Digitalization and Journalists in the BRICS Countries

BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1- 2016 12 S e lana Pas i and Jyo ika Ramap asad Copy igh © 2016 SBPjo / Associação B asilei a de Pesquisa- do es em Jo nalismo DOSSIER SVETLANA PASTI Uni e si y o Tampe e, Finland JYOTIKA RAMAPRASAD Uni e si y o Miami, US ABSTRACT - The a icle explo es he social p o ile o jou nalis s and hei well-being in he p o ession wi hin he con ex o he digi aliza ion o hei p o ession. The analysis ocuses on i e aspec s o he quali a i e (in-dep h in e iew) s udy o BRICS jou nalis s ca ied ou be ween 2012 and 2015 unde unding om he Academy o Finland. The aspec s o in e es a e: wo kplace p e e ence ( adi ional o online news), educa ion, p o essional age, gende , and well-being. The BRICS s udy sample includes 729 jou nalis s ep esen ing bo h adi ional (484 esponden s) and online news media (245 esponden s) om wen y ci ies, en me opoli an and en p o incial. The compa a i e analysis ac oss he i e BRICS coun ies e eals some connec ions be ween digi aliza ion and he jou nalis s’ p o ile and well-being and also speci ies he poli ical, economic and social-p o essional condi ions in which he jou nalis s wo k and li e. Key wo ds: New Technology. Jou nalism Demog aphics. Compa a i e Quali a i e S udy. BRICS A DIGITALIZAÇÃO E OS JORNALISTAS NOS PAÍSES DO BRICS RESUMO - Es e a igo explo a o pe il social dos jo nalis as e bem es a na p o issão no con ex o da digi alização. A análise se concen a em cinco aspec os de um es udo quali a i o (en e is as em p o undidade) dos jo nalis as do BRICS conduzido en e 2012 e 2015 sob inanciamen o da Academy o Finland. Os aspec os analisados o am: p e e ência em elação ao local de abalho ( eículos adicionais ou on-line), o mação, idade p o issional, gêne o e bem es a . A amos a do es udo sob e o BRICS incluiu 729 jo nalis as ep esen a i os an o da mídia adicional (484 esponden es) como da on-line (245 esponden es). Eles es a am dis ibuídos em 20 cidades, dez de ca á e me opoli ano e dez p o inciais. A análise compa a i a nos cinco países BRICS e ela algumas conexões en e a digi alização e o pe il dos jo nalis as bem como o bem es a deles e as condições polí icas, econômicas e sócio-p o issionais especí icas nas quais eles i em e abalham. Pala as-cha e: No as Tecnologias. Demog a ia do Jo nalismo. Pesquisa Quali a i a Compa a i a. BRICS. DIGITALIZATION AND JOURNALISTS IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES 13 BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1 - 2016 DIGITALIZATION AND JOURNALISTS IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES In oduc ion This a icle p esen s some esul s om a la ge s udy o jou nalis s and media sys ems spu ed by he ela i ely ecen es ablishmen o an economic, poli ical and cul u al alliance o i e coun ies, i.e., BRICS. The s udy o he i e coun ies is no only imely, launched as i is on a wa e o popula i y o he BRICS coali ion, bu also impo an in ace o he c i icism o he a he Wes e n na u e o jou nalism s udies (NORDENSTRENG & THUSSU, 2015) and his o ically unique in an e a o eme gence o BRICS a he beginning o he 21s cen u y1. Today, he BRICS media ma ke s a e on he ise and, wi hin hese ma ke s, he p o ession o jou nalism is e y popula . Fo a long ime ea lie , BRICS had emained on he pe iphe y o in e na ional communica ion, media and jou nalism esea ch (THUSSU & NORDENSTRENG, 2015). To he bes o he au ho s’ knowledge, no books abou BRICS jou nalis s pe se a e a ailable. E en ecen global compa a i e p ojec s, such as Wea e & Willna ’s (2012) The Global Jou nalis o he 21s Cen u y (GJ) and he i s phase o Hani zsch e al.’s (2012) Wo lds o Jou nalism S udy (WJS), did no include jou nalis s om all he BRICS coun ies. Mo eo e , bo h p ojec s (GJ and WJS) ocused mos ly on adi ional news media, and hus could no p o ide an DIGITALIZACIÓN Y PERIODISMO EN LOS PAÍSES DEL BRICS RESUMEN - El p esen e a ículo se basa en un es udio más amplio de los pe iodis as y medios de comunicación en los sis emas de BRICS. Es e es udio colec i o de los cinco países no sólo es opo uno, pe o ambién es impo an e an e la c í ica a la na u aleza más occiden al de los es udios de pe iodismo y his ó icamen e único en la e a de p ominencia de BRICS a p incipios del siglo 