Transnational Political Activities of the Swedish Finn Youth Organization
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T ansna ional Poli ical Ac i i ies o he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion
Vie imaa, Sanna-Ma i
Vie imaa, S.-M. (2017). T ansna ional Poli ical Ac i i ies o he Swedish Finn You h
O ganiza ion. No dic Jou nal o Mig a ion Resea ch, 7(1), 12-19.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/njm -2017-0005
2017
TRANSNATIONAL POLITICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE SWEDISH FINN
YOUTH ORGANIZATION
A icle • DOI: 10.1515/njm -2017-0005 NJMR • 7(1) • 2017 • 12-19
Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland
Sanna-Ma i Vie imaa*
* E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
This a icle looks a he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion’s ansna ional
poli ical ac i i ies, and how hey ha e de eloped. In he beginning, he you h
o ganiza ion modelled i sel a e i s mo he o ganiza ion and joined he Finnish
Expa ia e Pa liamen (FEP), which made i s pa icipa ion in ansna ional
p ac ices easy. The case s udy o he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion in
S ockholm, Sweden, demons a es ha i he younge gene a ion is gi en
an oppo uni y o es ablish and go e n hei own associa ions, new o ms o
o ganiza ion can be expec ed. The younge gene a ion has dis inguished i sel
om he olde gene a ion’s associa ions by coope a ing wi h o he mino i ies
and aking mo e accoun o he mul icul u al na u e o he Swedish socie y.
Thei ansna ional poli ical p ac ices ha e been de eloped h ough a mo e
di ec app oach owa ds he Finnish go e nmen .
Keywo ds
T ansna ionalism • younge gene a ion • mig an associa ions • he Finnish Expa ia e Pa liamen •
s a egic ac ion ield
In oduc ion
The e is a subs an ial amoun o li e a u e a ailable oday abou he
mig an s’ ansna ional poli ical ac i i ies. This li e a u e s esses he
no ions abou ci izenship, democ acy and iden i y (e.g., Gua nizo,
Po es & Halle 2003; Khag am & Le i 2008; La leu 2011; Mille
2011; Mo ales & Giugni 2011). The mig an s’ poli ical ansna ionalism
ypically e e s o he wide ange o ields, ac i i ies and p ac ices
which connec mig an s wi h he poli ical sphe e o hei coun ies o
o igin (Mo ales & Mo a iu 2011). Na owly de ined, his can indica e
membe ship in pa ies, o associa ions, o poli ical ac ions, c ossing
bo de s wi h ega d o o ganized g oups o ne wo ks o indi iduals
(Øs e gaa d-Nielsen 2003; Po es, Gua nizo & Landol 1999).
In his a icle, ansna ional e e s o he expa ia e Finns’
connec ion h ough associa ional ac i i ies o he poli ical sphe e
o Finland. Poli ical ac i i ies e e o mobiliza ions and p ac ices in
he s a egic ac ion ield (SAF). P ac ices gene ally exhibi ce ain
egula i ies o e ime and hus, hey a e epea ed and socially
ecognized (Adle & Poulio 2011: 7). Mobiliza ion e e s o o ganized
ac ion, which may occu andomly once o epea edly.
The s a egic ac ion ield is de ined as “a cons uc ed mesole el
social o de in which ac o s (who can be an indi idual o a collec i e)
a e a uned o and in e ac wi h one ano he on he basis o sha ed
(which is no o say consensual) unde s andings abou he pu poses
o he ield, ela ionships o o he s in he ield (including who has
powe and why) and he ules go e ning legi ima e ac ion in he ield’
(Fligs ein & McAdam 2012: 9). Fligs ein and McAdam (2012) asse
ha mobiliza ions eme ge when he SAF is unde u bulence, o e ing
he challenge g oups oppo uni ies o imp o e hei posi ion and o
e en change he ules o he game. In o de o de elop p ac ices,
which Adle and Poulio (2011) de ine as socially meaning ul pa e ns
o ac ion embedded in pa icula o ganized con ex , he SAF has o
be s able. S a egic ac o s aim o main ain he s able SAF, o y o
es o e i i i has been shaken.
Fligs ein and McAdam (2012) see ha all ields a e embedded in
complex webs o o he ields. Those a e u he dis inguished be ween
s a e and non-s a e ields. In his a icle, he in e ac ions be ween
local, ansna ional and s a e ields a e iewed om he Swedish Finn
You h O ganiza ion’s pe spec i e. This se ing sheds some ligh on o
he ques ion o how he younge gene a ion’s ansna ional poli ical
ac i i ies de elop and a e main ained in he SAF, and whe he hey
look simila o he ac i i ies o he olde gene a ion.
P e iously published li e a u e a gues ha ansna ional poli ical
ac i i ies o he descendan s o he i s -gene a ion a e no ye
su icien ly unde s ood (Lee 2008; Ve o ec 2001). Resea ch on
ansna ional poli ical ac i i ies o he younge gene a ion is mos ly
ca ego ized as second-gene a ion ansna ionalism (Lee 2008;
Ve o ec 2001). Ce ain assump ions a e s ill p e alen , such as he
belie ha he e canno be s ong ansna ional connec ions because
he second-gene a ion’s con ac s o hei pa en s’ coun ies o o igin
a e weake han hose o hei pa en s (Lee 2008). Howe e , Le i ’s
(2001) s udy has indica ed ha he child en o pa en s who a e
Recei ed 11 Augus 2015; Accep ed 18 No embe 2016
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ac i e in ansna ional o ganiza ions a e mo e likely o emain ac i e
in he coun ies o hei pa en s’ o igin. The e o e, I p opose ha
ansna ional poli ical ac i i ies o he descendan s o i s -gene a ion
mig an s do exis i hey ha e a possibili y o o ganize (i.e., esou ces
and su icien membe ship) and he o ganiza ional s uc u e is al eady
in place (associa ional cul u e).
