Internet of Things for Sustainable Smart Education : An Overview

This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details. Author(s): Title: Year: Version: Copyright: Rights: Rights url: Please cite the original version: CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Internet of Things for Sustainable Smart Education : An Overview © 2022 the Authors Published version Zeeshan, Khaula; Hämäläinen, Timo; Neittaanmäki, Pekka Zeeshan, K., Hämäläinen, T., & Neittaanmäki, P. (2022). Internet of Things for Sustainable Smart Education : An Overview. Sustainability, 14(17), Article 4293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074293 2022   Citation: Zeeshan, K.; Hämäläinen, T.; Neittaanmäki, P. Internet of Things for Sustainable Smart Education: An Overview. Sustainability 2022,14, 4293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074293 Academic Editors: Junaid Zubairi, Sahar Idwan, Syed Misbahuddin and Baha Uddin Kazi Received: 31 January 2022 Accepted: 24 March 2022 Published: 4 April 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). sustainability Article Internet of Things for Sustainable Smart Education: An Overview Khaula Zeeshan *, Timo Hämäläinen and Pekka Neittaanmäki Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla, Mattilanniemi 2, 40100 Jyvaskyla, Finland; [email protected] (T.H.); [email protected] (P.N.) *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In the realm of fourth-generation industrialization, there will be great demand for a skilled workforceTo produce a skilled workforce, we need sustainable education with quality and equity. Conventional ways of delivering and managing education would not fulfil the demands of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). Disruptive technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT), have great potential in revolutionizing the current educational setup. Therefore, this research work aims to present an overview of the capabilities of IoT applications in educational settings. Our research article digs into recent research carried out referring to IoT applications in education and provides a detailed insight into the topic from three different perspectives, i.e., from the perspective of school management, teachers, and learners. The present research explains the ways in which IoT has been applied for the benefit of school managers, teachers, and learners, showcased in the recent literature. The paper also sheds light on bottlenecks for IoT applications and explains security, privacy, scalability, reliability, and dehumanization as main constraints in IoT applications in educational settings. Keywords: Internet of Things for schools; sustainable education; web learning; school management 1. Introduction Conventional educational settings remain the Achilles heel of sustainable education. Newfangled technologies are infiltrating our daily lives in ways we never imagined. The world we live in has changed dramatically in the previous decade as a result of technological advancements and digitization. Abrupt advances in wireless technologies and digital devices have ushered in a technological revolution all around us. The fourth industrial revolution, in this scenario, is bringing automation to every aspect of life, including schooling. It is critical to consider inclusive, equitable, and high-quality education at this stage of development. The digital divide is widening in the sense that the developed part of the world has more resources than the developing world. The only thing which can narrow the gap is sustainable quality education, provided equally to the masses. We must consider how technological advancements can assist in upbringing the world’s underprivileged population. To keep the pace with technological advancements and the digital revolution, we have to embark new ways of educational systems. The initiation of education and workforce policies which develop superior talent is one of the five policies identified by the World Economic Forum [ 1 ]. One way of narrowing the bridge between developed and developing countries is to reform educational settings by harnessing new technologies to uplift educational systems, therefore providing quality education for sustainable development. Educators can use advanced technologies not only for educational system development but also for developing a skilled workforce for future digital economies. IoT, as one of the disruptive technologies, can play a vital role in enhancing quality of learning experiences and the performance of the learners, supporting teachers’ daily work, school building management, school transport systems, and distanced learning provision. The Internet of Things has the potential to provide sustainable quality education and provide solutions for the everyday challenges which education providers and managers Sustainability 2022,14, 4293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074293 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2022,14, 4293 2 of 15 face. From our point of view, the Internet of Things can enable equitable, quality education and can play a role in sustainability. Data-driven smart systems will be the cornerstone of the fourth industrial revolution. Therefore, the IoT is the key driving technology for the data-driven smart systems in future. However, we also think that there will be challenges related to IoT applications. In our research work, we explore the role of the Internet of Things as an enabler for smart schools in data-driven smart societies. We see this topic as a new research direction. This article provides an overview based on recent research carried out related to the application of IoT for education. The research work provides an introduction to IoT and then moves on to a discussion of IoT applications in education. We showcase how IoT can be applied in educational contexts from school manager‘s, teacher‘s, and a learner‘s perspectives, to create a sustainable smart school. Finally, the study discusses the constraints of using IoT solutions in educational contexts. 