Radical sex role ideology and the Finnish gender role movement in the late 1960s

This is a sel -a chi ed e sion o an o iginal a icle. This e sion may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ails. Au ho (s): Ti le: Yea : Ve sion: Copy igh : Righ s: Righ s u l: Please ci e he o iginal e sion: CC BY 4.0 h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ Radical sex ole ideology and he Finnish gende ole mo emen in he la e 1960s © 2022 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup Published e sion Ku inen, Heidi; Tu unen, A ja Ku inen, H., & Tu unen, A. (2023). Radical sex ole ideology and he Finnish gende ole mo emen in he la e 1960s. Women's His o y Re iew, 32(1), 62-81. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09612025.2022.2092270 2023 Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode= wh 20 Women's His o y Re iew ISSN: (P in ) (Online) Jou nal homepage: h ps://www. and online.com/loi/ wh 20 Radical sex ole ideology and he Finnish gende ole mo emen in he la e 1960s Heidi Ku inen & A ja Tu unen To ci e his a icle: Heidi Ku inen & A ja Tu unen (2022): Radical sex ole ideology and he Finnish gende ole mo emen in he la e 1960s, Women's His o y Re iew, DOI: 10.1080/09612025.2022.2092270 To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09612025.2022.2092270 © 2022 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup Published online: 11 Jul 2022. Submi you a icle o his jou nal View ela ed a icles View C ossma k da a Radical sex ole ideology and he Finnish gende ole mo emen in he la e 1960s Heidi Ku inen a and A ja Tu unen b a Tu ku Ins i u e o Ad anced S udies, Uni e si y o Tu ku, Tu ku, Finland; b Depa men o His o y and E hnology, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Jy äskylä, Finland ABSTRACT An ac i e discussion o gende oles and he need o enego ia e hem ook place in he la e 1960s in Finland. While p e ious s udies ha e associa ed his ‘sex ole deba e’wi h he independen ci ic o ganisa ion Associa ion 9, his a icle ocuses on he wide gende ole mo emen . The a icle analyses he in e play and diffe ences among he Finnish Women’s Democ a ic League, he Commi ee o Women’s S a us, and Associa ion 9’s g ass oo s ac i ism be ween 1965 and 1970. I demons a es ha simila ideas abou sex oles we e p esen ed simul aneously in wo public sphe es: he dominan public, whe e he ideas we e p omo ed by Associa ion 9, and he people’s democ a ic coun e public, which p esen ed he goals o he Finnish Women’s Democ a ic League. Bo h discussions also influenced he wo k o he Commi ee o Women’s S a us in Finland. These o ganisa ions had di e gen modes o ac ion, anging om a ci ic associa ion o pa y poli ical o ganisa ion and pa liamen a y commi ee, bu he heo e ical p emises o hei concep ualisa ions o gende ed socie al s uc u es had clea simila i ies. We show his by d awing on he a chi es o Associa ion 9 and he Finnish Women’s Democ a ic League, including o iginal documen s such as minu es o mee ings and newspape and magazine clippings, and he Commi ee o Women’s S a us’s Whi e Pape . KEYWORDS adical sex ole ideology; gende ole mo emen ; public sphe e; 1960s; Finland In oduc ion No dic coun ies ha e been pionee s in gende equali y and changes ha a e seen as dis- inc i e accomplishmen s o he second-wa e eminis mo emen we e being implemen ed also in Finland in he ea ly 1970s. These included he libe alisa ion o abo - ion ha was an impo an goal o bo h he Ame ican and Wes -Eu opean eminis mo emen and he p o ision o affo dable day ca e o small child en ha was a cen al aim especially in he No dic coun ies. Howe e , hese accomplishmen s did no a ise in he fi s ins ance om eminis ideology, bu a he om he so-called sex ole ideology and deba e ypical o he No dic coun ies a his ime. A change in © 2022 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/ licenses/by/4.0/), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. CONTACT Heidi Ku inen heidi.ku inen@u u.fi WOMEN’S HISTORY REVIEW h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09612025.2022.2092270 a i udes was p omo ed by he pa icipan s in his deba e, who used he e m ‘sex ole’ ins ead o ‘woman ques ion’o ‘ eminism’in o de o s ess ha women’s and men’s oles we e social cons uc ions, and ha men’s oles, oo, needed o be p oblema ised. 1 They specifically c i icised he idea ha women and men had wo dis inc oles, wi h man as b eadwinne and woman as mo he . They a gued ha his sepa a ion o oles was a esul o socialisa ion, no based on biological o psychological ac s, and he e o e women’s and men’s oles should be changed so ha hey bo h would be equally espon- sible o suppo ing he amily and aking ca e o he child en. 2 In Sweden and Finland in pa icula , se e al ac o s including academics, jou nalis s, poli ical pa ies, and o he o ganisa ions adop ed and p omo ed he new gende ideology a diffe en le els o socie y, making impo an con ibu ions o he ins i u ionalisa ion o gende equali y policy. 3 The deba e also led o he es ablishmen o he dis inc i e sex ole associa ions G oup 222 (G upp 222) in Sweden and Associa ion 9 (Yhdis ys 9) in Finland. P e ious s udies o he Finnish sex ole discussion ha e ocused on Associa ion 9, a non-go e nmen al o ganisa ion ha was ac i e be ween 1966 and 1971. Schola s ha e iewed i as he main p oponen o he adical sex ole ideology, al hough i has been no ed ha he wide sex ole mo emen included he adical le Finnish Women’s Democ a ic League (Suomen Nais en Demok aa inen Lii o, SNDL), he women’s and you h associa ions o o he poli ical pa ies, and he Finnish Commi ee o Women’s S a us, which was ac i e du ing 1966–70. 4 This a icle offe s a esh analysis o he in e - play and diffe ences be ween pa liamen a y and ex a-pa liamen a y ac i ism wi hin he SNDL, he Commi ee o Women’s S a us, and he g ass oo s ac i ism o Associa ion 9 in he p omo ion o gende equali y in Finland be ween 1965 and 1970. While we acknowledge Associa ion 9’s cen ali y o he Finnish sex ole discussion, we complica e exis ing unde s andings o ha discussion by analysing how he SNDL, a pa y-poli ical women’s o ganisa ion o he adical le , adop ed con empo aneously a adical sex ole ideology in o i s poli ical agenda, and how ha ideology was also p esen in he Whi e Pape published by he Commi ee o Women’s S a us in 1970. In pa allel wi h emale labou ac i is s in he US, pa icipan s in he Finnish sex ole mo emen did no call hemsel es eminis s. Ne e heless, in his a icle we ea he 1960s sex ole ideology as a pa o eminis his o y. This is because we unde s and em- inism as ac i ism ha ecognises he exis ence o gende -specific subo dina ion o dis- c imina ion agains women, which ques ions he legi imacy o he p esen gende o de . 