Idiosyncratic description of anger states in skilled Spanish karate athletes : an application of the IZOF model
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Idiosync a ic desc ip ion o ange s a es in skilled Spanish ka a e a hle es : an
applica ion o he IZOF model
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Published e sion
Ruiz, Mon se; Hanin, Yu i
Ruiz, M., & Hanin, Y. (2004). Idiosync a ic desc ip ion o ange s a es in skilled Spanish ka a e
a hle es : an applica ion o he IZOF model. Re is a de Psicologia del Depo e, 13(1), 75-93.
h ps://www. pd-online.com/a icle/ iew/262
2004
IDIOSYNCRATIC DESCRIPTION OF
ANGER STATES IN SKILLED
SPANISH KARATE ATHLETES:
AN APPLICATION OF THE
IZOF MODEL
Mon se C. Ruiz and Yu i L. Hanin
KEY WORDS: Ange , emo ion, IZOF model, idiog aphic app oach, ka a e.
ABSTRACT: This s udy examined con en and in ensi y o ange p io o, du ing, and a e bes e e and wo s e e
pe o mances in 43 high-le el Spanish ka a e a hle es using indi idualized ange p o iling. Op imal and dys unc ional
ange in ensi ies we e assessed using a modi ied e sion o Bo g’s Ca ego y Ra io (CR-10) scale. Ange p o iling was
supplemen ed wi h posi i e and nega i e emo ion p o iling. As expec ed, con en o ange desc ip o s was highly
idiosync a ic. Mo eo e , g ea a iabili y in op imal and dys unc ional ange in ensi ies was ound a indi idual and g oup
le els. In bes pe o mances, ange was ela ed o he gene a ion o addi ional ene gy, whe eas in wo s pe o mances, ange
esul ed om a pe cei ed lack o esou ces o low eadiness o pe o m. A hle es gene a ed di e en ange desc ip o s in
pe o mance and in non-spo pe o mance si ua ions (o e lap anged om 0 o .35). The esul s suppo he use o an
idiog aphic app oach in he s udy o ange s a es.
Co espondence: Yu i L. Hanin. P o esso and Senio Resea che . Resea ch Ins i u e o Olympic Spo s.
Rau pohjanka u 6, FIN-40700 Jy askyla, Finland. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
— Fecha de ecepción: 1 de sep iemb e de 2003. Fecha de acep ación: 22 de ab il de 2004.
Re is a de Psicología del Depo e
2004. Vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 75-93
ISSN: 1132-239X
Uni e si a de les Illes Balea s
Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona
Ruiz, M. C. and Hanin, Y. L. Idiosync a ic Desc ip ion o Ange S a es...
PALABRAS CLAVE: I a, emoción, modelo IZOF, en oque idiog á ico, ká a e.
RESUMEN: El es udio examina el con enido e in ensidad de es ados de i a an es, du an e, y después de los mejo es y
peo es endimien os en 43 ka a ekas españoles de al o ni el median e pe iles de i a indi iduales. Las in ensidades de i a
óp ima y dis uncional se midie on con la escala modi icada de Bo g (CR-10). Pe iles de emociones posi i as y nega i as
complemen a on los pe iles de i a. Como se c eía, el con enido de los desc ip o es de i a ue al amen e idiosinc á ico.
Asimismo, hubo g an a iabilidad en las in ensidades de i a óp ima y dis uncional a ni el indi idual y de g upo. La i a
es aba elacionada con la gene ación de ene gía en los mejo es endimien os, pe o ue el esul ado de una al a pe cibida de
ecu sos o p epa ación en los peo es endimien os. Los ka a ekas u iliza on dis in os desc ip o es de i a en si uaciones de
endimien o depo i o y ue a del depo e (solapamien o 0 a .35). Los esul ados sus en an el uso de un en oque idiog á ico
en el es udio de los es ados de i a.
Re is a de Psicología del Depo e. 2004. Vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 75-93
76
A hle es’ subjec i e emo ional expe iences
play an impo an ole in compe i i e spo s.
