From Tar City to Smart City : Living with the Smart City Ideology as Senior City Dweller

Abs ac In sma ci ies, echnologies a e designed o assis people in hei e e yday li es, including in elligen homes, public anspo a ion and e-se ices. How- e e , hese echnologies can lead o new kinds o ma ginalisa ion o people who do no i in o he mold o a ‘sma ci izen’. In his a icle, I explo e how senio s expe ience e e yday p ac ices in he sma ci y o Oulu in no he n Finland and how hey pe cei e hemsel es as sma ci izens. Th ough gene a - ing e hnog aphic composi ion o ICT-biog aphies, walk-along in e iews, and a se ies o pa icipa o y wo kshops; and hinking his p ocess as collabo a i e knowledge making, he con igu a ion o ageing in a sma ci y has eme ged. In his con igu a ion, he ci y is unde s ood as an assemblage wi h dis inc em- po al dynamics and in e ac ions o s uc u es, communi ies and indi iduals wi hin a global powe geome y. Senio s suppo he ideology o sma ci y as a egional s a egy bu hey wan o make a olun a y decision o become sma ci izens. The cu en sma ci y is mainly made o and by echnology sa y people, excluding o he ci izens. To become a uly sma communi y he ci y mus include a a ie y o ci izens in he making o he ci y, and many senio s a e willing o ake up his challenge. Keywo ds: ageing, sma ci y, e hnog aphic composi ion, eminis new ma e- ialism, u ban assemblage F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y Li ing wi h he Sma Ci y Ideology as a Senio Ci y Dwelle Tiina Suopajä i © Tiina Suopajä i h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6711-3611 ETNOLOGIA FENNICA Vol. 45 (2018), 79–102. h ps://doi.o g/10.23991/e . 45i0.68961 This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License. 80 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y In oduc ion To h i e in he global economy, ci ies mus c ea e economic, poli ical and b anding s a egies o s and ou om o he ci ies. Be o e in ensi e economic globalisa ion, such s a egies we e equen ly based on local na u al esou c- es ha we e ei he expo ed o e ined in o p oduc s o be sold. Cu en ly, such s a egies a e buil a ound global ideologies, such as neolibe alism and digi alisa ion (Äikäs 2001; Vanolo 2013), which can lead o new kinds o ma - ginalisa ions (Hollands 2008; G ossi & Pianezzi 2017). My s udy is loca ed in he ci y o Oulu in no he n Finland, which has pu pose ully cons uc ed i sel as he no he nmos sma ci y o he wo ld since he beginning o he 21s cen u y. In his sma ci y, he main aim has been o design di e en echnological solu ions o suppo he sa is ac o y li ing condi ions o all ci izens, om new-bo ns o he oldes ci y dwelle s. (Ubicomp Oulu.) As an an h opologis , I became in e es ed in how elde ly ci izens pe cei e his new ci y ha was cons uc ed o hem, how sma ness o med pa o hei e e- yday li es and how elde ly ci izens pe cei ed hemsel es as sma ci izens (see Suopajä i 2015; 2017a). In Oulu, he sma ci y ideology is based on he o me echno-ci y image ha c ea ed nume ous oppo uni ies and economic well-being h ough he esea ch and de elopmen o in o ma ion and communica ion echnology (ICT). A he end o he 2000s, he ci y s a ed o de elop as an u ban space whe ein ‘ he unique, ubiqui ous compu ing in as uc u e deployed a down- own Oulu p o iding new oppo uni ies o ci izens o in e ac wi h he ci y’ (Ubicomp Oulu). In p ac ice, new compu ing ne wo ks and senso s ha e been designed and ins alled in he ci y cen e ha ha e ma e ialised o ci y occu- pan s in he o m o , o example, ee WiFi ne wo ks, sma ligh ing and in- e ac i e ouch-sc een displays p o iding in o ma ion and en e ainmen se - ices (Luusua, Pihlajaniemi & Ylipulli 2016; Ylipulli 2015). The de elopmen o sma Oulu is based on he iple-helix s a egy in ol ing he co-ope a ion o he uni e si y and o he esea ch ins i u es, he high- ech indus y and he adminis a ion o he ci y o c ea e new inno a ions. This s a egy has been implemen ed in Oulu since he 1980s and is conside ed as one o he key ele- men s behind he success o his echno-ci y. Fo decades, he ‘know-how’ o building a sma ci y has mainly been cons uc ed h ough echnology-d i - en inno a ions. (Äikäs 2001; Oulu T iple Helix 2007.) Howe e , geog aphi- cally and demog aphically, Oulu subs an ially di e s om sma me opolis- es such as Hong Kong and Seoul. In Oulu, 120,000 people li e ac oss a as a ea o 1,400 km², and he ou ski s o he ci y may be conside ed u al a eas. Hence, he e is no single de ini ion o a sma ci y (Gi inge , Fe ne , K a- ma , Kalasek, Pichle -Milano ić & Mejje s 2007), and schola s ha e c i ically 81 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y poin ed ou ha e e y ci y de ines i in a way ha suppo s hei own agen- da in he bes possible way (Hollands 2008; Söde s öm, Paasche & Klause 2014; Vanolo 2013). Poli ical geog aphe Albe o Vanolo (2013, 4) highligh s ha a sma ci y can be unde s ood ei he as an ‘u ban de elopmen p ojec ’ o as ‘u ban de elopmen policy’. In Oulu’s