Fi s -gene a ion mig an s’ ansna ional poli ical p ac ices ha e
been ea ed as a esponse o exclusiona y ci izenship egimes in
he se lemen coun ies whe e he mig an s’ access o he poli ical
communi y is limi ed (Koopmans e al. 2005; Mügge 2012). Also,
obs acles o in eg a ion and he denial o accul u a ion a e seen o
os e mo e ansna ional p ac ices (Fais 2000). On he posi i e
side, esea ch also indica es ha ansna ional p ac ices can p o ide
he mig an s al e na i e esou ces, con ibu ing o mig an s’ social
mobili y in he coun y o se lemen (Po es, Gua nizo & Landol
1999).
T ansna ional poli ical ac i i ies o he descendan s o i s -
gene a ion mig an s could no be ela ed o di icul ies o in eg a ion
o he issue o social mobili y. Also, younge people do no ha e as
many esou ces o e en expe ience in he o ganizing p ocess in
compa ison o he olde gene a ion. T ansna ional poli ical p ac ices
a e a gued o s em om he ac i i ies o i s -gene a ion mig an s who
ha e es ablished la ge and weal hy o ganiza ions in he se lemen
coun ies (Mo ales & Jo ba 2010). Haikkola’s (2011) s udy showed
ha second-gene a ion child en eplica ed and in e p e ed hei
pa en s’ ansna ional p ac ices as a pa o hei local li es a home.
Hence, i should no be expec ed ha he younge gene a ion will
simply con inue he olde gene a ion’s p ac ices and alues, bu ha
hey will c ea e some hing new on ha ounda ion.
In his a icle, he e m ‘younge gene a ion’ e e s o he i s -,
second- and hi d-gene a ions used in mig a ion s udies. The i s -
gene a ion was bo n in Finland, bu he second-gene a ion was
bo n in Sweden. The ieldwo k in S ockholm, Sweden, in one o
he membe associa ions o he FEP, he Swedish Finn You h
O ganiza ion, has demons a ed ha he younge gene a ion’s
ac i e o ganizing p ocess b ings oge he a leas he i s - and he
second-gene a ions, ega dless o whe e hey we e bo n. Häkkinen
(2013) calls hose who we e bo n a e 1971 he ‘u ban gene a ion’,
which di e s om all he ea lie gene a ions due o i s membe s’
independen wo ld iews, mul icul u al ideas, and highe le el o
educa ion. I is signi ican o no e ha he e a e di e ences wi hin
mig an popula ions in ega ds o li e cycles and age (An hias 2012).
The ‘olde gene a ion’, in his a icle, e e s o Häkkinen’s (2013)
‘na ionalis ic gene a ion’ (bo n be ween 1911 and 1940) and ‘ne wo k
gene a ion’ (bo n be ween 1941 and 1970).
The olde gene a ion es ablished he Finnish Expa ia e
Pa liamen (FEP) in 1997, o e ing a ansna ional link be ween
Finland and he se lemen coun ies whe e expa ia e Finns ha e
es ablished associa ions. Finland is a small coun y o 5.4 million
people, which has su e ed mass wa es o emig a ion o he USA
( om he 1900s o he 1930s), Canada ( om he 1920s o he 1970s),
Aus alia ( om he 1960s o he 1970s) and Sweden ( om he 1960s
o he 1980s) (Ko kiasaa i 1992). No h Ame ican coun ies and
Aus alia ha e a ac ed wo king class men and women wi h li le
o no educa ion beyond compulso y schooling in o o es y, mining
and housekeeping jobs. Sweden, howe e , had plen y o jobs in he
manu ac u ing indus y. A e he Second Wo ld Wa , and especially
be ween he 1960s and 1980s, i is es ima ed ha as many as
490,000 Finns emig a ed o Sweden o wo k.
A e he 1990s, he pa e n o mig a ion has changed, and mo e
middle-class educa ed Finns le o high-skilled jobs, o highe
educa ion, o simply seeking ad en u e (Heikkilä 2011). Sweden has
emained he mos a ac i e coun y o Finns, and as many as 26.2
pe cen o all emig an s s ill choose o mo e o Sweden (Heikkilä
2011). Today, Finns and hei descendan s make up 1.6 million
people ab oad, and hey ha e es ablished abou 1,500 associa ions
(Finnish Expa ia e Pa liamen 2016). A hi d o hese associa ions
a e membe s o he FEP.
The FEP ac s as a pla o m o he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions
o coope a e, and o discuss hei g ie ances and hopes, bu mos
impo an ly, i unc ions as a media o be ween expa ia e Finns and
he Finnish go e nmen au ho i ies. Only associa ions a e accep ed as
membe s. The FEP is an example o ansna ional poli ical p ac ices,
since hey a e s uc u ed, epea ed, socially meaning ul and socially
ecognized (see Adle & Poulio 2011). The FEP’s ull pa liamen a y
sessions a e held in Helsinki e e y wo and a hal yea s.
This a icle looks a he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion’s
ansna ional poli ical p ac ices ia he Finnish Expa ia e Pa liamen
(FEP) and o he ansna ional ac i i ies. The example o he
o ganiza ion p ocess o young people in Sweden di e s om ha
o o he young people o Finnish descen in o he coun ies because
o he mino i y s a us o Sweden Finns. The go e nmen o Sweden
adop ed a new immig a ion policy in he 1970s, which allowed
mino i ies o p ese e and de elop hei language and cul u e in a
manne equal o he na i e popula ion in Sweden, aising Sweden
Finns’ poli ical awa eness (Ko kiasaa i & Ta kiainen 2000: 217).
Nowhe e else in he wo ld ha e Finns acqui ed a mino i y posi ion. In
Sweden, along wi h To nedalens (i.e., he people li ing in he no he n
pa o Sweden, speaking Meiänkieli), Roma people, Jews and Sami
people, he Sweden Finns ha e special igh s which o he mig an
g oups do no enjoy. Mino i y s a us is he main mo i a ional elemen
in he mig an s’ o ganizing p ocess emphasizing he signi icance o
he p ese a ion o Finnish language and cul u e. Howe e , i also
p o ides an oppo uni y o obse e whe he hese igh s gua an eed
by he go e nmen a e ul illed by he municipali ies. Simul aneously,
any possible gaps ha he law should co e a e easie o spo .