5 This a icle hus ollows ecen s udies ha ha e a gued o mo e inclusi e con- cep ualisa ions o eminis agendas and pa icipa ion, and which ha e demons a ed ha he women’s igh s mo emen o he 1960s and 1970s included wo king women and had links o pa y poli ical ac i ism. 6 Al hough poli ically ac i e women in le -wing pa ies in pa icula a oided calling hemsel es eminis s – hey ega ded eminism as a igh -wing ideology – hey sha ed many ideas abou women’s opp ession and libe a ion. Fu he - mo e, eminis ideology and p ac ices we e de eloped h ough con ac wi h poli ically ac i e women in he New Le . 7 Read wi hin his con ex , we a gue ha he SNDL did no simply adop he sex ole ideology de eloped by Associa ion 9, bu also deba ed i wi h he adical le and o mula ed i s own e sion o sex ole ideology, which co e- sponded wi h pa y poli ical lines. Addi ionally, we c i ically e iew he ela ionships among Associa ion 9, he SNDL, and he Commi ee o Women’s S a us. P e ious li - e a u e has claimed ha SNDL membe s we e c i ical o Associa ion 9’s ideas, which 2H. KURVINEN AND A. TURUNEN hey iewed as oo concep ual and dis an om wo king women’s e e yday li es, and ha he SNDL he e o e had mo e p ac ical goals. 8 Con a y o his in e p e a ion, ou a icle demons a es ha alongside his p ac ical emphasis, he SNDL’s adap a ion o sex ole ideology was oo ed in a sociological unde s anding o sex oles combined wi h a socialis unde s anding o class s uggle. Bo h s ands o hough we e also p esen in he Com- mi ee o Women’s S a us’s Whi e Pape , which can be seen as a comp omise among he iewpoin s o all he pa ies in ol ed in he commi ee. Ou in e es he e is in obse ing he la e 1960s discussion o women’s s a us and gende as a mul i-si ed p ocess in which he ideas behind he adical sex ole ideology we e p esen ed, elabo a ed, and nego ia ed in diffe en public sphe es. The h ee ac o s conside ed in his a icle offe sligh ly diffe en iewpoin s on o his p ocess, bu when analysed alongside each o he hey p o ide a sophis ica ed unde s anding. We also ake accoun o he dialogue among he h ee o ganisa ions. 9 Ou mul i-si ed app oach is complemen ed by insigh s om p e ious esea ch on Swedish sex ole ac i- ism. While we do no make di ec compa isons be ween he Finnish and Swedish sex ole mo emen s, schola ship on he Swedish mo emen has encou aged us o look beyond he hegemonic na a i e ega ding sex ole ac i ism in Finland. 10 This a icle does no ocus on he sex ole deba e ha ook place in he mains eam Finnish media. 11 Ins ead, we ocus on in e nal discussions wi hin he SNDL and Associ- a ion 9, and on hose o ganisa ions’con ibu ions o he public deba e, in o de o analyse hei unde s anding o sex oles. Using a chi al sou ces om Associa ion 9 and he SNDL as well as he Whi e Pape o he Commi ee o Women’s S a us, we ask how and o wha ex en adical sex ole ideology was adop ed by he SNDL. Wha we e he simila i ies and diffe ences among he aims and p oposals p esen ed by Associ- a ion 9, he SNDL, and he commi ee? How we e he ideas o Associa ion 9 and he SNDL ac ualised in he Whi e Pape ? In answe ing hese ques ions, we d aw on he insigh s o media schola Kaa ina Nikunen in o he public sphe e as ‘a cons uc ed socie al space in which ci izens ha e he oppo uni y o discuss ques ions in which hey sha e a common in e es ’. 12 Acco ding o his defini ion, he media plays a cen al ole in main aining he public sphe e, bu public discussions also ake place in o he a enas. 13 Addi ionally, ou analysis is connec ed o eminis c i iques o Jü gen Habe mas’s heo y o he public sphe e, which in oduced he idea o coun e publics. Fo ins ance, poli ical scien is Nancy F ase has a gued ha alongside he dominan public, he e also exis se e al coun e publics. 14 In la e 1960s Finland, he ounda ions o he new gende equali y policies we e laid h ough pa liamen a y commi ee wo k; bu as we will show, he sex ole ideology was o mula ed h ough a public discussion comp ising a dominan public and a people’s democ a ic coun e public, 15 he la e se ing as an a ena o in e nal discussion wi hin he adical le ( he SNDL included). 16 En anglemen s be ween Associa ion 9 and he SNDL Finland’s geog aphical loca ion –be ween he So ie Union and libe al Sweden – ep esen s an impo an con ex o he de elopmen o gende equali y and eminism in he coun y du ing he Cold Wa pe iod. Al hough Finland’s cul u al adicalisa ion p oduced a numbe o ‘single-issue mo emen s’, including Associa ion 9, he poli ical pa ies and official s a e appa a us emained cen al o he men al landscape o Finnish socie y. Unlike in many WOMEN’S HISTORY REVIEW 3 o he coun ies, adicalisa ion in Finland channelled i sel fi s and o emos h ough a poli- icisa ion ha pola ised socie y, gi ing he ex eme end o communism inc easing momen- um om he ea ly 1970s onwa ds. Ne e heless, o a b ie pe iod du ing he la e 1960s, he cul u ally adical g oups ha ep esen ed he New Le con ibu ed o socie al discussions side by side wi h pa y poli ical o ganisa ions, especially le -wing o ganisa ions. 17 The Finnish sex ole deba e, specifically, was ini ia ed by a icles by Ma ga e ha Mick- wi z and Ri a Tu unen. These a icles we e published in he Finnish-Swedish newspape Nya P essen (Mickwi z) and he Finnish-language newspape Uusi Suomi (Tu unen) in au umn 1965. 18 Inspi ed by heo ies emana ing om Sweden and Ame ica, hey launched a li ely discussion o he opic in he Finnish media. In No embe 1965, Mickwi z and Tu unen joined G oup 9 (Ryhmä 9), an in o mal g oup whose pu pose was o se up an official associa ion o p omo e adical sex ole ideology in Finland. Es ablished in Feb ua y 1966, Associa ion 9 was o med as a ci ic o ganisa ion wi h a ela i ely loose s uc u e. 19 In he associa ion’sfi s yea , membe s o alled a ound 250 in Helsinki; membe ship had isen o nea ly 800 by 1970, when he decision was aken o wind up he associa ion. 20 Associa ion 9 aimed o ans o m socie y so ha gende -based di isions would cease o exis in all he sphe es whe e hey we e unnecessa y. 21 One o he main aims o Associ- a ion 9 was o a ac publici y in o de o gain a la ge audience o i s agenda, educa e people abou adical sex ole ideology, and influence poli ical pa ies and poli ical decision-making. 