Genetic polymorphism of adult reindeer coat colour in a herding cooperative in Finnish Lapland

Rangi e , 31 (1), 2011 155 Rangi e , 31 (1): 155 - 159 Gene ic polymo phism o adul eindee coa colou in a he ding coope a- i e in Finnish Lapland Jean J. Lau e gne1 & Mau i Nieminen2 1 Commi ee o Gene ic Nomencla u e in Sheep and Goa (COGNOSAG), 147C/3 a enue J.B. Clémen , 92 140 Clama , F ance (jean.lau e gne@s . ). 2 RKTL, Finnish Game and Fishe ies Resea ch Ins i u e, Toi oniemen ie 246, FIN-99910 Kaamanen ([email p o ec ed]). Abs ac : In a andom sample o 188 adul eindee belonging o a eindee he ding coope a i e in Finnish Lapland, he ollowing coa colou mu an s we e iden i ied: Ab a he locus Agou i (A), kalppinokka (WNk) a he locus Whi e Nose (WN) and whi e a he locus W (Whi e). Coe icien s o coa colou pheno ypic polymo phism K we e es ima ed, in o de o quan i y his gene ic polymo phism. Es ima ions o K we e 12.8% o he locus A (Agou i), 5.1% o he locus WN (Whi e Nose), and 7.5% o he locus W (Whi e). This polymo phism esul s p obably om a change in i ness coe icien o geno ypes ca ying colou mu an s ollowing domes ica ion in a andom ma ing con ex which has no ye been p o ed. Key wo ds: coa colou ; Finland; gene ic polymo phism; gene ics; Rangi e a andus; eindee . In oduc ion Since 2006 a coa colou gene ic p ojec is un by he Reindee Resea ch S a ion in Kaamanen (RKTL) in collabo a ion wi h he Commi ee o Gene ic Nomencla u e in Sheep and Goa (COGNOSAG) (Lau e gne, 2006). The a gumen is ha , acco ding o Da win (1868), one obse es a polymo phism o is- ible cha ac e s in e e y animal species a e i s domes ica ion, knowing now ha , in mam- mals, his polymo phism a ec s mainly coa colou loci (Sea le, 1968; Lau e gne, 2010). This polymo phism, which has al eady been desc ibed in he domes ica ed eindee species (Skjennebe g, 1984; Ei a, 1994; Delapo e, 2002), dese es o be explained in e ms o Mendelian gene ics (iden i ica ion o loci and alleles) and Lau e gne & Nieminen (2010) ha e s a ed o gi e a gene ic in e p e a ion o se e al colou pheno ypes in he Finnish ein- dee popula ion acco ding o he p inciple o homology be ween loci inducing coa colou in mammals (Sea le, 1968). The p esen a icle is de o ed o he in e p e- a ion o coa colou polymo phism in e ms o Mendelian gene ics wi h an a emp o gi e a quan i a i e measu emen o his polymo - phism. I is based on da a collec ed in a Finnish eindee he ding coope a i e du ing a ound up in Decembe 2010. Rangi e , 31 (1), 2011156 Ma e ial and me hods Collec ing da a The da a we collec ed a he Ah enjä i co - al belonging o he He ding Coope a i e N°3 (Nää ämö), nea he illage o Se e ijä i in Ina i, Lapland, c . Fig. 1. This he ding coop- e a i e is ope a ing on 1353 km² in no he n Finland wi h 40 he de s and a ound 3000 adul eindee emales, he ma ing a io is abou 1/10. The collec ion o pic u es was done on De- cembe 2, 2010 wi h a Nikon 50 D digi al came a and a 80-200 mm objec i e in sec ions a ound he cen al ci cle o he co al by ope - a ing om abou 15 me e s away, wi h a lash. Fig. 1. The Nää ämö Reindee He ding Coope a i e N°3 in he Sami eindee he ding a ea. Table 1. Code o coa colou pheno ypes. Pheno ypic dimension G ade Code Pigmen a y pa e n Common wild + Wild wi hou lank s ipe +1 Badge ace BF Da k D No iden i ied NI Whi e designs Wild (no whi e design) + Whi e nose WN No iden i ied NI Al e a ion o pigmen- a ion Wild (no al e a ion) + G eying G Full Whi e W No iden i ied NI Table 2. Pheno ypic equencies in 3 dimensions (pigmen a y pa e n, whi e designs, al e a ion o pigmen- a ion) in he Ah enjä i sample. Dimension Pheno ypes Code Numbe Pe cen age Pigmen ed pa e n Wild + 137 87.3 Wild wi