The da a om he FEP1 is de i ed om i s Minu e Books om 1997
o 2013. The FEP’s wo s able commi ees – he You h Commi ee
and he Educa ion and T aining Issues Commi ee – deal wi h issues
ha conce n he younge gene a ion. Howe e , he Educa ion and
T aining Commi ee is ep esen ed mos ly by eache s. Hence, only
he ini ia i es, esolu ions and speeches o he You h Commi ee uly
e lec he oices o he younge gene a ion i sel , and o e a less
il e ed pic u e o hei hopes and g ie ances. Obse a ions o he
2010 and 2012 ull pa liamen a y sessions also guide his s udy.
To be able o peek in o he local con ex , he Swedish Finn You h
O ganiza ion was chosen o he case s udy. I mani es s a success ul
you h ede a ion in S ockholm. The da a om he you h o ganiza ion
includes ieldwo k a his o ganiza ion ha ook place in 2012. The
Minu e Books, o he a chi al ma e ial, discussions wi h he s a and
membe s illing in he gaps abou he issues ound in he Minu e
Books, and obse a ions o hei e en s p o ide da a o his s udy.
The a icle commences wi h he heo e ical backg ound o he
pape , in oducing he main incumben s and challenge s in he
s a egic ac ion ield. This is ollowed by a b ie in oduc ion o da a
and me hods. Nex , he Finnish Expa ia e Pa liamen is desc ibed
in mo e de ail. The a icle hen discusses he younge gene a ion’s
hopes and g ie ances in he wo k o he FEP. F om he e, he a icle
mo es o S ockholm o look a he si ua ion o he younge gene a ion
in he con ex o o he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions. Then i discusses
he in-be ween iden i y o he you h o ganiza ion, and how i became
a esou ce and a o m o powe o he younge gene a ions. Nex ,
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he a icle looks a he you h o ganiza ion’s de elopmen om he
ansna ional poli ical p ac ices o ansna ional mobiliza ions. Finally,
he a icle closes wi h he conclusion.
Incumben s and challenge s in he s a egic
ac ion ield
A gene a ion as a biological concep , is a measu emen o his o ical
ime in which e e y indi idual is seen as a pa o he chain (Häkkinen
2013). The e a e, howe e , common hemes and unde s andings ha
ouch gene a ions in special ways. Changes in poli ics and educa ion,
wa s, social p oblems, and e en media can a ec e e yone du ing a
ce ain ime ame. Häkkinen explains ha he u ban gene a ion, bo n
a e 1971, sha es expe iences o he ecession and he expansion
o he Eu opean Union. Such e en s ha e a no able e ec on people,
especially, he young. The younge gene a ion ends o be mo e
educa ed and mo e independen om he adi ions and habi s
han he p e ious gene a ions. Howe e , e e y gene a ion is u he
in e nally ac u ed by di e ences o oppo uni ies and exclusions,
gende , class and acializa ion (An hias 2012).
A concep o gene a ion is use ul when he mig an s’ associa ions
a e examined, in combina ion wi h he de ini ion o associa ion which
al eady e e s o people wi h simila in e es s. Ross (1976: 5) explains
ha ‘a olun a y associa ion is, by i s e y na u e, a human collec i i y
ha s esses an iden i ied pu pose and he associa ion o membe s
who seek o achie e i ’. The olde and younge gene a ions wi h
mig an backg ounds ha e di e en ideas o how hei e hnic cul u e
should be celeb a ed, as well as a ying access o esou ces and
powe needed o es ablish a ce ain kind o o ganiza ional cul u e.
While he gene a ion concep shows he di e ences and
p e e ences in he o ganiza ional cul u e be ween he olde and
younge gene a ions, i does no explain he ‘game’ played in any
s a egic ac ion ield by he di e en ac o s. Fligs ein and McAdam’s
(2012) s a egic ac ion ield app oach heo izes how associa ions
coope a e and compe e wi h each o he . Bounda ies o he s a egic
ac ion ield a e lexible, and depend on he de ini ion o he si ua ion
and he issues a s ake (Fligs ein & McAdam 2012). The SAF is
ei he unde he condi ion o eme gence, s abili y, o c isis. The
ac o s aim o main ain s abili y o he SAF, bu because ields a e
embedded in ne wo ks o ields, a change in one close dependen
ield may cause u bulence in he o he . Fligs ein and McAdam
(2012) discuss he b oade ield en i onmen . In si ua ions whe e he
SAFs a e closely connec ed and dependen on each o he , such as
non-s a e and s a e ields, his may b ing he SAF unde he condi ion
o up u e/c isis/ ese lemen . I p o ides an oppo uni y o he
challenge s o a icula e an al e na i e ision o he s a egic ac ion
ield. Challenge s, howe e , a e gene ally expec ed o con o m o he
p e ailing o de ha is main ained by he incumben s (Fligs ein &
McAdam 2012: 180).
The ela ionship be ween he incumben s and he challenge s in
he same s a egic ac ion ield is ma ked by compe i ion o symbolic
powe , esou ces and membe s. Incumben s a e adi ional playe s
who ha e had he mos powe h oughou he ield’s his o y. Fligs ein
and McAdam (2012:13) sugges , simila ly o Gamson’s (1975)
concep , ha he s a egic ac ion ield is go e ned by incumben s. In
he case o he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions, incumben s a e mos ly
i s -gene a ion Finns, belonging o ei he he na ionalis ic o ne wo k
gene a ion.
Resea ch design
In his a icle, wo s a egic ac ion ields a e examined. The i s
ansna ional s a egic ac ion ield is o med a ound he Finnish
Expa ia e Pa liamen , which includes all he ac i e membe
associa ions a ound he wo ld. I unc ions as a channel o he
expa ia e Finns’ ansna ional poli ical p ac ices, and hus, i is a
s a ing poin o looking a he posi ion o he younge gene a ion.