22 To achie e his aim, a ious membe s o Associa ion 9 ac i ely pa - icipa ed in public discussions o sex oles, bo h in p in media and on adio and ele i- sion. Alongside i s media appea ances, he associa ion p omo ed i s ideas h ough semina s and demons a ions, as well as issuing s a emen s and publishing esea ch epo s and o he publica ions. 23 Thus, he ques ion o sex oles was in he ai in gene al, and as a esul , 60–80 pe cen o Finnish people ollowed he public deba e abou he associa ion’s goals and ac ions. 24 This public deba e was ma ched by a poli ical p ocess in 1966, when he Finnish go e nmen appoin ed a specific o gan, he Commi - ee o Women’s S a us, o discuss and find solu ions o imp o e women’s posi ion in socie y. The commi ee consis ed o ep esen a i es om all he poli ical pa ies, includ- ing he SNDL, and ci ic o ganisa ions such as Associa ion 9; i published i s Whi e Pape in 1970. The Whi e Pape was a esul o nego ia ions be ween all he pa icipa ing ac o s, and i encou aged ac i e policies wi h ega d o gende equali y. 25 By ‘sex ole’, Associa ion 9 mean all expec a ions, no ms, and alues ega ding a pe son as ei he a man o a woman. 26 Associa ion 9 c i icised he s ic di ision o men’s and women’s oles in o wo sepa a e sphe es. They demanded ha bo h women and men should play wo oles –b eadwinne and pa en –which in u n also mean ha bo h sexes should ha e equal igh s, oppo uni ies, and esponsibili ies a wo k, a home, in he amily, and in sexuali y. 27 In his espec , he conce ns o Associa ion 9’s membe s esembled hose o women on he B i ish adical le du ing he la e 1960s. The adical le in ellec uals o he day, and la e ac i is s in he UK eminis mo emen such as Sheila Rowbo ham, a gued ha he e was a need no jus o he new woman, bu also o he new man. 28 Fo hem, he women’s libe a ion mo emen offe ed a channel o his. In con as Associa ion 9 combined g ass oo s ac i ism wi h pa liamen a y me hods, and p o ided a pla o m o women and men o collabo a e. The SNDL was a pa y poli ical women’s o ganisa ion, and la ge by compa ison wi h Associa ion 9. Es ablished in 1944, i was a successo o he wo king women’s o ganising 4H. KURVINEN AND A. TURUNEN o he la e nine een h cen u y and unlike Associa ion 9 he SNDL ep esen ed he Old Le . 29 I suppo ed he Finnish People’s Democ a ic League (Suomen Kansan Demok- aa inen Lii o, SKDL), a coali ion o le -wing pa ies es ablished in 1944. 30 In he la e 1960s, he SNDL had be ween 16,000 and 17,000 indi idual women membe s; i we also include i s o ganisa ional membe s, he SNDL’s ac i i ies eached app oxima ely 35,000 Finnish women. 31 The majo i y o hese women had communis sympa hies, and his influenced he SNDL’s ac i i ies, he cen al aim o which was o enhance he poli i- cal powe o he SKDL. 32 Howe e , he SNDL also sough o each women beyond i s own poli ical ci cle, which i did by publishing he women’s magazine Uusi Nainen.In 1966 he o ganisa ion also launched an in e nal magazine, Pippu i, which aimed o offe guidance o SNDL membe s. 33 Since he la e 1940s he SNDL had s i en o imp o e women’s s a us by ocusing on issues such as equal pay and paid ma e ni y lea e. 34 Howe e , by he mid-1960s, SNDL membe s had ealised ha hei pa y’s e e yday poli ics did no p omo e equal ea - men o he gende s in p ac ice, e en hough he Finnish adical le had emb aced he socialis gende sys em, which in heo y included gende equali y in pa y poli ics. 35 A he same ime, he g owing deba e on sex oles in he Finnish mains eam media p omp ed he o ganisa ion o p oblema ise women’s s a us wi h he help o he concep o sex oles. 36 As a esul , he SNDL’s gene al assembly ag eed on he need o ake a s ance on he woman ques ion a i s eigh h mee ing in No embe 1965, which was suppo ed by he SNDL’s na ional commission composed o ep esen a i es o egional commi ees ( om now on we e e o his o ganisa ional body as he commis- sion). Consequen ly, a commi ee was se up a he beginning o 1966 o p epa e a p o- g amme en i led Fo Women’s Libe a ion (Naisen apau amiseksi), a name la e changed o Woman, Man, Democ acy (Nainen, mies, demok a ia). The pu pose o he p og amme was o map ou women’s s a us in he socie y and o p esen he SNDL’s sol- u ions o he p e ailing p oblems. 37 Du ing he sp ing o 1966, he discussion o sex oles appea ed in a ious o ums in he Finnish public sphe e, and local chap e s o he SNDL also made hei own con i- bu ions. 38 Fo ins ance, a discussion e en on women’s oles was o ganised a he People’s House in Lah i in Ma ch 1966. Based a ound Kansan Uu ise , Finland’s leading adical le newspape , he e en a ac ed app oxima ely 200 pa icipan s. 39 A he same ime, he SNDL’s commi ee o women’s libe a ion held in e nal discussions o he sex ole ideology; hese discussions esul ed in a d a p og amme, which was widely discussed a a ious local e en s and in people’s democ a ic newspape s a e i s elease on 8 Ma ch 1967. 40 A yea la e , a semina conce ning he p og amme was o ganised in connec ion wi h he gene al assembly o June 1968, leading o he p o- g amme’s app o al 41 and he publica ion o i s ma e ial mani es a ion, i.e. a p in ed leafle en i led Woman, Man, Democ acy, in Oc obe 1968. Acco ding o a p ess elease, he leafle was based on eedback om o e 1,000 local discussion e en s wi h a o al o 35,000 pa icipan s. 42 Thus, he ques ion o sex oles was widely p oblema ised wi hin he people’s democ a ic coun e public be ween 1966 and 1968. The discussion was ini ia ed by he official o gans o he SNDL, bu om sp ing 1966 onwa ds he unde - s anding o sex oles was also nego ia ed in ga he ings and semina s h oughou he coun y, and in media ex s. WOMEN’S HISTORY REVIEW 5 The wo-yea p ocess owa ds he Woman, Man, Democ acy p og amme coincided wi h he public deba e p omo ed by Associa ion 9. The in o mal G oup 9 was es ablished a he same ime as he SNDL’s gene al assembly o 1965. Fu he mo e, he main publi- ca ions o bo h o ganisa ions –Associa ion 9’s pamphle Ha m ul Laws o Men’s Wo ld (Mies en mailman nu ja lai ) and he SNDL’s leafle Women, Man, Democ acy –we e eleased in au umn 1968. A key pe son connec ing he Associa ion 9-led sex ole deba e and he SNDL’s p ocess owa ds he Woman, Man, Democ acy p og amme was Ka i Pel ola: a ounding membe o Associa ion 9, Pel ola was also a se ing local poli ician wi h he SKDL, i.e. he poli ical pa y behind he SNDL. 43 Associa ion 9’s co e g oup also included B i a Pol ila, a w i e who had p e iously wo ked on Vapaa Sana, a newspape owned by he SKDL. Mo e o mal ies exis ed be ween he o ganis- a ions oo. Associa ion 9 seems o ha e in i ed membe s o he SNDL o join i s cons i- u i e mee ing in ea ly 1966. 