case, he iple-helix collabo a ion cons uc s he sma ci y as bo h: The ci y is de eloped h ough policies based on sma ci y ideology. Ins ead o examining he sma ci y h ough b anding (Pasquinelli & Te äs 2013), imagina ies (Vanolo 2013) o s o y elling (Söde - s öm e al. 2014), I s udy i as an ideology ha p oduces speci ic socio-ma e ial eali ies, which in u n a ec and a e embodied in people’s mundane p ac ices, possibili ies and sense o belonging o hei ci y. This ideology is cons uc - ed in and p oduces powe ela ions, and on e e yday le el, i enables ce ain p ac ices and es ic s o he s (G ossi & Pianezzi 2017). In esponse, Vanolo (2013, 5) a gues ha a sma ci y should include sma go e nance, meaning ‘pa icipa ion in decision-making p ocesses, anspa ency in go e nance sys- ems [and] a ailabili y o public se ices’. The e o e, in his a icle, I ask he ollowing ques ions: How do he elde ly ci y dwelle s pe cei e he ideology o Oulu as a sma ci y? How do hey expe ience hei e e yday p ac ices in his ci y, and hemsel es as ‘sma ci izens’? These ques ions a e based on he idea o u ban assemblages whe ein u ban his o ies, capi al, e e yday p ac ices, con inui ies and dis up ions, new encoun e s and connec ions a e conside ed dynamically in e ac i e (McFa lane 2011, 654–655). In his sense, ci ies a e in he making and o m pa o a con inuous p ocess in which empo ali ies, s uc u es and indi idual and social expe iences as well as na a i es a e insepa ably en wined. This becoming is s ongly in luenced by unequal powe ela ions, esou ces and knowledge. Such ci y assemblages encou age us o hink ‘how ci ies migh be o he wise.’ (McFa lane 2011, 653, 655.) Human geog aphe Do een Massey (1993) a gues ha local p ac ices ol- lowing global ends c ea e powe geome ies in which people hold di e en posi ions in ela ion o lows and in e connec ions. These posi ions a e de ined, o example, by he capaci y o incapaci y o ini ia e lows and mo emen s and by con olling, ecei ing o being imp isoned by hem (Massey 1993, 61). I am in e es ed in how he lows o making Oulu in o a sma ci y we e s a ed, and by whom? Wha kinds o e ec s ha e hese lows had on senio ci izens? My s udy o he sma ci y o Oulu as an u ban assemblage ocuses on he e e yday p ac ices o senio ci izens in he con ex o he sma ci y ideology. Bo h p ac ices and ci y ideologies o m pa o con inuums, so i is c ucial o discuss hem as his o ical, social and dynamic and, hus, o unde s and hem as u ban p ocesses (Low & McDonough 2001; Ve guns 2010). The senio pa - icipan s o my s udy ha e long expe iences li ing wi h Oulu’s ideologies, in- 82 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y cluding he ime when Oulu was mainly known as he la ges po o he Gul o Bo hnia. Ta was anspo ed om his po o global ma ke s since 16 h cen u y un il he 1920s, and he la gescale imbe expo s a ed in he 1950s. (Manninen 1995.) In addi ion, senio ci y dwelle s a e impo an pa icipan s in my s udy because he elde ly a e mo e o en conside ed as a bu den o dig- i alising socie y a he han ac i e agen s in he p ocess o digi alisa ion (see Buse 2009; Uo inen 2005; Suopajä i 2015). To s udy he u ban assemblages o he sma ci y o Oulu and i s powe geome y, I also ask whe he and how senio s ha e been able o pa icipa e in he making o he sma ci y. Me hodology: om ield o wo dly con igu a ions I collabo a ed wi h elde ly ci izens o Oulu om 2011 o 2015. Fi s , I in e - iewed hem abou hei expe iences on ICT and la e walked wi h hem in he ci y cen e o unde s and hei expe iences on mo ing in public places. Finally, I wo ked wi h hem in collabo a i e wo kshops o de e mine be - e pa icipa o y p ac ices o designing public se ices o senio s. My wo k o ms an e hnog aphic composi ion ha e e s o he cumula i e na u e o esea ch and ha is ypical o mul iple pa allel o subsequen p ojec s (O’Dell & Willim 2016). Such a composi ion enables e hnog aphe s o each ‘ hick de- sc ip ions’ e en hough he ieldwo k pe iods a e sho . Thus, hey can each a le el o unde s anding abou wha is occu ing a he han simply obse ing how people ac . Di e en esea ch p ojec s i s led me o ca y ou li e s o- y in e iews (Linde 1993) wi h senio s in ela ion o hei ICT biog aphies.1 Du ing hese hema ic in e iews, we discussed, o example, he in e iew- ees’ expe iences on landline and mobile phones, compu e s and he in e ne in addi ion o he e ec s o hese echnologies and li ing in a echno-ci y on hei li es. The in e iewees we e ec ui ed om a compu e cou se held a a communi y cen e. In all h ee cou ses ha I isi ed, he majo i y o pa ici- pan s we e women; he e o e, a gende bias is p esen in he cu en ma e ial, as I ul ima ely in e iewed ele en women and i e men. Th ee o he cou se pa icipan s in i ed hei spouses o he in e iews, one o whom had ne e used a compu e . (See esea ch ma e ial; Suopajä i 2015.) A he ime o he i s in e iews in 2011, he age o he senio s a ied om 61 o 87. All excep wo o hem had li ed o mos o hei li es in Oulu; 1 The in e iews we e pa o he UBI An h opos esea ch p ojec , unded by he Acad- emy o Finland, whe e we s udied he app op ia ion and meanings o no el, u ban and ubiqui ous echnologies. In addi ion o senio s, we s udied young-adul s’ pe cep ions o echnologies as pa o hei e e yday li es and echnology designe s’ and ci y o icials’ goals and choices in he p ocess o cons uc ing he sma ci y called UBI Oulu (e.g. Suopajä i e al. 2012; Ylipulli & Suopajä i 2013). The abb e ia ion UBI e e s o u ban ubiqui ous echnology (UBI Oulu). 