The composition of data economy : a bibliometric approach and TCCM framework of conceptual, intellectual and social structure

This is a sel -a chi ed e sion o an o iginal a icle. This e sion may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ails. Au ho (s): Ti le: Yea : Ve sion: Copy igh : Righ s: Righ s u l: Please ci e he o iginal e sion: CC BY 4.0 h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ The composi ion o da a economy : a bibliome ic app oach and TCCM amewo k o concep ual, in ellec ual and social s uc u e © Sunday Adewale Olaleye, Emmanuel Mogaji, F iday Joseph Agbo, Dandison Ukpabi and Akwasi Gyame ah. Published by Eme ald Publishing Limi ed. Published e sion Olaleye, Sunday Adewale; Mogaji, Emmanuel; Agbo, F iday Joseph; Ukpabi, Dandison; Gyame ah, Akwasi Olaleye, S. A., Mogaji, E., Agbo, F. J., Ukpabi, D., & Gyame ah, A. (2023). The composi ion o da a economy : a bibliome ic app oach and TCCM amewo k o concep ual, in ellec ual and social s uc u e. In o ma ion Disco e y and Deli e y, 51(2), 223-240. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/idd-02- 2022-0014 2023 The composi ion o da a economy: a bibliome ic app oach and TCCM amewo k o concep ual, in ellec ual and social s uc u e Sunday Adewale Olaleye School o Business, JAMK Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Jy askyla, Finland Emmanuel Mogaji Depa men o Ma ke ing, E en s and Tou ism, Uni e si y o G eenwich, G eenwich, UK F iday Joseph Agbo School o Compu ing and Da a Science, Willame e Uni e si y, Salem, O egon, USA Dandison Ukpabi Jy äskylä School o Business and Economics, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Jy askyla, Finland, and Akwasi Gyame ah Depa men o Indus ial Enginee ing and Managemen , Oulun Yliopis o, Oulu, Finland Abs ac Pu pose –The da a economy mainly elies on he su eillance capi alism business model, enabling companies o mone ize hei da a. The su eillance allows o ans o ming p i a e human expe iences in o beha io al da a ha can be ha nessed in he ma ke ing sphe e. This s udy aims o ocus on in es iga ing he domain o da a economy wi h he me hodological lens o quan i a i e bibliome ic analysis o published li e a u e. Design/me hodology/app oach –The bibliome ic analysis seeks o un a el ends and imelines o he eme gence o he da a economy, i s concep ualiza ion, scien ific p og ession and hema ic syne gy ha could p edic he u u e o he field. A o al o 591 da a be ween 2008 and June 2021 we e used in he analysis wi h he Biblioshiny app on he web in e aced and VOS iewe e sion 1.6.16 o analyze da a om Web o Science and Scopus. Findings –This s udy combined findable, accessible, in e ope able and eusable (FAIR) da a and da a economy and con ibu ed o he li e a u e on big da a, in o ma ion disco e y and deli e y by shedding ligh on he concep ual, in ellec ual and social s uc u e o da a economy and demons a ing da a ele ance as a key s a egic asse o companies and academia now and in he u u e. Resea ch limi a ions/implica ions –Findings om his s udy p o ide a s eppings one o esea che s who may engage in u he empi ical and longi udinal s udies by employing, o example, a quan i a i e and sys ema ic e iew app oach. In addi ion, u u e esea ch could expand he scope o his s udy beyond FAIR da a and da a economy o examine aspec s such as heo ies and show a plausible explana ion o se e al phenomena in he eme ging field. P ac ical implica ions –The esea che s can use he esul s o his s udy as a s eppings one o u he empi ical and longi udinal s udies. O iginali y/ alue –This s udy confi med he ele ance o da a o socie y and e ealed some gaps o be unde aken o he u u e. Keywo ds Big da a, Open da a, Da a p i acy, Da afica ion, Da a economy, FAIR da a Pape ype Li e a u e e iew 1. In oduc ion Da a e e s o ei he ex ual o nume ic uni s o in o ma ion p esen ed using specific machine language sys ems ha enable in e p e a ion by sui able echnologies (Monino, 2016). The olume o da a is con inuously inc easing ollowing he p oli e a ion o digi al echnologies, including sma phones, The cu en issue and ull ex a chi e o his jou nal is a ailable on Eme ald Insigh a : h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /2398-6247.h m In o ma ion Disco e y and Deli e y Eme ald Publishing Limi ed [ISSN 2398-6247] [DOI 10.1108/IDD-02-2022-0014] © Sunday Adewale Olaleye, Emmanuel Mogaji, F iday Joseph Agbo, Dandison Ukpabi and Akwasi Gyame ah. Published by Eme ald Publishing Limi ed. This a icle is published unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may ep oduce, dis ibu e, ansla e and c ea e de i a i e wo ks o his a icle ( o bo h comme cial & non-comme cial pu poses), subjec o ull a ibu ion o he o iginal publica ion and au ho s. The ull e ms o his licence may be seen a h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licences/by/4.0/legalcode This wo k was suppo ed by he Founda ion o Economic Educa ion (Liikesi is ys ahas o) [g an numbe s: 16–9388, 18–10407]. Recei ed 14 Feb ua y 2022 Re ised 24 May 2022 10 July 2022 19 Augus 2022 16 Sep embe 2022 Accep ed 1 Oc obe 2022 web se ices and social ne wo ks. The ad ancemen o di e ’s echnologies and di usion o inno a ion has inc eased da a gene a ion o big da a in academia, indus y and socie y. Da a economy as an o shoo o big da a has c ea ed oppo uni ies o da a pa ne ship and be e en i onmen , cos and use - iendly se ices. This de elopmen is clea isibili y o hidden inno a ion, as sugges ed by Edwa ds-Schach e and Wallace (2017). The da a economy is a he epicen e o socie y, om da a gene a ion, da a cleaning and da a enginee ing o inno a i e p oduc s and se ices. Th ough he da a economy, ecosys ems o he da a-d i en small, medium