Development of personal wellness information model for pervasive healthcare

Hindawi Publishing Co po a ion Jou nal o Compu e Ne wo ks and Communica ions Volume 2012, A icle ID 596749, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/596749 Resea ch A icle De elopmen o Pe sonal Wellness In o ma ion Model o Pe asi e Heal hca e An o Sepp¨ al¨ a,1Pi kko Nyk¨ anen,1and Pekka Ruo salainen2 1eHeal h Resea ch G oup, School o In o ma ion Sciences, Uni e si y o Tampe e, P.O. BOX 607, 33014 Uni e si y o Tampe e, Finland 2Depa men o In o ma ion, Na ional Ins i u e o Heal h and Wel a e, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland Co espondence should be add essed o An o Sepp¨ al¨ a, an o[email p o ec ed] Recei ed 2 Ma ch 2012; Accep ed 8 Augus 2012 Academic Edi o : Rui Zhang Copy igh © 2012 An o Sepp¨ al¨ a e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. Pe asi e heal hca e and ci izen-cen e ed ca e pa adigm a e mo ing he heal hca e ou side he hospi al en i onmen . Heal hca e deli e y is becoming mo e pe sonalized and decen alized, ocusing on p e en ion and p oac i e se ices wi h a comple e iew o heal h and wellbeing. The concep o wellness has been used o desc ibe his holis ic iew o heal h, which ocuses on physical, social, and men al well-being. Pe asi e compu ing makes i possible o collec in o ma ion and offe se ices any ime and anywhe e. To suppo pe asi e heal hca e wi h wellness app oaches, seman ic in e ope abili y is needed be ween all ac o s and in o ma ion sou ces in he ecosys em. This s udy ocuses on he domain o pe sonal wellness and analyzes ela ed concep s, ela ionships, and en i onmen s. As a esul o his s udy, we ha e c ea ed an in o ma ion model ha ocuses on he ci izens’ pe spec i es and concep ualiza ions o pe sonal wellness. The model has been c ea ed based on empi ical esea ch conduc ed wi h ocus g oups. 1. In oduc ion Heal hca e deli e y is unde going a no able shi owa d pe sonalized se ices wi h dis ibu ed ca e p ocesses ha emphasize a mo e holis ic iew o heal h and wellness wi hin a ci izen-cen e ed ca e model [1–6]. The new ci izen- cen e ed ca e pa adigm ocuses on he heal h, unc ioning, and well-being o people as a whole [7]. The ocus, hen, is mo e on p e en i e, p oac i e se ices wi h he ci izen a he co e o his/he ca e, ins ead o jus ea ing diseases and symp oms [1,2,4–6]. In he u u e, i will no be enough o jus access medical his o ies o es esul s, bu ci izens’ li es yle in o ma ion, beha io al choices, and moni o ing and measu emen da a will need o be conside ed o ensu e p e en i e, p oac i e se ice [2,4–6]. Such a iew o heal h is no en i ely new. The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) de ined heal h as ea ly as 1948 as “a s a e o comple e physical, men al and social well-being and no me ely he absence o disease o in i mi y” [8, page 100]. This de ini ion acknowledged a holis ic iew o heal h and suppo ed a ocus beyond disease ea men . Despi e his WHO’s de ini ion, he concep o heal h may cause misunde s andings because usually i is unde s ood o e e o a pe son’s s a e when ee o diseases, and he ocus is on medical well-being. Howe e , heal h can be de ined in many ways, o example, i can be seen as a s a e o s able physiological unc ion, lack o diseases, and absence o illnesses. One e m ha has been used o desc ibe mo e comple e heal h and well-being o people is wellness. Wellness is hough o be a subjec i e eeling o heal h and well-being [9]. Wellness conside s indi iduals’ gene al unc ioning as a whole, co e ing no only physical bu also social and psychological aspec s [9,10]. Wellness is a mul idimensional concep , and i is cu en ly being s udied in many diffe en scien i ic a eas, such as medicine, public heal h, occupa ional heal h, and men al heal h [9]. 2. Resea ch Con ex and Objec i es Pe asi e heal hca e can be de ined ei he as he applica ion o pe asi e compu ing—in o he wo ds, ubiqui ous compu ing, p oac i e compu ing, o ambien in elligence— o heal hca e, heal h, and wellness managemen , o as making heal hca e a ailable any ime and anywhe e [11]. 