Conside ing hei di e en expe iences, i canno be expec ed ha
he younge gene a ion will epea and mimic he olde gene a ion’s
o ganiza ional s yle. The local SAF o he Swedish Finn You h
O ganiza ion, which is a membe associa ion o he FEP, o e s an
oppo uni y o examine he younge gene a ion’s possibili ies o
engaging in ansna ional poli ical ac i i ies and demons a es hei
scope. Bounda ies o he SAF a e de ined by in e ac ion wi h he
associa ions he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion ou inely has o
ake in o accoun when i is o ganizing i s ac i i ies. This e e s mos ly
o o he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions in S ockholm a ea.
Fligs ein and McAdam (2012) also a icula e me hodological
conside a ions o examining he SAFs. The condi ion o he ield
- whe he i is eme ging, s able, o unde c isis - has o be ini ially
de e mined. The ansna ional ield is examined h ough he Minu e
Books o he FEP om 1998 o 2012. The ini ia i es, esolu ions and
speeches gi en du ing he ull pa liamen a y sessions cons i u e he
main da a sou ce. These ha e been ca ego ized by opic and coun y.
The You h Commi ee’s speeches in he ull pa liamen a y sessions
a e used, al hough hese only ook place in 2002 and 2005.2 Also,
obse a ion o and pa icipa ion in he wo k o he You h Commi ee in
2010, and obse a ion o he ull pa liamen a y sessions o he FEP
in 2010 and 2012 p o ide mo e con ex o he ma e ial a ailable in
he Minu e Books.
Mul i-si ed e hnog aphy and mul i-me hod esea ch echniques
we e used o ga he mo e in o ma ion abou he expa ia e Finnish
associa ions and he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion in S ockholm
(Ma cus 1995). I was in S ockholm in he sp ing and all o 2012, o a
o al du a ion o en weeks. The ieldwo k pe iod in S ockholm ollowed
Ma cus’ (1995) me hods o ollowing he people and he con lic . The
expa ia e Finns’ associa ions and hei co e ac i i ies we e ini ially
mapped wi h he assis ance o he A chi es o he Sweden Finns. I
isi ed some e en s o ganized by he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions,
and discussed expa ia e Finns’ ac i i ies wi h he main ac o s in he
ield. When I lea ned ha he i s - and second-gene a ion young
people had become ac i e in he o ganizing p ocess, he Swedish
Finn You h O ganiza ion was chosen as a case s udy o ganiza ion. I
pa icipa ed in he e en s hey o ganized, discussed and in e iewed
hei boa d membe s and s a , and sa in on one o he ne wo k
mee ings. In e iews supplemen ed he da a by illing he gaps ha
occu in w i en ma e ials. They explained in de ail he opics such as
he you h o ganiza ion’s ole in he SAF and membe s’ backg ounds.
The in e iews we e conduc ed in Finnish.
A g ea amoun o esea ch ma e ial was collec ed. The i s
phase o he analysis p ocess was he use o sequence analysis,
which also guided he ga he ing o he da a. I began by ma king
down he impo an ansna ional connec ions and de elopmen s in
he you h o ganiza ion’sli e cycle. The analysis showed ha he you h
o ganiza ion had o adjus o changes in he law and he go e nmen ’s
a i udes and expec a ions. Ross eu che , Medina and Selle (2007)
a gue ha we can obse e and dema ca e ce ain his o ical epochs,
which ha e had an impac on he de elopmen o associa ions. In he
case o he you h o ganiza ion, he mos impo an example a ec ing
bo h he younge gene a ion and associa ions was a change in
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he Swedish law ha mean ha he you h o ganiza ion had o be
go e ned sepa a ely om i s mo he o ganiza ion.
The sequence analysis e ealed ha in e ac ion wi h o he
associa ions was also signi ican o he associa ion’s de elopmen .
Fligs ein and McAdam’s (2012) heo y o ields guided his p ocess
u he . Mul iple a ie ies o da a sou ce a e necessa y in o de o
dis inguish incumben s and challenge s in he SAF. Incumben s
and challenge s we e designa ed a an ea ly phase o esea ch,
and a s able SAF su ounding he you h o ganiza ion was de ined.
Fligs ein and McAdam’s (2012: 166) me hodological conside a ions
o obse ing a s able ield also include obse a ions abou he powe
s uc u e, accep able o ms o ac ion, ules, membe ship, consensus
and ex e nal s a e and non-s a e ields as s abilizing and ep oducing
he ield. In he p ocess o analysing he da a and w i ing, email and
elephone we e use ul ools o illing in he missing in o ma ion,
upda ing in o ma ion and ecei ing eedback and e lec ions.
The Finnish Expa ia e Pa liamen as a pla o m
o he ansna ional poli ical p ac ices
The olun a y associa ions a e, and ha e been h oughou his o y,
he mos impo an ac o s in he majo i y o ields in Finnish ci il
socie y (Siisiäinen, Kankainen & Salminen 2011). In co po a is
sys ems, such as Sweden and Finland, he s a e encou ages all
o ms o collec i e o ganiza ion and p o ides some suppo (Soysal
1994). Wijks öm and Zimme (2011) asse ha he unding o
associa ions in he No dic model is also de i ed om membe ship
ees. Associa ions a e iewed as ep esen a i es o he di e en
segmen s o he popula ion (Odmalm 2004).
The FEP ep esen s expa ia e Finns. I is unded h ough he
Finland Socie y, which ecei es a small subsidy om he go e nmen
(Seppinen 2002). The FEP was es ablished o enhance he expa ia e
Finns’ and hei descendan s’ connec ion o Finland; hus, making he
expa ia e Finns’ ansna ional poli ical p ac ices ai ly easy. I g an s
membe ship o associa ions in e es ed in main aining Finnish cul u e
and iden i y upon a i ica ion o i s by-laws. These associa ions a e
mos ly social clubs (such as Finland Socie ies), spo s clubs, choi s,
chu ches and o he non-p o i o ganiza ions such as e i emen
homes. Each membe associa ion, depending on i s size, can send
one o h ee o ing ep esen a i es o he ull pa liamen a y sessions.
Unlike all o he expa ia e councils o pa liamen s, ep esen a ion does
no equi e Finnish ci izenship. In o al, 512 membe associa ions in
38 coun ies a e ep esen ed (Finnish Expa ia e Pa liamen 2016).