and la ge companies s and o allay consume s’ ea o legal, p i acy and secu i y issues. Small, medium and la ge companies can also c ea e a sus ainable da a moa o compe i i e ad an age and o cen alize hei da a asse s wi h he in e en ion o a ificial in elligence and o he eme ging echnology. One o he ea lie s udies sugges ed p io i izing da a p oduc o se ice; i is essen ial o iden i y he a ailable oppo uni y, build he p oduc o design he se ice, e alua e he fi s wo s ages and i e a e based on da a and he use eedback (Glassbe g, 2018). To maximize he da a economy, he imely in e en ion o go e nmen s and socie ies on he poli ical, economic and social impac s o da a-d i en a ificial in elligence is c ucial. This bibliome ic s udy p obed in o da a economy, alue and gaps o academia and he p ac icing manage s in a changing landscape o big da a oppo uni y. The e o e, he ollowing esea ch ques ions guide his s udy: RQ1. How has da a economy been concep ualized and p esen ed by schola s? RQ2. Wha a e he in ellec ual ou pu s and con ibu ions o schola s in da a economy? RQ3. Wha social syne gy and collabo a ions exis in he domain o he da a economy? This s udy con ibu es o he li e a u e on da a economy in mul iple ways and p esen s implica ions o educa o s, academic esea che s, manage s and policymake s. Fo educa o s, ou analysis p o ides cu en eaching ma e ials on essen ial a eas o da a economy, p o iding pedagogical insigh ele an o enhancing s uden s’ eaching and lea ning expe iences. Ou s udy p o ides a comp ehensi e o e iew o he cu en s a e o esea ch on he da a economy o academic esea che s. We e iewed 591 a icles explo ing how da a economy has been concep ualized and p esen ed by schola s. Ou analysis sugges ed ha scien ific ou pu abou da a economy has emained on he ising cu e, sugges ing ha he eme ging field has he po en ial o g ow significan ly on an annual basis. Based on he heo ies, con ex s, cha ac e is ics and me hodology (TCCM) amewo k, ou e iew finds ha dynamic capabili y heo y has been a dominan heo e ical unde pinning in he da a economy esea ch s eam. Da a manage s gain insigh s om ou comp ehensi e business model ha ha monizes he e hical, legal, echnology and socie al issues. This p oposed business model will p o e solu ions o he exis ing ee hing p oblems o he da a economy. Fo policymake s, we posi ed ha he imely in e en ion o go e nmen s and socie ies on he poli ical, economic and social impac s o da a-d i en a ificial in elligence is c ucial; we, he e o e, p o ided insigh in o de eloping da a-d i en s a egies ha make he s akeholde s p oac i e. Based on he insigh s gained om ou li e a u e e iew, we de elop an agenda o u u e esea ch, ou lining opics and po en ial esea ch ques ions based on he TCCM amewo k. We sugges u u e esea ch o expand on he in e sec ion o sha ing, pla o m and da a economy. In addi ion, esea che s can es exis ing heo ies and show a plausible explana ion o hei in es iga ion o he da a economy. 2. Re iew o he li e a u e The e a e nume ous sou ces o da a, and companies, financial ins i u ions and heal h se ice p o ide s gene a e la ge amoun s o da a h ough hei in e ac ions wi h supplie s, cus ome s and employees. Da a is a c ucial ac o in p oduc ion ha complemen s physical capi al and labo (Ophe e al., 2016). I is nondeple able, and i s inc eased use inc eases i s alue. As an asse , i s alue can deple e o e ime, as he da a becomes less ele an , and i s alue depends on i s unique cha ac e is ics. Da a is also ega ded as a non i al asse , as mul iple use s can use i simul aneously (Aga a, 2020). Howe e , i is no au oma ically labeled as a public good because he da a owne s ese e he igh o exclude indi iduals om using i , u he inc easing i s alue. Acco ding o Nob e and Ta a es (2017), da a can be p oduced and s o ed a low cos s and households, businesses and indi iduals cons i u e he majo p oduce s and consume s o da a. 2.1 FAIR da a FAIR da a e e s o findable, accessible, in e ope able and eusable da a (Dunning e al., 2017). The cha ac e is ics o findable, accessible, in e ope able and eusable da a (FAIR) da a mus adhe e o he FAIR p inciples, which a e used o de e mine he le els o compliance. This da a is assigned a globally unique and pe sis en iden ifie and is simple o execu e. Sui able examples o he pe sis en iden ifie include he digi al objec iden ifie , HANDLE (a unique and pe sis en iden ifie o In e ne esou ces) and uni o m esou ce name sys ems (Dunning e al.,2017). FAIR da a is also cha ac e ized by se e al o he ace s, including being indexed o egis e ed in a sea chable esou ce, and i mus be accompanied by a desc ip ion comp ising di e en a ibu es. Acco ding o Tanhua e al. (2019), FAIR da a enables e ec i e da a managemen h ough he collabo a ion o a ious ac i i ies, including quali y assu ance and con ol, obse a ions, me ada a and da a assembly and da a publica ion. E ec i e da a managemen aims o enhance local and in e ope able da a disco e y access and secu es a chi ing, esul ing in long- e m p ese a ion. FAIR da a is becoming a c ucial ool o enabling digi al ans o ma ion by suppo ing esea ch and de elopmen (Wise e al.,2019). I capi alizes on analy ics ools such as machine lea ning and a ificial in elligence o enable au oma ic and scalable access o da a and suppo con inuous lea ning. Wise e al. (2019) es ablished ha he success ul implemen a ion o FAIR da a p inciples would ampli y he alue o da a se s wi hin he companies and ex e nal public da a TCCM amewo k Sunday Adewale Olaleye e al. In o ma ion Disco e y and Deli e y by enhancing i s disco e y and accessibili y o humans and machines. This ad an age capi alizes on he anking and a ing capabili ies o machine