2 Jou nal o Compu e Ne wo ks and Communica ions The basic idea behind pe asi e heal hca e is o in eg a e heal hca e echnologies and concep s in o people’s e e yday li es. Pe asi e heal hca e is seen as suppo ing he shi owa d ci izen-cen e ed ca e [12,13]. Ve y closely ela ed o pe asi e heal hca e is he esea ch being done in he pe asi e and ubiqui ous compu ing ields. These echnology pa adigms ocus on embedded, mobile, p oac i e, con ex - awa e, collabo a i e, and senso sys ems [13]. Pe asi e heal hca e applica ions a e designed o suppo decen alized and p e en i e ca e. Pe asi e heal hca e will also help ci izens manage hei pe sonal heal h and wellness ou side he p o ide ne wo k. This model highligh s a wellness-cen e ed app oach by helping ci izens o s ay well physically, men ally, and socially and o u ilize diffe en sel - managemen and assis i e se ices [13]. Wi h pe asi e com- pu ing echnologies, i is i possible o collec all kinds o da a any ime and anywhe e [11,14]. Da a collec ion can be done by using in elligen senso s and measu emen echnologies. The objec i e o in o ma ion modeling is o desc ibe he in o ma ion in a ce ain domain o in an o ganiza ion. In o - ma ion models can be used o cap u e use s’ pe cep ions and unde s anding o sys em complexi ies [15]. In his s udy, we a e ocusing on he concep ual le el o modeling. Concep ual modeling akes as i s poin o in e es knowledge abou he domain, and he idea is o build a ep esen a ion o he eal-wo ld seman ics [16,17]. Concep ual modeling can be pe o med using in o mal o semi o mal models. Despi e o he o mali y le el o used modeling no a ion, he main aim is o cap u e concep s and ela ionships in he a ge domain [18,19]. Wi h pe asi e heal hca e and mo e pe sonalized, holis- ic, and ci izen-cen e ed se ices, we need a be e unde - s anding o he pe sonal wellness domain. This equi es mo e in o ma ion han ypical heal h eco ds include. To ully suppo he new ways o managing heal h and wellness wi h ICT and pe asi e compu ing, we need o achie e seman- ic in e ope abili y among diffe en s akeholde s, sys ems, de ices, senso s, and o he in o ma ion sou ces and use s. To achie e seman ic in e ope abili y, a con ex -awa e pe sonal wellness on ology is needed. This on ology can be used o c ea e sha ed unde s andings and allow o sha ing o he e ogeneous in o ma ion among all ac o s and sys ems in he pe sonal wellness ecosys em. This s udy is a pa o a esea ch p ojec ha examines he us ed use o pe sonal heal h and wellness in o ma ion in u u e ubiqui ous compu ing en i onmen s [20]. In his esea ch p ojec , we aim o c ea e a us ed con ex -awa e on ology o li elong pe sonal wellness managemen and an a chi ec u e model o us ed use o mul isou ce he e oge- neous in o ma ion. Be o e we can s a building a pe sonal wellness on ology, we ha e o unde s and wha wellness is, wha i s componen s a e, wha in o ma ion is ela ed o i , how people manage and main ain wellness, and wha in luences wellness. Basically, we ha e o unco e he scope and con en s o he concep o wellness. This s udy de elops he wellness concep u he and builds he basis o he de elopmen o a pe sonal wellness on ology. The i s esea ch objec i e o his s udy was o analyze he domain o pe sonal wellness. This includes bo h how he concep o pe sonal wellness is de ined in he li e a u e and how people concep ualize i as well as he scope o he domain. The second objec i e o his s udy was o c ea e a high-le el pe sonal wellness in o ma ion model o p esen ela ed concep s, cha ac e is ics, and con ex ual aspec s. Wi h his high-le el in o ma ion model, we can unde s and he concep o pe sonal wellness and s a o c ea e a mo e o mal model, in o he wo ds, a pe sonal wellness on ology. 3. Me hods As a guiding amewo k o ou esea ch, we ha e used a design science esea ch (DSR) app oach [21,22]. DSR can be seen as a p oblem-sol ing p ocess in which ac ual business needs a e add essed by building ac ual a i ac s o appli- ca ions. DSR is usually conside ed o add ess pa icula ly p oblema ic si ua ions ha a e cha ac e ized by uns able equi emen s and cons ain s, complex in e ac ions, a en- dency o change in e ms o design p ocesses o a i ac s, and dependence upon human cogni i e and social abili ies [22]. DSR is based on wo design p ocesses: build and e alua e. These wo p ocesses p oduce IT a i ac s, which can be cons uc s, models, me hods, o implemen a ions. Usually build and e alua e p ocesses a e pe o med i e a i ely o imp o e he quali y o he a i ac . He ne e al. [22]ha e de eloped se en guidelines o DSR, and we ha e ollowed hese du ing ou esea ch. These guidelines a e (a) design as an a i ac , (b) p oblem ele ance, (c) design e alua ion, (d) esea ch con ibu ion, (e) esea ch igo , ( ) design as a sea ch p ocess, and (g) communica ion o esea ch. In his s udy, we ocus on building and e alua ing bo h he cons uc s and a model in he pe sonal wellness domain. The cons uc s de ine he basic concep s, he uni e se o discou se, and he ela ions and a ibu es o he concep s. Mos o he wo k done in he domain o pe sonal wellness is ela ed o he measu emen o assessmen o wellness o well-being. They ocus on diffe en hings han wha we need o de elop a