The FEP p o ides a enue whe e he Finnish go e nmen
au ho i ies and Finnish expa ia es and hei descendan s can ha e a
dialogue abou hei wishes and needs. This is accomplished du ing
he ull pa liamen a y session, which commences e e y wo and hal
yea s wi h he opening ce emony in which he Finnish go e nmen
ep esen a i es, including he p esiden , b ing hei g ee ings o
expa ia e Finns. Typically, a go e nmen ep esen a i e such as he
Minis e o Fo eign A ai s akes ques ions om he audience. Topics
discussed conce n ini ia i es p e iously submi ed by he membe
associa ions o he sec e a y o he FEP. The FEP’s wo k is based
on hese ini ia i es, which a e discussed, o ed on and d a ed o
o m esolu ions in en s anding commi ees es ablished by issues,
such as ci izenship, cul u e, senio issues, you h and educa ion. A e
he commi ees’ wo k, each ini ia i e goes o he ull pa liamen a y
session whe e i is e iewed and o ed on again. As a esul , a
esolu ion is w i en. By he yea 2015, as many as 492 esolu ions
ha e been passed h ough his p ocess.
The exclusion o he younge gene a ion
The FEP has es ablished a s able SAF, which is mos ly popula ed
by he olde gene a ions’ associa ions. The You h Commi ee has
ecei ed abou 10% o all ini ia i es o he FEP. Al hough s uden
associa ions a e missing, some you h o ganiza ions such as he
Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion became a membe in he beginning
when he FEP was o iginally es ablished. I sepa a ed om i s mo he
ede a ion, he Na ional Associa ion o Finns in Sweden (RSKL)3, in
1994 and ollowed i s example o ansna ional poli ical p ac ices.
The you h o ganiza ion, along wi h many o he associa ions, has
iled ini ia i es conce ning o example dual ci izenship, which was
success ully achie ed by 2003. Following ha , he young people
used he FEP pla o m o add ess issues ele an o hei gene a ion,
such as a di icul y o ind jobs and ge educa ed in Finland, which
hey would ha e p e e ed. Ano he p oblem which has su aced has
been he p oblem o exclusion o he you h associa ions om he
ac i i ies o ganized by he olde gene a ions:
Young people a e he u u e, hey say. Howe e , i does no
always eel like we a e no iced acco ding o his saying… We
would like o gi e a li le hin o associa ions in di e en coun ies.
We ha e hea d e e y now and hen ha young people a e no
in e es ed in pa icipa ing. Bu we a e in e es ed in pa icipa ing
in many kinds o ac i i ies. Tha is why we ad ise ha when
some hing is happening in he ‘adul s’ associa ions’ whe e young
people could also i in, please con ac us. (Finnish Expa ia e
Pa liamen , You h Commi ee 2005)
Resolu ion numbe 11/2005 ag eed ha child and you h wo k ab oad
among expa ia e Finns was sca ce, and he esolu ion u ged i s
ac i a ion o he sake o he younge people, who we e, acco ding o
he esolu ion, ‘losing hei iden i y by becoming global nomads’. One
eason o his s a emen was he decision o he Finnish go e nmen
in 2005 o end he inancial suppo o he expa ia e you h’s ac i i ies
ab oad.
Speake s in he You h Commi ee do no e e o he olde
gene a ion’s associa ions, bu hey alk abou he ‘adul s’
associa ions’. The ieldwo k in S ockholm showed ha he e is no a
sub le line be ween he i s -, second- and hi d-gene a ions, no wi h
he concep o who is ‘young’. I he a e age age in one associa ion
is 65, o hem someone who is 40 is young, especially i his pe son
p esen s new ideas abou he iden i y and ac i i ies o he associa ion.
While he common in e es o he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions
is o main ain and e i alize he Finnish language and cul u e,
he di e en gene a ions ha e a ying iews abou i . The olde
gene a ions’ ac i i ies and celeb a ions a e seen as o eign om he
younge gene a ion’s pe spec i e, causing ‘ eelings o an ipa hy and
bo edom’ (You h Commi ee 2005). The olde gene a ion’s o m o
o ganizing is mo e adi ional, including ac i i ies ha main ain and
e i alize he Finnish cul u al adi ions and language, ea u ing:
1) a wish o main ain ies o Finland wi h espec o language,
eligion, endogamy and cul u al no ms; 2) a s ong connec ion o he
‘homeland’; 3) and he high le els o social exclusion (see Cohen
1997). These a e simila o he cha ac e is ics ega ding he labou
diaspo a.
The lack o o he al e na i es can also b ing gene a ions close
o each o he , bu i o en equi es young people’s assimila ion o
adi ions, no ms and alues o he olde gene a ions. Fo many i is
no accep able, and hey lose hei ouch wi h he coun y o o igin
o hei pa en s and ela i es li le by li le. Ea lie s udies abou he
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descendan s o expa ia e Finns documen simila kinds o si ua ions
in which hey do no eel ‘Finnish enough’ o be able o pa icipa e in
he ac i i ies o ganized by he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions in hei
local communi ies (Ju a & Jaya 2008: 116; Wecks öm 2011). Thus,
he concep o ‘Finnishness’ is symbolic because wha is ‘Finnish’ o
one may no be o ano he (Wecks öm 2011). A p ope ‘Finnishness’
has come o dema ca e he lines be ween gene a ions. When iewed
om he pe spec i e o he heo y o ields, i also becomes a ma ke
be ween he incumben s and he challenge s.
The eme ging SAF su ounding he Swedish
Finn You h O ganiza ion
Al hough he gene a ion gap be ween he younge and olde
gene a ions has been e iden o a long ime in he o ganizing
p ocess o expa ia e Finns, i was slow o de elop. A look a he
his o ical de elopmen o S ockholm’s s a egic ac ion ield inhabi ed
by Finns’ associa ions shows ha he associa ions ha e p ima ily
se ed he ne wo k gene a ion’s needs. Ylä akkola’s (1974: 96)
epo o he oldes Sweden Finns’ associa ion, S ockholm’s Finnish
Socie y, shows ha i had 1,600 membe s in he 1950s, om which
hose who we e coun ed as belonging o he younge gene a ion
o alled 1,349 pe sons. S ockholm in he 1960s and 1970s a ac ed
mos ly young expa ia es om Finland. By he 1970s, he e we e
abou 60,000 young Finnish expa ia es in he G ea e S ockholm
a ea (Ylä akkola 1974).