hou s ipe +1 7 4.4 Badge ace BF 13 8.3 Da k (non iden i ied) D 1 No plo ed To al iden i ied 157 Whi e design Wild (no whi e design) + 145 94.8 Whi e nose WN 8 5.2 To al iden i ied 153 Al e a ion o pig- men a ion Wild (no dilu ion) + 174 92.0 G ey G 7 4.0 Full whi e W 7 4.0 To al iden i ied 188 Rangi e , 31 (1), 2011 157 Fig. 2. Scale o eindee pheno ypic coa colou : a) Common wild pa e n (wild); b) Wild wi hou lank s ipe; c) Badge ace; d) Whi e nose [kalppinokka]; e) G eying; ) Full whi e. Da a analysis The examina ion o pic u es was done on he sc een o compu e s. Indi idual side pho o- g aphs o a o al o 188 adul animals o bo h sexes chosen a andom we e classi ied acco d- ing o h ee dimensions o he pheno ypic de- sc ip ion o coa colou in mammals p oposed by Lau e gne e al. (1991): pigmen a y pa - e n, whi e design and al e a ion o pigmen a- ion. The code o coa colou pheno ypes is gi en in Table 1 and illus a ed in Fig. 2. Resul s Pheno ypic equencies o coa colou o 188 adul s a e gi en in Table 2. Analysis o esul s Loci in seg ega ion Pigmen ed pa e n Va ia ions o pigmen ed pa e n sugges he p esence o a leas 3 alleles a he e y well known mammalian Agou i locus (Sea le, 1968): A+ (wild), Fig. 2a; Ab (badge ace), Fig Rangi e , 31 (1), 2011158 2c, al eady desc ibed by Lau e gne & Niemin- en (2010) when he pheno ype wild wi hou da k lank s ipe (Fig. 2b) has been assigned o he he e ozygo e A+Ab . Whi e design The piebaldness desc ibed by Lau e gne & Nieminen (2010) has no been obse ed a Ah enjä i bu , on he o he hand, a whi e design which happened o be a he popula among b eede s has been obse ed: a whi e nose known unde he Finnish name o kalp- pinokka (Fig. 2d). I has been alloca ed o he allele kalppinokka (k) a ano he locus o whi e design called Whi e Nose (WN). Al e a ion o pigmen a ion The e y well known and popula ull whi e pheno ype (Fig. 2 ) has been obse ed a Ah- enjä i wi h a equency o 4%. Acco ding o Lau e gne & Nieminen (2010) i could be gi en by he dominan allele whi e (Ww) a he locus W (Whi e). The W+Ww geno ype could ha e a a iable exp essi i y, some ca ie s being only pa ially whi e wi h some dilu ed a eas as seen on Fig. 2e. They we e called g ey. Seg ega- ions a a ious loci a e summa ized in able 3. Measu ing pheno ypic polymo phism In o de o measu e his polymo phism i has been p oposed o use a coe icien o pheno ypic coa colou polymo phism named K. A e e y coa colou locus K may be es ima ed as he pe cen age o animals showing a pheno ypic exp ession o mu an alleles (di e en om he wild one). The alues o K a he loci in seg e- ga ion obse ed in he Ah enjä i sample a e gi en in Table 4. Discussion and conclusion The p esen s udy on a sample o adul ein- dee belonging o he Nää ämö coope a i e con i ms he ield obse a ions o Skjennebe g (1984), Ei a (1994) and Delapo e (2002) o which Lau e gne & Nieminen (2010) ha e added a Mendelian in e p e a ion and hey gi e a i s quan i a i e measu emen o he gene ic polymo phism wi h he p oposed coe - icien K o pheno ypic coa colou polymo phism. Bu gi en he dominance obse ed a he WN locus and po en ial unce ain ies on he e ozy- go es iden i ica ion a he A and W loci, one canno eliably es ima e gene equencies ac- co ding o Ha dy-Weinbe g p inciples. Now, i one conside s ha he equencies o colou mu an s ha e eached a alue o equi- lib ium, i is necessa y o admi ha he alue o i ness coe icien s o he geno ypes ca ying mu an alleles allows his ob aining. This may esul om single-gene o e dominance a is- ing a e domes ica ion, as p oposed by Wills Table 4. Coe icien s K o pheno ypic coa colou polymo phism a a ious coa colou loci in he Ah en- jä i sample. Locus Numbe o obse ed animals