pe sonal wellness on ology. These models a e high-le el desc ip ions wi h limi ed analysis o he concep s o ela ions. Mo eo e , en i onmen al ac o s a e de ined qui e na owly. In ou esea ch, we a e mo e in e es ed in iden i ying and de ining main componen s, concep s, and ela ions in he pe sonal wellness domain. We a e c ea ing a mo e comple e and concep ually ocused model o suppo he ield o pe asi e heal hca e. This s udy had h ee main me hods o in o ma ion modeling: (1) an analysis o he li e a u e, which explo es he concep ualiza ion o pe sonal wellness, pe sonalized heal hca e, and a holis ic iew o heal h; (2) a con ex analysis o iden i y in e nal and ex e nal con ex s o pe sonal wellness; (3) ocus g oups o unde s and how people unde s and he concep o pe sonal wellness, how i can be concep ualized, and which ac o s affec pe sonal wellness. Jou nal o Compu e Ne wo ks and Communica ions 3 Table 1: Focus g oup mee ings. G oup Du a ion Pa icipan s Focus G oup 1 2 mee ings, 4hou seach Young, heal hy depa men s affmembe s, open olun a y call o ou depa men ’s mailing lis (5 and 4 pa icipan s) Iden i y and desc ibe basic concep s o pe sonal wellness G oup 2 1 mee ing, 2hou s In e nal p ojec mee ing (4 pa icipan s) Speci ica ion o concep s, edundancy educ ion, and abs ac ion le els G oup 3 1 mee ing, 2hou s Ou uni e si y’s heal h in o ma ics pos g adua e s uden s (5 pa icipan s) Concep speci ica ion and ca ego iza ion and ex e nal con ex s G oup 4 2 mee ings, 2hou seach Females aged 48–62 (9 and 10 pa icipan s); g oup was o med on a olun a y basis by sending in i a ions o pa icipan s in ano he well-being- ela ed s udy Discussion abou pa icipan s’ iews on pe sonal wellness in gene al and hen ou models in mo e de ail 3.1. Li e a u e Analysis. As a basis o he s udy, we ca ied ou an analysis o scien i ic li e a u e conce ning pe sonal wellness. The analysis included Google Schola and diffe en scien i ic publica ion da abases: Associa ion o Compu ing Machine y (ACM), ESBCOhos Academic Sea ch P emie , IEEE, PubMed, ScienceDi ec , and Sp inge Link. Fo mo e de ailed analysis, we chose a icles conce ning holis ic and mul idimensional iews on heal h and wellness ha possibly we e ela ed o he componen s o a ci izen-cen e ed heal h- ca e pa adigm. We manually analyzed a ound 100 a icles conce ning hese opics. 3.2. Con ex Analysis. The con ex analysis was pe o med using basic echniques om he equi emen s elici a ion p ocess. Requi emen s elici a ion is a p ocess used o ind necessa y equi emen s o compu e -based sys ems [23]. In ou case, he a ge was he exis ing knowledge in he li e a u e. We analyzed he applica ion domain, iden i ied he sou ce documen s ela ed o ou domain, and ecognized and analyzed ela ed s akeholde s. The s akeholde s, in ou case, we e he in e nal and ex e nal con ex s in pe sonal wellness. We iden i ied bo h ex e nal en i onmen and in e nal en i onmen , he la e o which consis s o ac o s ela ed di ec ly o he pe son he sel , such as hings ha she he sel can affec , con ol, in luence, o manage. 3.3. Empi ical S udies wi h Focus G oups. F om he li e a u e and con ex analysis, we ob ained he ma e ial ha o med he basis o ou empi ical esea ch, which was pe o med wi h ocus g oups. A ocus g oup is a me hod o g oup in e - iews in which emphasis is on he communica ion be ween he pa icipan s. The numbe o g oups o pa icipan s may a y, bu acco ding o Ki zinge [24], he ideal numbe o pa icipan s in he g oup is om ou o eigh . The idea is o gene a e da a based on in e ac ion and communica ion, ins ead o he esea che asking he pa icipan s di ec ques ions. Focus g oups a e a use ul me hod o explo ing knowledge and expe iences o people because hey can help people explain and cla i y hei hough s and iews. I is especially sui able o si ua ions in which he exis ing knowledge is inadequa e, he subjec is e y complex wi h many a iables, and he esea ch ques ions a e e y open. Some imes, hough, he g oup dynamics migh silence some pa icipan s o ideas. Me hods o conduc ing ocus g oup- cen e ed esea ch may a y, depending on se e al ac o s, such as he numbe o pa icipan s o g oups, how he g oups a e o med (p eexis ing o unknown), and he homogenei y o he e ogenei y o he pa icipan s [24,25]. The o al numbe o ocus g oup mee ings in ou s udy was six, wi h ou diffe en g oups (see Table 1). The ocus g oup mee ings we e o ganized such ha one o he esea che s ac ed as a head o he mee ings and he esea che s collec ed he esul s based on he discussions. To suppo he mee ings, we had some hemes and models, bu he s uc u e o he ocus g oups mee ings was qui e elaxed and in o mal, and he pa icipan s