21. Pa a cub i es e acío, se puso en ma cha un es udio de in es igación in e nacional de cua o años de los sis emas de medios BRICS. Se ha incluido en es e es udio una in es igación empí ica de dos años de los pe iodis as, ealizada en e diciemb e de 2012 y ene o de 2015. Cen ándose en la dinámica in e na de su p o esión, incluyendo la ansición de los medios de comunicación de ue a de línea pa a en línea o, como mínimo, la adición de un poco de en línea en los medios pe iodis as ue a de línea, con el in de en ende los cambios p oducidos po la en ada de In e ne en espacios mediá icos, el es udio p esen a en odo su alcance la au o-pe cepción de los pe iodis as sob e di e sos aspec os de su abajo. Palab as cla e: Nue as Tecnologías. Demog a ía del Pe iodismo. Es udios Compa a i os Cuali a i os. BRICS BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1- 2016 14 S e lana Pas i and Jyo ika Ramap asad unde s anding o con empo a y jou nalis s and global ends in jou nalism in he con ex o he omnip esen digi aliza ion o hei wo k and li e. To ill his gap, a ou -yea in e na ional p ojec on BRICS’ media sys ems was launched a he Uni e si y o Tampe e, wi h unding om he Academy o Finland, in ol ing abou i y esea che s om he BRICS coun ies as well as om Finland and he Uni ed S a es2. Included in his was an empi ical su ey o jou nalis s, unde aken be ween Decembe 2012 and Janua y 2015. The jou nalis s udy used ou le els o s a i ica ion: 1) pe sonal: class, ace, e hnici y, gende , age and p o essional gene a ion o jou nalis s; 2) o ganiza ional: adi ional (newspape s, magazines, adio and ele ision) and online news media; 3) ex a-o ganiza ional: me os (na ional capi als) and p o incial ci ies; and 4) na ional: i e BRICS coun ies. Focusing on he in e nal dynamics o hei p o ession, including he ansi ion om o line o online o a minimum he addi ion o some online o o line news media, wi h a iew o unde s and he changes w ough by he en y o he In e ne in o media spaces, he s udy in i s ull scope p esen s jou nalis s’ sel pe cep ions abou a ious aspec s o hei wo k (PASTI, RAMAPRASAD & NDLOVU, 2015). Speci ically, he a icle ocuses on jou nalis s’ wo kplace p e e ence ( adi ional o online news), educa ion, p o essional age, gende , and well-being, compa ing hem ac oss he i e coun ies, in an e o o unde s and he di e en ial connec ion, i any, be ween digi aliza ion and jou nalis s’ demog aphics and well-being. Sample3 Sampling guidelines speci ied con enience sampling o he selec ion o ci ies, news o ganiza ions and jou nalis s (including snowball sampling a his le el) bu wi hin ce ain pa ame e s. Thus, he sample would include bo h me o and p o incial ci ies. I would ha e news o ganiza ions ha a e 1) adi ional and online 2) na ional and egional, 3) o di e en ypes: newspape , magazine, adio, ele ision, online, and 4) as applicable, p i a e, mixed and s a e (go e nmen owns o e 50% o hei di ec o indi ec asse s). I would include bo h quali y 15 BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1 - 2016 DIGITALIZATION AND JOURNALISTS IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES (in luen ial in public li e) and popula (la ge audience) news ehicles. And, i would ep esen jou nalis s om a ious anks, gende s and ages (ac ual and p o essional age). Addi ionally, he sampling ame speci ied 24 news ou le s in each me o and 12 in each p o incial ci y, wo jou nalis s om each ou le , and an e en spli be ween jou nalis s om adi ional and online news. Thus in each coun y 144 jou nalis s would be in e iewed (96 me o; 48 p o incial ci y; 72 adi ional, 72 online) o a g and o al o 720 jou nalis s om all i e BRICS coun ies. The sampling plan was no always ealized due o local ci cums ances o g ow h o online news, accessibili y o and willingness o news ou le s and jou nalis s o pa icipa e, and o he ac o s. Fu he , samples we e localized o e lec c i ical indigenous ac o s. Fo example, in selec ing news o ganiza ions, he B azilian eam de ined quali y news ehicles as hose ha ing he highes impac on he poli ical agenda, whe eas he Sou h A ican eam de ined hem as communi y media. O , o example, in some ci ies o Sou h A ica, China, and India, pu ely online news ou le s we e small in numbe o non-exis en and hus news po als and online e sions o adi ional news