83 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y howe e , his was no a c i e ion o selec ing s udy pa icipan s. Fou had uni e si y educa ions, whe eas en had s udied in a oca ional school o had achie ed an in e media e educa ion le el. Finally, wo had begun o wo k im- media ely a e inishing basic educa ion. The public sec o , consis ing main- ly o hospi als and schools, had employed ele en o hese in e iewees. Th ee had made hei ca ee s in indus y, and wo had wo ked as en ep eneu s. The senio s who pa icipa ed in my s udies all li ed independen ly and we e inan- cially capable o using compu e s and he in e ne . Howe e , in he in e iews and especially in he wo kshops, hey con inuously men ioned o he senio s who we e no in he same si ua ion. Many o hem had child en, in-laws, o h- e ela i es o acquain ances who used o wo k o Nokia o o he ICT i ms, so hey ha e conc e ely wi nessed he well-being b ough by he echno-ci y s a egy in hei in ima e ci cles. Then, in he nex phase, I in i ed en o he senio s o walk wi h me in he ci y cen e o be e unde s and wha hey do and how hey expe ience walk- ing a ound in he sma ci y (Suopajä i 2015; 2017). The walks las ed 1 o 1.5 hou s, excep o one, and we e uns uc u ed and easy-going. We alked abou issues o sa e y, accessibili y, when hey isi ed he ci y, and pleasan o unpleasan places. The i s walk only las ed 15 minu es, as we walked om he in e iewee’s home o a nea by heal h cen e whe e she had an appoin - men . The biog aphical his o y o pa icipan s in ela ion o he ci y was no as a heme in my mind be o e he walks, bu i became a signi ican pa o ou discussions (Suopajä i 2017b). The aim o he walk-alongs was o allow dis inc places and si ua ions o impac ou mo ing and con e sa ions as well as o unde s and hese impac s (Kusenbach 2003). All walks we e eco ded wi h bo h a digi al audio- eco de and a small GoP o ideo came a o enable me o econside he embodied mo emen s and places du ing he analyses (Pink 2007, 245–250; Suopajä i 2017b). A ollowing, I me wi h he senio s in au umn 2013 du ing a se ies o ou collabo a i e wo kshops. In he wo kshops, senio s, ci y o icials and e- sea che s wo ked oge he o de ine good pa icipa o y p ac ices o senio ci izens when designing public se ices (see Sou ces: Resea ch ma e ial). The ci y o icials wo ked in he Depa men s o De elopmen , Se ice Design, U ban planning, and In o ma ion se ices, and he esea che s came om backg ounds in an h opology, sociology, compu e science, in o ma ion p o- cessing science and a chi ec u e (Suopajä i 2017a). The wo kshops ollowed he me hodology o pa icipa o y ac ion esea ch (PAR), which is based on he idea ha a social change can be accomplished h ough collabo a ion and co-lea ning be ween di e en kinds o pa icipan s. This is done by iden i ying he p oblem(s) oge he , ollowed by obse ing p ac ices ela ed o he p ob- 84 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y lem(s), which leads o he gene a ion o ideas o ans o ming cu en p ac- ices and he e o e ‘ esol ing’ he p oblem(s). (Kemmis & McTagga 2005; Yoshihama & Ca 2002.) In he i s wo kshop, we imagined wha he u opian ci y o Oulu would look like in 2030 om senio s’ pe spec i es. F om hese discussions, we ou lined oge he he cen al issues o be add essed in he ollowing wo kshops: lack o a c oss-gene a ional sense o communi y and lack o communica ion be ween he ci y and senio s. In he second wo kshop, we s a ed o plan solu ions o he iden i ied p oblems, and hese we e u he e lec ed upon in he hi d wo kshop in which we discussed how ou ideas could be implemen ed. In he inal wo kshop, we discussed pa icipan s’ expe iences o he wo kshops and hei hopes o he u u e, especially in ega d o senio s’ pa icipa ion in he public design p ocesses. (Fo mo e de ailed in o ma ion on he wo kshops, see Suopajä i 2017a; 2018.) In Augus 2015, I o ganised an open semina o dis- cuss my esea ch p ojec s and, in pa icula , ou esul s om he wo kshops. Mos o he p e ious wo kshop pa icipan s came o his e en . Bo h he li e s o y and walk-along in e iews we e ansc ibed e ba im. The wo kshop discussions we e also documen ed, as g oup discussions we e an- sc ibed. O he discussions we e documen ed in he o m o audio and ideo eco dings, which I ha e lis ened o and wa ched in my analysis. In his a i- cle, I ha e gi en each in e iewee a pseudonym. I also made ieldwo k no es a e each encoun e and wo kshop. (Suopajä i 2018.) In an e hnog aphic s udy, he p