Better dairy cattle breeds and better management can improve the livelihoods of the rural poor in Senegal

ILRI Resea ch B ie —Ma ch 2016 1 Be e dai y ca le b eeds and be e managemen can imp o e he li elihoods o he u al poo in Senegal Ka en Ma shall, S anly Tebug, Ja mo Juga, Miika Tapio, and Ayao Missohou IO. LRI RESEARCH BRIEF N Da e yea ILRI RESEARCH BRIEF 65 Ma ch 2016 Summa y Resea ch on dai y ca le b eeds in Senegal shows ha combining bes li es ock gene ics wi h imp o ed animal managemen p ac ices can esul in signi ican ly inc eased household bene i . Fo non- anshuman dai y ca le keepe s in wo s udy si es, keeping indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us c ossb eed animals, unde be e managemen , esul ed in he highes p o i o he scena ios conside ed. This is because he b eed- ype is bo h well-adap ed o local en i onmen al condi ions and p oduc i e ( he con ibu ion o i s indigenous Zebu and Bos Tau us genes, espec i ely). Imp o ed managemen also allowed i s gene ic po en ial o be exp essed. The esul s, om one o only a ew s udies o his ype in de eloping coun ies (Ma shall e al. 2015), will allow di e en s akeholde s o make e idence-based decisions on which b eed o c ossb eed o dai y ca le o p omo e o keep. In oduc ion In Senegal, dai y p oduc ion—mainly om ca le kep in low-inpu sys ems—is unable o mee domes ic demand and la ge amoun s o milk and milk p oduc s a e impo ed (FAOSTAT 2011). Imp o ing he p oduc i i y and p o i abili y o dai y ca le should ha e posi i e e ec s on he li elihoods o dai y ca le keepe s and o he s in ol ed in dai y alue chains. Inc easing he low le els o pe capi a milk consump ion may also con ibu e o nu i ional secu i y. The low milk yield o dai y ca le in Senegal is gene ally a ibu ed o he low gene ic po en ial o he indigenous Zebu b eeds. I is also due o ha sh en i onmen al condi ions and gene ally poo le els o animal managemen . To inc ease he p oduc i i y o dai y ca le, he Senegalese go e nmen has p omo ed exo ic ca le b eeds h ough a public a i icial insemina ion (AI) p og am a no cos o ca le keepe s. In addi ion, AI o exo ic b eeds is a ailable h ough p i a e se ice p o ide s. This has led o an inc ease in he up ake o indigenous by exo ic b eed c osses, as well as he use o pu e exo ic b eeds. Despi e his, he e is e y li le pe o mance in o ma ion o Senegalese ca le keepe s o make in o med decisions on which dai y b eed o c ossb eed o use. To add ess his, he Finnish Minis y o Fo eign A ai s ia he FoodA ica p og am, and he CGIAR Resea ch P og am on Li es ock and Fish, unded a p ojec o iden i y and p omo e use o he mos app op ia e dai y ca le b eeds o c ossb eeds in selec ed p oduc ion sys ems in Senegal. Ini ial esul s o his p ojec a e p esen ed he e. ILRI Resea ch B ie —Ma ch 20162 S udy a ea and da a collec ion The p ojec wo ked in wo si es in he Thiès and Diou bel egions o Senegal (see Figu e 1). The si es can be desc ibed as semi-a id, wi h a sho we season om abou July o Oc obe and annual a e age ain all o 300 o 500 mm. The main li es ock sys em is ag o-pas o al, and ca le a e gene ally kep o bo h milk and mea . Figu e 1. Loca ion o he s udy si es in he Thiès and Diou bel egions (do s ep esen app oxima e loca ions o pa icipa ing households) Da a on ca le pe o mance, as well as household-le el economic da a on keeping hem, was collec ed om 220 dai y ca le-keeping households, wi h collec i ely mo e han 3200 ca le, o e a wo yea pe iod. These households we e loca ed in bo h u al and pe i-u ban a eas. The moni o ing was done h ough 14 ounds o a m isi s be ween May 2013 and Ap il 2015. Ca le b eed-g oups Each animal was assigned o a b eed-g oup (see Table 1 and Figu e 2) based on ei he genomic in o ma ion (628 emale animals) o a me ecall. These b eed-g oups ep esen ed he main b eeds and c ossb eeds o ca le kep by he p ojec households (wi h many p ojec households keeping a mix o b eed- ypes). Table 1. B eed-g oup o ca le1 B eed-g oup Desc ip ion Indigenous Zebu Zebu Gob a; Zebu Mau e Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu c oss wi h Guze a ; ypically 25% o 50% Guze a Indigeous Zebu by Bos Tau us Indigenous Zebu c oss wi h Bos Tau us; mainly Mon belia de and Hols ein-F iesian; ypically 25% o 50% Bos Tau us High Bos Tau us Indigenous Zebu c oss wi h Bos Tau us, mainly Mon belia de and Hols ein-F iesian; ypically 75% o 100% Bos Tau us 1 Animals which did no belong o hese b eed