The accu a e desc ip ion o hese si ua ional
emo ional expe iences, he ela i ely s able
pa e ns hey exhibi , and he me a-
expe iences ela ed o success ul and
unsuccess ul pe o mances (Hanin, 2003) is
o g owing in e es in he p ac ice o spo
psychology. T adi ionally, hese expe iences
ha e been measu ed using no ma i e and
g oup-o ien ed sel - epo scales wi h “ ixed”
esea che -gene a ed emo ion con en wi h
he emphasis on subjec s’ abili y o ead and
unde s and i ems. Howe e , he ele ance o
he i em con en o indi iduals is usually no
known (Hanin, 2000). P e ious esea ch has
e ealed a disc epancy be ween he con en o
i ems in no ma i e scales and he
idiosync a ic ocabula y used by a hle es
(Sy jä and Hanin, 1997a, 1997b; Hanin,
Jokela, and Sy jä, 1998; Robazza, Bo oli,
Nocini, Mose , and A slan, 2000). The
p esen s udy applies he Indi idual Zones o
Op imal Func ioning (IZOF) model (Hanin,
1997, 2000, 2003), as an idiog aphic and
eali y-g ounded app oach o explo ing ange
s a es in skilled ka a e a hle es, in an a emp
o p o ide a desc ip i e da abase o u u e
explana o y and p edic i e s udies.
In his s udy, indi idualized and eali y-
g ounded (Hanin, 2000, 2003) as well as
phenomenological (Dale, 1996) app oaches
a e aken, laying emphasis on he desc ip ion
o he a hle e’s subjec i e expe iences om a
sel - e e en pe spec i e.
Ange : Concep ualiza ion and Measu-
emen
In an a emp o clea he concep ual
con usion in he de ini ion o ange , hos ili y
and agg ession, Spielbe ge , Johnson, Russell,
C ane, Jacobs, and Wo den (1985) p oposed
he no ion o he “AHA Synd ome” s anding
o ange , hos ili y and agg ession. Ange ,
placed a he co e o he AHA Synd ome, was
de ined as “an emo ional s a e ha consis s o
eelings ha a y in in ensi y, om mild
i i a ion o annoyance o u y and age”
(Spielbe ge , e al., 1985, p. 7). Hos ili y was
de ined as a complex se o a i udes ha
mo i a e agg essi e beha io , and agg ession
e e ed o des uc i e beha io di ec ed
owa ds o he pe sons o objec s.
Mos esea che s ha e concep ualized
ange as an emo ional s a e; emphasizing
di e en componen s. Fo ins ance,
Schach e and No aco (ci ed in Spielbe ge e
al., 1985) called a en ion o bo h he
physiological and cogni i e aspec s o ange ,
whe eas Feshbach (1964) ega ded ange as
“a media ing a ec i e esponse wi h
exp essi e componen s.” Laza us (1991,
2000) placed impo ance on cogni i e,
mo i a ional, and ela ional aspec s o
emo ions, a guing ha emo ions we e
psychologically media ed by app aisals o he
pe sonal signi icance o well-being ha a
Ruiz, M. C. and Hanin, Y. L. Idiosync a ic Desc ip ion o Ange S a es...
Re is a de Psicología del Depo e. 2004. Vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 75-93 77
pe son a ibu es o his o he ela ionship
( ela ional meaning) wi h he en i onmen .
Included in a lis o 7 posi i e (e.g.,
happiness, joy), and 8 nega i e (e.g., ange ,
anxie y) emo ions, Laza us p oposed “a
demeaning o ense agains me and mine” as
he co e ela ional heme o ange (see
Laza us 2000, p. 234 o a e iew o he 15
co e ela ional hemes).
Based on he s a e- ai dis inc ion,
Spielbe ge , Jacobs, Russell and C ane
(1983) de eloped he S a e-T ai Ange
(STAS) scale o assess he in ensi y o ange
as an emo ional s a e and a ela i ely s able
disposi ion o expe ience ange . Mo eo e ,
Spielbe ge e al., (1985) also a gued o he
impo ance o dis inguishing he exp ession
/ supp ession o ange om he expe ience o
ange , which lead hem o cons uc he
Ange Exp ession (AX) scale.