lea ning h ough algo i hmic decision- making. Acco ding o Laho i e al. (2019), algo i hmic decision-making is con inuously becoming pe asi e in all aspec s o li e. Implemen ing FAIR da a p inciples will help add ess i s socie al and e hical conce ns. 2.2 Open da a Open Da a (OD) is scien ific da a ha can be published and eused wi hou any pe mission o p ice ba ie s (Mu ay-Rus , 2008). I in ol es publishing da a in eusable o ma s and enhances engagemen and inno a i eness. Ad ocacy o OD mainly ocuses on he need o inc ease cybe schola ship. Molloy (2011) suppo s his asse ion by obse ing ha OD enhances science, inc easing anspa ency and socie al benefi s. OD can be p ocessed and analyzed using da a mining ools and au oma ed ex analysis o de i e aluable findings on business inno a ion d i e s (Molloy, 2011). Acco ding o Huijboom and Van den B oek (2011),OD s a egies inc ease anspa ency and e ficiency in da a managemen . I also os e s se ices and p oduc s inno a ion. Companies can use a ailable public da a o c ea e new businesses, especially digi al se ices, by con e ing hei c ea i i y and ideas in o p ac ical solu ions o daily challenges (Huijboom and Van den B oek, 2011). Reichman e al. (2011) indica e ha OD is ad an ageous because i s deploymen is bound o enhance and accele a e scien ific ad ancemen s. Linked da a me hods a ail sui able ways o connec da a om dis ibu ed si es ia s anda d Web echnologies (Reichman e al., 2011). I scales abo e human limi a ions by enabling new and imp o ed ypes o syn he ic da a s udies conduc ed on la ge scales. Implemen ing OD policies is mean o s imula e and con ol da a publica ion o enhance ad an ageous use. They a e mainly implemen ed wi hin he go e nmen sys ems o inc ease pa icipa ion, sel -empowe men , social inclusion and in e ac ion (Zuide wijk and Janssen, 2014). These posi i e a ibu es will s imula e economic g ow h in he coun ies by suppo ing business inno a ion. The a ailabili y o OD has been con inuously inc easing because o he inc eased p essu e on public o ganiza ions o publish hei da a (Janssen e al., 2012). The majo mo i a ion o his inc ease is ha inc easing access o publicly unded da a will inc ease e u ns on public in es men s and enhance weal h gene a ion by using his da a o add ess complex p oblems. Kassen (2013) also indica es ha OD p o ides a help ul pla o m o p omo ing ci ic engagemen and enhancing esea ch and hypo hesis es ing. 2.3 Da a ecosys ems Da a ecosys ems en ail he socio echnical complex ne wo ks ha allow ac o s o in e ac and collabo a e o disco e , publish, a chi e, consume o euse da a (Oli ei a e al.,2019). These ne wo ks also enable hem o c ea e alue, os e inno a ion and suppo new businesses. Oli ei a e al. (2019) u he es ablished ha he eme gence o da a ecosys ems had been influenced by digi al echnologies ha enhance OD p oduc ion and consump ion. The digi al echnologies suppo ing da a sys ems include he In e ne o Things (IoT), Web echnologies and da a analy ics echnologies. Da a ecosys ems also add ess he need o a eedback loop be ween he da a p o ide s and da a use s. Acco ding o Ran anen e al. (2019), he significance o da a ecosys ems has been inc easing based on he capabili y o en ich, use and euse big da ase s by hi d pa ies. Va ious da a ecosys ems ha e been o med by g oups such as go e nmen s, indus ies and public–p i a e pa ne ships. Ran anen e al. (2019) u he es ablished ha he da a ecosys em has immense po en ial o p o ide sus ainabili y in business and enhance compe i i e ad an ages. Da a ecosys ems a e o med in di e en ways and con ibu e o c ea ing alue ha indi idual pa icipan s could no ealize (Ding e al., 2011). I s key benefi s e ol e a ound he sha ing o i al esou ces. These a ibu es c ea ed new business oppo uni ies and inc eased access o knowledge and da a. Va ious da a ecosys ems exis , including di ec ed da a ecosys ems, collabo a i e da a ecosys ems, acknowledged da a ecosys ems and i ual da a ecosys ems. Di ec ed da a ecosys ems a e cha ac e ized by cen alized con ol s uc u es and a e expec ed wi hin o ganiza ional se ings (Cu y and She h, 2018). Acknowledged da a ecosys ems comp ise dis ibu ed pa icipan s, while i ual da a ecosys ems ocus on pooling decen alized esou ces o mee specific goals. Acco ding o Zuide wijk and Janssen (2014), OD ecosys ems con ibu e o ealizing he benefi s o OD and alue c ea ion. They capi alize on he o iginal basis o an ecosys em ha enhances in e dependencies among pa ne s in exchange ne wo ks. 2.4 Da afica ion Da afica ion en ails quan i ying human li e h ough digi al da a o economic alue (Mejias and Could y, 2019). I is applicable wi hin he business and social sciences domains, whe eby he da a is pu in a quan ified o m o abula ion and analysis. Da afica ion ex ends beyond da a digi iza ion o make digi al da a indexable and easily sea chable. I enables la ge-scale p ocessing o a ious aspec s o human li e h ough specific o ms o au oma ic analysis (Ruckens ein and Schüll, 2017). Da afica ion concep was ini ially applied in business, and up o da e, he amoun o comme cial da a gene a ed exceeds ha ob ained h ough he da afica ion o social li e. C ucial a eas in he comme cial sec o , such as logis ics, ha e con inuously ad anced o become complex business p ac ices because o da afica ion. Acco ding o Mai (2016),da afica ion is ad an ageous because i allows o sophis ica ed da a analysis ac oss la ge da a se s. I s use is p edic ed o escala e because many digi al de ices a e inc easingly becoming connec ed o he in e ne (Mai, 2016). This ans o ma ion will allow o he digi iza ion o all ac i i ies and u he ex end he scope o da afica ion. I will esul in nume ous ad an ages o he business