media we e included. The inal sample had 729 jou nalis s because Sou h A ica included 150 jou nalis s, China 146, and India 145; he spli by ci y was 487 me o ci y and 242 p o incial ci y jou nalis s, and ha be ween o line and online was 484 o line and 245 online jou nalis s. The ci y sample included wen y BRICS ci ies, en me opoli an and en p o incial; in B azil: B asília (Fede al Dis ic ), Rio de Janei o, Juiz de Fo a and Vi ó ia; in Russia: Moscow, S . Pe e sbu g, Yeka e inbu g and Pe oza odsk; in India: New Delhi, Hyde abad, Kolka a and Pune; in China: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Wuhan; and in Sou h A ica: Johannesbu g, Cape Town, Du ban and Po Elizabe h. The implemen a ion o he p o ocol included ace- o- ace o phone in e iews, conduc ed in a se ing (o ice o ca é) p e e ed by he in e iewee bu ensu ing p i acy. The p o ocol was adminis e ed in a language he in e iewee was com o able wi h (Po uguese, Russian, English, Bengali, Ma a hi, Hindi, Telugu, U du, and Chinese). On a e age, in e iews las ed oughly 45 minu es. In e iews we e conduc ed by na ional esea che s and ained esea ch assis an s, mos ly s uden s o jou nalism and mass communica ion. All in e iews we e aped and ansc ibed BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1- 2016 16 S e lana Pas i and Jyo ika Ramap asad and hen coded by ained code s in consul a ion wi h au ho s o ge coun s o hose ques ions ha allowed such analyses and also analyzed hema ically o pa e ns. In essence, da a analysis employed equency coun s as well as induc i e de i a ion o commonali ies. Whe e equi ed, eams had ecei ed IRB pe mission, and had eques ed consen om and p omised con iden iali y o hei in e iewees. FINDINGS Wo kplace P e e ence: T adi ional o online? The ac o s in luencing jou nalis s’ wo kplace p e e ence wi h ega d o ype o news media, adi ional o online, we e a ied and de ini ely cha ac e ized condi ions o jou nalism in hose coun ies. In B azil, adi ional media we e conside ed as mo e p es igious places o employmen han online media bo h by adi ional (58%) and online news media esponden s (43%) (PAIVA, GUERRA & CUSTÓDIO. 2015). One o he easons o his p e e ence is ha adi ional media demand “g ea e jou nalis ic esponsibili y” (PAIVA, GUERRA & CUSTÓDIO, 2015, p. 22). On he o he hand, a leas his sample conside ed online media mo e democ a ic han adi ional media. In e ms o social class, hal o he online jou nalis s and a hi d o he adi ional news media jou nalis s came om he wo king class. In e ms o educa ion, in online news media, he p opo ion o hose who g adua ed wi h a deg ee in jou nalism anged om 50 o 67 pe cen ac oss he ci ies, while in adi ional media, an o e whelming majo i y, i.e., 83 pe cen o 100 pe cen ac oss he ci ies, had a jou nalism deg ee. B azilian esea che s sugges ha , “In p o essional e ms, he in e ne has ep esen ed a new e ain o jou nalis s o ac bo h in es ablished companies and as en ep eneu s o c ea e hei own channels o poli ical analysis o hei own sou ces o income” (PAIVA, GUERRA & CUSTÓDIO, 2015, p.10). In Russia, he poli ical ac o , i.e., inc eased go e nmen con ol o adi ional news media, in luenced wo kplace p e e ence. Those young and olde jou nalis s eage o p o essional eedom p e e ed o seek employmen in independen online news 17 BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1 - 2016 DIGITALIZATION AND JOURNALISTS IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES media, which had begun o g ow since 2000. In some cases, hey le adi ional media and launched hei own independen news s a ups. While adi ional news media ha e seen mo e go e nmen egula ion in he pas i een yea s, he In e ne has emained ee o al e na i e opinion. Howe e , as Col a (2015) has indica ed, a ecen poli ical decision o ha e he S a e (i.e., he Fede al agency Roskomnadzo ) moni o , om 2017 onwa ds, he con en o all In e ne based media as well as use commen s will al e he scena io comple ely wi h ega d o eedom o opinion in online media. In India, by con as , independen online news media a e s ill a e; India has he lowes pe capi a sp ead o he In e ne (only19 pe cen ) among he BRICS coun ies (FICCI-KPMG, 2015). He e jou nalis s pe cei ed adi ional media as mo e p es igious; hese we e he news media’s b ands, ecognized and ega ded as