2. Research Questions and Methodology 2.1. Research Questions In our research article, we are aiming to answer the following research questions: Question 1: How can the Internet of Things be applied in educational settings from school manager, teacher, and learner perspectives to provide sustainable smart education.To seek answers for Question 1, we have delineated the three following parts • What is smart education, and how can the smart school concept be explained • What does sustainable education mean? How can a smart education can be a sustainable education? • How can the Internet of things be applied in educational settings from school manager, teacher, and learner perspectives Question 2: What are the main challenges in applying the Internet of Things in educational settings? 2.2. Methodology To answer the above research questions, this study presents an overview by reviewing the scientific literature published in the last 10–11 years. We carried out our literature review using search engines such as Google Scholar, IEEE, and ERIC, using selected keywords: Internet of Things, smart school, Internet of Things and education, web learning, virtual learning, smart sustainable education, and educational management and Internet of Things. These are the main keywords used for the search, and we collected most of the literature addressed in this paper by using these keywords. Google Scholar, IEEE, and ERIC were used for the literature search because we found more recent work related to our search from these sources. These sources provided us with numerous recent studies. We retrieved almost 65 articles using the above-mentioned keywords. The total number of references included in the manuscript is 58. Out of which, 47 references refer to the included articles, and the remaining 11 refer to official websites and other authentic sources of information. The criteria for the articles to be included was partly based on the year of publication, because we are focusing on articles published in last 10-11 years. Two articles included were published before 2011. The reason for adding those articles is that they explained sustainability in a significant way, and in the authors’ opinions, it was valuable to include those articles in the manuscript. Secondly, the articles were selected on the bases of their contribution on the topic of the Internet of Things in the field of education. We excluded some articles because some of them were published more than 11 years ago, and some articles had overlaps in discussion—for example, there were overlaps in reviews on IoT, challenges in IoT applications, and sustainable education. It is also noted that most of the work carried out on the topic has been published in recent years. Out of all the available papers, we selected the most relevant papers.The information related to research articles search and collection is summed up in Table 1. Sustainability 2022,14, 4293 3 of 15 Table 1. Information related to research articles search and collection. Total Number of References Total Number of Article-Based References Total Number Official-Website- Based/Other- Information- Based References Publication Period of Included Articles Search Engines Used for Article Collection Keywords for the Article Search 58 47 11 2011–2021 Google Scholar, IEEE, and ERIC IoT, smart school, IoT and education, web learning, virtual learning, smart sustainable education, educational management and IoT The study also analysed related information available on the internet from reliable resources, such as the official websites of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural organization (UNESCO), United Nations (UN), and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). It is also noted that this topic is new, as application of IoT in education is in its infancy stage and is a new direction of research; therefore, there is not much work that has been carried out and published. We divided the searched articles in three categories: (1) Internet of Things applied for solving school management problems; (2) Internet of Things applied for facilitating teachers in their daily work; (3) Internet of Things for facilitating learners. Furthermore, we looked for the bottlenecks in IoT applications from an educational perspective. The authors carried out a content analysis [ 2 ] of the collected research articles and present a detailed overview of the topic in discussion. 3. Smart and Sustainable Education The Internet of Things has the capability to revolutionize the current conventional education system. Recent research has identified that IoT application in educational settings could prove to be a paradigm shift. Current research has pointed out that IoT has diverse services to offer for school managers, teachers, and learners. This section of the paper presents an overview of IoT applications for schools presented in recent research work. Although information and communications technology (ICT)-driven smart schools are not a new concept, there has not been much work carried out in that direction. 3.1. What Is a Smart School? A smart school is a technology-driven physical or virtual learning environment equipped with modern technologies, devices, tools, and applications for interactive learning, engagement, collaboration, teaching, and management [ 3 ]. The term “smart” refers to intelligence, wisdom, efficiency, and effectiveness. So, smart education refers to a medium of learning which enables learners to think intelligently, act efficiently, and solve problems effectively. Therefore, a smart school aims to provide an intelligent learning environment, based on student-centric, personalized, and adaptive learning services, with interactive and collaborative tools characterized by unhindered access [3]. Worldwide, we can see various examples of smart schools. Malaysian smart schools focus on nurturing 21st century skills in learners by developing creativity, thinking, and fostering technology-driven, personalised learning [ 4 ]. Schools in Singapore have embraced technology-based education to enrich their learners with advanced learning experiences. Schools in Singapore have developed a national education and learning architecture for lifelong learning. Schools in Australia have introduced the smart school concept by developing a multidisciplinary, learner-centric education system, providing digital learning platforms, Sustainability 2022,14, 