When he ne wo k gene a ion g ew olde , he membe s seen as
belonging o he younge gene a ion we e dec easing.4 The Na ional
Associa ion o Finns in Sweden (RSKL) epo ed in 1991 ha i was
di icul o ec ui new membe s, especially young people, o he
ac i i ies o expa ia e Finns. They es ablished a p ojec called he
‘Young 2000’,5 which in ol ed 60 expa ia e Finns’ associa ions. The
RSKL concluded ha ‘ oday’s ac i i ies should be ques ioned whe he
hey a e sensible and pleasan o he younge people’ (Young 2000
P ojec 1991). This gap be ween he younge and olde gene a ions
was no easy o ix.
The young people had a sec ion in he RSKL un il he
go e nmen ’s subsidy policies adically changed, demanding ha
you h o ganiza ions be independen o ob ain any subsidies o hei
ac i i ies (Ungdomss y elsen 2003; see also S e iges Riksdag: SFS
Fö o dning 1994: 641 om s a sbid ag ill ungdomso ganisa ione ).
In o de o be ecognized as a you h o ganiza ion, he o ganiza ion
boa ds we e now equi ed o ha e a leas 60% o hei membe s
be ween age 7 and 25 yea s (Minu e Books o he Swedish Finn
You h O ganiza ion 2003). The go e nmen o Sweden hus p o ided
an excellen oppo uni y o he you h o ha e hei own oice and
iews, bu i olled a ock om he s a e ield o he non-s a e ields,
p ecipi a ing a c isis. The Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion became
a egis e ed associa ion and ecei ed an o ganiza ion numbe
in 1994. Howe e , i was s a ed ha he you h o ganiza ion was
es ablished ‘as a o ced p ocedu e’ (Minu e Books o he Swedish
Finn You h O ganiza ion Fall 2003). As a ede a ion, i became he
o icial ep esen a i e o he younge gene a ion o Sweden Finns,
simila o he RSKL.
In co po a is sys ems such as Sweden, mig an s a e assumed o
in eg a e h ough associa ions, and compelled o o ganize unde one
umb ella ede a ion, which ac s as he ep esen a i e o a mig an
g oup, and also as an ad oca e o ha g oup’s igh s (Odmalm
2004; Soysal 1994). This makes he s a egic ac ion ield hie a chical,
because he ede a ion enjoys he bes social s a us in he ield wi h
maximum esou ces and ela ions o go e nmen o icials. The
ede a ion ecei es subsidy om he go e nmen and hen sha es i
wi h i s membe associa ions. Fligs ein & McAdam (2012: 46) a gue
ha ‘ he need o meaning is a he basis o people’s e o s o ge
and sus ain collec i e ac ion’. They a icula e ha he impo ance
o meaning making in g oup li e is connec ed o ins umen al gain,
social s a us and powe .
Ac ing as a ede a ion o he whole mig an g oup p o ides he
eason o he o ganiza ion o sus ain powe in he ield. The RSKL
has been he dominan ep esen a i e o Sweden Finns’ associa ions
since he 1950s. I has de eloped g ea diploma ic ela ions wi h he
go e nmen s o Sweden and Finland. Fu he mo e, i is an ac i e
membe o he FEP, p ac icing ansna ional poli ical p ac ices mos ly
h ough i s pla o m.
Fo a new ede a ion, sha ing space wi h he RSKL is a challenging
ask. When a new associa ion eme ges, i begins sha ing he same
s a egic ac ion ield wi h o he simila associa ions, and compe es
wi h hem o esou ces, membe s, suppo e s and social s a us
(Fligs ein & McAdam 2012). Thus, a new ede a ion begins om he
posi ion o a challenge . In he case o ede a ions o he Sweden
Finns in he S ockholm a ea, he ou look o he new you h ede a ion
was no e y p omising. O he ede a ions ha had eme ged o
compe e in he same ield wi h he RSKL las ed only a sho ime and
hen disappea ed (Pekkala 2007).
In he beginning, he RSKL and he you h o ganiza ion de eloped
di e en kinds o coope a ion s a egies. They could no , howe e ,
escape he ension ha had begun o build on many issues. The main
p oblem was ha he ac i i ies o he you h we e usually conside ed
as somewha suspicious by he olde gene a ion; hus, he younge
gene a ion was unde he ‘good guidance’ (Joki inne 2012). The
Minu e Books o he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion om Feb ua y
27, 1999 showed ha he e we e con lic s be ween he younge and
olde people in many associa ions. Compe i ion and coope a ion
gene ally exis ed simul aneously in he s a egic ac ion ield
(Fligs ein & McAdam 2012: 14–15). The ield in ques ion had, howe e ,
become mo e o ien ed owa ds compe i ion; bo h o ganiza ions
ough o he same cause bu wi h di e en s a egies.
You h o ganiza ion’s in-be ween iden i y as
i s s eng h
The you h o ganiza ion had o de elop an iden i y dis inc om he
mo he o ganiza ion and om o he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions, in
o de o con ince e e yone ha i had a special meaning in he ield.
The new go e nmen policy also emphasized ha you h o ganiza ions
should be able o c ea e hei own iden i y sepa a e om hei
mo he o ganiza ions (Ungdomss y elsen 2003). Whe eas he olde
gene a ion’s celeb a ion o ‘Finnishness’ was qui e s aigh o wa d
e e ing o adi ional Finnish cus oms, he younge gene a ion’s
iden i ica ions abou ‘Finnishness’ we e much la ge in scope.