he places o employmen . On he o he hand, he u u e o jou nalism was seen in echnology: new media, social media, online jou nalism, and sma phones. In China, he adi ional media (all Pa y-s a e owned) ended o employ hose who had an educa ion in jou nalism and communica ion and whose pa en s belonged o a high social class. By con as , online media ep esen ing an al e na i e o he adi ional media in he Chinese media ecology, because o a ious cha ac e is ics such as p i a e o mixed-owne ship, o o eign capi al unding, o g ass- oo s na u e, we e accessible job places o hose wi hou a special p o essional educa ion o hose om a lowe social class. Some a he no ewo hy di e ences be ween jou nalis s in adi ional as compa ed o online news media we e espec i ely as ollows: pe manen job (32 pe cen o 5 pe cen ), Communis pa y membe s (73 pe cen o 35 pe cen ), and union membe s (60 pe cen o 17 pe cen ). Ano he dis inc ion be ween hem was he le el o mobili y in jou nalism; adi ional media jou nalis s seldom changed jobs (only 14 pe cen had wo o mo e jobs ea lie ) as compa ed wi h online jou nalis s (34 pe cen ), sugges ing ha adi ional media we e he s able and sa e places o wo k in he cu en media ma ke (ZHOU, XU, & LI, 2015). In o he wo ds, employmen by he s a e (i.e., in adi ional media) p o ided s abili y, job secu i y, be e sala ies, a legi ima e s a us as a p o essional, and la ge oppo uni y o p o essional and pe sonal ad ancemen ; adi ional news media we e hus conside ed mo e p es igious places o employmen han he ma ke ulne able online news media. BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1- 2016 18 S e lana Pas i and Jyo ika Ramap asad In Sou h A ica, online digi al-only jou nalism was de eloped in he mos economically ad anced cen e s, such as Cape Town and Johannesbu g, and did no exis in he less de eloped ci ies o Po Elizabe h and Du ban. As Ndlo u (2015, p. 125) indica ed, “The majo i y o news ou le s began in es ing in online jou nalism a e 2000: one o easons o he bela ed en y in a p o ession, whose main cu ency is c edibili y and us , is a pe cep ion o online jou nalism as no imbued wi h es ablished jou nalis ic alues.” Howe e , he belie ha adi ional news media ha e he u mos p es ige and ha online jou nalism is less p es igious is changing. Many o he ollowing news si es, Daily Ma e ick, Heal h-e News, Poli icsweb, Moneyweb, G oundup, and mo e ecen ly, Rand Daily Mail, ha p o ide s ic ly digi al-only jou nalism, adhe e o he con en ional p inciples o jou nalism such as using well sou ced and esea ched news copy, ac checking, igh o eply, and so on. Some o hese pla o ms p oduce o iginal copy a he han use syndica ed wi es/p ess eleases. O hese digi al-only jou nalism en e p ises, Daily Ma e ick is gaining much social p es ige and espec among he news-consuming eli e (NDLOVU, 2015). Holding a Jou nalism deg ee/diploma Is i likely ha wi h he ad en o he p ac ice o jou nalism by pe sons o he han “p o essional” jou nalis s, a deg ee/diploma in jou nalism is no longe equi ed by some employe s o is o educed impo ance? Gi en ha his s udy did no use p obabili y sampling, a i m conclusion is di icul o make. Howe e , in he sample alone, he ends we e as ollows. In B azil, he numbe o jou nalis s wi hou a diploma in jou nalism was much highe in online han adi ional news media. While in he capi al ci y o B asilia and he p o incial ci y o Vi o ia each, 67 pe cen o online jou nalis s had a diploma in jou nalism, in he p o incial ci y o Juiz de Fo a, only hal o he online jou nalis s had his diploma. Tha is, he si ua ion as e lec ed in GJ (Wea e & Willna , 2012), whe ein all B azilian jou nalis s had a p o essional educa ion, has changed. In he Russian sample, unlike B azil, adi ional news media had sligh ly mo e jou nalis s wi hou a p o essional educa ion han 19 BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1 - 2016 DIGITALIZATION AND JOURNALISTS IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES did online news media (56% and 47% espec i ely). In Russia, he a i al o non-jou nalis s in jou nalism began in he pos -communis e a, when he Communis Pa y was dissol ed (1990), he So ie Union had disin eg a ed (1991), and he media had become ee o he pa y and he S a e, wi h new libe al laws, including laws o he media (1991) and