Responsibilities for just transition to low-carbon societies : a role-based framework

This is a sel -a chi ed e sion o an o iginal a icle. This e sion may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ails. Au ho (s): Ti le: Yea : Ve sion: Copy igh : Righ s: Righ s u l: Please ci e he o iginal e sion: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Responsibili ies o jus ansi ion o low-ca bon socie ies : a ole-based amewo k © 2022 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup Published e sion Ko e mäki, Teea; Hu unen, Su i Ko e mäki, T., & Hu unen, S. (2023). Responsibili ies o jus ansi ion o low-ca bon socie ies : a ole-based amewo k. En i onmen al Poli ics, 32(2), 249-270. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09644016.2022.2064690 2023 Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode= enp20 En i onmen al Poli ics ISSN: (P in ) (Online) Jou nal homepage: h ps://www. and online.com/loi/ enp20 Responsibili ies o jus ansi ion o low-ca bon socie ies: a ole-based amewo k D . Teea Ko e mäki & Su i Hu unen To ci e his a icle: D . Teea Ko e mäki & Su i Hu unen (2022): Responsibili ies o jus ansi ion o low-ca bon socie ies: a ole-based amewo k, En i onmen al Poli ics, DOI: 10.1080/09644016.2022.2064690 To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09644016.2022.2064690 © 2022 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup. Published online: 15 Ap 2022. Submi you a icle o his jou nal A icle iews: 35 View ela ed a icles View C ossma k da a Responsibili ies o jus ansi ion o low-ca bon socie ies: a ole-based amewo k D . Teea Ko e mäki a,b and Su i Hu unen b,c a Depa men o Social Sciences and Philosophy, Jy askylan Yliopis o, Jy askylan yliopis o, Finland; b School o Resou ce Wisdom, Jy askylan Yliopis o, Jy askylan yliopis o, Finland; c En i onmen al Policy Cen e, Finnish En i onmen Ins i u e, Helsinki, Finland ABSTRACT Low-ca bon ansi ions in indus ialised socie ies will ha e signi ican social, eco- nomic and en i onmen al impac s, aising conce ns o jus ice. Calls o u gen ansi ions e oke a ques ion abou he oles o di e en ac o s in ad ancing ansi ions and ensu ing hey a e jus . While he esponsibili ies o emission mi iga ion ha e been long discussed, esponsibili ies o making a jus ansi ion ha e no . The ques ion abou esponsibili ies is pa icula ly p essing because o he di e se cons ella ion o ac o s in ol ed in clima e ac ion, including di e se o ms o non-s a e ac o s om ci y-le el and business alliances o g ass oo s ac i is s. We examine he esponsibili ies o s a e and non-s a e ac o s in he deca bonisa ion p ocess, asking: wha ole do di e en ac o s play ega ding he jus ice impac s o clima e ac ion? We combine sus ainabili y ansi ion s udies and poli ical philoso- phy on oles and esponsibili ies o c ea e a ole-based amewo k o jus ansi- ion- ela ed esponsibili ies o di e en ac o s a di e en spa ial scales. KEYWORDS Clima e jus ice; clima e ac o s; mo al esponsibili ies; jus ansi ion; oles; sus ainabili y ansi ions 1 In oduc ion Calls o u gen and e ec i e low-ca bon ansi ions in indus ialised socie- ies e oke a ques ion abou he ole o di e en ac o s in clima e change mi iga ion and adap a ion. Despi e public p essu e, s a es and he EU ha e been slow o es ablish ambi ious clima e policies. A leas pa ly due o his slowness, he e has been a ise in non-s a e clima e ac ion ha a ies om you h-led clima e s ikes o ci y-le el coali ions (‘C40 Ci ies’) and p i a e sec o emission educ ion ini ia i es. The mul iplici y o ac o s is ypical o he p esen -day polycen ic go e nance cha ac e is ic o g een ansi ions and/o ans o ma ions (Cole 2015, Ecke sley 2021). While polycen ic go - e nance has ad an ages o he e ec i eness and cos s o go e nance, i also isks obscu ing he esponsibili ies o ensu ing jus ice in low-ca bon ansi- ion (Bäcks and e al. 2018). CONTACT Teea Ko e mäki [email p o ec ed] ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09644016.2022.2064690 © 2022 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial- NoDe i a i es License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which pe mi s non-comme cial e-use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, and is no al e ed, ans o med, o buil upon in any way. Since low-ca bon ansi ions will imply signi ican s uc u al changes wi h ex ensi e social, economic, and en i onmen al impac s, i is impo an o a end o hese impac s om he iewpoin o social jus ice as equali y and ai ness (E ans and Phelan 2016). This ques ion is nowadays cap u ed by he