we e encou aged o discuss hei iews openly. The objec i e o he ocus g oups was o ga he empi ical ma e ial abou how pe sonal wellness is unde s ood and concep ualized and wha kinds o con ex s a e ela ed o i . This mean ha i was impo an o collec concep s and he ideas behind hem ha we e e ealed du ing he g oups’ communica ion. The esul s o he i s wo mee ings we e documen ed in a mind map. Mind mapping was chosen because i is an easy way o ep esen in o ma ion, simple ca ego iza ions, and simple ela ions be ween concep s. Mo eo e , mos people a e amilia wi h his echnique. Based on he i s wo ocus g oup mee ings and he pe o med analyses, we s a ed o model he pe sonal wellness domain in a mo e o mal way by using a simpli ied en i y ela ionship (ER) no a ion. The idea behind he use o he simpli ied ER model was ha he model could be easily unde s ood and modi ied by people wi hou any modeling expe ience. The esul s and modi ica ions made by he ocus g oup pa icipan s we e modeled by he esea che s. Al hough we pe o med he modeling ou sel es based on he ocus g oup mee ings, we ied, o he ex en possible, o keep he model based on he ac ual discus- sions, concep s, and iews p esen ed by he ocus g oup pa icipan s. The modeling wo k was di ided in o se en sub-models, which oge he o m he high-le el in o ma ion model o pe sonal wellness. The ocus g oup mee ings we e o ganized o suppo i e a i e build-e alua e- ype p ocess. 4. Resul s 4.1. Concep ualizing Pe sonal Wellness: Resul s om he Li e - a u e and Con ex Analysis. Wellness is a mul idimensional and mul idisciplina y concep . Al hough de ini ions may a y depending on he con ex , gene ally, wellness is hough o be a balanced s a e o a heal hy body, mind, and 4 Jou nal o Compu e Ne wo ks and Communica ions En i onmen Social ne wo ks Li es yle Heal hca e Emo ional and men al wellness Occupa ional wellness Physiological wellness Figu e 1: Pe sonal wellness domain. spi i [7,9,10,26–28]. Wellness can be seen as a high- le el concep ha in eg a es mul iple domains, including he physical, psychological, social, and spi i ual domains, and i may a y acco ding o age o cul u al con ex [29]. Also, heal h p omo ion, p e en ion, and be e unc ioning a e closely ela ed o wellness [7,27,30,31]. Wellness is a comple e, holis ic iew ha ocuses on he indi idual and his speci ic needs. I akes in o accoun he whole pe son and he en i onmen , acknowledging li es yle, beha io , cul u e, belie s, expe iences, and o he aspec s ha affec a pe son’s li e [9,10,27,31–33]. Some holis ic wellness models ha e been de eloped in he ield o clinical and counseling psychology [34]: he Wheel o Wellness by Sweeney and Wi me [35], he Indi isible Sel by Mye s and Sweeney [26], he Ci cle o Heal h by Saylo [36], and an ecosys emic app oach o heal h, well- being, and wellness by Ki s en e al. [28]. All ou models ake a holis ic, mul idimensional iew o heal h and wellness. The models we e qui e high-le el, in o mal, and gene al, and hei pu pose was diffe en om ou s, bu we we e able o ex ac some o hei concep s and o he cha ac e is ics. Fo mo e in o ma ion abou hese models and analyses, see [37]. Based on he li e a u e and con ex analyses, we we e able o iden i y some common concep s, cha ac e is ics, and p ope ies o pe sonal wellness. As a esul o he analyses, we we e able o disco e how wellness is de ined as a high- le el concep , as well as he common cha ac e is ics and componen s wellness is gene ally hough o ha e [37]: (i) I is a holis ic, mul idimensional, and mul idiscipli- na y iew o heal h and well-being; (ii) Wellness is a b oade concep han mos iews on heal h as de ined by heal hca e; i akes in o accoun en i onmen al, emo ional, in ellec ual, occupa ional, social, and spi i ual aspec s o well-being; (iii) I ocuses on comple e heal h and well-being, p e en- ion, and p oac i e se ices; (i ) I is dynamic and con ex -dependen . 4.2. Empi ical Re inemen o he Pe sonal Wellness Concep . Based on he li e a u e and con ex analyses and he i s wo ocus g oup mee ings, we c ea ed ou own iew o pe sonal wellness (Figu e 1). The iew o pe sonal wellness consis s o i e in e nal componen s and wo ex e nal con ex s. The in e nal componen s a e: li es yle, emo ional and men al wellness, occupa ional wellness, heal hca e, and physiological wellness. The wo ex e nal con ex s a e: social ne wo ks and en i onmen . In ou iew, all componen s a e linked oge he , which ep esen s he comple e and holis ic na u e o pe sonal wellness in which he e a e many diffe en ela ionships be ween componen s. This iew emphasizes he no ion ha pe sonal wellness is much mo e han jus physical heal h and