non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions (1991). These laws ga e he igh o any ci izen and o ganiza ion o es ablish hei own media; hus, jou nalism as a p o ession and business became a ailable o all. Since hen, i is common in Russia o ind jou nalis s wi h a non-jou nalis ic backg ound. One o he easons o he d op in demand o g adua es in he Russian media ma ke was he inadequacy o jou nalism educa ion; i could no mee he mode n equi emen s o aining o wo k in bo h jou nalism and he media business. Responden s in all ci ies in Russia c i icized jou nalism schools indica ing ha jou nalism educa ion has expe ienced a c isis; i is ou da ed and di o ced om eal li e p ac ice, i.e., i is oo heo e ical. A young jou nalis bo n in 1985 said, “Yes, ou … jou nalism educa ion [is] in gene al in a c isis, a leas i was when I was a s uden . When we had o lea n Web-jou nalism [and de elop he] abili y o display ex s on he si e and wo k wi h In e ne jou nalism, we s ill we e augh o p o o ype on slips o pape wi h he measu e o lines o ex , which [was] no longe [how] he wo k in he edi o ial o ice [was done]; so, o cou se, ou jou nalis ic educa ion lags behind he imes.” An educa ion a emo ed om cu en p ac ice made i di icul o hose wi h a jou nalism deg ee o ge a job in he media. One jou nalis said, “I know ha [jou nalism educa ion] should no be men ioned [in a job in e iew]; in applying o a job, i you speak abou g adua ing in jou nalism, i is goodbye. You should [ins ead] be a pe son who has adap ed o he cu en ly ope a ional jou nalism. Among he g adua es o he acul y o jou nalism, only a ew ge he hang o his immedia ely.” In gene al, in India, mos jou nalis s had a college deg ee. In e ms o a speci ic educa ion in jou nalism, a s iking di e ence was no p esen in his sample be ween adi ional media and online jou nalis s; 69% o he o me and 74% o he la e had such a deg ee. In gene al, jou nalism educa ion is becoming inc easingly common in India; in pa icula he ele ision news indus y is seeking employees wi h a jou nalism deg ee (Sanjay, 2012). While i is di icul o assess he impac o digi aliza ion on deg ee ends BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1- 2016 20 S e lana Pas i and Jyo ika Ramap asad gi en he low p esence o independen digi al news media in India, o he indus y as a whole, he end in India is owa ds mo e specializa ion a he han less. In China, he si ua ion was simila o ha in B azil, i.e., ewe in online (49 pe cen ) han in adi ional news media (67 pe cen ) had a jou nalism diploma. The di e ence can be explained by he endency o he adi ional (pa y-s a e owned) media “ o ec ui s a whose educa ional backg ound is jou nalism and communica ion” (ZHOU, XU, & LI, 2015). On he o he hand, he Sou h A ican case was e en mo e o an excep ion han Russia; bo h ypes o media in Sou h A ica had a majo i y o jou nalis s educa ed in jou nalism (83% and 85% adi ional and online espec i ely). Junio izing o he p o ession The 2000s b ough in a new millennium, bu mo e impo an ly o his s udy i also saw he ac i e g ow h o online media in he wo ld and in he BRICS coun ies esul ing in esea che s paying a en ion o online media (BOCZKOWSKI, 2004; DEUZE, 2003; INTERNET LIVE STATS, 2014; MCQUAIL, 2005; TOMASELLO ET AL., 2010). Wi h he ise o In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies (ICT), social media and blogging, as well as he ad en o p i a e economies, jou nalism has become a e y popula p o ession in he BRICS coun ies, especially in China and India. This has likely c ea ed a jou nalis ic wo k o ce ha has la ge numbe s o young jou nalis s; China in pa icula had he la ges numbe o jou nalis - esponden s unde he age o 29 yea s. This inding is in line wi h ha o he GJ s udy ha collec ed da a in 2008-2010 om p obabili y samples in B azil, Russia and China (WEAVER & WILLNAT, 2012). In pa icula , among he hi y- one GJ coun ies, Chinese jou nalis s we e he younges (mean age = 33 yea s) ollowed by jou nalis s in B azil (40), Russia (41) and he Uni ed S a es (41). In he BRICS sample, young jou nalis s p e ailed in online news media. Young jou nalis s especially app ecia ed new echnologies, which made i easie o hem o “ ind, collec and p ocess in o ma ion” and o ge “ eedback om [ hei ] audience.” The echnologies also “en ich … jou nalis ic p ac ices.” A Russian jou nalis said, “I came o jou nalism [in 2006], when 27 BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1 - 2016 DIGITALIZATION AND JOURNALISTS IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES downsizing o he s a , educed unds o wo k ela ed a el, lack o eedom, and p essu e om media owne s. In hei answe s abou he condi ions needed o jou nalism o pe o m i s unc ions, he BRICS jou nalis s ei e a ed he need o eedom; hey wan ed mo e democ acy and eedom o speech and mo e economically independen media. Digi aliza ion and Condi ions o Jou nalism P ac ice in BRICS Gi en he non-p obabili y na u e o he sample and he indings o di e ences among he BRICS coun ies wi h ega d o he impac o digi aliza ion and o he pene a ion o independen digi al news media in o he jou nalis ic sphe e, he mos ha can be said is ha he BRICS digi al jou nalis ic landscape and i s impac on wo k p e e ence, deg ee equi emen s, eminiza ion, junio iza ion and well being is kaleidoscopic. P e e ences o wo kplace a y om hose in India wan ing o wo k in adi ional news media o hose in Russia lea ing adi ional media and mo ing o digi al news o he p omise o g ea e eedom. The d op in demand o ce i ied/deg eed jou nalis s in some BRICS coun ies’ news media likely a ose om he need o new wo ke s due o he as g ow h o media ma ke s, bu also om he ad en o new echnologies in jou nalis ic wo k, inc easingly equi ing aining in new p o essions/skills: IT specialis s, compu e geeks, p og amme s, ma ke e s, and such. And while junio iza ion is likely inc easing ac oss BRICS coun ies, i s easons a e a ied om simply an exponen ial g ow h in news media ou le s in India ha equi es a la ge and la ge wo k o ce o he g ow h o digi al media ha equi e new skills and a ied deg ees o wo k e ec i ely in he i ual space o news. The e is li le unce ain y ha eminiza ion is inc easing in all BRICS coun ies’ jou nalism wo kplaces bu his appea s o be mo e a global end han ela ed o digi al news media’s g ow h. In ac , i appea s o p eda e he digi aliza ion o he p o ession. “I may be a e lec ion o he g owing numbe o emales en e ing he wo k o ce in gene al bu is pa icula ly no ewo hy in jou nalism gi en i s unusual wo king hou s, in some cases he unusual deg ee o dange associa ed wi h jou nalism, and in some coun ies he a he p o ec i e o es ic i e na u e o BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1- 2016 28 S e lana Pas i and Jyo ika Ramap asad he ea ing o he gi l child. In he pos -communis coun ies o Russia and China, eminiza ion is connec ed wi h he poli ical libe aliza ion o jou nalism in he con ex o he ansi ion om ‘ha d powe ’ o ‘so powe ’ and wi h he shi in emphasis om he p opagandis unc ion (en us ed mos ly o males o de end communis alues) o a plu ali y o unc ions o sa is y a ied consume in e es s including hose o women consume s ha emale jou nalis s may be be e able o p esen ” (PASTI, RAMAPRASAD & NDLOVU 2015, 222). Feminiza ion o jou nalism should be in es iga ed u he as pa o he “ he changing cha ac e o labo ma ke s a ound he wo ld,” which ha e “been leading o a ise in emale labo o ce pa icipa ion and a ela i e i no absolu e all in men’s employmen , as well as a ‘ eminiza ion’ o many jobs adi ionally held by men” (STANDING 1999, 583). “Since he 1970s he global economy has been in an e a o ma ke egula ion, and g owing labo ma ke lexibili y, in which new echnologies, new labo con ol sys ems and e o med o ms o wo k o ganiza ion ha e ans o med pa e ns o labo o ce pa icipa ion h oughou he wo ld. In he p ocess, he u n o he cen u y will ma k he end o he cen u y o he labo ing man in a li e al and eal sense, in ha women will accoun o almos as many o he ‘jobs’ as men” (STANDING, 1999, p. 583). And inally, in he jou nalis s’ domain in BRICS, well being emains oo ed in he eedom o exe cise c ea i i y, in he pa on he back om audiences, and in using he p o ession o ad ance social jus ice. Despi e hese di e ing ends in he connec ion be ween digi aliza ion (Table 1) and BRICS jou nalis s’ demog aphics and well being, in ac in he e y pene a ion o he digi al news media in hese coun ies, his exe cise in unde s anding he place o i ual media in aspec s o jou nalis s’ wo k li e is no wi hou alue. I p o ides a benchma k o BRICS coun ies, a