jus ansi ion esea ch ha add esses he jus ice impac s o deca bonisa ion on di e en social g oups and on di e en egions, indus ial sec o s, and o he human ac i i ies. Ini ially, labou unions in oduced jus ansi ion in he 1970s, ela ed o hei wo y abou joblosses caused by he igh ening o en i onmen al egula ions, while also acknowledging he need o such egula ions (Mo ena, K ause and S e is 2020). Since hen, he scope o jus ansi ion esea ch has widened conside ably (Williams and Doyon 2019). Basically, jus ansi ion aises ques ions abou how he impac s o deca bo- nisa ion can be made as ai as possible (while ensu ing he e ec i eness o emission educ ions), a oiding unjus ha ms o inc eased inequali ies, and how ha m ul clima e policy side-e ec s can be minimised o compensa ed. I should be acknowledged ha jus ansi ion as an issue o jus ice has a pa icula , na ow scope. E en hough i akes in o accoun many injus ices ha exis p io o he ansi ion, jus ansi ion excludes some impo an aspec s o clima e jus ice. These ela e o he esponsibili y o helping coun- ies and people su e ing om clima e change and pa ially also o he esponsibili y o mi iga ion ac ions. 1 Jus ansi ion- ela ed claims o jus ice a e o en a ge ed a s a e ac o s, ollowing he canon o heo ising ha has loca ed jus ice p ima ily in he basic s uc u es o a na ion s a e. Howe e , a en ion o global inequali ies, wicked p oblems, and deeply oo ed pa e ns o opp ession ha e led o he ques ioning o s a e-based amings o jus ice (F ase 2010) and ela ed esponsibili ies (Young 2011). Jus ice has come o in ol e my iad ac o s. This also b ings a en ion o non-s a e ac o s who can powe ully in luence he public discou se, public opinion, and na a i es o sus ainabili y and jus ansi ion. Gi en he inc easing in ol emen o non-s a e ac o s in clima e mi iga ion, i is impo an o unde s and who a e he ac o s in sus ainabili y ansi ions, and wha oles hey play in p omo ing o hinde ing ansi ions (A elino and Wi maye 2016). Jus ansi ion calls o asking which ac o s can and should bea esponsibili ies o jus ice in ansi ions, o make sense o o en con adic ing claims o such esponsibili ies. The answe canno be ound in he es ablished clima e jus ice and mi iga- ion esponsibili ies li e a u e (e.g., Caney 2010, C ipps 2013) ha examines ac o s’ esponsibili ies o mi iga ion. While he ansi ion i sel is a esponse o he demands made o ac o s o ake hei sha e o mi iga ion bu dens, he ocus on mi iga ion bu dens says li le abou who should add ess and alle ia e he injus ices ha migh ollow. Fo example, he ood- ela ed clima e ac ions o indi idual consume s may esul in (agg ega ely) signi i- can emission educ ions bu also agglome a e dis/ad an ages i he al eady 2T. KORTETMÄKI AND S. HUTTUNEN ad an aged companies a e mo e capable o quickly esponding o new consume demands. Li le is in a consume ’s own hands o ensu e ha hei clima e ac ions would no c ea e injus ices. The e o e, calls o clima e ac ion all sho in e ms o jus ice unless complemen ed wi h jus ansi ion easoning. Who is esponsible o p e en ing, alle ia ing, and compensa ing he po en ial ha ms om clima e ac ion, such as he isk o ene gy, ood, o ma e ial po e y, social exclusion, and job losses? Con empla ing his ques- ion di e s om con empla ing mi iga ion esponsibili ies. Howe e , i should be no ed ha jus ansi ions canno exis wi hou he ansi ion (mi iga ion) happening in he i s place: speaking o jus ansi ion only becomes meaning ul when he e is a ansi ion. This way, esponsibili ies o clima e ac ion a e included in he idea o jus ansi ion bu as he back- g ound a he han he ocal poin . Despi e an ac i e s eam o academic con ibu ions, jus ansi ion esea ch has no ye conside ed jus ice- ela ed esponsibili ies o di e en ac o s and he oles occupied by ac o s om a no ma i e iewpoin . Roles a e a esou ce and ehicle o agency: hey enable ole occupie s’ access o a ious o ms o capi al, enable al e ing s uc u es, and bo h s uc u e and acili a e join ac ion (Calle o 1994). Hence, hinking h ough oles p o ides a good s a ing poin o hinking abou esponsibili ies o jus ansi ion. In his pape , we examine heo e ically he oles and ela ed esponsibil- i ies o s a e and non-s a e ac o s o jus ansi ion. By esponsibili y, we e e he e o an idea o esponsibili y ha is (p ima ily bu no solely) poli ical, as con as ed o mo al esponsibili y. 2 Ou wo k is g ounded in sus ainabili y and jus ansi ion li e a u e and poli ical heo y on esponsi- bili ies o jus ice in complex p oblems. We p opose a model o unde - s anding he esponsibili ies o jus