well-being. In his ligh , i is clea ha i should be examined in a mul idisciplina y and mul i-p o essional con ex . The li es yle componen is a kind o backg ound com- ponen ha di ec ly affec s he o he ou in e nal compo- nen s. The li es yle componen includes concep s ega ding ac i i ies, beha io s, choices, and isk ac o s ela ed o pe son’s li es yle. Emo ional and men al wellness ocuses on concep s conce ning indi idual iden i y, psychological concep s, in ellec ual wellness, emo ions, eelings, and so Jou nal o Compu e Ne wo ks and Communica ions 5 o h. Emo ional and men al wellness also includes a pe son’s iews and alues ha affec choices and beha io s. Occupa ional wellness is abou well-being ela ed o peo- ple’s occupa ions, and in his con ex , occupa ion can mean ha he pe son is wo king, s udying, unemployed, e i ed, o an en ep eneu . Occupa ional wellness conside s he ac ual occupa ion and i s effec s on pe sonal wellness. Physiological wellness ocuses on in o ma ion ela ed o heal h and wellness ha is no bound o ce ain heal hca e p o ide , o example, condi ions, disabili ies, unc ioning, gene ics, mon- i o ing and measu ing da a, pe sonal obse a ions, and so o h. The heal hca e componen is abou he heal hca e sys- em. I includes p o ide s, medical documen s, and se ices. All o hese in e nal componen s o pe sonal wellness a e su ounded and affec ed by ex e nal con ex s—social ne wo ks and en i onmen . Social ne wo ks include all social ela ions ha affec a pe son. En i onmen desc ibes he dig- i al and physical en i onmen s ela ed o he pe son in ques- ion. I includes, o example, li ing en i onmen , se ice en i onmen , socie y, cul u al aspec s, and egula ions. The en i onmen su ounding a pe son is e y dynamic, lexible, and sensi i e, and i may change o e he cou se o a li e ime. F om he i s wo ocus g oup mee ings alone, we al eady had qui e a lo o diffe en concep s ela ed o pe sonal wellness. We had ga he ed hese concep s in o wo mind maps, so we had some ca ego iza ion and simple ela ions be ween hese concep s. F om hese mind maps, we s a ed o ca ego ize concep s in o models, loosely based on he simpli ied ER diag am. We c ea ed se en diffe en models o ep esen all he componen s o pe sonal wellness. In hese models, we ocused mo e on he concep s and hei ca ego iza ion because hese a e co e componen s o on ology de elopmen . We s a ed going h ough hese models wi h he diffe en ocus g oups o ge a mo e de ailed iew and o disco e he necessa y concep s ela ed o pe sonal wellness. In he ocus g oup mee ings, he pa icipan s we e encou aged o openly discuss cu en hemes. Be ween he ocus g oup mee ings, we analyzed he discussions and he eedback o he mee ings and based on his, we e ised he models, analyzed and added new concep s in o he models, educed edundan concep s, and conside ed diffe en ela ionships be ween concep s. The esul ing high-le el pe sonal wellness in o ma ion model will be in oduced in mo e de ail in he nex sec ion. 4.3. Pe sonal Wellness In o ma ion Model. As a esul o he combina ion o all h ee me hods, we we e able o c ea e an in o ma ion model ha desc ibes ou iew o pe sonal wellness. The li es yle componen desc ibes he domain o pe sonal li es yle and consis s o ac i i ies, beha io s, and choices ha affec he pe son’s daily li e. I also includes ac i e wellness ac i i ies and managemen concep s. These concep s a e such ha hey can usually be affec ed, con olled, in lu- enced, o managed by he pe son he sel . Li es yle ocuses on concep s ha a e qui e dependen on he pe son he sel , and hei emphasis may a y a lo be ween people. Lis ed below a e he main concep s and subconcep s o li es yle: (i) li elihood; (ii) nu i ion—expe iences, his o y, ood dia ies, die ; (iii) es / elaxa ion, sleep; (i ) isk ac o s—beha io al, en i onmen al, inhe i able; ( ) sexual beha io ; ( i) wellness ac i i ies—objec i es, sel -de elopmen , wellness main enance (pe sonal esponsibili y, ac i e ac ions; sel -e alua ion), hobbies, leisu e, i ness/ exe cise; ( ii) Wellness beha io —wellness managemen (ac i i y managemen , al e na i e medicine, beha io man- agemen , condi ions, de ices, medica ion, non- p esc ibed medica ion), heal h educa ion, p e en- ion. The emo ional and men al componen ocuses on ele- men s ela ed o people’s minds, eelings, emo ions, iden i- ies, and pe sonali ies (Figu e 2). The concep s in emo ional and men al wellness desc ibe pe sonal iews, eelings, and a i udes owa ds li e, pe sonali y, and expe iences. They also include men al heal h and possible diso de s. This componen is aimed a desc ibing wha is going on in he pe son’s mind, how he will eac o diffe