44 The es ablishmen o he associa ion was also epo ed p ominen ly in Kansan Uu ise . 45 La e ha yea , he SNDL’s commi ee o women’s lib- e a ion decided o in i e Pel ola o a mee ing o desc ibe he wo k done by Associa ion 9. 46 The go e nmen al Commi ee o Women’s S a us was ano he poin o con ac be ween he SNDL and Associa ion 9: I ma Rosnell (SNDL), Inke i An ila (Associa ion 9), and Ju a Zilliacus (Associa ion 9) pa icipa ed in i s wo k, An ila as a p o esso o c iminology and Zilliacus as a jou nalis . The associa ion’sinfluence was pa icula ly sig- nifican because he commi ee d ew on he expe ise o sociologis Klaus Mäkelä, jou - nalis Ri a-Liisa Sumu, and a chi ec Ki s i No din, all o whom we e ac i e membe s o Associa ion 9 and made an impac on i s wo king g oups ha ocused on ju idical ques- ions, child ea ing and housing. The commi ee’s sec e a ies, Anneli Kuusi and Leila Räsänen, we e also associa ion membe s. 47 A simila connec ion be ween poli ical women’s o ganisa ions and ex a-pa liamen- a y g oups is obse ed by Ul ika Thomsson, who has s udied he public discussion o sexual abuse in 1970s Sweden. She a gues ha poli ical women’s o ganisa ions need ex e nal impe us o hei campaigns on gende equali y because i is easie o hem o eac o issues ha a e al eady on he public agenda. 48 In his case, howe e , he impe us also ope a ed in he opposi e di ec ion: pa icula ly a e he official publica ion o he Woman, Man, Democ acy p og amme in Ma ch 1967, he SNDL and Associa ion 9 ecip ocally sha ed hei ideas. 49 Fo ins ance, Associa ion 9 and some o i s indi idual membe s we e in o med abou he Woman, Man, Democ acy p og amme, 50 and he associa ion had a ep esen a i e a he In e na ional Cong ess o Women o ganised by he SNDL in Helsinki in 1969. 51 Fu he mo e, in publica ions and s a emen s issued by Associa ion 9 du ing i s final yea s, he p oblems o mode n socie y we e amed as p oblems o capi alis socie y, and he solu ions we e amed by Ma xis a gu- men a ion. 52 Ce ainly, du ing he final yea s o he associa ion’s campaigning, membe s used p esen a ional s a egies ha di ec ly connec ed he cen al causes wi h le -wing poli ical pe spec i es. A guably, his was pa ly he esul o he flow o influence be ween he SNDL and he g ass oo s o ganising o Associa ion 9, which was mo e mul- idi ec ional han was he case in Sweden, whe e G oup 222 ocused on sp eading in o - ma ion i had ga he ed om o he s’poli ical p og ammes and academic esea ch. 53 We migh also a gue ha he ac i e ole aken by he SNDL in p oblema ising sex oles widened in e es in he SNDL’s ideas among o he o ganisa ions, especially Associa ion 9, which in u n s eng hened he connec ions be ween hei espec i e discussions. This 6H. KURVINEN AND A. TURUNEN is also obse ed by Ka ainen, who concludes ha Associa ion 9 was influenced by he SNDL in i s discussion o childca e issues. Ins ead o he ‘mo he ’s wage’–an idea being deba ed in Finland a he ime – he associa ion began o suppo a s a egy p o- mo ed by he SNDL, acco ding o which child suppo would be paid o bo h s ay-a - home mo he s and wo king mo he s. 54 S i ing o a mode n o democ a ic socie y The adical sex ole ideology p omo ed by Associa ion 9 ep esen ed mode n scien ific hinking and was based on ecen sociological s udies demons a ing ha people’s beha - iou diffe ed om exis ing gende no ms and expec a ions. Fo example, con a y o he adi ional gende oles ha p e ailed in Finnish socie y, o e 50 pe cen o Finnish mo he s wi h young child en (unde school age) we e in paid wo k. 55 Tu unen in e - p e ed his finding in 1966: In he 1960s, Finland is acing he ac ha he gende -based di ision o labou has changed […] bu he ole expec a ions ha e mos ly emained he same. The e is a cul u al lag, a gap be ween a i udes and eali y, which is ha m ul o socie y as a whole and pa icula ly o he g oup ha has aced he mos apid change –women. 56 Ra he han helping people o adjus o ou da ed no ms and quasi-biological ole expec- a ions, Associa ion 9 called o a ans o ma ion o he social oles o men and women. The goal was o c ea e a mode n socie y based on jus ice. The main diffe ence be ween he heo isa ion o sex oles and eminis ideology was ha he o me encompassed men’s oles. 57 In pa icula , Associa ion 9 consciously dis- socia ed i sel om women’s o ganisa ions and ‘ he woman ques ion’. This was ma ked in he mixed gende composi ion o sex ole o ganisa ions in con as o eminis o gan- isa ions. In he case o Associa ion 9, h ee o he nine ounding membe s we e men and du ing i s ac i e yea s 28 pe cen o all he associa ion’s membe s and 38 pe cen o boa d membe s we e male. 58 The associa ion no only included men a an o ganisa ional le el, bu also a gued ha a change in women’s ole equi ed a change in men’s ole, as he sex oles we e in e ela ed. Sociologis and membe o he Associa ion 9’s esea ch g oup, Ris o Jaakkola explained his as ollows in 1968: ‘The sex ole deba e is no p ima - ily abou changing women’s social s a us, i is abou di iding asks app op ia ely and ai ly, ega dless o gende . Achie ing his goal will no only mean changes in women’s s a us, bu i will also c ea e new possibili ies o choice o men.’ 59 The basic idea ha bo h gende s should be able o exp ess hemsel es in all a eas o li e was p esen ed in se e al ex s w i en o explain he idea o sex oles and he aims o he Associa ion 9. In 1968, Holge Ro ki ch, he associa ion’s boa d membe , o mula ed his as ollows: The main goal is no o help women in eg a e in o men’s socie y and p omo e hei possi- bili ies o ac in i , bu o uly y o ans o m he s uc u e o he whole socie y so ha bo h men and women will ha e he possibili y o ulfil hemsel es acco ding o hei skills and o combine a close amily ela ionship wi h pa icipa ion in paid wo k. 60 The influence o Associa ion 9’s