wo ld because he inc eased possibili ies o analysis enable businesses o c ea e new o ms o alue. Mai (2016) u he es ablished ha da afica ion and p edic i e analysis would also escala e because mo e o ganiza ions will app ecia e he po en ial o collec and compu e use -gene a ed in o ma ion. Da afica ion is widely deployed in social media ma ke ing, whe eby me ics om he indi iduals’use o social ne wo ks a e quan ified o de e mine ma ke ends (Dou ish and G omez C uz, 2018). This aspec ela es o ans o ming social ac ions in o online quan ified da a, which allows o p edic i e analysis and eal- ime TCCM amewo k Sunday Adewale Olaleye e al. In o ma ion Disco e y and Deli e y acking (Maye -Schoenbe ge and Cukie , 2013). Da afica ion has g adually ans o med in o a new pa adigm o comp ehending social beha io (Van Dijck, 2014). This aspec has quan ified a ious social da a such as in e es s, iendships, in o ma ion sea ches, emo ional sea ches and casual con e sa ions. 2.5 Da a economy The da a economy comp ises an ecosys em o o ganiza ions ha use da a as hei business’s main objec o sou ce (Ophe e al., 2016). I is cen e ed on he p oduc ion, consump ion and dis ibu ion o digi al da a. The da a economy h i es on he apid ad ancemen s in digi al echnologies, especially machine lea ning, au oma ion and a ificial in elligence (Ophe e al., 2016). The e a e no clea dis inc ions be ween he p oduce s and consume s in he da a economy because supply and demand do no au oma ically de e mine he p ice (Zech, 2016). Da a is ega ded as a aluable economic esou ce and playe s wi hin he da a economy can sha e nonpe sonal da a o boos economic g ow h and enhance inno a ion and in e ope abili y (Bon i e al., 2021). The da a economy enables playe s o de i e alue om da a by ans o ming i in o applica ions, insigh s and se ices. Bon i e al. (2021) u he indica e ha pa icipa ion in he da a economy also enables o ganiza ions o a ain he ull po en ial o hei da a. This po en ial mainly a ises om sha ing da a wi hin he in e company sys ems, de eloping new capabili ies and deploying eme ging echnologies. Consume s and companies cons i u e he leading playe s in he da a economy, as hey con ibu e o he alue chain associa ed wi h da a p oduc ion, collec ion and analysis (Allen, 2016). The da a economy mainly elies on he su eillance capi alism business model, enabling companies o mone ize hei da a. In his business model, commodi ies being sold cons i u e pe sonal da a, and his da a is collec ed and p oduced h ough massi e in e ne su eillance (Zubo , 2015). The su eillance allows o ans o ming p i a e human expe iences in o beha io al da a ha can be ha nessed in he ma ke ing sphe e. Mone iza ion o pe sonal da a has led o he eme gence o he pe sonal da a economy, allowing indi iduals o sha e hei da a wi h businesses (El y, 2017). Acco ding o Lammi Pan za (2019), he pe sonal da a economy is suppo ed by he apid inc ease in mobile and handheld de ices. The de ices collec pe sonal da a such as geog aphical in o ma ion, consume pu chase beha io s and o he online me ics (Lammi and Pan za , 2019). This pe sonal da a comp ising he consume ’s digi al acks and ac ions is a iable sou ce o economic alue c ea ion h ough he digi al economy. 3. Me hodology This s udy ocuses on in es iga ing he domain o da a economy wi h he me hodological lens o quan i a i e bibliome ic analysis o published li e a u e. The bibliome ic analysis seeks o un a el ends and imelines o he eme gence o he da a economy. I s concep ualiza ion, scien ific p og ession and hema ic syne gy could p edic he field’s u u e. A h ee-s ep app oach demons a ed in ecen s udies o conduc a bibliome ic analysis was ollowed by A ia and Cuccu ullo (2017) and Agbo e al. (2021a), which consis s o : 1 a icle selec ion and da a ga he ing p ocess; 2 da a ex ac ion, loading and con e sion p ocess; and 3 da a syn hesis p ocess. In his s udy, he h ee main so wa e used we e RS udio, Biblioshiny de eloped by A ia & Cuccu ullo and VOS iewe e sion 1.6.16 by Van Eck & Wal man. The RS udio so wa e is an open-sou ce solu ion o da a science analysis and can be downloaded ee om hei o ficial websi e. Biblioshiny is a Web ool ha can be launched om he RS udio o p o ide a Web in e ace o da a isualiza ion and VOS iewe is an open- sou ce so wa e downloadable and used on desk op compu e s. The impac o TCCM has been emphasize in e iew li e a u e (Paul e al., 2021). This s udy in eg a es TCCM in o a bibliome ic s udy o deepen he unde s anding o dominan heo ies, con ex s, cha ac e is ics and me hods employed in da a economy esea ch o e he pas decade (2008 –2021). The s udy d aws on ele ance o heo y in domain esea ch as demons a ed by Paul and Feliciano-Ces e o (2021) and Paul e al. (2021) ha posi s ha TCCM is e ficien o heme-based e iews and emphasizes he impac o TCCM and e iews ha de elop heo ies. Based on he ea lie p oposi ion on TCCM, his s udy used TCCM o iden i y he global used heo ies, con ex s, insigh ul a iables and me hods o s ike a balance in da a economy esea ch and o p opose a new di ec ion o u u e esea ch h ough gaps iden ified h ough TCCM. 3.1 Resea ch design Bibliome ic esea ch designs help asce ain he alignmen o he da a collec ed and he choice o he da a analysis echnique (Agbo e al., 2021c). The s udy s a s wi h a clea idea o esea ch ques ions ha equi e u he in es iga ion. The s udy chose desc ip i e and co ela ion as a subse o quan i a i e esea ch design. This design in ends o gi e a clea e pic u e o ends, cha ac e is ics and he ela ionship be ween au ho s, coau ho s, ins i u ions and s akeholde s o FAIR da a and da a economy h ough exis ing li e a u e. Fu he , he s udy defined he ocus o he s udy (FAIR da a