g oups we e classi ied as ‘o he ’ and no used o pa ame e es ima es. Household managemen le els All households we e classi ied as ‘poo e ’ o ‘be e ’ in ela ion o he le el o animal managemen hey applied. Fo his pu pose milk yield was used as a p oxy es -day milk yields (exp essed in s anda d de ia ion uni s om he b eed-g oup mean) we e a e aged ac oss all animals in a household, and he op 50% o households classi ied as ‘be e managemen ’ and he bo om 50% as ‘poo e managemen ’. No e ha his means ha poo e / be e managemen o one b eed-g oup is no necessa ily he same le el o managemen as poo e / be e o ano he b eed-g oup. Pa ame e es ima es Animal le el pa ame e s—such as ep oduc i e pa ame e s, mo ali y a es, sale a es e c.—we e calcula ed o each b eed-g oup by managemen le el combina ions o di e en age-classes o animals. These age-classes we e: cal , less han 12 mon hs o age; young, 12 o less han 36 mon hs o age; and ma u e, mo e han 36 mon hs old. Economic pa ame e s—including all cos s and bene i s —we e calcula ed ei he o (a) each b eed-g oup by household managemen le el combina ions, when he pa ame e was a animal le el (such as animal sale p ice o cos o eed), o (b) o household keeping a majo i y o ha b eed-g oup, when he pa ame e was a household le el (such as milk sale p ice o cos o animal housing). Figu e 2. Examples o ma u e ca le om he di e en b eed- g oups High Bos Tau us Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu Pa ame e s we e calcula ed as means when he da a was ela i ely no mally dis ibu ed, and modes in o he cases. The da a used was o he ds ou side o he anshuman pe iod, and hus esul s p esen ed he e do no apply o anshuman he ds. Table 2 lis s selec ed key pa ame e s and hei alues; Figu e 3 shows lac a ion milk-o ake. No e ha pa ame e s we e no es ima ed o he High Bos Tau us— poo e managemen combina ion—as he e we e oo ew households /animals in his ca ego y. ILRI Resea ch B ie —Ma ch 2016 3 Table 2. Selec ed key pa ame e s o he di e en b eed-g oup by managemen le el combina ions: “-“ o poo e manage- men , “+” o be e managemen Pa ame e (uni ) Indigenous Zebu Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Zebu by Bos Tau us High Bos Tau us - + - + - + + Lac a ion milk-o ake (li es)1,2 307 899 408 907 931 1863 2251 Annual milk-o ake (li es)2175 568 223 640 508 1,315 1,422 Age a i s cal ing (yea s) 4.25 3.75 3.67 3.67 3.50 3.50 3.33 Cal ing in e al (yea s) 1.79 1.50 1.79 1.50 1.79 1.50 1.50 Age a culling (yea s) 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 Annual mo ali y a e males ( a e)30.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Annual mo ali y a e emales ( a e)30.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.07 Milk sale p ice (XOF pe li e)4500 500 500 500 500 500 500 Cal sale p ice (XOF pe animal) 160,500 160,500 160,500 160,500 212,000 212,000 627,000 Young male sale p ice (XOF pe animal) 176,000 176,000 205,500 205,500 536,000 536,000 933,000 Ma u e male sale p ice (XOF pe animal) 261,500 261,500 385,500 385,500 434,000 434,000 800,000 Young emale sale p ice (XOF pe animal) 251,000 251,000 262,500 262,500 551,500 551,500 1,100,000 Cull o age emale sale p ice (XOF pe animal) 216,500 216,500 251,000 251,000 625,000 625,000 625,000 Annual ma u e emale heal h cos (XOF pe animal) 210 425 345 500 775 800 1,790 Annual ma u e emale eed cos 5 (XOF pe animal) 72,500 193,000 105,500 215,000 198,500 394,500 736,000 Annual labou cos (XOF pe he d)6350,000 350,000 350,000 350,000 350,000 350,000 350,000 Annual animal housing cos (XOF pe he d)7 2000 2000 2000 2000 61,000 112,500 112,500 A i icial insemina ion (AI) cos (XOF pe AI) 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 1 Fo 365 day lac a ion, a e aged o e pa i ies. ; 2 Does no include milk suckled by cal es; 3Annual mo ali y a es did no di e ac oss cal , young o adul ; 4 Milk consumed in he home was also alued a his p ice; 5 Assumes no cos associa ed wi h g azing o pas u e; 6 Household labou was alued a he same cos as hi ed labou ; 7 Taking in o accoun ini ial building cos s, main enance cos s, he pe cen age o s uc u e space o dai y animals, and assuming a 15 yea li e-span. Figu e 3. Lac a ion milk o - ake pe cow, in li es, o a 365 day lac a ion 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Indigenous Zebu Indigenous Zebu Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us High Bos Tau us Poo e managemen Be e managemen