en (–0.86%), Raahe (–0.68%), Kou ola (–0.66%), and Äänekoski (–0.26%). F om he Figu e 3 we can obse e ha excep in Kou ola and Salo, hese sub- egions ha e ela i ely la ge alues o he HHI, i.e. hei indus ial s uc u es a e less di e si- ied han in a e age. 0,867 0.000 0.050 0.1000.150 0.2000.250 0.300 0.3500.400 0.4500.500 Kuopio Tu ku Lah Helsinki Tampe e Hämeelinna Po i Jakobs ad Joensuu Lounais-Pi kanmaa Ko ka-Hamina Keski-Ka jala Mikkeli Kokkola Suupohja Lappeen an a Ylä-Sa o Ma iehamns s ad Luo eis-Pi kanmaa Riihimäki Jy äskylä Pohjois-Sa akun a Raasepo i Yli ieska Kajaani Kou ola Pielisen Ka jala Jou sa Rauma Ro aniemi Pohjois-Lappi Ky önmaa Pieksämäki Salo Vakka-Suomi Sa onlinna I ä-Lappi Seinäjoki E elä-Pi kanmaa Ylä-Pi kanmaa Po oo Fo ssa Saa ijä i-Vii asaa i To niojokilaakso Oulu Äänekoski Kehys-Kainuu Sisä-Sa o Haapa esi-Siikala a Va kaus Jä iseu u Kausnen Kuusiokunna Vaasa Tun u i-Lappi Lo iisa Ni ala-Haapajä i Sydös e boen Keu uu Jämsä Koillis-Sa o Kemi-To nio Loimaa Oulunkaa i Ålands landsbygd Ima a Koillismaa Åboland-Tu unmaa Raahe Ålands skä gå d Fig. 3. He indahl-Hi schman Index o sub- egions (LAU1) based on he analysis o 24 indus ial sec o s in Finland, 2014. 34 J. Kai o-oja e al. Sma specializa ion s a egy and i s ope a ionaliza ion in he egional policy: case Finland Nex , we p esen Balassa-Hoo e Index o indus ial p oduc ion (24 manu ac u ing sec o s) in eigh u ban egions (Fig. 4). Wi h he excep ion o Oulu, hese egions ha e mo e di e si ied indus ial s uc u e han in a e age (see Fig. 3). In Figu e 4, i he BHI alues o indus ies exceed eigh hen compa a i e ad an age is e ealed. 13 such manu ac u ing indus ies can be ound. As we can see, he BHI alues a e no e enly dis ibu ed among he egions. We can in e p e o mean ha when he alue o BHI > 8, he indus ies as agg ega e e eal compa a i e ad an age, bu no necessa ily in a speci ic egion. To ge his in o ma ion, we need o inspec Figu e 5, whe e cases o BHI > 1 a e exposed. Few obse a ions can be made. Fi s , no indus y exsi s as a sou ce o e ealed compa a i e ad an age in all eigh e- gions. Second, h ee indus ial sec o s (“Machine y and equipmen epai , main enance and ins alla ion”, “Manu ac u ing o u ni u e”, and “Manu ac u ing o chemicals and chemical p oduc s”) gi e impe us o e ealed compa a i e ad an age in i e egions. This esul can be in e p e ed in e ms o sma specializa ion. One one hand, hese i e Fig. 4. Balassa-Hoo e Index (BHI) o indus ial p oduc ion (24 manu ac u ing sec o s) in some u - ban sub- egions in Finland, 2014. 0246810 12 14 16 18 20 10 Manu ac u ing o ood p oduc s 11 Manu ac ing o be e ages 12 Manu ac o ing o o obacco p oduc s 13 Manu ac u ing o exles 14 Manu ac o ing o clo hes 15 Lea he and lea he p oduc s manu ac u ing 16 Manu ac u ing o wood and co k p oduc s (excep … 17 Manu ac u ing o pape and pape p oduc s 18 P inng and ep oducon o eco ded media 19 Manu ac u ing o coke and e ined pe oleum… 20 Manu ac u ing o chemicals and chemical p oduc s 21 Manu ac u ing o basic pha maceucal p oduc s and… 22 Rubbe and plasc p oduc s 23 Manu ac u ing o o he non-me allic mine al p oduc s 24 Me al p ocessing 25 Fab ica ed me al p oduc s (excl. machine y and… 26 Compu e , elec onic and opcal p oduc s 27 Manu ac u ing o elec ical equipmen 28 Manu ac u ing o o he machine y and equipmen 29 Manu ac u ing o mo o ehicles, aile s and semi-… 30 Manu ac u ing o o he anspo equipmen 31 Manu ac u ing o u ni u e 32 O he p oducon 33 Machine y and equipmen epai , main enance and… Helsinki Tampe e Tu kuOulu Jy äskyläKuopio Po i Ro aniemi 35 Business, Managemen and Educa ion, 2017, 15(1): 28–41 egions ha e been success ul in compe i ion as compa ed o he whole coun y. On he o he hand, hese i e egions ha e an oppo uni y o exploi in e - egional syne gies. Tha is, Helsinki, Tu ku, Oulu, Kuopio and Po i could y o seek s a egic alliances o coope a e in ac i i ies whe e syne gies can be ound; in manu ac u ing o chemicals and chemical p oduc s, o example. Figu es 7–9 desc ibe co esponding in e egional syne gy po en ials o all 70 LAU1 egions, and some manu ac u ing indus ies. Thi d, as