ideological p emises can also be obse ed in he docu- men s p oduced by he SNDL commi ee o women’s libe a ion. Tha is o say ha he WOMEN’S HISTORY REVIEW 7 affec ed he cul u al eedback loop in Finnish socie y, c ea ing po en ial o u he change. We end his a icle by u ging u u e esea ch o be mo e sensi i e o en angle- men s be ween pa liamen a y and non-pa liamen a y ac o s ha make eminis claims. No es 1. The heo e ical field o sex ole esea ch was es ablished by Anglo-Ame ican social scien is s in he yea s a e Wo ld Wa II. Howe e , his heo isa ion did no assume he same p ac- ical dimensions o poli ical impac as i did in he No dic coun ies in he 1960s. Ch is ina Flo in and Beng Nilsson, ‘Någo som likna en oblodig e olu ion …’: Jäms älldhe ens poli- ise ing unde 1960- och 70- alen (Umeå: Umeå Uni e si y, 2000); Sol eig Be gman, The Poli ics o Feminism: Au onomous Feminis Mo emen s in Finland and Wes Ge many om he 1960s o he 1980s (Åbo: Åbo Akademi, 2002), 134–7; Jenny-Leon ine Olsson, Kön i ö änd ing: Den s enska köns olls o skningen 1959–1979 (Lund: Sekel, 2011). 2. See e.g. Edmund Dahls öm, ‘Analys a köns olldeba en’,inK inno s li och a be e, ed. Edmund Dahls öm (S ockholm: S udie ö bunde Nä ingsli och Samhälle, 1962), 22–30; Ri a Liljes öm, ‘Om köns olle ’,inKöns olle , ed. Ing id F ed iksson (S ockholm: P isma, 1965), 9–23; Ma ga e ha Mickwi z, ‘K inno –hjä n ä as ill o på lyckan genom mannen’,Nya P essen, 2 Sep embe 1965, 6. 3. On Finland and Sweden, see Flo in and Nilsson, ‘Någo som likna ’; Olsson, Kön i ö änd - ing; Be gman, Poli ics o Feminism, 138; Raija Julkunen, ‘Suomalainen sukupuolimalli: 1960- luku kään eenä’,inNais en hy in oin i al io, ed. Anneli An onen, Lea Hen iksson, and Ri a Nä kin (Tampe e: Vas apaino, 1994), 189. Al hough discussions o sex oles ook place in o he No dic coun ies oo, less is known abou hose discussions. 4. Be gman, Poli ics o Feminism, 138; Julkunen, ‘Suomalainen sukupuolimalli’, 179–201; Tuija Pa ikko, ‘Concep ions o Gende Equali y: Simila i y and Diffe ence’,inFinnish ‘Undemoc- acy’: Essays on Gende and Poli ics, ed. Ma ja Ke änen (Helsinki: Finnish Poli ical Science Associa ion, 1990), 89–111; Anne Ma ia Holli, ‘Yhdis ys 9:n poli iikan ja poli iikkakäsi yk- sen suh een me ki ykses ä asa-a opoli iikan syn yhis o iassa’,Poli iikka 29, no. 4 (1988): 321–32. The Finnish Commi ee o Women’sS a us is compa able o he na ional commis- sions on he s a us o women es ablished in he US and Canada du ing he 1960s. See e.g. Pa icia B adley, Mass Media and he Shaping o Ame ican Feminism, 1963–1975 (Jackson: Uni e si y P ess o Mississippi, 2004), 29–30. 5. Be gman, Poli ics o Feminism, 19; Elisabe h Elgán, A ge sig själ mak : G upp 8 och 1970- ale s eminism (Gö ebo g: Makadam, 2015), 13–14; Do o hy Sue Cobble, The O he Women’s Mo emen : Wo kplace Jus ice and Social Righ s in Mode n Ame ica (P ince on: P ince on Uni e si y P ess, 2004), 3; Nancy A. Hewi , ‘In oduc ion’,inNo Pe manen Wa es: Recas ing His o ies o US Feminism, ed. Nancy A. Hewi (New B unswick: Ru ge s Uni e si y P ess, 2010), 1, 7. 6. See e.g. Ka e Weigand, Red Feminism: Ame ican Communism and he Making o Women’s Libe a ion (Bal imo e: Johns Hopkins Uni e si y P ess, 2001); Ka hleen A. Laughling and Jaqueline Cas ledine, B eaking he Wa e: Women, Thei O ganiza ions, and Feminism, 1945–1985 (New Yo k: Taylo & F ancis, 2011); Cobble, O he Women’s Mo emen ; Hewi , No Pe manen Wa es; F ancisca de Haan, ‘Con inuing Cold Wa Pa adigms in Wes e n His o iog aphy o T ansna ional Women’s O ganisa ions: The Case o he Women’s In e na ional Democ a ic Fede a ion (WIDF)’,Women’s His o y Re iew 19, no. 4 (2010): 547–73; Monica Th el all, ‘S a e Feminism o Pa y Feminism? Feminis Poli ics and he Spanish Ins i u e o Women’,Eu opean Jou nal o Women’s S udies 5, no. 1 (1998): 69–94; Joan Sangs e , ‘Radical Rup u es: Feminism, Labo , and he Le in he Long Six ies in Canada’,Ame ican Re iew o Canadian S udies 40, no. 1 (2010): 1–21. 7. Ibid. 8. Elina Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi: Suomen Nais en Demok aa inen Lii o 1944–1990 (Helsinki: Kansan Si is ys yön Lii o, 1994), 343, 372; Lau a Saa enmaa, In iimin 14 H. KURVINEN AND A. TURUNEN ääne : Julkisuuskul uu in muu os suomalaisissa ajan ie elehdissä 1961–1975 (Tampe e: Tampe e Uni e si y P ess, 2010), 278–9. 9. Geo ge E. Ma cus, ‘Con empo a y P oblems o E hnog aphy in he Mode n Wo ld Sys em’, in W i ing Cul u e: The Poe ics and Poli ics o E hnog aphy, ed. Cliffo d James and Geo ge E. Ma cus (Be keley: Uni e si y o Cali o nia P ess, 1986), 165–93; A jun Appadu ai, ‘Dis- junc u e and Diffe ence in he Global Cul u al Economy’,Theo y Cul u e Socie y 7, no. 2–3 (1990), 295–310; Paula Saukko, Doing Resea ch in Cul u al S udies: An In oduc ion o Clas- sical and New Me hodological App oaches (London: Sage, 2003), 176–97. 10. On con as ing as a esea ch me hod, see Heidi Ku inen and Hannah Yoken, ‘Yli ajaise u kimusmene elmä eminismin his o ian u kimuksessa’,inKul uu ihis o ian u kimus: Läh eis ä mene elmiin ja ulkin aan, ed. Rami Mähkä e al. (Tu ku: Kul uu ihis o ian seu a, 2022), o hcoming. 11. This deba e consis ed o expe a icles by membe s o Associa ion 9, as well as eade s’ le e s in which hose a icles we e ei he suppo ed o opposed. 12. Kaa ina Nikunen, ‘Yksi yisyyden mu os –julkisuuden haas e: Feminis isen k i iikin näkö- kulmia julkisuuden u kimukseen’,Tiedo us u kimus 2 (2003): 79. 13. Nikunen, ‘Yksi yisyyden mu os’. 14. Nancy F ase , ‘Re hinking he Public Sphe e: A Con ibu ion o he C i ique o Ac ually Exis ing Democ acy’,Social Tex , nos 25–26 (1990): 56–80. 15. The people’s democ a s comp ised people wi h a ious adical le poli ical backg ounds, including Ma xis -Leninis s, communis s, socialis s and he adical wing o social demo- c a s. Thei pa y poli ical ep esen a i e was he le -wing coali ion pa y he Finnish People’s Democ a ic Pa y (SKDL) which women’s o ganisa ion he SNDL was. 16. Heidi Ku inen, ‘Adop ing Public Rela ions-like S a egies o P omo e Labou Feminism in Finland Du ing he Long 1960s’(unpublished manusc ip ). 17. E.g. Juho Saksholm, Re o m, Re olu ion, Rio ? T ansna ional No dic Six ies in he Radical P ess, c. 1958–1968 (Jy äskylä: Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, 2020), 19–26, 67–9; Be gman, Poli ics o Feminism, 138–44. 