en si ua ions, and how he can cope men ally. In he emo ional and men al componen , we used he ca ego iza ion o Emo ion Anno a ion and Rep esen a ion Language (EARL) [38] o desc ibe he emo ions o a pe son. Occupa ional wellness desc ibes well-being ela ed o pe son’s occupa ion. A pe son’s occupa ion can be, o exam- ple, wo k, s udying, o being unemployed o e i ed. The concep o occupa ion desc ibes he ac ual occupa ion, i s p ope ies, o how he pe son eels abou i . I has some subconcep s, which include: app ecia ion, bene i s, equali y, unc ioning, meaning ul, mo i a ion, pe o mance, espon- sibili ies, espec , ewa ding, igh s, and ype. Occupa- ional wellness includes also ollowing concep s: educa ion, employe , en i onmen , income, occupa ional sa e y and heal h, quali y o wo king li e, social ela ions, aca ion, olun ee ing, wo k bu den, wo k clima e, wo k cul u e (including leade ship and managemen ), wo king abili y, and wo king ime. Physiological wellness has o do wi h heal h and wellness- ela ed in o ma ion ou side he heal hca e p o ide ne wo k. I will help he ci izen o collec , obse e, and manage he pe sonal heal h in o ma ion. I will include diffe en heal h and wellness de ices and hei moni o ing and measu ing o da a as well as in o ma ion abou a pe son’s condi ions and unc ioning. Physiological wellness is closely ela ed o he concep o he pe sonal heal h eco d, bu he idea is o be mo e ho ough and comple e h ough an emphasis on in o ma ion and e en s ou side he heal h- ca e p o ide ne wo k. I includes he ollowing concep s: condi ions, demog aphic in o ma ion, disabili y, unc ion- ing, gene ic in o ma ion, measu emen and moni o ing da a, obse a ion, o gan sys em, i al signs, and wellness de ices. The heal hca e componen ocuses on he clinical side o wellness. I has o do wi h he egula ed heal hca e sys em 6 Jou nal o Compu e Ne wo ks and Communica ions Emo ional and men al Emo ion (EARL) S essBeha io Posi i e hough s Ca ing Quie posi i e Posi i e and li ely Nega i e hough s Nega i e and passi e Nega i e and no in con ol Nega i e and o ce ul Agi a ion Reac i e Objec i es in li e Achie emen Ful illmen Make a di e ence Happiness Balance and ha mony Sel -con ol Time managemen Li elihood Independency Func ioning and pe o ming P oblems and di icul ies In ellec ual Abili y o make choices Indi idual iden i y Religion Belie s Values Consciousness A i udes Pe sonali y Wo ld iew Sha ing Expe iences Mo al Diso de Awa eness Li e acy C i ical hinking Sel -e icacy Obse a ion Adap i e beha io Facing si ua ions C isis Cul u al iden i y Sel -knowledge Loneliness Accep ing ailu es Figu e 2: Emo ional and men al wellness. and he ac ual ca e ha he pe son ecei es. The model consis s o wo main concep s: se ice and p o ide . The se ice concep is di ided in o h ee subconcep s, o ypes: p e en ion, diagnosis, and ea men . All o hese diffe en se ices c ea e medical documen s, and om hese docu- men s, he medical his o y o a pe son is c ea ed. P o ide s a e di ided in o ou subconcep s, o ypes: p e en i e, cu a i e, p omo ional, and ehabili a i e. The social ne wo ks componen desc ibes he diffe en social ela ions and ne wo ks ha a e ela ed o a pe son. I includes amily, ela i es, and iends, bu also diffe en communi ies and social en i onmen s, and he social pa ici- pa ion o a pe son wi hin hese con ex s. Mos o he ex e nal con ex s ha affec people’s li ing and pe sonal wellness a e loca ed in he en i onmen componen . This includes diffe en kinds o en i onmen s, such as socie y, cul u al no ms, o he media (Figu e 3). The en i onmen affec s he pe son in many ways, and i may shape he possibili ies o handling pe sonal wellness. These ex e nal ac o s a e hea ily con ex -dependen and may diffe om coun y o coun y. All se en componen s combined c ea e a high-le el in o - ma ion model o he pe sonal wellness domain (Figu e 4). 5. Discussion As a esul o his esea ch, we we e able o c ea e a high-le el in o ma ion model o he pe sonal wellness domain. Usually, heal h- ela ed in o ma ion models and on ologies a e buil om he heal hca e sys ems and he se ice p o ide s’ iewpoin . He e, howe e , we ha e ins ead c ea ed ou model om he ci izens’ iewpoin . The ci izens’ iewpoin is based on he empi ical esea ch pe o med wi h he ocus g oups. We ied o ge a comp ehensi e iew wi h pa icipan s om diffe en age g oups wi h diffe en backg ounds bu as he ocus g oups we e c ea ed on a olun a y basis om a limi ed pool o people he e can be some limi a ions in he model. Also he pa icipan s can be seen being mo e in e es ed in hei heal h and wellness han egula ci izens as hey a e willing o pa icipa e in his kind o