Poo e managemen Be e managemen Poo e managemen Be e managemen Be e managemen Li es o milk B eed g oup and le el o animal managemen ILRI Resea ch B ie —Ma ch 20164 Table 3. Fold inc ease in p o i pe cow pe annum o indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us unde be e managemen , compa ed o he o he scena ios. B eed-g oup Poo e managemen Be e managemen Indigenous Zebu 7.96 3.38 Indigenous Zebu by Guze a 7.33 2.57 Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us 2.03 NA High Bos Tau us NA 1.18 The di ision o e enue and cos s o hei a ious sub- componen s a e shown in Figu es 6 and 7. Re enue om milk, inclusi e o milk o ake and (p edica ed) milk suckled by he cal es, accoun ed o 61–77% o he o al e enue (dependen on he scena io). The main cos was animal eed and milk suckled by he cal es, which join ly accoun ed o 80–92% o he o al cos s. Be e managemen households we e seen o in es a leas wice he amoun in eed in compa ison o poo e managemen households. Feed cos s ma kedly inc eased when keeping indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us o high Bos Tau us, in compa ison o keeping indigenous Zebu o indigenous Zebu by Guze a . The cos o animal housing was highe o b eed- ypes in ol ing Bos Tau us as hey need shade. Wi hin a b eed-g oup, mo ing om poo e o be e managemen esul ed in a 2.85–2.03 old inc ease in p o i pe cow pe yea , depending on he b eed-g oup. As discussed abo e, his can mainly be a ibu ed o he p o ision o be e eed. This s udy could no p ecisely pa i ion he e ec s o be e gene ics om he e ec s o be e managemen , as managemen le els we e no consis en ac oss he b eed- g oups ( he esul o using ield da a based on cu en p ac ices, a he han a designed expe imen ). Howe e , i can be obse ed ha he eed cos is app oxima ely he same o indigenous Zebu and indigenous Zebu by Guze a unde be e managemen , compa ed o indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us unde poo e managemen , and ha he la e s ill esul ed in he highes household p o i o hese h ee scena ios. The bene i o cos a io o he di e en scena ios is gi en in Table 4. The highes a io, o 1.75:1, was o he indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us c ossb ed animals unde be e managemen . Table 4. Bene i o cos a ios o he di e en b eed- g oup by managemen le el combina ions. B eed-g oup Poo e managemen Be e managemen Indigenous Zebu 1.22:1 1.32:1 Indigenous Zebu by Guze a 1.23:1 1.44:1 Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us 1.58:1 1.75:1 High Bos Tau us NA 1.47:1 Cos : bene i model To accoun o he speci ics o he p oduc ion sys em, a cus omized cos : bene i model was used. Re enue and cos s (speci ied in Figu e 4) we e calcula ed pe cow pe yea , whe e a cow is conside ed a b eeding emale a ached o ollowe s (he p ogeny). Economies o scale (on labou , animal housing, and wa e ) we e aken in o accoun by se ing a he d size as he numbe o b eeding cows in he he d, o eigh . Annual household p o i (pe cow pe yea ) is gi en as o al e enue less o al cos s. Figu e 4. O e iew o e enue and cos s included in he cos :bene i analysis Re enue •Milk: including ha sold, consumed in he house, and suckled by cal es •Male animal sale: cal es, young, ma u e •Female animal sale: young, and cull o age cows Cos s •Feed •Milk suckled by cal es •Heal h-ca e •Animal-housing •Labou •Female ep oduc ion •Wa e •Ma ke ing and anspo The model assumed ha all animals we e bo n in he he d, and ha he he d comp ised animals o a single b eed- g oup. Male animals we e sold as ei he cal es (10% o all male animals sold), young (40%), o ma u e (50%), and mo ali y o male animals could occu ac oss all age-classes. Female animals no equi ed as eplacemen b eede s we e sold a he end o he young pe iod (a 35 mon hs o age), whils emale animals kep as b eede s we e sold a he end o hei p oduc i e li e as cull- o -age cows. Female mo ali ies occu ed du ing he cal and young pe iod; emale animals e ained as b eede s we e assumed o su i e un il culling age. Two ep oduc i e scena ios we e conside ed: (1) b eeding bulls used o ee as ei he hey we e bo n in he he d o accessed ia he public AI p og am; (2) b eeding bulls accessed ia paid AI. Household p o i om keeping b eeds and c ossb eeds unde di e en managemen le els The household p o i o keeping di e en b eeds o c ossb eeds o ca le is gi en in Figu e 5 o he ep oduc i e scena io o b eeding bulls used o ee. The highes household p o i was o indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us c ossb ed animals unde be e managemen (479,525 XOF pe cow pe yea ). The lowes household p o i was o indigenous Zebu unde poo e managemen (60,235 CFA pe cow pe yea )—a nea ly eigh - old di e ence. See Table 3 o o he compa isons. ILRI Resea ch B ie —Ma ch 2016 5 Figu e 5. P o i , in XOF, pe cow pe annum, o b eeding bulls used o ee (bo n in he he d o ully subsidized AI). 