18. Ma ga e ha Mickwi z, ‘Köns olle na –in e on delning u an p imä ela ione ’,Nya P essen, 24 Augus 1965, 6; Ri a Tu unen, ‘Nainen ja hänen oolinsa I’,Uusi Suomi,31 Augus 1965, 18; Ri a Tu unen, ‘Nainen ja hänen oolinsa II’,Uusi Suomi, 6 No embe 1965, 21; Ri a Tu unen, ‘Nainen ja hänen oolinsa III’,Uusi Suomi, 14 No embe 1965, 19. 19. Be gman, Poli ics o Feminism, 134–5; Saksholm, Re o m, Re olu ion, Rio ?. 20. Annual epo s o Associa ion 9, 1966–70, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 1D, Db, People’s A chi e ( om now on PA). The associa ion had aimed o es ablish local chap e s in diffe en pa s o he coun y, bu only wo chap e s (in Tampe e and Jy äskylä) we e se up. Ma ga e ha Mickwi z, ‘Yhdis ys 9 ja sukupuoli oolikeskus elu’,inRoolien mu aja : Tasa-a okeskus elua 1960-lu ul a 2000-lu ulle, ed. Ma ga e ha Mickwi z, Agne a on Essen, and Elisabe h No dg en (Helsinki: Gaudeamus, 2008), 52. 21. Cons i u ion o Associa ion 9, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 1C, Ca, PA; see also Mickwi z, ‘Yhdis ys 9 ja sukupuoli oolikeskus elu’, 30. 22. Holge Ro ki ch, ‘Yhdis ys 9 uudis us en joudu ajana’,inMies en maailman nu ja lai , ed. Ka a ina Eskola (Helsinki: Tammi, 1968), 66; Mickwi z, ‘Yhdis ys 9 ja sukupuoli oolikeskus- elu’, 37. 23. The Associa ion published s a emen s in which hey demanded inexpensi e communal day ca e o all child en, c i icised plans o in oducing a special wage o s ay-a -home mo he s, no ed p oblems included in he legisla i e p oposal on legalising abo ion. In he s a emen s published on he Fa he ’s Day in 1968 and on he Mo he ’s Day in 1969 he Associa ion 9 demanded es uc u ing o he oles o he pa en s (S a emen s, A chi e o he Associa ion 9, 1D, Dc, PA). The wo king g oups published epo s based on ecen esea ch on hei a ea, and he Associa ion 9 published he pamphle Ha m ul Laws o Men’s Wo ld in 1968. 24. The in e es in he sex ole deba e a ied be ween u ban and u al a eas. Elina Haa io- Mannila, Suomalainen nainen ja mies: Asema ja muu u a ooli (Helsinki: WSOY, 1968). WOMEN’SHISTORYREVIEW 15 25. Nais en asemaa u ki an komi ean mie in ö: A 8 (Helsinki: Val ion paina uskeskus, 1970), 3–4; Mickwi z, ‘Yhdis ys 9 ja sukupuoli oolikeskus elu’,44–5. 26. Associa ion 9 used a o mula ion in oduced by Swedish sociologis Ri a Liljes öm in he book Köns olle (see e.g. Mickwi z, ‘K inno ’). 27. In i a ion o cons i u i e mee ing (1966), A chi e o Associa ion 9, 1C, Ca, PA; Cons i u ion o Associa ion 9, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 1C, Ca, PA; Tu unen, ‘Nainen ja hänen oolinsa II’, 21; B i a Pol ila, ‘Roolideba is a’,Tilanne, no. 2 (1966): 116–7; Ma ina Sunds öm, ‘Va ö de in e ä b a som de ä ’,FBT, no. 3 (1966): 4–5; Ri a Tu unen, ‘Rooleis a’,in Vas alause 66, ed. Sauli Salmi (Helsinki: Ki jamaailma, 1966), 89. 28. Acco ding o Ma ga e a Jolly, Rowbo ham elabo a ed his ision in he ex ‘Women’s Lib- e a ion and he New Poli ics’, published in The Black Dwa in 1969. Ma ga e a Jolly, Sis- e hood and A e : An O al His o y o he UK Women’s Libe a ion Mo emen , 1968 –P esen (Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2019), 13–14. 29. Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi. 30. Es ablished in 1944, he SKDL had s ong ies wi h he Finnish Communis Pa y. Howe e , no all i s membe s we e communis s, and he pa y p og amme became ied o socialism only in 1967. The SKDL was eplaced by he Le Alliance in 1990. Si pa Puhakka, Vasem- mis olii on syn y (Helsinki: In o, 2015). 31. E.g. epo s o ac i i ies in 1965–68 and 1968–71 published in Pippu i in 1968 (no. 3) and 1971 (no. 2). See also Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi, 115–20. 32. Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi,59–70, 85–9, 130–1; Melanie Ilic, ‘So ie Women, Cul u al Exchange and he Women’s In e na ional Democ a ic Fede a ion’,i n Reassessing Cold Wa Eu ope, ed. Sa i Au io-Sa asmo and Ka alin Miklóssy (London: Rou- ledge, 2010), 157–74; Pi kko Ko ila, ‘He a Kuusinen: The “Red Lady o Finland”’,Science & Socie y 70, no. 1 (2006): 70. 33. Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi, 91, 148–9, 201, 352–4. 34. Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi, 173–315. 35. Speech by I ma To i o eigh h gene al assembly, Woman, Man, Democ acy semina , 1968, 1D Ca16, SNDLA, PA. On gende in he Finnish adical le , see Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi, 330–1, 355. 36. Simila ly, o he women’s o ganisa ions in Finland adop ed he sex ole e minology a ound he same ime: Ma ga e ha Mickwi z, ‘Tasa-a o ilanne 1960-lu ulla’, in Mickwi z, on Essen, and No dg en, Roolien mu aja , 19. See also ‘Sinikka Luja: Yh eiskunnallisessa uudis us yössä on naisilla ä keä osuus’,Suomen Sosialidemok aa i, 4 May 1966, 7. 37. Le e by Hellä Mel i o membe s o SNDL commission, 27 No embe 1965, 1D Cc4, SNDLA, PA; minu es o mee ing o SNDL commission, 12 Decembe 1965, 1D Cc4, SNDLA, PA; minu es o mee ing o SNDL commission, 9 Janua y 1966, 1D Cc4, SNDLA, PA. On he new- ound in e es in gende ole discussions, see e.g. ‘Naislii on eh ä äken ää a ioi iin uudella a alla: Esi ys uudes a kokonaisohjelmas a’,Kansan Uu ise , 23 May 1966, 3. See also Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi, 344–8. 38. E.g. an ad e isemen o he e en ‘Mikä on naisen ooli’,Kansan Uu ise , 8 Ma ch 1966, 2; ‘Muis io’,Kansan Uu ise , 26 Ap il 1966, 6. 39. ‘Naisen ooli kiinnos i lah elaisiakin’,Kansan Uu ise , 14 Ma ch 1966, 3. 40. E.g. Tyyne Tuominen, ‘Nainen –mies –demok a ia: Jäykis ynees ä oolijaos a asa-a oon’, Pippu i, no. 1 (1967): 3–4; ‘Nainen –mies –demok a ia: Ohjelman käy ös ä’,Pippu i, no. 2 (1967): 4; R.M., ‘Nainen –mies –demok a ia: Ohjelman käsi ely ja kuu’,Pippu i, no. 3 (1967): 5; ad e isemen o discussion e en o ganised by local SNDL chap e , E elä- Suomen Sanoma , 3 Ma ch 1967, 1. 41. Minu es o gene al assembly, 1968, 1D Ca15, SNDLA, PA; speech by I ma To i o Woman, Man, Democ acy semina , 1968, 1D Ca16, SNDLA, PA. 42. P ess elease, 28 Oc obe 1968, 1D J2, SNDLA, PA. 43. Fo ins ance, she was asked o w i e an a icle on home economics o Pippu i, which was published in 1966: Ka i Pel ola, ‘Nainen – alouskone’,Pippu i, no. 4 (1966): 8–9, 12, 14. The SNDL encou aged local chap e s o use his a icle as a basis o discussion e en s. As a 16 H. KURVINEN AND A. TURUNEN membe o Associa ion 9, she con ibu ed o he pamphle Mies en maailman nu ja lai by w i ing an a icle on women’s s a us in wo king li e: Ka i Pel ola, ‘Naise yössä’,inMies en mailman nu ja lai , ed. Ka a ina Eskola (Helsinki: Tammi 1968), 129–38. 