olun a y esea ch. Wi h ocus g oups we ha e c ea ed a model based on ac i e Jou nal o Compu e Ne wo ks and Communica ions 7 En i onmen Accessibili y A ailabili y Go e nmen Heal hca e Commune/ci y S a e Socie y Sa e y Social sa e y ne Equali y Cul u al alues His o y Ideology/model Cul u al backg ound Se ice en i onmen Cul u e His o y Religion Language Economy Regula ions Legal Social Economic de elopmen Educa ion Physical en i onmen Media Global Digi al en i onmen 3 d sec o Na ional iden i y Home Spa ial de elopmen Li ing en i onmen Figu e 3: The en i onmen componen . Pe sonal wellness Heal hca eDiagnosis P o ide s T ea men P e en ion Rehabili a i e P e en i e P omo ionalCu a i e Emo ional and men al Emo ion (EARL) S ess Beha io Objec i es in li e Happiness Balance and ha mony Sel -con ol In ellec ual Indi idual iden i y Consciousness Pe sonali y Sha ing En i onmen Go e nmen Heal hca e Socie y Cul u e Regula ions Media Global Li es yle Risk ac o s Wellness beha io Wellness ac i i ies Nu i ion P e en ionWellness managemen Heal h educa ion Hobbies Leisu e Fi ness/exe cise Res Li elihood Sexual beha io Occupa ional Educa ion Occupa ion Wo king ime Wo k bu den Vaca ion Volun ee ing Wo king abili y En i onmen Social ela ions Occupa ional sa e y and heal h Wo k clima e Physiological in o ma ion Func ioning Moni o ing da a Obse a ion O gan sys em Vi al signs Disabili y Gene ic in o ma ion Condi ion Social ne wo ks Communi y Family F iends Rela i es Social en i onmen Social pa icipa ion Income Diso de Demog aphic in o ma ion Se ice en i onmen Physical en i onmen Digi al en i onmen 3 d sec o Measu emen da a Obse a ion C isis Sel -knowledge Sel -e icacy Adap i e beha io Loneliness Li ing en i onmen Home Quali y o wo king li e Wo k cul u e Employe WMain enance Figu e 4: The highes le el concep s o pe sonal wellness. and conscious people who a e no heal h p o essionals o ep esen a i es o any heal h o ganiza ions. The model is based on he ocus g oup esea ch, and we ha e ied o model he domain and he concep s acco ding o he pa icipan s. The guiding p inciples o he modeling wo k we e how ci izens see hei pe sonal wellness, wha hey conside o be he impo an concep s, how hey ca ego ize hese concep s, and how hey unde s and he no ion o comple e, holis ic heal h and wellness. The esea ch p ocess 8 Jou nal o Compu e Ne wo ks and Communica ions was pe o med i e a i ely, ollowing he build-e alua e idea o design science esea ch. We ha e iden i ied he main componen s o pe sonal wellness and desc ibed ela ed in o ma ion and i s concep u- aliza ion. In he model, we ha e iden i ied he en i onmen al and ex e nal con ex s ela ed o pe sonal wellness. In ou model, we p esen many impo an concep s. Based on ou ca ego iza ion o hese, we can come o unde s and he basic ela ions be ween concep s, and we can see some is- a ela ionships. The e a e s ill some limi a ions ela ed o he de ined concep s in e ms o he de elopmen o he on ology, as some o he concep s a e qui e abs ac , and hei explici de ini ion can be challenging. Also, he e is a g ea numbe o ela ions and ela ionship ypes in he domain, and mos o he concep s a e in e connec ed. He ne e al. [22] ha e de ined se en guidelines ha should be ollowed when pe o ming design science esea ch. The i s guideline is o design as an a i ac . In ou esea ch, we ha e buil a i ac s such as mind maps o desc ibe common concep s— he cons uc s o he domain—and a high-le el in o ma ion model o desc ibe he domain, how i is concep ualized, i s scope, and some ela ionships. The second guideline is p oblem ele ance, which means ha he esea ch p oblem should be ele an and sol e some impo an p oblem in he cons i uen communi y. Pe asi e heal hca e and a mo e pe sonalized, comple e way o manag- ing pe sonal heal h and wellness a e eme ging, ye cu en ly he e is no eal consensus ega ding wha pe sonal wellness ac ually is o i s componen s. Mos o he esea ch done on wellness has ocused on he measu emen o assessmen o wellness. Also, he models ela ed o wellness a e high-le el desc ip ions wi h limi ed concep ual de ini ions and ela- ionships. Mos o he in o ma ion models and on ologies in he heal h domain a e ep esen a ions om he heal h se ice p o ide s, clinical, o medical poin s o iew. Ou esea ch b ings new pe spec i es in o he pe sonal wellness domain by de ining he ci izens’ pe spec i e o suppo he de elopmen o a pe sonal wellness on ology and seman ic in e ope abili y in he domain. Thus, ou esea ch p oblem is ele an in he pe sonalized heal h and wellness domain. The hi d guideline is abou design e alua ion. He ne e al. [22] emphasized ha he u ili y, quali y, and