and da a economy) and he li e a u e inclusion and exclusion. The s udy adop s seconda y da a o expand he scope o he exis ing li e a u e. In addi ion, he s udy used sea ch engines o wo ex ensi e da abases o collec consis en , accu a e and unbiased da a and ensu e ha he esul s o his s udy can be easily ep oduced (Lai e al., 2020), measu ed all he necessa y concep s and co ela e wi h di e en measu es o he same concep . The da a used is well o ganized and backed up in he cloud o easy da a analysis and o he esea che s’ alida ion and inpu s. Olaleye (2020) summa ized his p ocess as bibliome ic sys ema ic wo kflow and di ided he wo kflow in o six dis inc pa s: 1 esea ch design; 2 bibliome ic da a sou ce; 3 bibliome ic da a analysis; 4 da a isualisa ion; 5 esul and in e p e a ion; and 6 conclusion. Biblioshiny and VOS iewe we e used o he da a analysis (see de ails below). 3.1.1 A icle selec ion and da a ga he ing p ocess The da a used in his s udy we e e ie ed on June 12, 2021, om Else ie ’s Scopus and Cla i a e Analy ics Web o Science (WoS) da abases, espec i ely. Acco ding o Saq e al. (2021), he Scopus da abase wa ehouses con ains o e 70 million pee - e iewed a icles, whe eas, acco ding o he Cla i a e websi e, TCCM amewo k Sunday Adewale Olaleye e al. In o ma ion Disco e y and Deli e y as o June 2021, WoS con ains o e 81 million eco ds consis ing o published ma e ials om li e sciences, biomedical sciences, enginee ing, social sciences, a s and humani ies. Ra he han collec ing da a om a single da abase o conduc a quan i a i e bibliome ic analysis as showcased in Agbo e al., 2021b;A ia and Cuccu ullo, 2017). This cu en s udy unde ook a di e en app oach by collec ing da a om he wo ea lie men ioned da abases o con ain he mos ele an a icles (Agbo e al., 2021a), which can su ficien ly ep esen he scope o he field unde in es iga ion. The main a ionale behind using wo da abases o he da a sou ces was o minimize he endency o lea e ou ele an da a and conduc an in-dep h analysis. On he o he hand, he isk o collec ing duplica e da a in his kind o app oach is mi iga ed by he da a con e sion p ocesses, as shown in a subsequen sec ion. The sea ch e ms “ ai da a”OR “da a economy”we e used o sea ch he wo da abases. Mainly, he sea ch s ings we e applied o he i le, keywo ds and abs ac me ada a o he documen s. The s uc u e o he que y as used in he espec i e da abase sea ch engine is shown in Table 1. Fu he mo e, he sea ch was limi ed o only documen s classified as a icles and con e ence p oceedings in bo h da abases. The au ho s decided o limi he da a o a icles and con e ence p oceedings o allow o analysis ha could p o ide deepe scien ific insigh because documen s om hese da a poin s a e pee e iewed. Figu e 1 p esen s he p e e ed epo ing i ems o sys ema ic e iews and me a-analyses wo kflow o he da a collec ion and sc eening p ocess. 3.1.2 Da a ex ac ion, loading and con e sion p ocess The da a ex ac ion, loading and con e sion p ocess a e explained ollowing he s eps p o ided by Agbo e al. (2021a). The Bibliome ix R Lib a y (A ia and Cuccu ullo, 2017)wasused o combine he wo da a poin s. The sc ip o he con e sion and combina iono heda aisshownhe einlines1–10 in Table 2. Line 1 in Table 2 c ea es an ins ance o he di ec o y whe e he downloaded da a om he Scopus and WoS a e s o ed and he combined esul . Fo a de ailed explana ion o he sc ip s in each line, we e e eade s o his p e ious s udy by Agbo e al. (2021a). Table 1 Da a ga he ing p ocedu e demons a ing he sea ch s ings and ou pu om da abases Da abase Sea ch s ings Ou pu WoS (“ ai da a”OR “da a economy”OR “ ai da a”OR “da a economy”)Refined by: DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER) Timespan: All yea s. Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, ESCI. 393 Scopus (TITLE-ABS-KEY (“ ai da a”OR “da a economy”)OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (“ ai da a”OR “da a economy”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “a ”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “cp”)) 558 Figu e 1 PRISMA wo kflow showing he da a collec ion and sc eening o his s udy Table 2 Lines o ins uc ions o con e ing and combining wo da a sou ces using RS udio so wa e Command line Command Line 1: se wd(“C:/Use s/In el/Desk op/.../de2”) Line 2: ge wd() Line 3: Digi Scopus2 = con e 2d “scopus.bib”, dbsou ce=“scopus”, o ma =“bib ex”) Line 4: View(Digi Scopus2) Line 5: digi wos2 = con e 2d (“wos.bib”, dbsou ce = “isi”, o ma = “bib ex”) Line 6: View(digi wos2) Line 7: CombinedDa a = me geDbSou ces (Digi Scopus2, digi wos2, emo e.duplica ed = TRUE) Line 8: View (CombinedDa a) Line 9: dim(CombinedDa abase) Line 10: lib a y (openxlsx) Line 11: w i e.xlsx (CombinedDa a, file = “XlsCombinedDa a.xlsx”) TCCM amewo k Sunday Adewale Olaleye e al. In o ma ion Disco e y and Deli e y Line 7 is he command o combine hese da a and emo e any duplica es. A e execu ing his command in he case o his s udy, 324 duplica ed documen s we e emo ed, lea ing 627 da a used o he da a analysis. In o de wo ds, only 69 documen s we e dis inc ha a eindexedinScopusbu no inWoS.Thisdi e enceimplies ha when a bibliome ic analysis is conduc ed wi h a single da abase such as Scopus o WoS alone, ele an da a a e le ou , which may significan ly impac he esul o he s udy. The e o e, ou choice o using wo da abases acco ds wi h he p e ious s udy by Agbo e al. (2021a)jus ifies his finding. Mo eo e , a close e iew o he esul ing da a om ou con e sion and combina ion shows some i ele an documen s ha can be d opped. As shown in Table 3, he da a imespan is om 1970 o 2021. Because he da a economy, in ou opinion, is an eme ging domain in he 21s cen u y, i will make mo e sense o analyze somewha ecen da a. The e o e, we delimi ed he da a be ween 2008 and 2021 using he Biblioshiny fil e unc ion, and he esul s a e p esen ed in Table 4. 