Coeliac disease

Edi o ial Coeliac Disease Ra aella Nenna,1S e ano Guandalini,2Alina Popp,3and Kalle Ku ppa4 1Depa men o Paedia ics, “Sapienza” Uni e si y o Rome, I aly 2Sec ion o Gas oen e ology, Depa men o Pedia ics, Uni e si y o Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 3Uni e si y o Medicine and Pha macy “Ca ol Da ila”, Bucha es , Romania 4Tampe e Cen e o Child Heal h Resea ch, Uni e si y o Tampe e and Tampe e Uni e si y Hospi al, Finland Co espondence should be add essed o Ra aella Nenna; a aella.nenna@uni oma1.i Recei ed 13 May 2014; Accep ed 13 May 2014; Published 28 May 2014 Copy igh © 2014 Ra aella Nenna e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. Celiacdiseaseisanau oimmunediso de ,causedbya pe manen in ole ance o glu en con ained in whea and o simila p olamines p esen in ba ley and ye. I is a common disease as i s p e alence, in Caucasian popula ions, is abou 1%. The e a e se e al pa e ns o clinical p esen a ion: ypical (wi h gas oin es inal symp oms), a ypical (ex ain es inal mani es a ions), and silen o ms, all cha ac e ized by ypical his ological lesions in he small bowel mucosa. Nowadays he glu en- ee die o li e is he only he apy a ailable o CD. Conside able p og ess has been made due o ad ances in molecula biology, which ha e allowed be e unde s anding o he gene ic mechanisms in ol ed in CD and he iden i ica- ion o new pa hogene ic pa hways ha ha e he po en ial o be a ge ed by new d ugs. In his special issue, we ha e in i ed au ho s o con ibu e o iginal pape s ha will s imula e he con inuing e o s o unde s and he pa hogenesis and he e ogeneous clinical p esen a ion o celiac disease. Immunogenic pep ides, c ea ed by deamida ion o ood- de i ed gliadin pep ides by small in es inal issue ansglu- aminase, a e p esen ed by an igen-p esen ing cells, mos ly dend i ic cells bea ing HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 molecules, o p oin lamma o y CD4+ T cells, ac i a ing hem. E. Liu e al. in es iga ed pe iphe al T cell esponses om young child en wi h newly diagnosed CD p io o ea men wi h a glu en- ee die , inding ha T cell eac i i y is he e ogeneous bu a o s eac i i y wi h 𝛼-gliadin epi opes mo e han 𝛾-gliadin. Me abolomics is a apidly eme ging new concep in science ha appea s o ha e ele an applica ion also in he ield o celiac disease. In hei me iculous e iew, A. Cal- ab ` o e al. highligh he me abolomics pe spec i e on celiac disease. Fu he mo e, he g owing ecogni ion o he impo - an ole o gu mic obio a in he de elopmen o celiac disease and o he ood- ela ed diso de s is add essed and ho oughly e iewed. Healing o he small bowel mucosa is di ec ly dependen on he adhe ence o he glu en- ee die , and i s assessmen by nonin asi e ools has been a long- ime objec i e o esea ch in celiac disease, wi h he aim o es ablishing sui able minimally in asi e me hods bo h o diagnosing and o adequa e ollow-up o celiac disease and o he adequacy o he glu en- ee die . In hei s udy, E. T igoni e al. concluded ha an i-endomysium an ibodies had be e abili y, a leas in adul indi iduals, han an i- issue ansglu aminase o p edic celiac disease and o assess he glu en- ee die in he c i ical pe iod o he i s semes e a e diagnosis and he beginning o he die . Among he a ypical clinical o ms o CD, o al signs a e o enneglec edbu couldo e impo an diagnos icclues in challenging diagnoses. Lesions in he o al mucosa o de ec s in den al enamel can in ac be p esen in celiac pa ien s. The pape o M. E iu e al., e alua ing o al signs and di e en DQ2 haplo ypes, highligh s he undamen al ole ha den is s can play in ea ly ecogni ion o CD. I is well known ha un ea ed celiac disease pa ien s de elop speci ic se um au oan ibodies agains ansglu am- inase 2. Recen ly i has been disco e ed ha co esponding ci cula ing an ibodies agains ansglu aminase 6 (TG6) may play a ole in pa icula glu en- ela ed neu ological diso de s. In hei s udy, R. S enbe g e al. demons a e ha he p esence o an i-TG6 an ibodies is inc eased in subjec s wi h ea ly Hindawi Publishing Co po a ion Au oimmune Diseases Volume 2014, A icle ID 623784, 2 pages h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1155/2014/623784 2Au oimmune Diseases neu ological inju y esul ing in ce eb al palsy, sugges ing ha an ea ly b ain insul may lead o subsequen TG6 au o- immuni y. Due o hei common gene ic backg ound, celiac disease, ype 1 diabe es melli us, and au oimmune hy oidi is a e o en associa ed. M. an de Pals e al. con i med h ee imes highe p e alence o hy oid au oimmuni y ma ke s (au oan ibodies agains hy oid pe oxidase) in celiac disease child en compa ed wi h 12-yea -old heal hy con ols bu no di e ence in hy oid au oimmuni y be ween clinically de ec ed and sc een-de ec ed celiac disease child en. Ra aella Nenna S e ano Guandalini Alina Popp Kalle Ku ppa