efficacy o an a i ac mus be demons a ed by e alua ion, which is a c ucial pa o he design p ocess. Ou design p ocess was i e a i e, so we buil and e alua ed he model in a ious phases, bu he e alua ion o he model alone s ill insufficien . The s udy con inues wi h an assessmen phase, in which he de eloped model is e alua ed wi h espec o i s alidi y and po en ial impac on ci izens’ pe sonal heal h and wellness. The model will be e alua ed wi h use cases and usage scena ios. Design science esea ch, acco ding o he ou h guideline, should clea ly con ibu e in a leas one o he ollowing ways: he design a i ac , design con- s uc ion knowledge, o design e alua ion knowledge [22]. Ou esea ch makes a signi ican con ibu ion by de ining he pe sonal wellness domain, how i is concep ualized, and wha he necessa y concep s and ex e nal ac o s a e. The i h guideline emphasizes ha he esea ch should be conduc ed wi h igo ous me hods. As he domain in ques ion was complex, mul idimensional, qui e abs ac , and based on ci izens’ pe spec i es, we began wi h quali a i e me hods, like ocus g oups and in o mal modeling me hods. Al hough, he in o mal models lacked wi h o malism we we e able o ep esen he complex and mul idimensional domain and he models we e a he easy o a e age ci izens wi h no modeling expe ience o unde s and, e alua e, and modi y. We had se e al diffe en ocus g oups o ge mo e he e ogeneous iews o pe sonal wellness so ha we could ackle he six h guideline. This guideline emphasizes he impo ance o an i e a i e design p ocess and insis s ha design should be a p ocess o sea ching such ha he design p oblem becomes mo e ocused and he solu ion mo e ele an [22]. The nex s ep in his s udy is he de elopmen o he on ology and con ex -awa e a chi ec u e. Thus, he solu ion will be ede ined in a p ocess o sea ching. The se en h guideline is ha he esea ch should be communi- ca ed o echnology and managemen audiences. This will be ealized in la e phases o he p ojec . 6. Conclusions In his esea ch, we ha e app oached comple e, holis ic heal h and well-being om he ci izens’ pe spec i e. We ha e u he e ined he concep o pe sonal wellness h ough empi ical me hods. Based on an analysis o he li e a u e, a con ex analysis, and empi ical esea ch, we ha e c ea ed ou own iew o pe sonal wellness. In o de o suppo in e - ope able, ci izen-cen e ed se ices wi h upcoming pe asi e wellness ools, we ha e iden i ied he scope o he pe sonal wellness domain. As a esul o his esea ch, we ha e de el- oped a high-le el in o ma ion model ha desc ibes he main concep s and some ela ionships ela ed o pe sonal wellness. Wi h his in o ma ion model, we ha e s a ed o de elop a con ex -awa e on ology. Ou esea ch b ings new knowledge o he ield o pe asi e heal hca e by iden i ying he ci izens’ pe spec i es and concep ualiza ions o pe sonal wellness. Ou model desc ibes he domain o pe sonal wellness in mo e de ail han o he models ha ha e been de eloped in clinical and counseling psychology. Such p e ious models emain gene al, while we ha e gone deepe in o he pe sonal wellness domain by de ining mo e concep s, ela ionships, and p ope ies. Mo eo e , he ocus o ou model is diffe en om p e ious wo k, as we a e add essing he p oblem om an in o ma ion sys em science pe spec i e, and we a e using adiffe en kind o ep esen a ion s yle ha is mo e sui able in ou con ex . We a e ocusing on he pe asi e heal hca e ield, and ou in en ions a e o suppo he de elopmen o a pe sonal wellness on ology o li elong pe sonal wellness managemen and an a chi ec u e model o us ed use o mul isou ce he e ogeneous in o ma ion. The nex phases in ou esea ch a e an assessmen o ou model and he de elopmen o he pe sonal wellness on ology. The assessmen phase ocuses on he e alua ion o he alidi y and u ili y o he model and he iden i ica ion o he impac he sha ed use o wellness in o ma ion has on ci - izens’ wellness managemen and on how ci izens can con ol and manage he use o hei in o ma ion. In he de elopmen o he pe sonal wellness on ology, we ha e o model he Jou nal o Compu e Ne wo ks and Communica ions 9 con ex ual aspec s ha a e ela ed o diffe en concep s o suppo mul iuse and mul isys em en i onmen s wi h he e ogeneous in o ma ion sou ces. Fu he mo e, we ha e o conside p i acy, con iden iali y, and da a secu i y issues in he on ology, as mos o he in o ma ion is p i a e and pe sonal, and i s p ocessing may be egula ed by legisla ion. By modeling such p i acy and secu i y aspec s, we can ensu e ha , in he u u e, pe asi e heal hca e will allow ci izens o con ol he p ocessing o hei in o ma ion dynamically. 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