ocess o gene a ing ma e ials mus be unde s ood as as e han ieldwo k, nonlinea and consis ing o bo h documen ed and undocumen ed pieces. In addi ion, he embodied memo ies and emo ions o a esea che a - ec how he/she comp ehends and analyses he ma e ials. (Pink 2009.) Fo example, a ense o en husias ic a mosphe e in ou wo kshops has made me highligh hese momen s and he discussion a ound hem. These esea ch p ojec s2 we e g ounded in eminis socio-ma e ial on o-epis- emologies (Ba ad 2007; Ha away 1991; Suchman 2007). F om his pe spec- i e, he becoming o u ban assemblages is examined, including all human and non-human agen s, such as lap ops, ci y u ni u e and ma e ials in he wo kshop ooms. In his ega d, eminis schola Ka en Ba ad (2007, 139– 140) a gues he ollowing: ‘Reali y is composed no o hings-in- hemsel es o hings-behind-phenomena bu o hings-in-phenomena’, meaning ha e- sea che s mus be unde s ood as ac i ely and consciously a ec ing he esea ch p ocess in dis inc ways by ‘making speci ic wo dly con igu a ions’ (Ba ad 2007, 87–91). This unde s anding o knowledge making and he powe ela ions in- 2 Walk alongs and wo kshops we e conduc ed as pa o he UBI Mingle esea ch p ojec , unded by he Academy o Finland. 85 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y ol ed in he gene a ion o knowledge o ms he on o-epis emological back- g ound o his a icle. (Fo mo e de ailed in o ma ion, see Suopajä i 2017a.) One o he mos c ucial aspec s o my s udy is he no ion o senio s’ ma - ginal posi ion in digi alisa ion (Buse 2009; Sou ba i 2009; Uo inen 2005). This has led me o use collabo a ion and co-lea ning o ind ways o suppo senio s’ empowe men in his p ocess. Fo example, du ing he walk-alongs, my in e es was in senio s’ daily p ac ices and expe iences mo ing a ound in public places. The implemen a ion o echnology, such as ICT o u ban com- pu ing, did no come up as a meaning ul elemen in hese p ac ices, so we did no ocus on hem. In he wo kshops, his mean my cons an conside a ion o powe ela ions and means o changing hem. The encoun e s ha I will discuss in his a icle we e gene a ed om he unique posi ions and ac s o di e en pa icipan s, which a e shaped in in a- ac ions wi h o he human and non-human elemen s as pa o a sha ed p ocess. In a-ac ion e e s o he idea ha we all o m pa o a phenomenon; hus, ou ac ions occu wi hin his space a he han be ween agen s. The bounda ies o a phenomenon a e, howe e , in a con inuous lux (Ba ad 2007, 139–141). Fu he mo e, agency is unde s ood as concu en ly, ma e ially and discu si e- ly cons i u ed (Jackson & Mazzei 2012, 115, 121). Fo example, senio s’ ex- pe iences o hemsel es as mobile ci y occupan s a e p oduced be ween hei ma e ial bodies and social discou ses on ageing, which un olded in ou e hno- g aphic encoun e s. I will e u n o his p ocess o knowledge making in he conclusions whe e I conside how he pa icula e hnog aphic composi ion o he s udy has a ec ed he con igu a ions o ageing in he sma ci y o Oulu. Li ing in a sma ci y Ideally, a sma ci y would imp o e ci izens’ li es by acili a ing he use o di e en se ices, such as public anspo and suppo se ices o li ing. In p ac ice, such e o s migh be welcomed and esul in imp o ed access o mos ci izens. Howe e , o o he s, such changes migh e en ually limi hei possibili ies o access in o ma ion and o use se ices. Fo example, wi h e- spec o e-se ices in Finland, he e a e clea di e ences be ween age g oups: Eigh y pe cen o people aged 25 o 44 ha e used e-se ices o go e nmen al a ai s, whe eas only 22% o people aged 65 o 74 ha e used e-se ices (Koh ak- ka 2014). Du ing he ICT li e s o y in e iews in 2011, I ound ha senio s’ use o online se ices subs an ially a ied: Some had used online banking o almos a decade, while o he s had no used compu e s o he in e ne a all (see also Sou ba i 2009; Uo inen 2005). All in e iewees sha ed he eeling ha online se ices would inc ease in he nea u u e bu we e also con iden 86 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y ha pa allel, o line means would be o e ed o hose who a e unable o un- willing o use he in e ne . Tiina: How do you eel abou his si ua ion ha all – o mo e and mo e hings – a e done on he in e ne ? Leila: I don’ eally like i . Young people who ha e used i om he s a – hey lea n a school how o use he compu e . Bu , since he e a e s ill us olde adul s, i ’s qui e di icul . I eels ha hey ell us only small bi s [o in o ma ion]. And, hen you ha e o look o he es om www pages. I annoys me a li le bi ha I ha e o go immedia ely o a compu e o look o i . Tiina: So, ha he e’s kind o no op ions? Leila: The e a e no op ions. And, no all olde adul s ha e compu e s, and hey don’ wan o buy one ei he . Then, hey ha e o se le o a hal o he in o ma ion, i he e’s no o he way o ind hings ou . Tiina: Yes, wha do you hink, will he ci y o e heal hca e and social se ices bo h online and in he u u e? Leila: I hink i will, a leas o a couple mo e yea s. The e mus be o he ways o ge