Du ing he in e iews, i was always discussed how many young
people had g own up in mul icul u al neighbou hoods; hus, hey had
iends wi h di e en e hnic backg ounds e en i hey spoke Finnish a
home. Finnish s uden s in Sweden iden i ied hemsel es ei he as Finns
o Finland’s Swedes. In Finland, he e is a Swedish-speaking mino i y.
One 24-yea old Finland’s Swede old ha Swedes commen ed ha
he Swedish as ‘ e y good’ no ealizing ha i was he mo he ongue.
She commen ed on i ha ‘ he only hing ha connec s is Finnish…
also Finns who we e bo n in Sweden can be Finnish’. Iden i ica ions
we e complica ed as i was also common o young people o iden i y
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hemsel es as being in-be ween many cul u es. Vee a Joki inne
eminded, ha ‘in many amilies, he e we e o he languages han
Finnish also spoken a home. I was common ha many descendan s
o he Sweden Finns iden i ied wi h many e hnic backg ounds, and he
Finnish iden i ica ion was no necessa ily he p ima y one ha hose
young people chose o b ing o h’ (Joki inne 2012). The concep o
cul u al di e si y hus became he mos impo an ac o ha began o
guide he you h o ganiza ion’s s eps.
Young Sweden Finns’ in-be ween iden i ica ions also aised he
cu iosi y o he Finnish P esiden Ta ja Halonen, who in i ed Ma kus
Lyy a om he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion o Finland on June
23, 2009. The P esiden was in e es ed in he iden i y and language
de elopmen o he young people o Finnish descen who had g own
up imme sed in many cul u es (Minu e Books o he Swedish Finn
You h O ganiza ion Augus 26, 2009). F om he pe spec i e o
he younge gene a ion o Sweden Finns, i was signi ican o be
ecognized on he go e nmen al le el in Finland and o be able o
cul i a e be e diploma ic ela ions.
In Sweden, he you h o ganiza ion had ac i ely begun o ad oca e
mino i y igh s. I es ablished coope a ion ne wo ks wi h he Sami,
To nedalens and Roma in Sweden. The you h o ganiza ion was also
ac i e in o he o ums in Eu ope conce ned wi h mino i y issues,
joining in he ne wo ks and o ming coali ions wi h o he associa ions
sha ing simila in e es s. I o ganized poli ical p o es s and allies,
becoming a ecognized ac o in Sweden’s mino i y poli ics. As a
esul o join coope a ion wi h he Chu ch o Sweden and o he
mino i y associa ions, Da e o be Mino i y: A Repo on Mino i y
Righ s in Sweden 2012 was published o he Council o Eu ope. The
RSKL was named in his publica ion suppo ing he cause, bu i soon
wi hd ew in u he de elopmen s, gi ing mo e space o he o he
ac o s. I s ill deemed mino i y issues impo an , bu he main ocus
s ayed in imp o ing only he igh s o Sweden Finns in Sweden.
A ound he same ime, he Ung Mino i e p ojec ga he ed oge he
young people who we e Sweden Finns, To nedalians, Sami, Jews and
Roma. The ocus had been on language, secu i y and p ac ical issues
in ol ing hei cul u al p ac ices. The you h o ganiza ion has con inued
o pa icipa e in join p ojec s wi h o he mino i y associa ions, and as
a esul , he publica ion Ma ginalized and Igno ed: Na ional Mino i y
Child en’s S uggle o Language Righ s in Sweden 2013 was sen
o he Council o Eu ope. Simila ly, he same g oup o associa ions6
published Human Righ s Challenges in Sweden 2014.
The Swedish go e nmen has no iced mino i y associa ions’
coope a i e ac ion and has ac i ely begun o make impo an
changes, al hough hey ha e been slow o be implemen ed. The
younge gene a ion has also begun o demand mo e esponsibili y
in he s a egic ac ion ield o he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions. The
o me Sec e a y o he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion, Ma kus
Lyy a, began a p ojec in all 2014 o each ou o younge people,
u ging hem o pa icipa e in delega ion g oups o mino i ies in ci y
councils. P e ious esea ch showed ha 80% o he delega es a e
o e 50 yea s old, and only 7% a e unde 35 yea s (Hi onen 2013).
The younge gene a ion o Finnish descen has o a long ime been
absen and in isible in mino i y poli ics in Sweden; inally, i has been
ecognized ha hey also should ha e a oice in mino i y poli ics.
F om ansna ional poli ical p ac ices o
ansna ional mobiliza ion
The younge gene a ion’s empowe men in mino i y issues in
Sweden and ecogni ion by he P esiden o Finland also made hem
s onge and mo e ac i e ansna ionally. The oppo uni y o mobilize
eme ged when a change in law was passed in he p oxima e ield, in
he Eu opean Union, which uled ha i would no longe be possible
o gi e p e e ence o s uden s s udying ab oad on he basis o
hei na ionali y (Finnish Expa ia e Pa liamen , Resolu ion numbe
20/2010). Hence, expa ia e Finnish s uden s ad oca ed ha he
Minis y o T anspo and Communica ions in Finland should end he
unequal ea men o pe sons s udying ab oad in e ms o ain and
bus anspo . Fi s , a con en ional way h ough he FEP was used.
The expa ia e Finnish s uden s iled an ini ia i e o he FEP h ough
he Lu he an cong ega ion in Köln, Ge many, p oposing a s uden
discoun o all s uden s, ega dless o hei na ionali y, on he basis o
an in e na ional s uden ca d. The ull pa liamen a y session in 2010
accep ed i and u ged he Minis y o T anspo and Communica ions
o g an equal igh s o all s uden s a eling in Finland.
When he change did no appea soon enough, a challenge
g oup began o ques ion he FEP’s e iciency. The younge
gene a ion iewed he FEP as ‘ he i s -gene a ion’s adi ional
ype o o ganizing model ha is oo slow o eac ’ e e ing o i s
hie a chical s uc u e (Lyy a 2012). As a esul , Finnish s uden s in
Ge many, Es onia and G ea B i ain con ac ed he B i ish s uden
associa ion called he Finnish S uden Socie y o G ea B i ain
(ISO y), and he Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion abou he issue.