44. The in i a ion is p ese ed in he SNDL a chi e. In i a ion o cons i u i e mee ing o Associa ion 9, H102, SNDLA, PA. 45. ‘Sukupuol en älises ä oolijaos a pääs ä ä: “Yhdis ys 9”esi eli päämää iään’,Kansan Uu ise , 15 Feb ua y 1966, 5. 46. Minu es o mee ing o SNDL commission, 14 Oc obe , H102, SNDLA, PA. The yea is no gi en in he minu es, bu based on he imeline, he mee ing ook place in Oc obe 1966. 47. Mickwi z, ‘Yhdis ys 9 ja sukupuoli oolikeskus elu’,44–5. 48. Ul ika Thomsson, ‘Rä en ill å a k oppa : K inno ö elsen och åld äk sdeba en’,Tidsk i ö Genus o skning 21, no. 4 (2000): 58–9. See also Be gman, Poli ics o Feminism, 165. 49. Repo on ac i i ies in 1965–1968, published in Pippu i, no. 3 (1968). 50. Lis o o ganisa ions ha had ecei ed a copy o he fi s d a o he Woman, Man, Democ- acy p og amme, 1 Ap il 1967, H102, SNDLA, PA; lis o indi iduals in i ed o pa icipa e in gene al assembly, Woman, Man, Democ acy semina , 1968, 1D Ca16, SNDLA, PA. 51. Annual epo o Associa ion 9, 1969, 5, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 1D, Db, PA. 52. See ‘Naisen asema ma e ialis isen his o iakäsi yksen mukaan’, 1969, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 4H, Hb, PA; ‘Tasa-a oa o eu a a alousjä jes elmä’, 1969, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 1D, Dd, PA. See also Anne Ma ia Holli, ‘Why he S a e: Reflec ions on he Poli ics o he Finnish Equali y Mo emen Associa ion 9’, in Ke änen, Finnish “Undemoc acy”, 77, 84. 53. On he ac i ism o G upp 222, see Flo in and Nilsson, ‘Någo som likna ’,50–6. 54. Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi, 338. On he discussion o he mo he ’s wage, see also An e o Pe äläinen and Ja l Lindg en, ‘Äidinpalkka’,Finnish Yea book o Popula ion Resea ch 10, no. 1 (1968): 165. 55. Ma ga e ha Mickwi z, ‘Slu eplik i deba en om köns olle ’,Nya P essen, 13 Sep embe 1965, 6; Tu unen, ‘Nainen ja hänen oolinsa I’, 18; Ri a Maju i, ‘Las en päi ähoi o on unohde u ongelma’,FBT, no. 3 (1966): 10; Tu unen, ‘Rooleis a’, 90. 56. Tu unen, ‘Rooleis a’, 89. 57. E.g. Shi a Ta an , ‘When Sex Became Gende : Mi a Koma o sky’s Feminism o he 1950s’, Women’s S udies Qua e ly 33, nos 3–4 (2005): 338, 343; Michael A. Messne , ‘The Limi s o “ he Male Sex Role”: An Analysis o he Men’s Libe a ion and Men’s Righ s Mo emen s’ Discou se’,Gende & Socie y 12, no. 3 (1998): 257–8. 58. Rii a Jallinoja, Suomalaisen naisasialiikkeen ais elukaude : Naisasialiike nais en elämän i- lan een muu oksen ja yh eiskunnallis-aa eellisen mu oksen heijas ajana (Helsinki: WSOY, 1983), 163. 59. Ris o Jaakkola, ‘Mies en aih oeh o’,inMies en maailman nu ja lai , ed. Ka a ina Eskola (Helsinki: Tammi, 1968), 183. See also Mickwi z, ‘Köns olle na’, 6; Tu unen, ‘Nainen ja hänen oolinsa I’, 18. 60. Ro ki ch, ‘Yhdis ys 9 uudis us en joudu ajana’, 66; see also Sunds öm, ‘Va ö de in e ä b a’,4. 61. E.g. speech by Tyyne Tuominen o commission, 21 May 1966, 1D Cc4, SNDLA, PA; minu es o mee ing o commission, 21 and 22 May 1966, 1D Cc4, SNDLA, PA; commen s by Maija Sa u ie, Aili Backlund, and Liisa Au a o commission, 22 May 1966, annexes 30, 31 and 34, 1D Cc4, SNDLA, PA. 62. Tyyne Tuominen, ‘Naisen ooli ja SNDLn eh ä ä ’,Kansan Uu ise , 10 June 1966, 4. 63. Commen s by Liisa Au a on sex ole discussion, 8 June 1966, H102, SNDLA, PA; unda ed speech by I ma To i, H102, SNDLA, PA. 64. Ellen C. DuBois, ‘Eleano Flexne and he His o y o Ame ican Feminism’,Gende & His o y 3, no. 1 (1991): 81–90; see also de Haan, ‘Con inuing Cold Wa Pa adigms’, 557. 65. Thomsson, ‘Rä en ill å a k oppa ’, 58. See also Maud Edua ds, ‘Agains he Rules o he Game: On he Impo ance o Women’s Collec i e Ac ions’,inRe hinking Change: Cu en Swedish Feminis Resea ch, ed. Maud L. Edua ds e al. (S ockholm: HSFR, 1992), 83–104. 66. Speech by I ma To i o Woman, Man, Democ acy semina , 1968, 1D Ca16, SNDLA, PA. WOMEN’SHISTORYREVIEW 17 67. Aili Backlund, ‘Naisella ulee olla oikeus kas aa ja kehi yä myös kansalaisena ja yön eki- jänä’,Kansan Uu ise , 6 No embe 1965, 14; Ch is ina No dg en, ‘Naisen oolis a 1: Suku- puoli oolis a’,Kansan Uu ise , 22 June 1966, 7; K is iina No dg en, ‘Naisen oolis a 2: Kas a us sukupuoli ooliin’,Kansan Uu ise , 3 July 1966, 10–11; K is iina No dg en, ‘Naisen oolis a 4: Kaksois oolin hai a ’,Kansan Uu ise , 25 July 1966, 7; minu es o mee ing o SNDL commi ee o women’s libe a ion, 19 Sep embe 1966, H102, SNDLA, PA; minu es o mee ing o SNDL commission, 23 Sep embe 1966, H102, SNDLA, PA; speech by K is iina No dg en o SNDL s udy day o commission and dis ic sec e a ies, 20 May 1966, 1D HS297; gende ole discussion, SNDLA, PA. 68. Minu es o mee ing o SNDL commi ee o women’s libe a ion, 5 Ap il 1966, 1D J2; minu es o mee ings o local chap e s, Finnish-Swedish chap e , SNDLA, PA. 69. Minu es o mee ing o SNDL commi ee o women’s libe a ion, 23 Sep embe 1966, H102, SNDLA, PA. 70. E.g. Weigand, Red Feminism; Sangs e , ‘Radical Rup u es’. 71. E.g. commen s by Maija Sa u ie and Liisa Au a o commission, 22 May 1966, annexes 30 and 34, 1D Cc4, SNDLA, PA; commen s by Raili Ruusala on d a o Woman, Man, Democ- acy p og amme, 7 Feb ua y 1967, H102, SNDLA, PA. See also Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi, 344. 72. E.g. Nilsson and Flo in, ‘Någo som likna ’,44–50; Weigand, Red Feminism; Sangs e , ‘Radical Rup u es’. 73. Speech by K is iina No dg en, 20 May 1966, 1D HS297, SNDLA, PA. 74. E.g. commen s by Liisa Au a on sex ole discussion, 8 June 1966, H102, SNDLA, PA; minu es o mee ing o commi ee o women’s libe a ion, 19 Sep embe 1966, H102, SNDLA, PA. 75. R.M., ‘Nainen –mies –demok a ia’. 76. E.g. minu es o mee ing o commi ee o women’s libe a ion, 19 Sep embe 1966, H102, SNDLA, PA. 77. Nais en asemaa u ki an komi ean mie in ö,7–8. 78. Heidi Ku inen and A ja Tu unen, ‘Toinen aal o uudelleen a kas el una: Yhdis ys 9:n ooli suomalaisen eminismin his o iassa’,Sukupuolen u kimus 31, no. 3 (2018): 21–34; Saa en- maa, In iimin ääne ,277. 79. Mickwi z, ‘Yhdis ys 9 ja sukupuoli oolikeskus elu’, 51; Ma ga e ha Mickwi z, ‘Tu kija ja Yhdis ys 9’, in Mickwi z, on Essen, and No dg en, Roolien mu aja , 212. 