3.1.3 Da a syn hesis p ocess A o al o 591 da a be ween 2008 and 2021 we e used in he analysis, as shown in Table 4. These documen s eme ged om jou nals, books, con e ence p oceedings and book chap e s. In addi ion, he da a se consis s o 2,353 au ho s, among which 112 a e single au ho s. On he o he hand, 1,656 au ho s ha e dis inc keywo ds. 3.1.4 Da a analysis The s udy used he Biblioshiny app on he Web in e aced and VOS iewe e sion 1.6.16 o analyze Scopus and WoS da a. Fi s , he s udy checks o he desc ip i e alues o he li e a u e (de ails in Table 4). Second, he s udy ca ied ou analy ics and plo s based on h ee di e en me ics: sou ces, au ho s and documen s. Thi d, he s udy analyzed h ee knowledge s uc u es o concep s and in ellec ual and social ela ionships. Fou h, he s udy used VOS iewe o fil e he heo ies and me hodologies used in FAIR da a and da a economy li e a u e and la e used he alues o plo cha s in Mic oso Excel o cla i y. Fu he , he s udy used VOS iewe o coun y mapping. We no iced ha mapping coun ies using Biblioshiny could be p oblema ic whe e i is no easy o di e en ia e coun ies, o example, China om Taiwan, whe eas, in VOS iewe , hey a e ea ed sepa a ely. The da a analysis gene a es li e a u e mapping insigh s discussed la e in he s udy in sec ion ou . 4. Resul s and discussion In his sec ion, we p esen he esul s o his s udy and discuss hem based on he esea ch ques ions o aid he flow o in o ma ion and unde s anding. 4.1 Concep ual s uc u e o da a economy The concep ual s uc u e o a knowledge domain deals wi h he ep esen a ion o concep s o desc ibe specific classifica ion, in e ela ionships and e en axonomy ha can enhance in e p e a ion and unde s anding o he domain. Because da a economy is a as bu eme ging a ea o di e se in e es , as highligh ed in he backg ound sec ion, his sec ion ies o p esen i s eme gence om he concep ual poin o iew whe e he unde pinning heo ies and scien ific p oduc ion o a icles in he field a e analyzed. In addi ion, he hema ic clus e s and field e olu ion based on au ho s’keywo ds a e examined. RQ1. How has da a economy been concep ualized and p esen ed by schola s? This sec ion begins by examining how da a economy has been concep ualized om he pe spec i e o heo ies h ough he lens o TCCM amewo k. The TCCM has ecen ly gained momen um in sys ema ic e iews and bibliome ic analysis s udies (Sha ma e al., 2020;Olaleye e al.,2021). In his amewo k, schola s posi ha he popula i y o he TCCM is hinged on he ease wi h which knowledge gaps can be spo ed and a logical p ocess o ecommending u u e esea ch di ec ion (Singh e al., 2020). Thus, we ollowed he TCCM amewo k in his s udy, as de ailed in he subsequen sec ions. 4.1.1 Theo y de elopmen The s eam o heo e ical de elopmen s in da a economy esea ch emb aces heo ies om di e en disciplines (Table 5). The in eg a ed heo ies a e us , secu i y, p i acy (Meije e al., 2014; Kobayashi e al., 2018) and dynamic capabili y heo y (Lee and Yoo, 2019;Shan e al., 2019), knowledge managemen (Sumbal e al., 2017) and decision heo y (Elgendy e al.,2021), g aph Table 4 Main in o ma ion abou he da a se used in he bibliome ic analysis Da a s a is ics Documen s 591 Pe iod 2008–2021 Da a sou ces (jou nals, books, e c.) 402 Keywo ds plus (ID) 3,160 Au ho ’s keywo ds (DE) 1,656 A e age yea s om publica ion 2.90 A e age ci a ions pe documen s 9.40 A e age ci a ions pe yea pe doc 1.90 Documen ypes Jou nal a icle 355 a icle; p oceedings pape 1 con e ence pape 201 p oceedings pape 34 Au ho s Au ho s 2,353 Au ho appea ances 2,842 Au ho s o single-au ho ed documen s 109 Au ho s o mul iau ho ed documen s 2,244 Single-au ho ed documen s 112 Main documen s pe au ho 0.25 Main au ho s pe documen 3.98 Main coau ho s pe documen s 4.81 Au ho s collabo a ion index 4.70 Table 3 Main in o ma ion o he me ged da a Da a desc ip ion Resul s Pe iod 1970–2021 Documen s 627 A icle 376 Con e ence pape /p oceedings 251 TCCM amewo k Sunday Adewale Olaleye e al. In o ma ion Disco e y and Deli e y heo y (Yıldı ıme al., 2021) and a i udes (Tenopi e al., 2020; Bažda i ce al.,2021). Figu e 2 displays he p ominen heo ies used in da a economy esea ch. Because o da a dimensions, Zhao and Fan (2018) di e en ia ed open go e nmen da a in o angible, human and in angible. The s udy ound ha cul u e plays a c ucial ole in i s open go e nmen da a capaci y. T us has been a dominan heo y in he in o ma ion sys ems and da a economy esea ch s eam (Meije e al.,2014). T us implies he willingness o pa ies (OD gene a o s and use s) o ely on each pa y’s abili y o gene a e and use OD anspa en ly. This anspa ency, he e o e, implies ha he secu i y and p i acy o ele an s akeholde s mus be p o ec ed. Ou li e a u e sea ch also e eals ha he dynamic capabili y heo y has been a dominan heo e ical unde pinning in he da a economy esea ch s eam. The co e p oposi ion o he dynamic capabili ies’ heo y holds ha fi ms mus be able o de elop hei sho - e m compe i i e posi ions in o long- e m compe i i e ad an ages o su i e in he ace o apidly changing business clima es (O’Conno , 2008). The use and applica ion o OD o sol e di e en challenges also igge unce ain ies o adi ionally held no ms. Lee and Yoo (2019) align he dynamic capabili ies heo y wi h opening inno a ion and a gue ha su i al means ha fi ms mus de elop he abili y o iden i y oppo uni ies and h ea s and explo e skills necessa y o de ec and ha ness ma ke oppo uni ies. 4.1.2 Con ex The applica ion o big da a anscends many con ex s. As ou e iew shows, schola s ha e adop ed OD in indus ial applica