ansi ion h ough he idea o he oles o indi idual and collec i e ac o s. We do his wi h a no el heo e ical ame by combining I is Ma ion Young’s esponsibili y pa ame e s wi h he h ee- dimensional amewo k o en i onmen al jus ice (Schlosbe g 2007) ha has become he ‘s anda d’ in jus ansi ion esea ch. We also add ess he lacunae in jus ansi ion and sus ainabili y ansi ion li e a u e (Ecke sley 2021, p. 13) ega ding he s a es’ oles and s a e-non-s a e ac o ela ions in ensu ing ha low-ca bon ansi ions a e jus . In he ollowing sec ion we in oduce sus ainabili y ansi ions and ela ed ac o oles. We con inue by cons uc ing he amewo k o add essing esponsibili ies in jus ansi ions and examine esponsibili y alloca ion based on ou amewo k. 2 Sus ainabili y ansi ion, ac o s, and oles Socio- echnical sus ainabili y ansi ion s udies ocus on unde s anding how ansi ions happen and can be acili a ed. The li e a u e has been c i icized o inadequa e a en ion o agency, ac o s and hei oles in ansi ions, bu ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS 3 ecen con ibu ions ha e add essed his gap (e.g. A elino and Wi maye 2016, Geels 2020, Hu unen e al. 2021). F om he socio- echnical pe spec- i e, ansi ion is unde s ood as a change in he p e ailing socio- echnical egime comp ising ma ke s, indus y, science, policy, cul u e and echnol- ogy. Regime change is caused by he in e play o di e en mechanisms, including wide ‘landscape le el’ de elopmen s (e.g., clima e change) and niche-le el inno a ions (e.g., elec ic ca s) (Geels and Scho 2007). The mos simplis ic pe spec i e on ac o s sees ansi ion ac o s as comp ised o egime ac o s ying o main ain he exis ing egime, niche and landscape ac o s challenging he egime, and in e media y ac o s ying o acili a e and nu u e he eme gence o niches (Fische and Newig 2016). A a mo e de ailed le el, ansi ion in ol es such ac o g oups as policy-make s, public au ho i ies, i ms, consume s, use s, social mo emen s, expe s and esea ch- e s, who ake on di e en posi ions in he niche- egime-landscape dynamics (Fa la e al. 2012). The ansi ion go e nance pe spec i e u he ca ego izes ac o s as s a e, p i a e sec o and ci il socie y ac o s, who can ac a di e en le els o go e nance (local, egional, na ional and global) (Fische and Newig 2016). T ansi ion s udies ocus mainly on collec i e ac o s: he b ead h o ansi ions would make a ocus on indi iduals p ac ically unwo kable (Geels 2020). The concep o ole helps o e come he mul iplici y o indi iduals wi hou ha ing o add ess hem only as collec i es (A elino and Wi maye 2016). A mul i-ac o pe spec i e on ansi ions p esen s a ole-based ca ego iza- ion o ansi ion ac o s (A elino and Wi maye 2016). I dis inguishes be ween non-p o i and o -p o i ac o s, o mal and in o mal ac o s as well as public and p i a e ac o s and uses hese dis inc ions o classi y bo h indi idual and communi y ac o s acco ding o ou ypes: s a e, ma ke , hi d sec o and communi y. While his ca ego iza ion cla i ies he mul iplici y o oles wi hin socie y, nuancing is needed o g asp ele an oles in he ansi- ions con ex . T ansi ions a e complex, long- e m p ocesses, whe e he oles o ac o s can change o e ime and be mul i ace ed. Fo example, incumben companies can ake dual oles and ac bo h o main ain and change he egime (e.g. Be gg en e al. 2015), and policy make s can simul aneously encou age and hinde ansi ions (Hu unen 2015). F om he pe spec i e o ansi ion, le alone jus ansi ion, he concep ualisa ion o a gene al ole, such as an incumben ene gy company, a consume o a policy make , does no lead e y a . Wha he ac o is capable o doing in his ole and how ha ela es o main aining o ans o ming he unsus ainable egime ma e s. T ansi ions imply ins i u ional changes ha can also change ypical oles as new ules and ou ines a e c ea ed (Wi maye e al. 2017). Consequen ly, Wi maye e al. (2017) p opose an analy ical dis inc ion be ween ansi ion- ela ed and o he socie al oles, highligh ing he need o examine he in e - linkages and dynamics o hese oles. 4T. KORTETMÄKI AND S. HUTTUNEN The ansi ion li e a u e enables us o iden i y se e al ways o examining and ca ego ising ac o oles in ansi ions (Table 1) and, consequen ly, in in luencing hei jus ness. Jus ansi ion oles depend highly on he s age o he ansi ion p ocess. When cla i ying esponsibili ies ela ed o di e en oles, we pay a en ion o he di e en ca ego ies and hei in e sec ions wi h a pa icula ocus on dis inguishing be ween a ious sphe es and le els o ac ion. This enables accoun ing o some ole- ela ed dynamics. Roles