Howe e , in he IZOF model a wide
pe spec i e is aken. Ange is concep ualized
as a componen o pe o mance- ela ed
s a es, which can be desc ibed in a leas i e
dimensions: o m, con en , in ensi y,
con ex , and ime. Ange is cha ac e ized by
a speci ic cons ella ion o subjec i e
emo ional expe iences closely ela ed o
cogni i e, a ec i e, mo i a ional, bodily,
kines he ic, ope a ional, and communica i e
modali ies o he psychobiosocial s a e. F om
his mul idimensional pe spec i e, i is clea
ha hese modali ies p o ide a ela i ely
comple e desc ip ion o pe o mance-
induced ange s a es (Hanin 1997, 2000). In
mains eam psychology, mos esea ch
a en ion has been paid o kines he ic and
bodily componen s o ange , ocusing on he
impac o ange on well-being and gene al
heal h. Howe e , o he componen s, such as
cogni i e o mo i a ional componen s, o
ins ance, especially ele an in spo , ha e e-
cei ed less a en ion (Isbe g, 2000).
Emo ion con en is usually ca ego ized in
e ms o single o “basic” emo ion
synd omes, such as anxie y, ange e c.
(Laza us, 2000) o as a global a ec based on
hedonic one o posi i i y-nega i i y
dis inc ions (Wa son and Tellegen, 1988).
Examples o s anda dized scales ep esen ing
he i s app oach a e he STAXI
(Spielbe ge , Reheise , and Sydeman, 1995),
and he P o ile o Mood S a es (POMS;
McNai , Lo , and D oppleman, 1971). The
STAXI consis s o 44 i ems con ained in i e
p ima y scales (S a e Ange , T ai Ange ,
Ange -In, Ange -Ou , and Ange -Con ol)
whe eas he POMS con ains six scales ( igo ,
ange , dep ession, ension, con usion, and
a igue). Ange measu es based on he global
a ec app oach include he Posi i e and
Nega i e A ec scales (PANAS; Wa son and
Tellegen, 1988), and he A ec Balance
Scale (De oga is, 1975). Howe e , a spo -
speci ic measu e o si ua ional ange has no
ye been de eloped (Isbe g, 2000).
In spo s, se e al s udies ha e used he
POMS o p edic pe o mance using
Mo gan’s (1980) icebe g p o ile (high igo
and low ension, dep ession, con usion,
ange , and a igue). Howe e , equi ocal
empi ical suppo has been ound. Fo
ins ance, s udies in ka a e ha e showed ha
success ul a hle es sco ed highe in ange
han unsuccess ul a hle es (McGowan and
Mille , 1989; McGowan, Mille , and
Henschen, 1990; Te y and Slade, 1995).
McGowan, Pie ce, and Jo dan (1992) ound
ha less expe ienced (black-bel ) a hle es
sco ed highe on ange p io o compe i ion
han highe - anking black-bel s. A uza,
Balagué, and A ie a (1998) ound simila
esul s in he p e-compe i ion p o iles o
h ee eli e judo compe i o s, showing again
highe ange sco es.
In con as o such no ma i e scales, he
IZOF model emphasizes he idiosync a ic
Ruiz, M. C. and Hanin, Y. L. Idiosync a ic Desc ip ion o Ange S a es...
Re is a de Psicología del Depo e. 2004. Vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 75-93
78
na u e o pe o mance-induced ange s a es,
combining he single o “basic” emo ion
synd omes and he global a ec app oach.
Thus, emo ion con en is ca ego ized wi hin
he amewo k o ou emo ion ca ego ies
de i ed om hedonic one (pleasan -
unpleasan ) and unc ionali y (op imal-
dys unc ional) dis inc ions. These emo ion
ca ego ies a e pleasan and unc ionally
op imal emo ions (P+), unpleasan and
unc ionally op imal emo ions (N+),
pleasan and dys unc ional emo ions (P-),
and unpleasan and dys unc ional (N-)
emo ions. These ou ca ego ies p o ide a
b oad s uc u e ha can accommoda e a
wide ange o idiosync a ic, a hle e-
gene a ed emo ion labels e lec ing emo-
ional expe iences and a ailable esou ces
(Hanin 2000, 2003). These idiosync a ic
labels can be e-ca ego ized in o exis ing
classi ica ions o disc e e emo ion synd omes
(ange , anxie y e c.) This s udy examines he
mos accu a e and indi idually ele an
desc ip o s o si ua ional ange s a es ela ed
o ka a e pe o mance.