place o u u e esea che s o compa e changes, and he need o mo e di ec ly collec jou nalis s’ na a i es abou hei digi al spaces pa icula ly in e ms o how hei wo k/li e engagemen wi h his medium in e ac and how his in e ac ion in u n impac s hei pe sonal and p o essional li e. 29 BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1 - 2016 DIGITALIZATION AND JOURNALISTS IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES NOTES 1 Key documen a ion on BRICS is a ailable on h p://www.nkib ics. u/pages/b ics- igu es-and- ac s on he page o he Russian na ional commi ee o BRICS esea ch. 2 h p://u a. i/cm / u kimus/BRICS.h ml 3 Mos o he desc ip ion o he sample is bo owed e ba im om he ‘Edi o ial no e’ w i en by Pas i and Ramap asad (2015) o he special issue o A ican Jou nalism S udies, 2015, 36:3 ha p esen ed he i s epo o he empi ical indings o he BRICS jou nalis s’ su ey, 2012-2015. REFERENCES BOCZKOWSKI, P. J. Digi alizing news. Camb idge, MA: MIT P ess, 2004. CHEN, S. & WANG, Q. Jou nalism his o y: China. In: VALDIVIA, A. N.; NERONE, J. (Eds.), The In e na ional Encyclopedia o Media S udies. Media His o y and he Founda ions o Media S udies. Volume 1. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, pp. 296-309. COLTA. Roskomnadzo s a ed au oma ic moni o ing o online media, 2015. A ailable in: <h p://www.col a. u/news/9750 >. Access on: Feb. 16 2016. DANIELS, G. S a e o he News oom: Sou h A ica 2013: Dis up ions and T ansi ions. Johannesbu g: WITS Jou nalism, Uni e si y o he Wi wa e s and, 2013. DEUZE, M. The web and i s jou nalisms. New Media and Socie y, 5(4), pp. 203-30, 2003. FICCI-KPMG. Shoo ing o he s a s. Indian media and en e ainmen indus y epo , 2015. A ailable in: < h p://www.kpmg.com/ in ames.com >. Access on: Ma . 17 2015. HANITZSCH, T.; SEETHALER, J.; SKEWES, E. A.; ANIKINA, M.; BERGANZA, R.; CANGÖZ, I.; COMAN, M.; HAMADA, B.; HANUSCH, F.; KARADJOV, C. D.; MELLADO, C.; MOREIRA, S. V.; MWESIGE, P. BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1- 2016 30 S e lana Pas i and Jyo ika Ramap asad G.; PLAISANCE, P. L.; REICH, Z.; NOOR, D. V.; YUEN, K. W. Wo lds o Jou nalism: Jou nalis ic Cul u es, P o essional Au onomy and Pe cei ed In luences ac oss 18 Na ions. In: WEAVER, D. H.; WILLNAT, L. (Eds.), The Global Jou nalis in he 21s Cen u y. New Yo k, NY: Rou ledge, 2012, pp. 473-494. INTERNET LIVE STATS, 2014. A aliable in: < h p://www. in e ne li es a s.com/in e ne -use s/ >. Access on: Feb. 16 2016. MCQUAIL, D. McQuail’s Mass Communica ion Theo y. 5a Ed. Po land: Ringgold Inc, 2005. MILTON, V. C.; Fou ie, P. J. Sou h A ica: ee media s ill in he making. In: NORDENSTRENG, K.; THUSSU, D.K. (Eds.). Mapping BRICS Media. London: Rou ledge, 2015, pp.181-201 NORDENSTRENG, K.; THUSSU, D.K. (Eds.). Mapping BRICS Media. London: Rou ledge, 2015. NDLOVU, M. W. Wha is he s a e o Sou h A ican jou nalism? A ican Jou nalism S udies, 36(3), pp. 114-138, 2015. PAIVA, R.; GUERRA, M.; CUSTÓDIO, L. P o essional, social and egula o y cha ac e is ics o jou nalism in online and adi ional media in B azil. A ican Jou nalism S udies,36(3), pp.8-32, 2015. PASTI, S., RAMAPRASAD, J.,& NDLOVU, M. BRICS Jou nalis s in Global Resea ch. In: NORDENSTRENG, K.; THUSSU, D.K. (Eds.). Mapping BRICS Media. London: Rou ledge, 2015, pp. 205-227. PASTI, S.; J. RAMAPRASAD. Edi o ial: The BRICS jou nalis wi hin he changing dynamics o he ea ly 21s cen u y, A ican Jou nalism S udies, 36(3), pp. 1-7, 2015. PASTI, S.; GAVRA D.; ANIKINA, M. New news media in Russia: Wha is new? A ican Jou nalism S udies, 36(3), pp. 33-60, 2015. PASTI, S. Russian jou nalism as a social li : compa ing jou nalis ic a i udes in he pe iod 1992-2008. In: GLOWACKI, M.; LAUK, E.; BALCYTIENE, A. (Eds.). Jou nalism ha Ma e s: Views om Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope. F ank u am Main: Pe e Lang, 2014, pp.153-173. PASTI, S.; CHERNYSH, M.; SVITICH, L. The Russian Jou nalis s and Thei P o ession. In: WEAVER, D. H.; WILLNAT, L. (Eds.), The Global Jou nalis in he 21s Cen u y. New Yo k, NY: Rou ledge, 2012, pp.267–282. PASTI, S. A Russian Jou nalis in Con ex o Change: Media o S . Pe e sbu g [in Russian]. Tampe e: Tampe e Uni e si y P ess, Media S udies, 2004. 