ions (Huang e al.,2021), en ep eneu ship (A idi e al., 2021); blockchain (Hu e al., 2021), ehicle design (U quha e al., 2021) and heal h (Gene iè e e al., 2021;Ochs e al., 2021). Ou findings make i qui e challenging o s a e which domains enjoy he mos esea ch ou pu . This uncla i y is because, as a gued by (Alenca e al.,2014), he applica ion o open is mul isec o al, so he e is seemingly a bandwagon a emp by a ious s akeholde s o le e age he oppo uni ies p esen in i s adop ion (Janssen e al., 2012;Zuide wijk and Janssen, 2014). As he con ex s o OD applica ions a e di e se, i s benefi s pe cola e ac oss hese con ex s. Janssen e al. (2012) ca ego ized hese benefi s in o h ee hema ic a eas: poli ical and social, economic and ope a ional and echnical. Pe poli ical and social benefi s, hey a gue ha OD has, among o he hings, ushe ing in mo e anspa ency, us in go e nmen and public engagemen . I has s imula ed economic g ow h and compe i i eness, new p oduc and se ice design and open inno a ion o economic benefi s. Ope a ional and echnical benefi s include imp o emen in public policies, ex e nal policy checks by he public and he abili y o euse da a. Table 5 Theo y keywo ds, equency and o al link s eng h No. Keywo d Occu ences To al link s eng h 1a i udes 1 0 2awa eness and pe cep ion 1 0 3da a agency 1 0 4da a us s 1 0 5da a use 2 0 6decision-making 2 0 7dynamic capabili y heo y 1 0 8fi m pe o mance 2 0 9knowledge managemen 2 0 10 lea ning 1 0 11 mo i a ion 2 0 12 ne wo k g aph 1 1 13 pe sonali y ype 1 0 14 secu i y and p i acy 1 0 15 seman ics 1 0 16 social and cul u al an h opology 1 0 17 ex mining 2 1 18 ansac ions con olled seman ic model 1 0 19 us 1 0 No e: Based on he occu ences and o al link s eng h in Table 5, he e is dea h o heo ies in da a economy esea ch s eam Figu e 2 Theo e ical ounda ions o da a economy esea ch TCCM amewo k Sunday Adewale Olaleye e al. In o ma ion Disco e y and Deli e y 4.1.3 Cha ac e is ics (C) Ou li e a u e analysis also e eals he cha ac e is ics o he da a economy s uc u e and i s composi ion. As shown in Figu e 3, ou hemes gene a ed by he Biblioshiny app eme ged and a e b oadly ca ego ized in o e ical –de elopmen deg ee (densi y) and ho izon al – ele ance (cen ali y). The ou hema ic a eas iden ified by ou li e a u e a e mo o hemes (uppe igh quad an ), niche hemes (uppe le quad an ), basic hemes (lowe igh quad an ) and eme ging o declining hemes (lowe le quad an ). A he uppe end o he significan hemes a e machine lea ning, a ificial in elligence and he IoT, while da a science is iden ified a he lowe end. Se e al s udies ha e iden ified he e e -e ol ing field o machine lea ning as c i ical o making sense o OD (Celi e al., 2019), jus as machine lea ning imp o es i sel h ough da a se s. The clus e ing o machine lea ning and a ificial in elligence confi ms ha a ificial in elligence adop s machine lea ning o sol e p oblems. In line wi h he basic hemes, a ple ho a o s udies ha e hinged he usabili y o OD on FAIR da a p inciples and he abili y o use s o eely access hese da a se s (Janssen e al., 2012). Fu he s udies would need o pay close a en ion o he concep s ca ego ized as niche and eme ging o declining hemes. Fo example, u he explo a ion o wi eless senso ne wo ks, conges ion con ol and FAIR da a collec ion is necessa y. Again, a ificial neu al ne wo ks and indoo posi ioning equi e u he explo a ion based on hei classifica ion as niche hemes. 4.1.4 Me hodologies Machine lea ning as a subfield o a ificial in elligence da a analysis echniques domina ed he quan i a i e me hodological app oaches o ex an s udies (Figu e 4). Machine lea ning app oaches we e ex mining and na u al language p ocessing (Desai, 2015). The ole o deep lea ning in he da a economy esea ch s eam has also been unde sco ed because mos o he s udies adop ed i (Kia ashinejad e al., 2020;Tabe nik e al., 2020). Phan e al. (2017) applied deep lea ning in p edic ing human beha io wi h social heal h wo ke s. Adop ing he es ic ed Bol zmann Machine p edic ed human beha io accu a ely and gene a ed explana ions o hese beha io al leanings be e han he con en ional me hod. Again, Musci e al. (2018) employed su i al analysis in a longi udinal s udy o de e mine ma ijuana use among elemen a y school pupils in a US ci y. They ound ha gene ics play a key ole in fi s ma ijuana use. Tha di e ences in gene ics also accoun o he e ec i eness o class oom-based in e en ion in delaying d ug use among pupils. del Pozo C uz e al. (2020) also applied su i al analysis o es ima e mo ali y isks among adul s. They ound ha poo die quali y and ac i i y p ofile inc eased he likelihood o mo ali y a e. P edic i e modeling was also used in some s udies. Fo ins ance, Kau and Kuma i (2020) applied p edic i e modeling in an Indian s udy o classi y diabe ic and nondiabe ic pa ien s. Using he Bo u a w appe ea u es selec ion algo i hm pe o ms be e han manually selec ing he a ibu es, especially wi h li le medical knowledge. 