a e iden i iable posi ions in social s uc u es (Calle o 1994). Ac o s (indi iduals and collec i es who ep esen di e en ac o ca ego ies) occupy mul iple oles in di e en socie al sphe es: o example, he same pe son can be a eache , an NGO p esiden and a small-scale u ban a me . Di e en ac o s may occupy he same oles (such as ‘cus ome s’). Ac o s can gain o lose access o oles o e ime by, o example, being employed, e i ing, mig a ing, o joining o ganisa ions. Roles come wi h beha iou al expec a- ions associa ed wi h he ole’s posi ion in social s uc u es: ole- ela ed ‘pe o mance images’ o ‘ ole-ideals’ guide ole- ela ed ac ion and esponsi- bili ies (Calle o 1994, Zheng 2018). Roles can cons ain agency and con ol ac ion by limi ing wha is app op ia e in a gi en ole, ye hey also ha e agency-enabling aspec s (Zheng 2018). Roles acili a e agency by impac ing on he social posi ions o di e en ac o s and on hei access o cul u al, social, and ma e ial capi al (Calle o 1994). Cons aining and enabling aspec s link oles closely o he esponsibili y a ibu ion pa ame e s we discuss in he nex sec ion: ac o s occupying di e en oles a e endowed wi h di e en oppo uni ies and esou ces o p omo e (o hampe ) jus ansi ion. Di e en oles also b ing he likelihood o di e en bene i s and bu dens ela ed o ansi ion. Role ideals and ole- ela ed bene i s a e e-nego ia ed ac oss ime and place: he a ying ideals, expec a ions, and he s a us asso- cia ed wi h eache - oles exempli y his poin . A ending o oles shows p omise o add essing jus ansi ion esponsi- bili ies o se e al easons. Fi s , looking solely a main ac o ca ego ies ends o ep oduce he dominan logics, powe imbalances, and disempowe men s. A elino and Wi maye (2016, p. 632) exempli y how he cons uc ion o indi iduals mainly as ‘consume s’ o ‘use s’ implici ly ep oduces he domi- nan ma ke logic, d aining indi iduals o hei agency in ac ing as o e s, ac i is s, and so on. Looking a he oles helps di e si y and ques ion he dominan hinking abou he agency o ac o s. Second, he ocus on oles cla i ies how ac o s occupy se e al oles and ela ed unc ions in hei li es Table 1. In e sec ing ca ego iza ions o ac o oles in ansi ions. 1. T ansi ion le el niche, egime, landscape, in e media y 2. Sphe e o ac ion s a e, ma ke , hi d sec o , communi y 3. Le el o ac ion global, na ional, egional/ci y, communi y 4. Type o ac o indi idual, collec i e ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS 5 (c . A elino and Wi maye 2016, Zheng 2018). Thi d, sus ainabili y ansi- ions managemen is by na u e o wa d-looking, cons i u ed by isioning, e lec ing, and delibe a ing abou u u es (e.g. Loo bach and Ro mans 2010), which aligns well wi h he way in which ole- ela ed esponsibili ies a e in ui i ely conside ed. Finally, we belie e ha hinking h ough oles could mo i a e ac ion by helping people see hei esponsibili ies and capaci ies in socially connec ed communi ies. An app oach ha alloca es esponsibili ies wi hou a aching liabili y o blame migh p o ide a way o wa d in a opic ha is sensi i e o ac o s’ expe iences o being blamed (as w ongdoe s) (Young 2011; Ko e mäki 2019). This would also help o e come o e - indi idualis ic app oaches ha ei he downplay one’s indi idual ac ions o o e -indi idualise esponsibili ies o en i onmen al p oblems. 3 Responsibili ies o jus ansi ion Nex we will cons uc a amewo k o add essing he oles and ela ed esponsibili ies o jus ansi ion. We begin by g ounding he link be ween oles, esponsibili ies, and he alloca ion o di e en ia ed esponsibili ies o ac o s in di e en posi ions. To be able o add ess he esponsibili ies in he amewo k, we c ea e a ypology o di e en unc ions ha can p omo e he di e en aspec s o jus ice in ansi ion and discuss he capaci ies and posi- ions ha a e equi ed o pe o ming he iden i ied unc ions, which links he ypology o oles and esponsibili y-de e mining pa ame e s. Cla i ying o wa d-looking esponsibili ies wi h oles Complex, wicked and global p oblems c ea e s uc u al injus ices. These a e sys ema ically eme ging, pe pe ua ing inequali ies ha a ise in complex in e ac ions be ween a ious social p ocesses and s uc u es: w ongs canno be easily aced back o single iden i iable w ongdoings o he blame ul ac ion o pa icula agen s who could co ec he si ua ion (Young 2011; c . also Co ea 2015). Ac i i ies may comply wi h he exis ing no ms ye agg e- ga ely con ibu e o s uc u al injus ices (Young 2011). I nobody (o , al e - na i ely, almos e e yone) is o blame, hen who is esponsible o emedying he si ua ion? The s uc u al injus