31 BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1 - 2016 DIGITALIZATION AND JOURNALISTS IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES PRESS TRUST OF INDIA. S a us o Women Jou nalis s in India. New Delhi: Na ional Commission o Women, sd. RAMAPRASAD, J., GUDIPATY, N.; VEMULA, R.K. Indian Jou nalis s: Pe sonal Passion, o ganiza ional dynamics and en i onmen al o ces. A ican Jou nalism S udies, 36(3), pp. 61-86, 2015. SANJAY, B. P. Jou nalism and Mass Communica ion Educa ion: An Assessmen . Asia Paci ic Media Educa o , 22(1), pp. 115-126, 2012. STANDING, G. Global Feminiza ion Th ough Flexible Labo : A Theme Re ised. Wo ld De elopmen , 27(3), pp. 583-602, 1999. THUSSU, D. K.; NORDENSTRENG, K. In oduc ion – Con ex ualizing he BRICS Media. In: K. NORDENSTRENG, K.; THUSSU, D.K. (Eds.). Mapping BRICS Media. London: Rou ledge, 2015, pp. 1-22. TOMASELLO, T. K.; LEE, Y.; BAER, A. P. New Media’ esea ch publica ion ends and ou le s in communica ion 1990-2006. New Media & Socie y, 12(4), pp. 531-548, 2010. WEAVER, D. H.; WILLNAT, L. Jou nalis s in he 21s Cen u y: Conclusions. In: WEAVER, D. H.; WILLNAT, L. (Eds.), The Global Jou nalis in he 21s Cen u y. New Yo k, NY: Rou ledge, 2012, pp. 529-551. WORLDS OF JOURNALISM STUDY. A ailable in: <h p://www. wo ldso jou nalism.o g/. Access on: Feb. 16 2016. ZHANG, H.; SU, L.. Chinese Media and Jou nalis s in T ansi ion. In: WEAVER, D. H.; WILLNAT, L. (O gs.), The Global Jou nalis in he 21s Cen u y. New Yo k, NY: Rou ledge, 2012, pp. 9-21. ZHOU, R. XU, Y.; Li, X. Jou nalis s in con empo a y China: E idence om Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Wuhan. A ican Jou nalism S udies, 36(3), pp.87-113, 2015. BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1- 2016 32 S e lana Pas i and Jyo ika Ramap asad ANNEXES Table 1- Ten op coun ies by In e ne Usage (July 1, 2014) Sou ce: In e ne Li e S a s (www.In e ne Li eS a s.com) Rank Coun y In e ne Use s 1 Yea G ow h % 1 Yea Use G ow h To al Coun y Popula ion 1 Y Popula ion Change (%) Pene a ion (% o Pop. wi h In e ne ) Coun y’s sha e o Wo ld Popula ion Coun y’s sha e o Wo ld In e ne Use s 1 China 641,601,070 4% 24,021,070 1,393,783,836 0.59% 46.03% 19.24% 21.97% 2Uni ed S a es 279,834,232 7% 17,754,869 322,583,006 0.79% 86.75% 4.45% 9.58% 3 India 243,198,922 14% 29,859,598 1,267,401,849 1.22% 19.19% 17.50% 8.33% 4 Japan 109,252,912 8% 7,668,535 126,999,808 -0.11% 86.03% 1.75% 3.74% 5 B azil 107,822,831 7% 6,884,333 202,033,670 0.83% 53.37% 2.79% 3.69% 6 Russia 84,437,793 10% 7,494,536 142,467,651 -0.26% 59.27% 1.97% 2.89% 7 Ge many 71,727,551 2% 1,525,829 82,652,256 -0.09% 86.78% 1.14% 2.46% 8 Nige ia 67,101,452 16% 9,365,590 178,516,904 2.82% 37.59% 2.46% 2.30% 9Uni ed Kingdom 57,075,826 3% 1,574,653 63,489,234 0.56% 89.90% 0.88% 1.95% 10 F ance 55,429,382 3% 1,521,369 64,641,279 0.54% 85.75% 0.89% 1.90% 33 BRAZILIAN JOURNALISM RESEARCH - Volume 12 - Numbe 1 - 2016 DIGITALIZATION AND JOURNALISTS IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES S e lana Pas i (Juske i s) is a Senio esea che a he Cen e o Jou nalism, Media and Com- munica ion (COMET) a he Uni e si y o Tam- pe e since 2012, and Adjunc P o esso (Docen ), School o Communica ion, Media and Thea e a he Uni e si y o Tampe e since 2013. P e iously, Pas i was a jou nalis and edi o a Mu mansk Ra- dio in Russia, and a esea che in a ious p ojec s o he Academy o Finland, he Finnish Minis y o Educa ion, and he Eu opean Union ela ed o me- dia and jou nalism in Russia and Cen al Eu ope. She has au ho ed A Russian Jou nalis in Con ex o Change: Media o S . Pe e sbu g (2004), The Changing P o ession o a Jou nalis in Russia (2007), en book chap e s and se e al a icles in pee - e iewed jou nals including he Eu opean Jou nal o Communica ion and No dicom Re iew. Jyo ika Ramap asad is P o esso in he School o Communica ion a he Uni e si y o Miami. Ra- map asad’s esea ch ocuses on jou nalism s ud- ies and on communica ion o social change. He su eys o jou nalis s in Asia and A ica ha e been published in Gaze e, The Ha a d In e na- ional Jou nal o P ess/Poli ics, and Asian Jou nal o Communica ion. He wo k in communica ion o social change has been published in Social Ma ke ing Qua e ly and Jou nal o Heal h and Mass Communica ion. Ramap asad eaches and consul s in he a ea o communica ion o social change. RECEIVED ON: 04/01/2016 | APPROVED ON: 12/02/2016