In ensi y can be exp essed in ei he
objec i e o subjec i e me ics, and is
ypically measu ed on a selec ed pa ame e
o a pa icula modali y. In he IZOF mo-
del, he in ensi y dimension o ange is
concep ualized a he indi idual le el, using
he in-ou o he zone no ion ha desc ibes a
ange o in ensi ies p oducing op imal,
neu al, o dys unc ional e ec s on pe -
o mance.
Al hough in ensi y is a quan i a i e
a ibu e o subjec i e expe iences (Hanin
1997, 2000), i can also be desc ibed quali-
a i ely. P oposing he concep o i em-
in ensi y speci ici y, Spielbe ge (1970)
a gued ha i ems a y in hei abili y o
disc imina e among di e en in ensi ies. Fo
ins ance, he i em, “I eel es ed,” in he s a e
anxie y subscale, disc imina es changes in
anxie y a low le els o in ensi y. In con as ,
he i em, “I eel o e -exci ed and a led,”
disc imina es changes in anxie y a high
le els o in ensi y. Simila ly, he i ems
“upse ,” “annoyed,” and “i i a ed” (STAXI)
quali a i ely imply less in ensi y han such
i ems as “en aged,” “ u ious,” and “ la ed up.”
O all dimensions desc ibing pe -
o mance- ela ed s a es, in ensi y ela ed o
op imal and dys unc ional anxie y (see
Jokela and Hanin, 1999 o a me a-analysis),
and posi i e and nega i e emo ions (Hanin
and Sy jä 1995a, 1995b, 1996) is p obably,
he mos s udied. As applied o anxie y, o
ins ance, he IZOF model holds ha each
a hle e has an indi idual op imal in ensi y
le el (high, mode a e, o low) wi hin which
he p obabili y o success ul pe o mance is
high. These op imal and dys unc ional
in ensi y le els a y wi hin and ac oss
di e en a hle es (Hanin 1997, 2000).
Howe e , esea ch has no sys ema ically
add essed he op imal and dys unc ional
in ensi y o ange in spo (Isbe g, 2000).
This s udy explo es he in a-indi idual
dynamics and in e -indi idual di e ences in
he in ensi y o a hle es’ ange s a es ela ed
o success ul and poo pe o mances.
Mo eo e , he IZOF model uses he
no ion o esou ce ma ching o explain he
unc ional impac o emo ions on
pe o mance. Op imal emo ions e lec he
a ailabili y o esou ces and hei e ec i e
ec ui men and u iliza ion. In con as ,
dys unc ional emo ions e lec a lack o
esou ces and hei ine ec i e ec ui men
and u iliza ion. This s udy uses he no ion o
esou ce ma ching o examine he pe cei ed
meaning o ange ela ed o bes and wo s
pe o mances.
A hle es’ ange s a es a e examined wi h
he ocus on he di e ences be ween hei
subjec i e expe iences in wo quali a i ely
ex eme con ex s, bes e e and wo s e e
Ruiz, M. C. and Hanin, Y. L. Idiosync a ic Desc ip ion o Ange S a es...
Re is a de Psicología del Depo e. 2004. Vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 75-93 79
pe o mances. Gi en he mul iplici y o
ac o s ha can in luence a hle es’
pe o mance, an indi idualized a hle e- e-
e enced c i e ion will be used, aking in o
accoun he a hle e’s pe o mance quali y
p ocess i espec i e o whe he i p oduces
bes e e o wo s e e ou come esul s.
The s udy explo es a hle es’ expe iences
ac oss h ee unc ionally di e en bu in-
e ela ed si ua ions: (a) p e-e en
(p epa a ion o ac ion), (b) mid-e en ( ask
execu ion), and (c) pos -e en (e alua ion o
pe o mance).