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 Indigenous Zebu Indigenous Zebu Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us High Bos Tau us Poo e managemen Be e managemen Poo e managemen Be e managemen Poo e managemen Be e managemen Be e managemen P o i (CFA pe cow pe annum) B eed g oup and le el o animal managemen 0 250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 Indigenous Zebu Indigenous Zebu Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us High Bos Tau us Poo e managemen Be e managemen Poo e managemen Be e managemen Poo e managemen Be e managemen Be e managemen Re enue (CFA pe cow pe annum) B eed g oup and le el o animal managemen Animals Milk suckled by cal es Milk o ake Figu e 7. Cos componen s, in XOF, pe cow pe annum, o b eeding bulls used o ee (bo n in he d o ully subsidized AI). 0 250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 Indigenous Zebu Indigenous Zebu Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu by Guze a Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us Indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us High Bos Tau us Poo e managemen Be e managemen Poo e managemen Be e managemen Poo e managemen Be e managemen Be e managemen Cos s (CFA pe cow pe annum) B eed g oup and le el o animal managemen Ma ke ing and anspo Wa e ing Heal h-ca e Housing Labou Feed Milk suckled by cal es Figu e 6. Re enue componen s, in XOF, pe cow pe annum, o b eeding bulls used o ee (bo n in he d o ully subsidized A ILRI Resea ch B ie —Ma ch 20166 I a i icial insemina ion cos s a e applied o he use o Bos Tau us males, household p o i is sligh ly educed (by an a e age o 9% o he alues shown in Figu e 5), bu Zebu by Bos Tau us c ossb ed animals unde be e managemen emain he mos p o i able (a XOF 445,585 pe cow pe yea ). Recommenda ions 1. Public and p i a e AI p og am should p o ide c ossb eed indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us semen o ca le keepe s who desi e his geno ype, o imp o e accessibili y and o a oid epe i i e backc ossing o ei he he indigenous Zebu o Bos Tau us b eeds. 2. Ca le keepe s in es ing in indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us c ossb eed ca le should be ained on app op ia e animal managemen p ac ices— pa icula ly in ela ion o eed, animal housing, and p epa ing animals o a i icial insemina ion—so hey can maximize household p o i s om his geno ype. 3. The high cos s o keeping indigenous Zebu by Bos Tau us c ossb ed animals—including he ini ial in es men in animal housing and con inual in es men in eed—may p e en ca le keepe s om lowe weal h g oups adop ing his echnology. This should be add essed, o example by access o c edi . Re e ences FAOSTAT, www. ao.o g, accessed Ma ch 2016. Ma shall, K. 2014. Op imizing he use o b eed ypes in de eloping coun y li es ock p oduc ion sys ems: a neglec ed esea ch a ea. Jou nal o Animal B eeding and Gene ics 131(5):329-340. Acknowledgemen s This p ojec was unded by he Finnish Minis y o Fo eign A ai s unde he FoodA ica p og am, and he CGIAR Resea ch P og am on Li es ock and Fish. The main pa ne ins i u es we e he In e na ional Li es ock Resea ch Ins i u e, he In e s a e School o Ve e ina y Science and Medicine o he Uni e si y o Daka , he Uni e si y o Helsinki and he Na u al Resou ces Ins i u e, Finland. The au ho s g a e ully acknowledge con ibu ions om he collabo a ing li es ock keepe s. Ka en Ma shall and S anly Tebug wo k o he In e na ional Li es ock Resea ch Ins i u e. Ja mo Juga wo ks o Helsinki Uni e si y, Miika Tapio o he Na u al Resou ces Ins i u e Finland, Ayao Missohou o he In e s a e School o Ve e ina y Science and Medicine, Uni e si y o Daka . Pho o c edi : Page 1: ILRI/Ka en Ma shall and S anly Tebug Con ac Ka en Ma shall ILRI, Kenya k.ma shall@cgia .o g This publica ion is copy igh ed by he In e na ional Li es ock Resea ch Ins i u e (ILRI). I is licensed o use unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional Licence. Ma ch 2016