80. Saksholm, Re o m, Re olu ion, Rio ?,19–20. 81. Pauli Ke unen, ‘The No dic Wel a e S a e in Finland’,Scandina ian Jou nal o His o y 26, no.3 (2001): 225–47. 82. Holli, ‘Yhdis ys 9:n poli iikan’, 327–28; Holli, ‘Why he S a e?’,80–3. 83. Heidi Ku inen, ‘Äi ienpäi än mielenosoi us uoden 1968 uu is i assa’,inToi on ja ai on uosi 1968, ed. Maa i Leskelä-Kä ki, Ma ika Ahonen, and Niko Heikkilä (Helsinki: Työ äen ja pe in een u kimuksen seu a, 2019), 67–86; Mickwi z, ‘Yhdis ys 9 ja sukupuoli - oolikeskus elu’, 41. 84. Repo s and sugges ions by educa ion g oups, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA; annual epo s, 1966–70, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 1D, Db, PA. 85. ‘Woman, Man, Democ acy’(leafle ), Bi gi a Bouch A chi e, A chi e o he Finnish- Swedish Li e a u e Socie y. See also sho un i led news i em, E elä-Suomen Sanoma ,23 Decembe 1966, 2; commen s by Liisa Au a on sex ole discussion, 8 June 1966, H102, SNDLA, PA. See also Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi, 312–5. 86. Reijo Vi anen, ‘Suosiiko koululai oksen o ganisaa ion sukupuoli oolien e iy ymis ä’, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA. 87. ‘Woman, Man, Democ acy’(leafle ), Bi gi a Bouch A chi e, A chi e o he Finnish- Swedish Li e a u e Socie y; Leila Méla , ‘Yhdis ys 9:n ais elu las en päi ähoidon puoles a’, in Mickwi z, on Essen, and No dg en, Roolien mu aja ,99–109; Las en päi ähoidon apo i,2, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA. 88. Be gman, Poli ics o Feminism, 177–8; Mickwi z, ‘Tasa-a o ilanne 1960-lu ulla’, 14. 18 H. KURVINEN AND A. TURUNEN 89. ‘Mieskin on ihminen’, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 1D, Dc, PA; Las en päi ähoidon apo i,9, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA. 90. ‘Woman, Man, Democ acy’(leafle ), Bi gi a Bouch A chi e, A chi e o he Finnish- Swedish Li e a u e Socie y. 91. Associa ion 9 and Sexpo, Seksuaali apo i, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA; ‘Woman, Man, Democ acy’(leafle ), Bi gi a Bouch A chi e, A chi e o he Finnish-Swedish Li e a- u e Socie y. 92. ‘Woman, Man, Democ acy’(leafle ), Bi gi a Bouch A chi e, A chi e o he Finnish- Swedish Li e a u e Socie y; ‘Nais en yö ömyyslähe ys ö Paasion luona’,Länsi-Sa o,23 Feb ua y 1968, 5. 93. Repo o ju idical g oup, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA; Amma illisille keskusjä jes- öille, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA; Pel ola, ‘Naise yössä’, 137–8; Gunnel W ede, Nais en koulu us, yön mo i oin i ja yöehdo (1969), A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA. 94. See e.g. Dick U ban Ves b o, ‘Kollek i hus ö k inno igö else’,K inno e enskaplig idsk i 3, no. 1 (1982): 23–5. 95. ‘Woman, Man, Democ acy’(leafle ), Bi gi a Bouch A chi e, A chi e o he Finnish- Swedish Li e a u e Socie y. See also commen s by Liisa Au a on sex ole discussion, 8 June 1966, H102, SNDLA, PA. 96. Repo s o housing g oup, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA. 97. Repo o ju idical g oup, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA; K is ina He zbe g, Pe he- e o uksen uudis aminen, A chi e o Associa ion 9, 3H, Hd, PA; ‘Woman, Man, Democ acy’ (leafle ), Bi gi a Bouch A chi e, A chi e o he Finnish-Swedish Li e a u e Socie y. 98. Speech by I ma To i, Woman, Man, Democ acy semina , 1968, 1D Ca16, SNDLA, PA. 99. Nais en asemaa u ki an komi ean mie in ö, 88, 126. 100. E.g. Be gman, Poli ics o Feminism, 143–91; Hannah Yoken, ‘No dic T ansna ional Feminis Ac i ism: The New Women’s Mo emen s in Finland, Sweden and Denma k, 1960s–1990s’ (PhD hesis, Uni e si y o Glasgow, 2020). 101. Lynn Ab ams, ‘Talking abou Feelings: Women, Men al Heal h and Sel Ca e in Pos wa B i ain’(p esen a ion, Mode n Cul u al His o y semina , Camb idge Uni e si y, 21 Oc obe 2020). 102. E.g. Holli, ‘Why he S a e?’; Ka ainen, Akkain ahe us a aa een hy äksi, 329–31. 103. E.g. Lau a Kolbe, ‘F om Memo y o His o y: Yea 1968 in Finland’,Scandina ian Jou nal o His o y 33, no. 4 (2008): 366–8; Jukka Relande , ‘F om Flowe s o S eel’,Scandina ian Jou nal o His o y 33, no. 4 (2008): 464–7. 104. Sangs e , ‘Radical Rup u es’, 11. 105. Flo in and Nilsson, ‘Någo som likna ’,50–6. 106. Leila Räsänen, ‘Ka saus asa-a olainsäädännön kehi ykseen uosina 1970–1982’,inMies- nainen-ihminen: Tie een näkemyksiä sukupuol en e ois a ja asa-a os a, ed. Ma i a Sa ola e al. (Helsinki: Ope usminis e iö, 1984), 147–68; Be gman, Poli ics o Feminism, 139; Julk- unen, ‘Suomalainen sukupuolimalli’, 194. Acknowledgemen s The au ho s offe wa m hanks o he pee e iewe s and he Women’s His o y Re iew’s edi o o hei insigh ul commen s. Addi ionally, hey hank he Academy o Finland and he Kone Foun- da ion o financing he esea ch p ojec s, ‘The T a elling Image o B a Bu ne s: Nego ia ing Mean- ings o Feminism inFinnish Mains eam Media om he 1960s o 2007’(Ku inen, decision numbe 316287) and ‘Fo Women, Men, and Child en! Associa ion 9 and he S uggle o Gende Equali y in he 1960s’(Tu unen, g an numbe 201805372). This a icle was w i en as pa o bo h p ojec s. Disclosu e s a emen No po en ial conflic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s). WOMEN’SHISTORYREVIEW 19 Funding This wo k was suppo ed by he Academy o Finland (Ku inen) and he Kone Founda ion (Tu unen). No es on con ibu o s Heidi Ku inen, PhD, is a Collegium Resea che a he Tu ku Ins i u e o Ad anced S udies a he Uni e si y o Tu ku, Finland. She has published se e al a icles on he gende ed his o y o p o- essional jou nalism and he his o y o eminism in Finland. Co espondence o: D Heidi Ku i- nen, A canum, School o His o y, Cul u e, and A s S udies, FIN-20014 Uni e si y o Tu ku, Finland. Email: heidi.ku inen@u u.fi A ja Tu unen, PhD, is a Senio Resea ch Fellow in e hnology and an h opology a he Depa men o His o y and E hnology, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland. She has published se e al a icles on he his o y o women’s d ess and second-wa e eminis ac i ism in Finland. Co espondence o: D A ja Tu unen, Depa men o His o y and E hnology, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland. Email: a ja.h. u unen@jyu.fi ORCID Heidi Ku inen h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1056-0701 A ja Tu unen h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-3589-5380 20 H. KURVINEN AND A. TURUNEN