The pu pose o his explo a o y s udy,
hen, was o examine he con en and in-
ensi y o ange and ange - ela ed symp oms
in skilled Spanish ka a e a hle es, p io o,
du ing, and a e bes e e and wo s e e
(he ea e bes and wo s ) pe o mances,
using an idiog aphic app oach. On he basis
o he assump ions o he IZOF model
(Hanin, 1997, 2000, 2003) i was hypo-
hesized (1) ha ange con en is indi idual
and e lec ed in he idiosync a ic selec ion o
desc ip o s, and (2) ha op imal ange
in ensi y, help ul o indi idual pe -
o mance, can be high, mode a e, o low and
ha i a ies among indi iduals. This s udy
also explo es a hle es’ (a) pe cep ion o he
unc ional meaning o op imal and
dys unc ional impac o ange on pe -
o mance, (b) easons o ange ela ed o
ka a e pe o mance, and (c) ange s a es in
ypical (non-spo ) se ings. Addi ionally,
o he posi i e and nega i e emo ions ela ed
o ka a e pe o mance will be b ie ly
examined.
Me hod
Subjec s
Pa icipan s in his s udy we e 43 (28
male, 15 emale) Spanish ka a e a hle es
aged om 15 o 29 yea s (M=19.26,
SD=3.11). Thei spo ing expe ience anged
om 7 o 19 yea s (M=12.74, SD=2.62).
Thi y-one a hle es compe ed in kumi e
( igh ing) and 12 in ka a. Thi y-one
a hle es we e highly skilled compe i o s,
being membe s o he Na ional Team
(n=21), pa icipa ing a he p e-selec ion o
he Wo ld Championships (n =8), and in
in e na ional compe i ions (n =2). Twel e
a hle es compe ed a he na ional le el.
An in e iew guide, including he o-
llowing IZOF-based me hodology was
de eloped o ga he he da a:
Indi idualized emo ion p o iling is used o
iden i y he idiosync a ic con en and
in ensi y o op imal and dys unc ional
emo ions. This s epwise p ocedu e iden i ies
posi i e and nega i e emo ions subjec i ely
meaning ul in e ms o he indi idual’s pas
pe o mance his o y and signi ican emo-
ional expe iences. In indi idualized emo ion
p o iling, a hle es gene a e indi idually
ele an emo ion wo ds ha bes desc ibe
hei op imal (help ul) and dys unc ional
(ha m ul) posi i e and nega i e emo ions.
To help a hle es gene a e indi idual i ems,
he global emo ion s imulus lis is used. The
English e sion o he s imulus lis was
compiled h ough he selec ion and e ision
o i ems om he 10 global a ec scales
desc ibed by Wa son and Tellegen (1985).
The lis includes 40 posi i e emo ions and
37 nega i e emo ions. Examples o posi i e
i ems include “ac i e,” “calm,” and
“con iden ”; nega i e i ems include “ne ous,”
“unce ain,” and “ang y.” Hanin and Sy jä
(1996), epo ed high eliabili y o he
idiosync a ic emo ion scales in a sample o
high-le el socce playe s (mean C onbach
alphas anging om .76 o .90).
In ecall emo ion p o iling, a hle es,
using he s imulus lis , selec 4 o 5 posi i e
and hen 4 o 5 nega i e i ems ha bes
Ruiz, M. C. and Hanin, Y. L. Idiosync a ic Desc ip ion o Ange S a es...
80 Re is a de Psicología del Depo e. 2004. Vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 75-93
desc ibe hei emo ions ela ed o
indi idually success ul pe o mances in he
pas . Then hey selec 4 o 5 posi i e and 4
o 5 nega i e i ems ha desc ibe hei
emo ions ela ed o indi idually unsuccess ul
pe o mances. A hle es can also add emo ion
wo ds o hei own choice. Each a hle e
gene a es idiosync a ic emo ion desc ip o s
o he ou emo ion ca ego ies: P+, N+, P-,
and N-. The emo ion s imulus lis was
adap ed in o Spanish by wo expe s and
used in a pilo s udy wi h ka a e a hle es
(Ruiz and Hanin, in p ess).