4.1.5 Scien ific p oduc ion o da a economy As p esen ed in Figu e 5, ou analysis shows ha he scien ific p oduc ion o a icles in he da a economy may ha e commenced o e a decade bu ecei ed a boos in 2016. The g ow h o he da a economy in e ms o scien ific ou pu has emained on he ising cu e, sugges ing ha he eme ging field has he po en ial o g ow significan ly on an annual basis. In 2020, he e we e sligh ly o e 150 a icles published. When he da a was collec ed in he middle o 2021, o e 50 a icles on da a economy we e al eady published, which shows ha he o al numbe may su pass p e ious yea s. 4.1.6 Thema ic e olu ion o da a economy Fu he mo e, his s udy conduc ed he hema ic e olu ion o da a economy and FAIR da a. Thema ic e olu ion o a field is he analysis ha seeks o un a el a se o hemes ha ha e e ol ed ac oss subuni s o e a pe iod (Chen e al.,2019). In o he wo ds, we conside a heme o ha e e ol ed om A o B i he e exis common keywo ds wi hin a hema ic ne wo k. Figu e 3 Cha ac e is ics o da a economy esea ch Figu e 4 Cha ac e is ics o da a economy esea ch Figu e 5 Scien ific p oduc ion in he domain o da a economy TCCM amewo k Sunday Adewale Olaleye e al. In o ma ion Disco e y and Deli e y p oposed p ojec , p o essionals om e hics, legal, echnology, en i onmen alis s and expe s om di e en fields ha s ake in he da a economy should be pa o he p ojec . I should be a business model ha can wo k ac oss di e en fields o expe ise wi hou mino modifica ion. O ganizing wo kshops and semina s will con ibu e o he p oposed p ojec ’s success. The e is a g owing impac o unding o da a economy a he con inen , in e na ional, na ional and local le els o policymake s. An example is he Eu opean Commission unding o da a economy and he Founda ion o Economic Educa ion (Liikesi is ys ahas o) in Finland, which has da a economy as one o i s bold hemes mo e han wo yea s ago. Because o he impac o he da a economy esea ch domain, he esul s o ou s udy may simpli y he decision-making o unding o he da a economy in he u u e. 5. Conclusions This s udy a emp ed o answe h ee esea ch ques ions and combined wo da abases (WoS and Scopus), spanning 13 yea s ocusing on FAIR da a and da a economy. The esul s om he bibliome ic analysis gene a e in e es ing insigh s o he esea ch communi y, da a s akeholde s and socie y a la ge. The a icle p oduc ion om 2008 o 2021 shows exponen ial g ow h, and he fi s spike ook place in 2016 and 2020. The g ow h is becoming s eady, and he esul ce ifies Roos and Kaliyape umal as he au ho s wi h he mos ex ended p oduc i i y imeline. In e es ingly, Schul es excelled wi hin he sho es ime ame wi h high ci a ions. Also, he esul s show FAIR da a concep s wi h dimensions o open science, da a managemen , machine lea ning, big da a, da a sha ing and da a economy. This esul indica es he impo ance o e hical issues ela ed o da a. The FAIR p inciple mus p edomina e whe he an o ganiza ion is hinking o OD o a da a economy. The s udy also e eals he impo ance and in e en ion o eme ging echnologies in FAIR and he da a economy con ex . Fu he , he social s uc u e o he s udy shows ha Wilkinson is an influen ial au ho and has a clus e o collabo a o s in hei ne wo k. Rega ding ins i u ion collabo a ion, ins i u ions in The Ne he lands ha e he mos significan clus e , while S anda d and He io –Wa op he lis in hei clus e and he Uni e si y o Helsinki. The USA plays a cen al ole in wo clus e s o coun ies and connec s o he coun ies om Eu ope, Aus alia and Asia. In e na ional collabo a ion also cu s ac oss coun ies and po ays in e con inen al collabo a ion. Ou esul s show mul ila e al and bila e al collabo a ions. All he me ics examined signaled he ad ancemen o da a economy li e a u e. Fu he , he compound annual g ow h a e (CAGR) he Bibliome ix app gene a es o he li e a u e on FAIR da a and da a economy is in andem wi h he exponen ial g ow h discussed ea lie . The CAGR is based on [numbe o a icles (final yea )/numbe o a icles (ini ial yea )]^(1/n) 1. The compu a ion is oo ed in he s udy pe iod: he numbe o a icles in he ini ial yea and he accumula ed li e a u e. The annual g ow h a e o his bibliome ic s udy is 7.97%. This esul shows he demand, alue and pe o mance o da a- ela ed li e a u e. The CAGR will help esea che s, jou nals and o he da a s akeholde s p ope ly unde s and he da a li e a u e li e cycle, ei he g ow h s age, ma u i y o decline ha needs enewal. The CAGR pe cen age in his s udy shows ha he da a li e a u e is a he g ow h s age, and his g ow h needs sus ainabili y. Da a ele ance is p og essing, and i is a key s a egic asse o companies and academia now and in he u u e. This s udy combined FAIR da a and da a economy. I con ibu ed o he li e a u e on big da a, in o ma ion disco e y and deli e y by shedding ligh on he impo ance o he da a economy’s concep ual, in ellec ual and social s uc u e. This bibliome ic s udy is a oad map o u u e esea che s, bu he s udy is no wi hou limi a ions. Fi s , he s udy was limi ed o 2008–2021 bu did no conside he ea lie yea s o he da a economy. Though i is an eme ging field, his s udy did no accoun o he scan y li e a u e be o e 2008. Though he li e a u e was ex ac ed om 1970, he s udy cu o 38yea s o li e a u e o sani ize he da a. Because English is a b oade accep able means o communica ion, he s udy excluded o he languages han English. Some o he non-English a icles would ha e con ibu ed o his s udy. This s udy scope is also limi ed o FAIR da a and da a economy. The u u e esea che can wo k a ound hese limi a ions by ex ending he esul s o his s udy. Based on his s udy, he esea che s can expand on he in e sec ion o sha ing, pla o m and da a economy. This esea ch shows a dea h o heo y building and es ing in he esea ch domain o he da a economy. Fu u e esea che s should es exis ing heo ies and show a plausible explana ion o he phenomenon o hei in es iga ion. Also, u u e esea che s need o syn hesize a wide ange o li e a u e wi h highe -le el hinking skills o build heo y a ound he da a economy. I is also essen ial o combine me hods o s eng hen he exis ing me hodology o da a economy esea ch. This s udy used bibliome ic me hods o un a el he p ope posi ion o schola s’ con ibu ion o he da a economy. Fu u e esea che s can use he insigh s in his s udy o emba k on empi ical and longi udinal s udies. This s udy, wi hou any doub , will open u he discussion on he da a economy. 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