4293 4 of 15 smart monitoring systems, adaptive curriculums, and interactive technologies for students and teachers [5]. Schools in Finland have been leading the world by implementing user-driven, motivational learning solutions, incorporating technology in daily school work, focusing on student-centred, project-based pedagogical approaches [ 6 ]. Schools in New York have already started smart school ventures, focusing on 21st century skill development. Schools in New York have developed technologically integrated class rooms, focusing on student performances and collaborative interactions [ 7 ]. Schools in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) started developing a smart learning program—the Mohammed Bin Rashid Smart Learning Program (MBRSLP)—in 2012, which aims to reshape the learning environment and school culture into technology-based, interactive, and collaborative smart classes [ 8 ]. Schools in China have developed smart systems, focusing on the ICT infrastructure, digital resources, ICT applications, information literacy, and safeguard mechanisms [9]. We can infer that smart school concepts build on teacher training, reliable information, communications technology (ICT) infrastructures, modern curriculum designs, application of interactive and collaborative technologies, tools and devices, user-friendly, personalized learning environments, and intelligent school management systems. Therefore, the main objectives of a smart school—which characterize the advantages of a smart school over conventional schools—include the following: • To achieve digital literacy and an ICT-literate future workforce. • To achieve an interactive, collaborative learning experience and an enhanced quality of education • To achieve inclusive education by providing virtual education to far-removed areas without setting up physical school infrastructures. • To equip teachers with modern teaching tools and applications to harness ease of work and quality of delivery in their daily work routine. • To achieve sustainable management of resources in providing quality education. • To achieve sustainable development goals by supporting and building sustainable communities [10]. 3.2. What Does Sustainable Education Mean? Sustainability refers to persistence, sustenance, or endurance. It can also refer to preservation of environments, facilities, or cultures. Sustainability can also be defined as the maintenance of a certain system at a certain level without depleting the available resources and avoiding the fear of system breakage. We can also explain sustainability in terms of the reliability and continuity of a system. The United Nation World Commission on Environment and Development defines sustainability development as the following: “the sustainable development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” [11]. The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Sustainability Committee Charter defined sustainability as the following: “the integration of environmental health, social equity and economic vitality in order to create thriving, healthy, diverse and resilient communities for this generation and generations to come. The practice of sustainability recognizes how these issues are interconnected and requires a systems approach and an acknowledgement of complexity” [12]. In the scenario of sustainable development, sustainable education (SE) is explained in many ways. Australian researcher, Reynolds, in 2009 [ 13 ], introduced sustainable education in terms of “sustainability quotients” that can be applied to many forms of sustainability, and which point to the balance between the availability of resources and consumption. According to Reynolds, education as a social institution has the responsibility to make a meaningful contribution to ensuring sustainability at local, societal, and international levels. According to another study, sustainable education (SE) comprises four descriptors [ 14 ], as follows: Sustaining: It helps to sustain people, communities, and ecosystems; Tenable: It Sustainability 2022,14, 4293 5 of 15 provides equity, integrity, justice, and inclusiveness; Healthy: It nurtures systems, leading to healthy life styles; Durable: It is lasting and affordable so that the systems are not interrupted and are available to all. Sustainable education plays an important role in society by empowering learners with responsible social and economical thinking. The 2018 UNESCO report emphasized the importance of education for sustainable development, and called for reforms in educational systems for all countries to transform education systems, focusing on innovative pedagogies, characterized by technology-driven, efficient, and intelligent learning environments, available to all with equity, justice, and equality. UNESCO has asserted sustainable education for sustainable development (environmental, social, and economical) as a key target to achieve before 2030 [15]. 3.3. Main Features of a Sustainable Smart School What features characterize a sustainable smart school? This is an important question, and so far, no perfect definition or benchmark has been set. However, on the basis of recent research, we can say that a very basic smart school can be a school which offers its learners computers, tablets, multimedia screens, projectors, and a free internet availability, in a reliable and sustainable way [ 10 ]. Reliability here suggests that applications should be secure and available without any service breakdown, and sustainability can be achieved when the application is secure, easily available, cost effective, and environmentally friendly. A school can enhance its smart features by embracing advanced devices and technologies, such as sensors, cameras, smart and interactive white boards, virtual reality, augmented reality tools and applications, interactive learning games and learning environments, and technology-based assessment and feedback tools in sustainable ways. Therefore, a school which comprises secure and reliable ICT infrastructure, technology-driven physical and virtual classrooms, sustainable resource management systems, and advanced pedagogies, with personalized learning management systems (LMS), can be termed as a smart school [10]. Similarly, when