Indi idualized ange p o iling. Simila o
indi idualized emo ion p o iling, a Spanish
s imulus lis o ange desc ip o s was d awn
om he ollowing scales adap ed in o
Spanish: he POMS (Balague , e al., 1993)
(ange -hos ili y subscale), he STAXI-2
(Spielbe ge , e al., 2000) (S-Ange and T-
Ange subscales), and he PNA (nega i e
emo ion lis ). The dic iona y Espasa Calpe
(2001) and se e al o he dic iona ies on he
in e ne we e consul ed o iden i y
synonyms o ange . An ini ial pool o 32
i ems was gene a ed.
Thi een na i e speake s and a Uni e si y
eache o Spanish se ed as expe s in
selec ing he mos app op ia e desc ip o s
used in cu en spoken Spanish. Se en i ems
we e hen elimina ed (e.g., “ ehemen e”
[ ehemen ], “ul ajado” [ou aged]).
“Suscep ible” [suscep ible] was e ain as in
Spanish, when no ollowed by he
p eposi ion “de” [ o], e e s o “a pe son ha
is easily o ended” (Espasa Calpe, 2001).
Nex , he 13 expe s a ed he pe cei ed
in ensi y o he selec ed i ems. Using
iangula ion (Pa on, 1990), ou expe s
we e asked o a e he wo ds om 0 o 10.
I ems a ed om 0 o 3 we e conside ed as
ha ing “low in ensi y,” om 4 o 6
“mode a e,” and om 7 o 10 “high
in ensi y.” Fi e expe s so ed he i ems in
h ee g oups (high, mode a e, o low in
in ensi y). Fou expe s anked he wo ds in
a con inuum ( om low o high in in ensi y).
Compa isons o expe s’ esponses ob ained
h ough he h ee me hods e ealed high
o e lap. Speci ically, sco es anged om .71
o .88 (SD = 0.09) o “s ong” (high
in ensi y) i ems; om .63 o .82 (SD = .1)
o i ems wi h mode a e in ensi y; and om
.82 o .94 (SD = .06) o “weak” (low
in ensi y) i ems. All he expe s’ esponses
we e aken in o accoun in ca ego izing
wo ds acco ding o hei in ensi y.
Figu e 1 shows he 25 i ems included in
he ange lis ca ego ized as high (in bold),
mode a e (in i alics), and low in in ensi y. As
he igu e shows, he con en o e lap
be ween he ange lis and o he scales
including ange i ems was low, anging om
0.2 o 0.35.
Emo ion In ensi y. A sepa a e scale ela ed
o in ensi y was used alongside each a hle e-
selec ed emo ion. The in ensi y scale asked,
“How much o his eeling o emo ion is
usually help ul (o ha m ul) o you
pe o mances in compe i ion?” A hle es
could indica e ei he a le el o a ange o
in ensi y. In ensi y was assessed on he
modi ied Bo g’s Ca ego y Ra io (CR-10)
scale (Bo g, 1982; Hanin, 2000). The CR-
10 scale, cons uc ed o a oid he ceiling
e ec , has been used in o he emo ion
s udies (Hanin and Sy jä, 1995a, 1995b). In
his s udy he s anda d o ma o he CR-10
scale (Hanin, 1994; Hanin, Sy jä, 1995a,
1995b) ansla ed in o Spanish was used
wi h he ollowing e bal ancho s: 0=
no hing a all, 0.5= e y, e y li le, 1= e y
li le, 2= li le, 3= mode a ely, 5=much, 7=
e y much, 10= e y, e y much, _ =
maximal possible (no e bal ancho s we e
used o 4, 6, 8, and 9).
Ruiz, M. C. and Hanin, Y. L. Idiosync a ic Desc ip ion o Ange S a es...
81
Re is a de Psicología del Depo e. 2004. Vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 75-93
P ocedu e
A hle es we e indi idually con ac ed (a)
du ing he p e-selec ion o he Wo ld
Championship (n =27), (b) ia coaches om
a p o incial ede a ion (n =12), and (c) a e
a aining session a he High Pe o mance
Cen e (CAR) in Mad id (n =4). The
pu pose and he assessmen p ocedu es o
he s udy we e b ie ly explained. An
in o med consen was ob ained a e he
Figu e 1. Ange i ems and con en o e lap in gene al and spo -speci ic scales.