Toge he , hey o ganized a g oup consis ing o mos ly social science
and law s uden s, who hen a elled o Finland o mee bo h Minis e
o T anspo and Communica ions and he di ec o o he VR G oup
(Finnish Na ional Railway). As a comp omise, he s uden discoun
was es o ed o Finnish s uden s s udying ab oad unde he Finnish
social secu i y (KELA), simila ly o all he s uden s who s udied in
Finland. Vee a Joki inne s a ed ha ‘ he main goal, howe e , was o
Finland o adop Ge many’s model, in which all s uden s – ega dless
o ci izenship – we e able o ecei e a el discoun s on he basis o
an in e na ional s uden ca d’ (Joki inne 2015).
Al hough he main goal was no a ained, he e was a success ul
solu ion o he Finnish s uden s s udying ab oad. This p ocess could
ha e aken a long ime o es ablish h ough he FEP, al hough hey
had all he necessa y esou ces and con ac s wi h he go e nmen
au ho i ies. Again, he younge gene a ion o Finnish descen would
ha e aken all s uden s in o he accoun despi e hei na ionali y, bu
his ime i was he business manage s in Finland who opposed he
implemen a ion o Ge many’s model in Finland.
Conclusions
The Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion sepa a ed om i s mo he
ede a ion, he Na ional Associa ion o Finns in Sweden (RSKL),
in 1994 as a esul o a change in Swedish law ha equi ed you h
o ganiza ions o ha e a leas 60 pe cen o hei boa d membe s
aged be ween 7 and 25 i hey wished o ob ain any subsidy om
he go e nmen . Fo a new ede a ion, sha ing he same space
wi h he mo he o ganiza ion was a challenging ask. The s a egic
ac ion ield (SAF) o he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions is dynamic,
and associa ions s uggle o su i e. The SAF did no easily allow
space o he new you h ede a ion, which became a challenge
associa ion.
The you h o ganiza ion’s i s ansna ional poli ical ac i i ies
mimicked he mo he o ganiza ion. I became a membe o he
Finnish Expa ia e Pa liamen (FEP) a a ound he same ime as he
RSKL. As ea ly as he second ull pa liamen a y session in 2000, he
you h o ganiza ion was al eady an ac i e pa icipan . This shows ha
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ansna ional poli ical p ac ices o he descendan s o i s -gene a ion
mig an s do exis i hey ha e a possibili y o o ganize (i.e., esou ces
and su icien membe ship), and i he o ganiza ional s uc u e is
al eady in place (associa ional cul u e). Mobiliza ion, howe e , ook
a longe ime because i equi ed a s ong iden i y, ne wo ks and
esou ces. Also, he you h o ganiza ion had o wai o an oppo uni y
when he SAF would be shaken o in c isis.
The e is an expec a ion ha he younge gene a ion will join he
ac i i ies o he olde gene a ion, and hey a e expec ed o assimila e
and accep he no ms, alues and symbols o he p ese ed
‘Finnishness’. The You h Commi ee’s speeches and ini ia i es show
ha he younge gene a ion o en eels ha hey do no ‘ i in’ o he
olde gene a ion’s ac i i ies and celeb a ions. Hence, he o ganizing
p ocess o expa ia e Finns may easily exclude he younge
gene a ion. This makes hem a disad an aged g oup in he s a egic
ac ion ield o he expa ia e Finns’ associa ions.
Al hough he younge expa ia e gene a ion has been able o
in eg a e well in o hei local communi ies, which is he only home
o many, hei connec ions o Finland o he local expa ia e Finnish
communi y may be only h ough hei pa en s. The second-gene a ion
young people, especially, a e mo e in e es ed in e i alizing hei
Finnish language skills and lea ning abou he Finnish you h cul u e.
Fo his, hey need mo e o hei own channels, such as he expa ia e
Finnish you h associa ions.
The Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion is a good example o a
you h ede a ion ha engages in ansna ional poli ical ac i i ies,
bu on he young gene a ion’s own e ms and in hei own ways.
The younge gene a ion’s goal is no o ad ance and main ain he
Finnish cul u e and language in he same way as he i s -gene a ion,
bu by b inging hei own ouch o i h ough hei expe iences and
how hey see and eel he Finnish cul u e. In he Swedish case, he
mos impo an ac o ha dis inguishes he younge gene a ion’s
o ganiza ion om he es o he expa ia e Finns’ o ganiza ions is
he acknowledgmen ha he younge gene a ion o Swedish-Finnish
descen should coope a e wi h o he mino i ies, since hey a e all in
he same boa .
Sanna-Ma i Vie imaa is a doc o al s uden in sociology a he
Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland. He PhD p ojec is abou expa ia e
Finns’ associa ions as local and ansna ional ac o s.
No es
1. The wo k o he You h Commi ee o he FEP includes i s -,
second- and hi d-gene a ions. The e is no age limi as long as
ini ia i es conce n child en, you h o s uden s.
2. In 2002, i is men ioned ha he speech was w i en by 30
young people om 9 coun ies, bu he 2005 speech does no
men ion how many people we e p esen . In 2005, he CIMO,
an O ganiza ion o In e na ional Mobili y and Coope a ion,
o ganized an e en o he younge descendan s o Finnish
expa ia es and his speech is d awn based on he discussions
he e.
3. The RSKL in e p e s he sepa a ion o he you h o ganiza ion
di e en ly. I a gues ha he go e nmen ’s new unding policy
s ill would ha e been lexible enough o he you h o ganiza ion
o unc ion as a pa o i .
4. In he 1980s, he e was a big e u n mig a ion om Sweden o
Finland due o Finland’s imp o ed economic si ua ion. Sweden,
howe e , has always been he p ima y coun y o expa ia e
Finns o mo e o o wo k and s udy (Heikkilä 2011).
5. In Finnish, he p ojec was called Nuo i 2000-p ojek i.
6. This g oup includes he Chu ch o Sweden, Sweden Finnish
Delega ion, Swedish Finn You h O ganiza ion, Na ional
Associa ion o Swedish To nedalians, To nedalian You h
O ganiza ion, Sami You h O ganiza ion and Swedish Fede a ion
o Yiddish.
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