we combine he esul s o Figu e 3 and 5, i can be ound ha less di e si- ied sub- egions Oulu and Ro aniemi ( ela i ely high HHI alues) ha e less e ealed compa a i e ad an age in indus ies. Fu he , he e a e some domina ing indus ies in hei egional economy: “Compu e , elec onic and op ical p oduc s” in Oulu (BHI = 5.2), “Manu ac u ing o mo o ehicles, aile s and semi- aile s” (BHI = 13.7), and unspeci ied “O he p oduc ion” in Ro aniemi (BHI = 10.5). Co espondingly, in Hel- sinki sub- egion he e a e nine manu ac u ing indus ies, which belong o e ealed compa a i e ad an age sec o s, and he ange o he BHI alue is om 1.1 o 2.5. This kind o in o ma ion is highly aluable o sma specializa ion discussions in Finland. Simila sma specializa ion analysis can be applied o all Eu opean sub egions and u ban cen es. Fig. 5. Re ealed compa a i e ad an age (BHI > 1) in indus ial sec o s o some key Finnish u ban sub- egions 2014 (BHI alues inside columns) 1.1 2.5 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.4 1.7 1.3 3.4 2.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.9 1.6 6.1 1.2 1.5 3.9 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.1 2.1 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.4 5.2 1.3 1.1 3,7 1.8 2.9 1.8 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.2 2.0 1.0 4.5 1.2 2.4 1.7 1.1 1,1 13.7 1.2 10.5 0.02.0 4.06.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 10 Manu ac u ing o ood p oduc s 11 Manu ac ing o be e ages 13 Manu ac u ing o exles 14 Manu ac u ing o clo hes 15 Lea he and lea he p oduc s manu ac u ing 16 Manu ac u ing o wood and co k p oduc s (excep … 17 Manu ac u ing o pape and pape p oduc s 18 P inng and ep oducon o eco ded media 19 Manu ac u ing o coke and e ined pe oleum… 20 Manu ac u ing o chemicals and chemical p oduc s 21 Manu ac u ing o basic pha maceucal p oduc s and… 22 Rubbe and plasc p oduc s 23 Manu ac u ing o o he non-me allic mine al p oduc s 24 Me al p ocessing 25 Fab ica ed me al p oduc s (excl. machine y and… 26 Compu e , elec onic and opcal p oduc s 27 Manu ac u ing o elec ical equipmen 28 Manu ac u ing o o he machine y and equipmen 29 Manu ac u ing o mo o ehicles, aile s and semi-… 30 Manu ac u ing o o he anspo equipmen 31 Manu ac u ing o u ni u e 32 O he p oducon 33 Machine y and equipmen epai , main enance and… Helsinki Tampe eTu kuJy äskyläOulu Kuopio Po i Ro aniemi 36 J. Kai o-oja e al. Sma specializa ion s a egy and i s ope a ionaliza ion in he egional policy: case Finland In Figu es 6a and 6b, we igu e ou he key indings o he Region’s Rela i e Spe- ciliza ion Index (RRSI) o Finnish sub- egions. The highe he RRS index he mo e specialized he s uc u e o manu ac u ing indus y is in a egion as compa ed o he whole coun y (see Equa ion 3). The BHI index can be used o indus y speci ic analyses. Ins ead, he RRS index can be used o measu e he specializa ion in ensi y o he whole egional economy. The RSS index can also be used o measu e he agg ega e de ia ion o specializa ion om coun- y’s a a e age. RSS index analyses can e eal use ul in o ma ion o egional sma specializa ion s a egies. The HHI analysis e lec s he isk po en ial ha is embedded in egion’s economic s uc u e, i i con on s he exogenous economic shocks. Ins ead, he RRSI analysis e lec s egions’ isk o exogenous (na ional o sup ana ional) indus ial o egional policy. The e o e, sma specializa ion policy should be egion speci ic. All Finnish egions a e co e ed in he RRSI analysis in Figu es 6a and 6b. Fig. 6a. RRS Index, 35 sub- egions in Finland, he index numbe e e s o he mos specialized sub- egion, ankings 1–35, 2014. 0,05,0 10,015,020,025,030,0 35,040,0 45,050,0 Åboland-Tu unmaa Koillis-Sa on Po oo Yli ieska Kausnen Sydös e boen Ro aniemi Raahe Jämsä Vakka-Suomi Ky önmaa Kajaani Kemi-To nio Lounais-Pi kanmaa Mikkeli Tun u i-Lappi Ima a Ålands landsbygd Ålands skä gå d Koillismaa To niolaakso Oulunkaa i Ylä-Sa o I ä-Lappi Lo iisa Pohjois-Lappi Suupohja Pohjois-Sa akun a Ma iehamn Luo eis-Pi kanmaa Kehys-Kainuu Kuusiokunna Kokkola Tu ku Ylä-Pi kanmaa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 ...225,7