No e. Bold - s ong in ensi y i ems; i alics - mode a e in ensi y i ems; no mal ex - low in ensi y i ems.
*changed o "i i ado"
**Sandín, e al. (1999)
82 Re is a de Psicología del Depo e. 2004. Vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 75-93
Ruiz, M. C. and Hanin, Y. L. Idiosync a ic Desc ip ion o Ange S a es...
olun a y na u e o pa icipa ion was
explained and an assu ance o con iden iali y
gi en. Demog aphic in o ma ion abou
a hle es’ age, gende , spo ing expe ience,
and skill le el was ob ained. A hle es we e
asked o ecall hei bes and wo s pe -
o mances, and o gi e de ails abou he pe -
o mance si ua ion and hei s a es.
Idiosync a ic emo ional p o iles, using he
global emo ion and ange lis s we e
gene a ed. Speci ically, a hle es we e asked o
selec 4 o 5 posi i e emo ion wo ds, 4 o 5
nega i e, and 4 o 5 ange wo ds ha bes
desc ibed hei s a es p io o hei bes
pe o mances. They could also add hei
own wo ds o desc ibe hei s a es.
Following he same p ocedu e, a hle es we e
asked o selec 4 o 5 wo ds om each o he
posi i e, nega i e, and ange lis s, o desc ibe
hei s a es du ing, and a e hei bes
pe o mances. They hen epea ed he
p ocess o hei wo s pe o mances. The
in ensi y o each o he selec ed i ems was
a ed on he CR-10 scale. A hle es we e
asked o indica e whe he each emo ion (o
se o emo ions) was help ul (o ha m ul) o
hei pe o mance, and epo in wha way
hey a ec ed hei pe o mance. A e he
emo ion p o iling was comple ed, each
a hle e was eques ed o selec , om he
same ange s imulus lis , 4 o 5 i ems ha
bes desc ibed hei ypical ang y s a e in
non-spo se ings. A hle es hen iden i ied
he causes o hei ange by comple ing he
sen ence “Wha makes you ang y, i i a ed,
o u ious du ing a comba / ka a?” Sessions
ha las ed app oxima ely 45 minu es we e
ape- eco ded.
Da a Analysis
Fi s , all he in e iews we e ansc ibed
e ba im. Fo y- h ee p o iles con aining
posi i e, nega i e, and ange emo ion
desc ip o s o bes and wo s pe o mances,
and hei in ensi y we e gene a ed (a sample
o an emo ion p o ile is a ailable upon
eques ). Ange desc ip o s we e compiled
sepa a ely o p io o, du ing, and a e bes
and wo s pe o mances, o examine in a-
and in e -indi idual a iabili y. A deg ee o
simila i y-dissimila i y be ween a hle es’ des-
c ip o s was assessed by calcula ing con en
o e lap, using he o mula p oposed by
K ahé (1986), and applied o emo ion
con as s (Hanin 1997; Hanin, Jokela and
Sy jä, 1998; Sy jä and Hanin, 1997a,
1997b). O e lap sco es a y om 0 (all
desc ip o s ac oss wo si ua ions a e
di e en ) o 1 (all desc ip o s a e simila ).
A hle es’ pe cep ions o he impac o ange
on pe o mance and causes o ange we e
induc i ely and deduc i ely analyzed
(Pa on, 1990). Induc i ely, hemes
con aining a single idea o meaning we e
iden i ied. Each heme conce ning he
pe cei ed impac was deduc i ely analyzed
based on he concep o esou ces
ec ui men and u iliza ion. Causes o ange
we e analyzed acco ding o Laza us’ (2000)
ela ional hemes.
Resul s
Selec ion o Ange I ems
The esul s e ealed ha 31 and 41
a hle es ( o N=43) selec ed ange i ems o
desc ibe hei s a es in bes and wo s pe -
o mances, espec i ely. Speci ically, o
desc ibe hei s a es p io o and du ing bes
pe o mances, 26 and 25 a hle es selec ed
ange i ems. Six a hle es epo ed ang y
eelings a e pe o mances. In wo s pe -
o mances, 20 a hle es p io o, 34 a hle es
du ing, and 40 a hle es a e pe o mances,
epo ed ang y eelings. As expec ed, ange
was ela ed o pe o mance ou comes and
mo e o en expe ienced a e wo s pe o -
mances ((χ2)(2) = 19.4, p ≤.001)
The esul s also sugges ha a possible
app oach in he cons uc ion o ask-speci ic
scales could be he agg ega ion o a hle e-
gene a ed i ems. Thus, he mos selec ed
ange i ems would be included in an ange
scale o ka a e, use ul o g oup le el
analysis.