hem han only h ough a compu e . And, hen, when you use only a compu e , social encoun e s become mo e a e. Then, you a e jus clicking he compu e . (ICT-biog aphy in e iew 2011; woman bo n in 1940s) Th oughou ou e hnog aphic encoun e s in he ollowing yea s, I could obse e how senio s used online se ices, which mos ly s ayed he same. Fo example, Jussi used a se ice o pay bills o e ed by he ci y o i s o me em- ployees and ook his bills o he ci y o ice bo h in 2011 and 2014. Du ing ou i s ICT in e iew in 2011, he was e y in e es ed in using his compu e and di e en so wa e. A ha ime, he said ha he should lea n o use he com- pu e ; bu , in ou la e wo kshops, he ocused on hinking how he public o - line se ices could be main ained in he u u e (see Hakka ainen & Hy önen 2010). On he o he hand, using online banking and Skype was easy and joy- ul o Pekka who had his lap op open on he able in ou i s in e iew, and an iPad wi h him in ou wo kshops. Tiina: Yes. How was i when you s a ed o use online banking, how did i eel, did you da e o? Pekka: No, i el no mal since be o e I used o go o he bank o ice and use he compu e he e, and hey had ba code eade s he e. And we wen h ough hese hings, hey ga e us he egis a ion numbe s, and he numbe s ha I ha e o inse o go online. […] Tiina: So i ’s easy o use, he online banking? 87 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y Pekka: Yes, i ’s easy. And some imes we skype wi h ou g anddaugh e s. They had bough a bunny, so hey wan ed o show i , and hey pu i in on o he webcam. […] They ha e hei own li es, we don’ alk o hem e e y day, hey a e eigh and en yea s old, hey’ll come he e on hei holiday. (ICT-biog aphy in e iew 2011; man bo n in 1940s) Fo mos in e iewees, unning e ands, which in ol ed isi ing di e en o ices, banks o s o es, was pa o hei ou ine weekly p ac ices and sched- ules. Leila, who was qui e a capable in e ne use , said ha she would a he cycle o he nea by bank o ice o pay he bills using a paymen kiosk han o do so using a compu e a home. This way, she had a eason o ge mundane physical exe cise. (Ylipulli & Suopajä i 2013; see Ji on 2010.) Since ou i s in e iews in 2011, mos banks in Finland ha e s opped p o iding paymen kiosks, so he only a ailable op ions o paying bills a e o use online bank- ing, phone se ices o o pay ex a o pe o ming se ices a he bank coun- e . When he sma ci y guides i s ci izens o use se ices a home compu - e s, senio s mus ind o he easons o exe cising e e yday mic o-mobili y. The senio s hemsel es poin ed ou ha s aying on he mo e was c ucial o hei well-being and independen li ing, which hey hoped o con inue o as long as possible (Suopajä i 2015). Howe e , some o hem, such as Leena in he nex ex ac , we e ponde ing how no el sa e y de ices could help hem keep hei au onomy. E en so, women we e especially wo ied abou how his would dec ease human con ac (see also Sou ba i 2009). Leena: Well, I hea d ha hey a e doing hese kinds o expe imen s ha hey ha e compu e s a home, su eillance came as, and hey can con ac you. I was i s hinking ha his migh be a solu ion [ o li e independen ly]. Bu , hen I s a ed o hink ha his will be like he wo ld o O well. And, I eally don’ like i . I hink i ’s be e i a pe son would come he e and ask me how I’m doing, i I can s ill manage on my own. I I could answe he ques ion [I’ll be ine]. Today I do wonde how long my b ain will wo k. As long as he b ain wo ks, I’ll be okay, e en wi h a wo se body, I can walk by leaning on he walls and chai s and e e y hing else. Bu i […] I s a li ing in 1940s, ha is wha I emembe , hen I’m no doing well – i I canno pay my bills. (ICT-biog aphy in e iew 2011; woman bo n in 1930s) Di e en ci izens ha e di e en needs and abili ies o u ilise he ubiqui ous compu ing se ices ha a e o e ed. To unde s and hese needs and abili ies, we s a ed he wo kshops by iden i ying he p oblems o li ing in Oulu om senio s’ pe spec i es. Th ough ou discussions, we came up wi h wo hings ha we e missing in Oulu: a) a c oss-gene a ional sense o communi y whe e di e en age g oups could in e ac and b) communica ion be ween he ci y and 94 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y and use. When ou discussions con inued, we ealised ha ci y o icials we e well awa e o he legisla ion o including senio ci izens and s i ed o include ci izens in o design p ocesses. Howe e , he senio s, who ac i ely ollowed he ci y’s de elopmen , we e unawa e o hei own igh s o pa icipa e o o he ways ha he ci y includes i s ci izens in o di e en p ocesses. Senio s a gued ha a small g oup o senio ci izens a e in i ed o pa icipa e, while he es a e excluded (see also Leinonen 2007). On he o he hand, he ci y a chi ec said ha hey a e s uggling o ind senio s o collabo a e wi h. All in all, la ge challenges a e p esen in be e p o iding senio s wi h he in o ma ion ha hey need. I was clea ha i ele an in o ma ion was only online, i would no each mos senio s, no e en hose who use he in e ne daily. The