ice app oach p oposes ha social connec- ion-based, o wa d-looking esponsibili ies can be used o alloca e espon- sibili ies conce ning wicked p oblems like global ade injus ices (Young 2011) and clima e change (Ma insen and Seib 2013, Ko e mäki 2019). While esponsibili ies o mi iga ion canno be p ima ily o solely g ounded in o wa d-looking easoning (Ecke sley 2016), i is impo an o no e how ansi ion- ela ed jus ice di e s om ha . Injus ices ha eme ge o agg a- a e due o mi iga ion a ise om nume ous ac o s ha also main ain p esen s uc u al injus ices and o he , non-en i onmen al inequali ies. 6T. KORTETMÄKI AND S. HUTTUNEN This makes i di icul o impossible o iden i y liabili y o ha ms b ough abou by clima e mi iga ion ha in he i s place aims o p e en signi ican ha ms. Mo eo e , many ha m ul impac s o mi iga ion esul om b u e luck. Fo example, he bu den a a me aces om mi iga ion policies may depend on he ype o a m one has inhe i ed, local geog aphical condi ions, and pa h-dependency c ea ing choices made in he ea lie his o y o he a m. No is i policymake s’ aul ha , i hey ake e ec i e ac ion on clima e change, some le el o ha m om clima e policies migh be an una oidable cos ha is needed o a oid e en g ea e ha ms. A o wa d-looking app oach o esponsibili y shi s he a en ion om liabili y ques ions o poli ical and p agma ic easoning abou who should do wha (Young 2006, 2011). Responsibili ies a ise om social connec ions: pa icipa ion in social-s uc u al p ocesses ha p oduce s uc u al injus ices. In he ini ial example, Young (2006, p. 372) e e s o how buying cheap clo hes connec s he consume o ela ed (unjus ) supply chain ac i i ies and s uc u es enabling hem (Young 2006, p. 372). In he jus ansi ion con ex , an example could be he pu chase and use o low-ca bon echnology. I connec s he use o global supply chains wi h po en ially mani old jus ice p oblems: indecen wo king condi ions in he mining o c i ical aw ma e i- als, he concen a ion o powe and weal h, sys ems o inno a ion- ela ed inequali ies, and li elihood insecu i y when ansna ional co po a ions mig a e hei ope a ions o new egions o bene i om loose egula ions. Being socially connec ed o p oblema ic s uc u es and p ocesses in okes he esponsibili y o doing some hing abou hem. Howe e , indi iduals can ha dly change s uc u es alone; hence, esponsibili y is ypically discha ged h ough collec i e ac ion whe e e o s can be coo dina ed (Young 2006, p. 123; 2011, 111–112). 3 Di e en ac o ypes – indi iduals, public and p i a e ac o s – can bea esponsibili ies based on he social connec ion model; Sec ion 4 add esses his ques ion in mo e de ail. Despi e i s me i s, Young’s accoun has also been c i icised as unclea abou who has o do wha and why, and how esponsibili y is o be dis- ibu ed (Neuhäuse 2014). 4 To cla i y he esponsibili y a ibu ion, Zheng (2018) de eloped Young’s ideas and in oduced he social ole-based model o esponsibili y a ibu ion. Social oles c ea e p edic i e and no ma i e expec a ions ha apply o a pa icula agen in i ue o he agen ’s ela ions (social connec ions) wi h o he s: people in he same ole ace simila expec- a ions ha a e commonly acknowledged in he communi y and o en main ained h ough sanc ions (Zheng 2018, p. 873). Fo example, occupa- ional oles in ol e expec a ions and esponsibili ies ela ed o each pa icu- la occupa ion. In he con ex o jus ansi ion, we sugges ha some o he social oles people occupy a e associa ed wi h he pa icula unc ions ha people can and should enac in he p ocesses o low-ca bon ansi ion o ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS 7 Ma ke sphe e Co po a ions pa icipa e in main aining ha m ul ins i u ional a angemen s in condi ions whe e hey canno be held liable o pa icula ha m ul impac s (Co ea 2015). I is hus impo an o add ess hei esponsibili ies also ia ole-based, a he han only liabili y-based, app oaches. T ansna ional co - po a ions su pass smalle na ion s a es in economic and poli ical powe , social capi al, and epis emic abili ies: esou ces o in o ma ion ga he ing and p ocessing, and lobbying (in luencing hei egula ion). Owing o hese pa ame e s, co po a ions and people esponsible o hei ope a ion enac esponsibili ies o jus ansi ion. As an example he e, we ake he ela ion- ship be ween in a-co po a ion oles and esponsibili y. Wha is he ela i e esponsibili y o he CEO, a p oduc o ma ke ing designe , o ‘an o dina y wo ke ’? A simila exe cise could be made abo e in ela ion o he di e en le el public ac o s and hei di e en employees. Top manage s espond o a company’s