K Name Symbol To al Wi h a mu an pheno ype Agou i A 156 20 (badge ace o wild wi hou lank s ipe) 12.8% Whi e Nose WN 153 8 (kalppinokka) 5.1% Whi e W 188 14 (g ey o ull whi e) 7.5% Table 3. Coa colou loci seg ega ing in he Ah en- jä i sample. Locus Alleles Name Symbol Name symbol Agou i A wild A+ (badge ace) Ab Whi e Nose WN wild WN+ kalppinokka WNk Whi e W wild W+ whi e Ww Rangi e , 31 (1), 2011 159 (1980). Bu his au ho unde lines ha his hypo hesis calls o panmixy ( andom ma - ing) which ye needs o be p o ed among he Nää ämo eindee popula ion. In ac , many e en s in he pas may ha e a ec ed he ob- se ed polymo phism, such as de ia ion om andom ma ing, bo leneck e ec , mig a ion, pa ial selec ion agains o in a ou o a gi - en pheno ype e c. The e o e, ollowing he p esen es ima ion o polymo phism a RKTL/ COGNOSAG su ey is cu en ly unning in he Coope a i e, in o de o check i , a leas du ing he las ma ing season, panmixy was en o ced. The inpu o he p oposed ough measu e- men o isible gene ic polymo phism may be o some p ac ical alue being easy o do in o de o example o map his polymo phism among all coope a i es o no he n Finland (c . Fig. 1). Acknowledgemen s Paul Milla , P esiden o COGNOSAG (Edinbu gh), Félix Meu chièye, Uni e si y o Dchang, Came oon. Thanks a e also due o Heikki Tö mänen and Jukka Sii- a i om he Reindee Resea ch S a ion in Kaamanen and o one o he anonymous e e ees. Re e ences Da win, C. 1868. The a ia ion o animal and plan s un- de domes ica ion. John Mu ay, Albe male s ee , Lon- don, 2 olumes. Delapo e, Y. 2002 : Le ega d de l’éle eu de ennes (La- ponie no égienne), essai d´an h opologie cogni i e [The look o he eindee b eede in No wegian Lapland, an a emp o cogni i e an h opology]. Pee e s, Lou ain, Pa is and S e ling (Vi ginia). 336pp. Ei a, N.I. 1994. Bohccuid Luh e [Wi h he einde he d]. DAT O.S., Pb. 31, N-9520 Guo dageaidnu, No way. Lau e gne, J.J. 2006. Using coa colou gene ics o mea- su e he deg ee o domes ica ion o eindee s b ed in Finland in he ame o he Reindee he ding Law, a RKTL/COGNOSAG Resea ch p ojec . COGOVI- CA/COGNOSAG, Clama . 3pp. Lau e gne, J.J. 2010. A b ie his o y o mammalian Coa Colou Gene ics. – CAB Re iews 5, No. 11. 5pp. Lau e gne, J.J. & Nieminen, M. 2010. Reindee coa co- lou a ian s in Finland. – Rangi e 30(1): 11-14. Lau e gne, J.J., Sil es elli, M., Langlois, B., Renie i, C., Poi el, D., & Galizzi Vecchio i An aldi, G. 1991. A New P oposi ion o Desc ibe Ho se Colou . – Li e- s ock P od. Sci. 17: 219-229. Sea le, A.G. 1968. Compa a i e Gene ics o Coa colou in Mammals. Logos P ess, Academic P ess, New-Yo k and London. 308pp. Skjennebe g, S. 1984. Reindee . – In: Mason, I.L. (ed.). E olu ion o domes ica ed animals. Longman, London, pp. 124-138. Wills, C. 1980. Gene ic a iabili y. Cla endon P ess, Ox- o d. 312pp, pp. 160-162. Manusc ip ecei ed 4 Ap il, 2011 e isions accep ed 5 No embe , 2011 Aikuis en po ojen u kin ä in pe innöllinen muun elu yhdessä Suomen Lapin paliskunnassa Abs ac in Finnish /Lyhennelmä: Suomen Lapin paliskunnas a ke ä ys ä 188 aikuisen po on sa unnaisnäy eessä un- nis e iin seu aa a u kin ä in mu an i : Ab lokuksessa Agou i (A), kalppinokka (WNk) lokuksessa alkonokka (WN) ja alkoinen lokuksessa W (Whi e). Tu kin ä in eno yyppisen muun elun yleisyyske oime K a ioi iin suh eessa aina pe innöllisen muun elun mää ään. Ke oin K oli noin 12,8% lokukselle A (Agou i), 5,1% lokukselle WN ( alkonokka) ja 7,5% lokukselle W ( alkoinen). Tämä muun elu joh uu mahdollises i ä iin lii y ien geno yyppimu an ien ylei- syysmuu oksis a ja on seu aus a sa unnaisessa lisään ymisessä apah unees a kesyyn ymises ä, jo a ei ole kui enkaan ielä odis e u. Rangi e , 31 (1), 2011160