ci y o icials ag eed o some ex en ha he in e ne was no he bes medium o communica ing wi h he elde ly. Ne e heless, he ci y o Oulu con inued o in es in cons uc ing new online se ice models, such a ‘ ay o well-being’, om which senio s can choose he se ices hey need (Oulun kaupunki: Pal eluopas 65+). Some ci y o icials and echnology designe s a - gued ha , in he u u e, mos ageing adul s will be able and willing o use he in e ne . Howe e , he senio s and he an h opologis who pa icipa ed in he wo kshops claimed ha i is also possible ha gene al eluc ance o include mo e and mo e echnology in o one’s e e yday li e will inc ease. The an h o- pologis ’s a gumen was based on he own s udy wi h young-adul s’ ICT us- age, bu his has been no ed by o he schola s (see Hakka ainen & Hy önen 2010; Foo 2014; Ylipulli 2015). Howe e , in he sma ci y o Oulu, al e na- i e de elopmen s a egies ha a e no echnology-d i en a e non-exis en o emain a he ma gin o de elopmen p io i ies. This wo ied some senio s mo e han o he s. Howe e , e en hose who we e no oo wo ied abou he s a egy o digi alisa ion ecognised he possibili y o becoming mo e depend- en on echnology-sa y people. Tiina: How abou he u u e, o he wise, does i wo y you, when his in o ma ion soci- e y, when we go mo e and mo e in o he in e ne and e e y hing ge s mo e elec onic? Pekka: I doesn’ eally wo y me, we jus ge deepe and deepe in o i , no eally, we ha e o li e wi h wha we ha e. Wha changes o cou se is ha you ha e o ask o he in o ma ion om someone else, and ha is why hey o ganise hese cou ses [compu e cou ses o senio s]. They make hem o elde ly people because we we e no augh hese hings a school. And, in he wo king li e ha you had – you had ce ain p og ams and you used hem, and a e ha you ha en’ been augh any hing else. (ICT biog aphy in e iew 2011; man bo n in he 1940s.) 95 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y In ou wo kshops, pa icipa ion in ci y de elopmen mean many hings o he senio s: making a di e ence, belonging o a communi y and ecei ing in o ma ion. Fu he mo e, we discussed he cu en policies in which ‘e e y- one’ is expec ed o pa icipa e. Pe haps, i people a e no in e es ed in pa ici- pa ing, hey could be accused o being incompe en ci izens (Suopajä i 2018). Vanolo a gues ha his is appa en in o he sma ci y discou ses whe e ‘ci i- zens a e conside ed esponsible o hei own abili y o adap o hese on-going changes’ (Vanolo 2013, 893). One o ou pa icipan s had wo ked o decades as a councillo in Oulu, and she said ha , as she is ge ing olde , she does no wan o be in ol ed in as many hings as she used o be. Ne e heless, she de- manded ha hose elde ly who wan o pa icipa e in making he ci y should be gi en mo e oppo uni ies o do so. The e o e, I a gue ha he sma ci y should include lo s o discussion be ween di e en ci izens and s akeholde s abou he meaning o a sma ci y and communi y. Wha a e he bes ways o assis hose ci izens who a e in e es ed and willing o le his echnology en- e hei li es? In addi ion, he bes ways o all ci izens o include he ‘sma - ness’ in hei e e yday li es should be ca e ully conside ed, a he han how ci izens should adap hei li es o hese echnologies. Knowledge, o he lack o i , a e cen al in he concep o u ban assemblages, as i cons i u es powe imbalances in ci ies (McFa lane 2011). Fo example, i only hose who li e nea heal h se ices o can d i e o such se ices a e hea d du ing he design o new heal h ca e sys ems, hose who li e a om he nea es heal h cen e and do no ha e a ca become less impo an sma ci y dwelle s. In ou wo kshops, he senio s ponde ed ha i only younge ci - izens a e included in decision-making, senio s’ needs will no be conside ed. Hilkka: Bu , he e [in pa icipa o y design] should be people o all ages – young people hey don’ unde s and [olde adul s’ pe spec i es]. Ma i: Exac ly, hey don’ . Hilkka: They jus say o look i up om he in e ne , you can ind i he e. Ma i: Yes. Hilkka: And, he e a e lo s o people who don’ e en ha e he in e ne . Tuulikki: No, no all people ha e i . (Wo kshops 2013–2014; IV wo kshop, senio s.) The ci y o Oulu has s a ed ha in enewing he se ice model o senio ci izens, i s ‘success equi es he conside a ion o he opinions and needs o he aged, bo h in well-being se ices, dwelling, spo s, educa ion and u ban planning as well as in de eloping public anspo a ion’ (Oulun pal elumalli 2020, 2013, 28; au ho ’s ansla ion). O en, design p ocesses occu o e sho 96 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y ime ames, and ce ain pa icipan s in es ablished posi ions o powe may ha e di icul y elinquishing hei powe . This was e iden in ou wo kshops: In he small g oup discussions, ci y o icials o en s a ed o ac like acili a- o s. In ou las wo kshop, he senio s exp essed hei ‘modes wish’ ha hey had been help ul o he ci y o icials. (Suopajä i 2018.) Senio s’ pe cep ion o hei own igh s o be included in design and decision-making p ocesses a ied du ing ou wo kshop p ocess: In he