key inancial and s a egic deci- sions. Thei mind-se s in luence he shaping o co po a e sus ainabili y ac ions and whe he o he manage ial ac o s can implemen sus ainabili y in p ac ice (Moun ield e al. 2021). G ea powe and p i ilege come wi h co esponding esponsibili ies. Pe sons in cha ge o in es men decisions, o example, signi ican ly de e mine whe he jus ansi ion p omo ing ac o s and ac ions ge suppo o aking o . Co po a e clima e and espon- sibili y s a egies (including aci codes o conduc ) in luence whe he co - po a ions ac o ansi ion gua an eeing and p omo ing i s ai ness. Leading companies a e also ole models o o he s. Middle manage s a e ypically esponsible o implemen ing sus ainabili y s a egies. They unc ion bo h as implemen e s o sus ainabili y s a egies and as in luence s who ac ually shape he s a egic decisions o op manage s (Bi ollo e al. 2021): hei ole en ails access o esou ces o ca ying ou such unc ions. Thus, a he middle-manage ial le el, ensu ing ha companies discha ge hei unc ion as igh s p o ec o s (Mills and Ka p 2015) is pi o al o jus ansi ion, especially o wo ke s’ and subcon ac o s’ igh s (and p omo ing ai ness e en i ha implies sligh p o i abili y cos s). Middle-le el decisions suppo o p e en dis ibu ion balancing by in luencing he dis ibu ion o he economic, en i - onmen al, and social impac s o business ans o ma ions. Execu i es do no make decisions alone, ye hei capaci y o p esen in o ma ion and a gu- men a ion o o agains pa icula decisions (in boa ds) a ibu es o hem special esponsibili y. Employmen impac s o ansi ions endow HR manage s wi h espon- sibili ies in companies whe e he p i ilege and weal h esul om ca bon- in ensi e ope a ions ha mus change and he s a us as HR manage implies pa icula epis emic abili ies. HR manage s in coal companies, o example, likely ha e he highes epis emic abili ies o eason how 14 T. KORTETMÄKI AND S. HUTTUNEN wo ke s can be suppo ed in he ansi ion in he gi en egional and o ganisa ional ci cums ances. Thus, HR pe sonnel a e key agen s in enac - ing egionally o na ionally suppo ed (c . Ha ahill and Douglas 2019) capaci y building, including e aining and wo k-seeking p og ammes, and acili a ing bo h ma e ial and men al suppo o he ansi ion. O dina y employees in luence less on s a egic decisions bu mo e on he o ganisa ional cul u e. Can wo ke s con ibu e o jus ansi ion by p omo - ing equi ed changes in hei own wo k and by p o iding hei ideas abou changing, o example, p oduc de elopmen and sus ainabili y aining? A e sus ainabili y-conce ned wo ke s mo e equen ly igno ed o lis ened o? Employees comp ise he ‘democ a ic mass’ in companies and hus ha e he esponsibili y o o ganising collec i e suppo o ac ion and awa eness aising by p o iding and asking o mo e in o ma ion. Employees may also ha e a special ole when indus ies in luence on local communi ies hey ope a e wi hin (e.g., E ans and Phelan 2016): ‘o dina y employees’ may unc ion as in e media y claim-make s mo e success ully han manage s and execu i es. Finally, i company ope a ions pe pe ua e injus ices and calls o change a e cons an ly neglec ed, discha ging one’s esponsibili ies adequa ely migh e en equi e making misconduc isible by e ealing w ongdoings o he public. Thi d sec o and communi y sphe e Role-based esponsibili ies help make sense o wha indi iduals a e espon- sible o . Indi iduals can only pa ly discha ge hei esponsibili ies ia ‘ esponsible consume ism’, al hough i con ibu es o ansi ion gua an ee- ing. Consump ion choices ha e ai ly limi ed impac on co ec ing social- s uc u al p ocesses ha pe pe ua e injus ices. S uc u es also limi he pos- sibili y o indi iduals o make jus ice-p omo ing choices: ‘doing jus ice’ by consump ion is o en he oppo uni y o he p i ileged (who hen may ha e his esponsibili y). Consump ion-led ansi ion migh also agg a a e exis - ing injus ices by agglome a ing dis/ad an ages amongs business ac o s. Responsibili y pa ame e s show ha consume s a e no esponsible o inding ou whe he p oduc ion esponsibili y claims eally hold ue: hey usually lack su icien epis emic abili ies and powe o access concealed in o ma ion. Howe e , indi iduals occupy a ious o he oles in he public and p i a e sec o s and a e also ci izens and membe s o collec i es. Indi iduals’ espon- sibili ies o jus ice in complex p oblems a e bes unde s ood as esponsi- bili ies o collec i e ac ion (Young 2011, C ipps 2013). Discha ging esponsibili ies o collec i e ac ion o clima e mi iga ion (e.g., C ipps 2013) con ibu e o unc ioning as ansi ion gua an o