A hle es’ pe cep ions o he impac o
ange on pe o mance e ealed bo h help ul
and ha m ul e ec s. In bes pe o mances,
ange was ela ed o eadiness o pe o m
(e.g., mo i a ion) and he gene a ion o
ene gy in ask execu ion (e.g., doing s onge ).
Howe e , in wo s pe o mances, ange
esul ed om a pe cei ed lack o esou ces
(e.g., making mis akes) o low eadiness o
pe o m, associa ed wi h eelings o anxie y o
ension. Thus, hese esul s suppo he
no ion ha op imal emo ions a e ela ed o
he gene a ion and e ec i e u iliza ion o
ene gy, whe eas dys unc ional emo ions
e lec he lack o a ailabili y o esou ces o
hei ine ec i e u iliza ion (Hanin 1997,
2000); howe e , ange seems o be mo e
help ul in he gene a ion o addi ional ene gy
han in i s e ec i e use. The indings sugges
ha examining a hle es’ me a-expe iences
(knowledge, belie s, and a i udes) o hei
ange and i s impac on pe o mance is a
aluable sou ce o in o ma ion o he applied
psychologis s, since a hle es’ me a-expe iences
a e in ol ed in emo ion egula ion.
Fu he mo e, he unc ional impac o ange
was in luenced by he expe ience o o he
posi i e and nega i e emo ions. The e o e,
u u e esea ch should examine sepa a e and
in e ac ing e ec s o ange and o he posi i e
and nega i e emo ions.
The esul s e ealed ha pe cei ed
easons o ange no only desc ibed “pu e”
ange s a es bu also “mixed” emo ions.
89
Re is a de Psicología del Depo e. 2004. Vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 75-93
Ruiz, M. C. and Hanin, Y. L. Idiosync a ic Desc ip ion o Ange S a es...
In e es ingly, a hle es’ sel -gene a ed labels
desc ibed only i e emo ions (shame, guil ,
sad, anxie y, and en y) om he lis o he
i een disc e e emo ions p oposed by
Laza us. These indings concu well wi h
o he esea ch (Ruiz and Hanin, in p ess)
ha lends suppo o he no ion ha
emo ion con en in high-achie emen
se ings is speci ic. The esul s also p o ide
addi ional suppo o he amewo k o ou
(P+, N+, P-, and N-) global emo ion
ca ego ies based on hedonic one and
unc ionali y dis inc ions ha can
accommoda e a wide ange o idiosync a ic
emo ion labels (Hanin, 1997, 2000, 2003).
Simila o ea lie esea ch on op imal
p e-compe i i e anxie y, ou indings in-
dica e ha ange in he high achie emen
se ing can be bo h op imal and
dys unc ional o di e en a hle es.
Mo eo e , op imal ange in ensi y can be
low, mode a e, o high. The exis ing p ac ice
o ange managemen in non-spo se ings,
which is ocused mainly on i s educ ion
(B unelle, Janelle, and Tennan , 1999), may
be no always e ec i e in spo . Speci ically,
ange con ol in spo should no be limi ed
o a educ ion o excessi e ange in ensi y
whe e app op ia e. In some cases, ange
in ensi y could be inc eased o gene a e
addi ional ene gy and e o and o pos pone
p ema u e a igue (Hanin, 2000). To
achie e his goal, an al e na i e o con-
en ional g oup-o ien ed app oaches should
include indi idualized s a egies based on
he iden i ica ion o indi idual zones o
op imal ange and i s egula ion (inc ease o
dec ease). Ano he p omising di ec ion o
u u e esea ch would be o ocus on clus e s
o ange “mixed” wi h o he emo ions bo h
posi i e and nega i e.
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