second mee ing, hey s a ed o claim qui e s aigh o wa dly hei igh o be hea d and o make a di e ence in he public se ices di ec ed owa ds hem. A his poin , hey el ha he ci y, as ep esen ed by he ci y o icials, was no in e es ed in senio s’ opin- ions. This was due o he ac ha all ci y o icials who pa icipa ed in ou i s wo kshop we e unable o join he second one. A new ep esen a i e om he ci y was, howe e , p esen . Pekka (senio ): In hese discussions, we should ha e he ci y o icials wi h us, since hey can ake hese hings [discussed in he wo kshops] o he ci y council. They [ he ci y council] don’ lis en o us, o i hey do, i ’ll pass, and we will be o go en. Tiina ( esea che ): Well, i ’s good o hea , since i means ha he e eally is a need o his kind o p ojec . I do unde s and ha people [ci y o icials] a e e ibly busy since hey ha e all hese p ojec s, and someone can ha e h ee mee ings booked a he same ime in hei schedules. Hilkka (senio ): Well, i ’s bad planning i you book h ee mee ings a he same ime. Pekka (senio ): Ano he ques ion is whe e do hey choose o go o. Pi kko (ci y o icial): O cou se, I apologise o he ci y, i hose people who we e he e he las ime a e no p esen . I’m su e hey ha e mean o be, bu all hese hings ha e come up. (Wo kshops 2013–2014; II wo kshop, gene al discussion.) As McFa lane (2011, 655) a gues, ci ies a e con inuously cons i u ed by mul iple en anglemen s in which di e en kinds o agen s, such as ins i u- ions, s uc u es and indi iduals, come oge he . These en anglemen s a e bo h c ea ed as a esul o unequal powe ela ions and se e o pe pe ua e unequal powe ela ions. Senio s a e cu ious o and wo ied abou keeping up wi h he digi alising socie y and ci y, and hey o en conside hemsel es as non-ac i e pa icipan s in he c ea ion o his new eali y. They eel ha hey mus adjus o he changes ha o he people b ing in o hei li es. Being able o pa icipa e in he making o one’s place o dwelling should be aken e y se iously in sma ci ies. O he wise, he e is a high isk o c e- a ing new ma ginalisa ion, i.e. ma ginalising hose excluded om he use o ICT and o he sma echnology. (Suopajä i 2018.) Al hough he elde ly use 97 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y a lo o heal h ca e and social se ices, hey should also be included in u ban planning as well as in discussions abou educa ion and cul u e acco ding o Telle o, a o me ci y council membe . Pa icipa ion is abou powe and em- powe men , shi ing he p e ailing powe o de , and inding he igh ools o pa icipa ion o all pa icipan s, in ou case especially o senio s (Kesby 2005; Suopajä i 2017a). As ci y ideologies ans o m, so do powe ela ions wi hin he ci y: In he p io a ci y o Oulu, class ela ions we e e iden , and decisions we e made by he weal hy. I was claimed ha digi alisa ion would democ a ise socie ies (Manninen 1995; Vanolo 2013). Howe e , ou p e i- ous s udy on he design o sma Oulu and Äikäs’s s udy on he image build- ing o echno-Oulu show how he aming o s a egic p ocesses in ol ed in building a sma ci y only included a small g oup o people, mainly schola s, expe s and ci y o icials om he ields o echnology and business. These ames as well as he ideologies behind chosen s a egies and echnologies signi ican ly in luence he possibili ies o sma design. (Äikäs 2001; Suopa- jä i e al. 2012.) Conclusions The senio ci y dwelle s o Oulu ha e a wo- old ela ion wi h he sma ci y and echno-ci y ideologies: On one hand, hey pe cei e he high- ech indus- y as a good, eliable and economically success ul de elopmen choice o he egion. On he o he hand, hey would p e e no o be o ced in o he wo ld o ubiqui ous echnology, e-se ices and online in o ma ion and communi- ca ion sys ems. Digi alised e e yday li e should be olun a y: Those who eel uncom o able li ing a digi alised li e should be gi en addi ional op ions o emain as ac i e, compe en ci izens wi h equal oppo uni ies and igh s o access se ices and pa icipa e in socie y. Senio s do no d eam o e u ning o o me indus ies o a and imbe expo s bu do wish ha he his o y o Oulu would no be o go en. By espec ing he his o y o he ci y h ough he in as uc u e, he cu en ci y would simul aneously espec he li e his- o ies o i s elde ly ci izens. The ideology chosen by hose who adminis a e he ci y shapes he e e y- day p ac ices o ci izens, al hough his may no always be easy o no ice o exp ess. Being a sma ci izen is no a ee choice i he ideology is based on he assump ion ha all ci izens a e willing and able o adap o his new way o li ing. This became e iden , especially in ou wo kshops, whe e mos pa - icipan s ag eed ha public e-se ices a e no an easy o e icien way o com- munica e wi h senio s; none heless, he ci y con inues o mainly in es in his medium. The ci y canno and does no wan o de ach i sel om he global and na ional lows o digi alisa ion and he building o ‘sma communi ies’. 