s ia collec i ely demanding and suppo ing clima e policies. In a jus ansi ion con ex , ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS 15 o he ways o discha ge esponsibili ies collec i ely depends on he oles one occupies, o is able o occupy: esponsibili y pa ame e s e lec his and cap u e di e en ia ed li e si ua ions. Fo some, wo k p o ides he bes oppo uni ies o p omo e jus ansi ion. Fo example, esea che s belong o esea ch communi ies whose esponsi- bili y as capaci y builde s and awa eness aise s is g ounded in hei social and epis emic capi al (Loo 2019). Jus ansi ion necessi a es in o ma ion abou emission mi iga ion impac s and hei dis ibu ion, ulne abili ies, pa icipa o y decision-making me hods, and p inciples and ways o mon- i o ing jus ice in ansi ions. Resea che s can add ess such ques ions. Ye , hei possibili ies depend on unding and he ins i u ional en i onmen hey wo k in, including collegial and manage ial suppo . The ele ance o one’s esea ch o jus ansi ion, a ac o ela ed o in e es , also coun s. Resea ch can also ela e o many o he impo an issues and come wi h o he esponsibili ies. Fo some, wo k enables discha ging jus ansi ion esponsibili ies su i- cien ly bu no o all. O he s may discha ge jus ansi ion- ela ed espon- sibili ies by, o example, pa icipa ing in public discussions and engaging in o suppo ing NGO campaigning (Ko e mäki 2019, p. 59). 9 NGOs and hei ac o s ha e in e es , social capi al, and epis emic abili ies. NGOs a e also impo an in s eng hening he epis emic abili ies o opp essed g oups who su e om s uc u al injus ice and epis emic opaci y ha p e en s hem om ully a icula ing and e lec ing on hei conce ns (Jugo and Ypi 2019) despi e o hei impo an ole as agen s o jus ice (De eaux 2015). Consequen ly, indi iduals can unc ion ia NGOs as capaci y builde s, awa eness aise s, and claim-make s o jus ice (see also Albin 1999). Local communi ies can unc ion as claim-make s and awa eness aise s, a icula - ing hei conce ns o jus clima e policy implemen a ion. 10 Ano he ques- ion is whe he indi iduals wi h use ul endowmen s, such as social capi al ( he high capaci y o es ablish social ne wo ks), ha e g ea e esponsibili y o s i e o impac ul oles, such as policymake and NGO leade oles, be ha ole ela ed o jus ansi ion o o he impo an ma e s. 5 Conclusions Responsibili ies o jus ansi ion a e sha ed by nume ous ac o s ac oss di e en le els and sphe es o ac ion. The alloca ion o esponsibili ies and hei con en s can be g ounded in he esponsibili y a ibu ion pa ame e s, which a ach he unc ions o enac ing jus ansi ion o ole-speci ic capa- ci ies, powe s, connec ions and esou ces. The es ablished amewo k aims o cla i y hinking abou , and jus i y alloca ing, esponsibili ies o jus ansi ion. While s a es a e key playe s in enac ing jus ansi ion, he ame- wo k demons a es ha ma ke , hi d sec o and communi y ac o s also 16 T. KORTETMÄKI AND S. HUTTUNEN possess cha ac e is ics ha a ibu e o hem esponsibili ies o jus ansi- ion. Indi iduals’ esponsibili ies come abou by he oles hey occupy in di e en sphe es. While we ocus on jus ansi ion, we belie e and encou- age u he applica ions o conside whe he he basic s uc u e o he es ablished oles and esponsibili ies amewo k (Figu e 1) could, wi h adjus ed unc ions, assis add essing o he esponsibili ies o complex jus- ice issues. The ole-based iew o esponsibili ies highligh s social connec edness. Func ions o p omo ing jus ansi ion o en equi e c oss-sec o al colla- bo a ion. Conside some examples. O icials and policymake s ha e o con- side mul iple challenges and compe ing demands in decision-making. Resea ch communi ies can p o ide in o ma ion abou policy impac s and ools o mo e inclusi e policy planning, while local communi ies p o ide local knowledge o be e policy implemen a ion. Business manage s need suppo and signalling om he public sec o o ensu e ha injus ices a e no ewa ded in ma ke s and ha mi iga ion demands can be me by di e en ly sized en e p ises. Companies also need in o ma ion abou he impac s o hei mi iga ion s a egies: esea ch communi ies mus he eby conside wha kind o collabo a ion wi h he p i a e sec o o conduc , while ensu ing esea ch in eg i y and au onomy in he eme ging pa ne ships. Resea ch communi ies, in u n, canno discha ge hei esponsibili y wi hou ex e nal suppo . Resea ch unding is globally biased and ha nessing i o p omo ing jus ice h ough science equi es signi ican ealloca ion. Finally, opp essed g oups may su e om epis emic opaci y he alle ia ion o which may equi e collabo a ion wi h