98 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y Howe e , his de elopmen may disconnec he ci y om hose ci izens who do no i in o he na ow de ini ion o a sma ci izen. The de ini ion could be much b oade i he design o he sma ci y would s a om he alues, needs and in e es s o he la ge a ie y o ci y dwelle s. Mos senio s who I ha e wo ked wi h du ing my esea ch p ojec s a e capable o and in e es ed in looking o new in o ma ion and lea ning possibili ies, ye hey do no eel included in he making o he sma ci y o Oulu. The e o e, i is sa e o say ha hose senio s and o he ci y dwelle s, who may e en be less capable o becoming compe en membe s o he sma communi y, a e ma ginalised due o he chosen ideology. A e many encoun e s i s ly based on mo e adi ional e hnog aphic me hods and, secondly, on pa icipa o y ac ion esea ch me hodologies, I ha e gene a ed an e hnog aphic composi ion desc ibing dis inc con igu a ions o ageing in a sma ci y. The ICT-biog aphy in e iews and he walk-alongs wi h senio s disclosed he e e yday p ac ices, en i onmen s and social ela- ions o senio s. In hese in a-ac ions, he sma ci y ideology is expe ienced h ough he us a ion o no being able o connec o public WiFi in ones’ own home, ea o o elie in using online banking and anxie y o e losing mo e and mo e human con ac because o inc easing compu e use as well as happiness om making Skype calls wi h a -away child en and g andchild en. Du ing hese in e iews, he senio s pe cei ed hemsel es as he ecipien s in a global low o digi alisa ion: Ageing mean ha hey had o ei he adap o he wo ld ha was changing a ound hem o become pa ly excluded om he public li e o hei own home own. I also mean becoming mo e depend- en on o he mo e echnology sa y people. The implemen a ion o a pa icipa o y me hodology in he o m o open- ended wo kshops allowed he becoming o di e en con igu a ions. The idea o he PAR wo kshops was o allow pa icipan s o become awa e o hei own p ac ices ha a e en angled wi h he p e ailing idea o ageing ci izen. In he beginning o ou wo kshop se ies, he senio s we e mainly sa is ied wi h hei posi ion as non-designe s and decision make s and we e hus con en as ecip- ien s in lows o powe . As he aim o pa icipa o y ac ion esea ch is o s a ques ioning p e ailing p ac ices once hey ha e been iden i ied, he senio s hen began o e- hink hei posi ion as ci izens and o demand o become pa o he making o hei ci y o , in o he wo ds, o change he cou se o he powe geome y. This p ocess was no s aigh o wa d; du ing ou wo k- shop encoun e s, some senio s pa ly e u ned o hei posi ion as ecipien s. Ne e heless, all senio s ag eed ha hei pa icipa ion in he wo kshops had been meaning ul. 99 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y In his a icle, he con igu a ion o li ing wi h he sma ci y ideology as a senio ci y dwelle has happened in phenomena whe e he eminis socio-ma- e ial on o-epis emology, unde s anding o he ci y as an assemblage wi h dis- inc empo al dynamics, s uc u es, communi ies and indi iduals; and he no ion o powe geome y, ha e in a-ac ed. In his in a-ac ion, human pa - icipan s as well as hei discussions, embodimen , ma e ials and me hodol- ogies gene a e con igu a ion o he sma ci y o Oulu as echnology-d i en and c ea ed by expe s o compu e science, indus y and ci y o icials. This ci y is made o echnology-sa y and en husias ic ci izens, and hose ci y dwelle s who do no i in o he idea o sma ci izen ha e he sense o being ma ginalised. This ma ginalisa ion has occu ed h ough lack o in o ma ion, inabili y o pa icipa e in he making o he ci y and eelings o non-belong- ing o he ci y (see also Ca ell e al. 2008). Howe e , as human geog aphe s Söde s öm, Paasche and Klause (2014, 318) claim, an ‘al e na i e sma ci y exis s’ ha does no exclude echnological and economic aspi a ions bu also conside s social and poli ical aims and impac s as equally impo an . In such an al e na i e sma ci y, echnical implemen a ions a e small-scale ac ions, enabling mo e e sa ile ci izens h ough design. To de ine he sma ci y o Oulu as an assemblage, he in a-ac ions o hu- man and non-human elemen s mus be conside ed ac oss empo ali ies, pas , p esen and u u e, and ac oss spaces, including embodied physical places as well as discu si e and i ual spaces. This unde s anding b oadens he idea o he sma ci y o Oulu because i does no exclude he u ban his o y, ci izens’ biog aphies o e e yday (o line) p ac ices; hus, his pe spec i e enables e e- yone in he sma ci y o be included. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This a icle is based on esea ch p ojec s ha we e unded by he Academy o Finland [g an numbe 258570 and g an numbe 132847]. AUTHOR Tiina Suopajä i, PhD, is a senio esea che a he Uni e si y o Tampe e. Cu en ly she s udies women’s esea che ca ee expe iences and ajec o ies in he ields o heal h and bio echnology. 100 Tiina Suopajä i: F om Ta Ci y o Sma Ci y SOURCES Resea ch Ma e ial Fieldwo k no es om 2011–2015 aken a e each in e iew and wo kshop. ICT-biog aphy in e iews 2011. 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