mo e p i ileged ac o s and he esea ch commu- ni y (see also Loo 2019) o a icula e hei conce ns and p omo e policy p ocesses ha ake exis ing disad an ages in o accoun in implemen ing pa icipa o y app oaches. Fu he esea ch on he esponsibili ies o jus ansi ion can suppo he alloca ion o ansi ion- ela ed esponsibili ies o di e en ac o s in he condi ions o polycen ic go e nance and inc easing non-s a e ini ia i es o clima e ac ion. I would be pa icula ly aluable o de e mine cen al jus ansi ion esponsibili ies wi h ega d o sec o al ansi ions, ole ela- ions ac oss sec o s, and he changing o oles and ela ed esponsibili ies o e he ansi ion p ocess. Fu he concep ual de elopmen could speci y he de e mina ion o ele an unc ions and ole ca ego ies. In his ligh , one pa icula ly in e es ing ole ca ego y pe ains o oles ha eme ge wi hin he ansi ion p ocesses hemsel es, especially in e media y oles. Speci ying hese oles and he esponsibili ies ha eme ge alongside hese ca ego ies equi es u he examina ion. ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS 17 No es 1. Jus ansi ion can be c i icised as a na ow app oach i i is conside ed o occupy he main s age o clima e and en i onmen - ela ed jus ice discussions, which some imes appea s o be he case in public deba es. Jus ansi ion should no de ail a en ion om he c ucial impo ance o clima e ac ion and sus ainabili y ansi ion i sel , because ailing in ha ask is likely he g ea es injus ice. Rega ding he exis ing (p e- ansi ion) injus ices, jus ansi- ion pays a en ion o hem inso a as hey c ea e sys ema ic isks o pa icula g oups o ace disp opo iona e bu dens o ha ms due o he ansi ion policies. Howe e , he pu pose o jus ansi ion is no o add ess o ix all exis ing injus ices: making he ansi ion so o e ly complex would likely pa alyse ac ion. 2. Mo al esponsibili y ypically ocuses on indi idual mo al agen s and hei liabili y: is a pe son liable o causing a ce ain w ong, and i yes, wha should he pe son do abou i ? Poli ical esponsibili y ocuses on emedying he w ongs: who should do some hing abou he exis ing p oblem an why? Poli ical esponsibili y o ac ion can exis wi hou liabili y. Poli ical esponsi- bili y does no mean neglec ing he ques ions o liabili y, howe e : some imes he e is a clea culp i who has a consequen esponsibili y o co ec he injus ices. (Young 2011, pp. 78–80; 95–122.) 3. In Young’s e sion o he model, he esponsibili y o jus ice is bo ne only by indi iduals bu his does no exclude he possibili y o a ibu e esponsibili ies o collec i e ac o s. 4. Young’s esponse o hese challenges emained un inished because o he dea h in 2006. 5. Social sciences ha e gene a ed nume ous ypologies o powe , he use ulness o which depends on he applica ion. Ou chosen dis inc ion aligns well wi h di e en oles. No ably, many o ms o powe o e lap o a e closely ela ed. Fo example, in he p i a e sphe e economic powe o en equa es wi h powe o in luence; howe e , economic powe does no gua an ee poli ical powe in he public sphe e. Epis emic powe , in u n, may some imes be socio-cul u ally e y in luen ial (by mains eaming pa icula ideas and amings) while lack- ing poli ical and economic powe . 6. The p i ilege a ibu e does no make ou app oach backwa d-looking because p i ilege can a ise due o nume ous ac o s, be unin en ional (being he ci izen o a weal hy coun y), and canno be di ec ly associa ed wi h liabili y. 7. Collec i e abili y in Young’s e minology. 8. Epis emic powe and epis emic abili ies a e, in ou iew, wo dis inc a ibu es ha o en a e no possessed by he same pe son. The e m ‘epis emic powe ’ was used by A che e al. 2020, whose use we ollow he e, al hough i could also be called discu si e powe . 9. We conside o ing in elec ions as insu icien o discha ging one’s esponsibili y. 10. The ole o local communi ies is also no ed in’A Bluep in o Eu ope’s Jus T ansi ion’, a epo by he EU-le el GNDE campaign (by he Democ acy in Eu ope Mo emen ) ha calls o inc eased engagemen o local ac o s o he EU G een New Deal. 18 T. KORTETMÄKI AND S. HUTTUNEN Acknowledgmen s We wish o hank Säde Ho mio and e iewe s o aluable commen s on his manusc ip . Disclosu e s a emen No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s). Funding This wo k was suppo ed by he S a egic Resea ch Council o he Academy o Finland unde G an numbe 327284. ORCID D . Teea Ko e mäki h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-1682-8462 Re e ences Albin, A., 1999. Can NGOs enhance he e ec i eness o in e na ional nego ia ion? 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