we talk about e-learning, a virtual classroom set up comes in our mind, which utilizes distance learning. E-schools provide learning online, offline, or in virtual classrooms, where the student can learn at home without going into campus. This kind of virtual or distance learning education has so many advantages in terms of providing education to far-removed areas as well. In a COVID-19—and post-COVID-19—era, the world has experienced the power and convenience of distance learning. Therefore, a school capable of providing education online to those students who live in far-away places is a smart school. Distance learning is cheaper and more convenient than travelling every day, or building a physical school setup in far-removed areas. We suggest that a smart school concept, driven by ICT and modern technologies, would help in achieving the United Nation‘s goals for sustainable development. United Nation has 17 goals for sustainable development as shown in Figure 1[ 4 ]. By applying a small school concept, the goal for quality education (Goal 4), the goal for reducing discrimination (Goal 10), and the goal for sustainable societies (Goal 11) can be achieved on a wider spectrum [ 4 ]. Sustainable development Goal 4 [ 4 ], as explained by the United Nations, is to bring inclusion and provide quality education for all without any inequality. Sustainability garners the idea of developing the masses, not only for facing present challenges, but also for nurturing the ability of future generations to address future challenges and meet their own needs. Educational progress, enabled by advanced technologies, seems to pave the way to sustainability. We need a quality of education which would make our present better and our future brighter. Therefore, smart schools, enabled with advanced technologies, utilizing information and communication technology, will produce a skilled future workforce and a quality education for sustainable development. We summed up main features of Smart and Sustainable School at Figure 2. Sustainability 2022,14, 4293 6 of 15 Figure 1. UN sustainable development goals. Figure 2. Smart and sustainable school. 4. Internet of Things: A Brief Introduction Kevin Ashton, the co-founder of the Auto-ID Center, first introduced the term Internet of Things (IoT) in 1999 [ 16 ]. Later, International Telecommunications Union defined IoT as the following: “As enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies” (International Telecommunications Union, 2012) [ 17 ]. The Internet of Things is a technology which gathers information in the form of data and transmits it to other devices, connected through internet. In this way, IoT interacts with its environment in close connection with other connected devices. A “thing” in IoT refers to a thing that should be capable of gathering and transmitting data to other connected devices. Multiple advanced technologies work as enablers of Internet of Things. For example, wireless communication and artificial intelligence are the key enablers technologies for the Internet of Things. In order to deliver IoT services, IoT works through the combination of different advanced technologies. Things in the Internet of Things do not include only electronic equipment, but also includes things such as art items, eatables, craft items, sports items, costumes, and garments [ 18 ]. IoT assures fast communication by collecting and transferring data, interacting with other devices, and receiving and transmitting information. Sustainability 2022,14, 4293 7 of 15 IoT Architecture The architecture of IoT comprises of four layers, as shown in Figure 3. The first layer works as the physical layer. Sensors, wearable devices, actuators, and radio frequency identification tags (RFID) make up the physical layer. Therefore, we can say that the physical layer is made up of data collecting devices. Actuators are devices converting energy into motion. Basically, actuators are the motion producers. Motion can be linear, rotatory, or oscillatory [19]. Next to the physical layer is the network layer. The network layer acts as the backbone layer, which may constitute of wireless networks (3G, 4G, 5G), satellite networks, optical fibre networks, an ethernet network, or a cloud network. The network layer enables various functions, such as mobility management, accounting for IoT terminals, and the authentication and authorization of IoT applications [20]. After the network layer comes the software layer, commonly known as the data processing layer. The software layer behaves as a data processing engine. This layer consists of databases, data processing units, and high-power data processing servers to process the collected data. Therefore, the software layer enables the working by ensuring communication protocol for the data communication and management. The last layer of an IoT architecture is the application layer. The application layer utilizes smart devices to make machine-to-machine (M-M) and machine-to-human (M-H) interactions possible. The application layer acts as an interface between the infrastructure and third party applications. An Internet of Things system is characterized by three main features: (1) comprehensive perception, (2) reliable transmission, and (3) intelligent processing. The Internet of Things has a vast range of applications, from smart industry to smart city concepts, which encapsulate smart health, smart commerce, smart education, and smart transport systems [20]. Figure 3. IoT architecture. 5. IoT as an Enabler for Sustainable and Smart Education In this section, we explain the application of IoT from three different perspectives, i.e., from the school management perspective, from the teacher perspective, and from the learner perspective . The conceptualized IoT-driven Samrt School is shown in the Figure 4. Sustainability 2022,14, 4293 8 of 15 Figure 4. IoT-driven smart school. 5.1. IoT for Smart School Management • Energy management: In the interests of sustainability, energy management demands interconnectivity and interoperability. Educational organizations could save millions of dollars using smart energy management. IoT sensors in school premises allow utility of only on demand energy and avoid unnecessary use of energy as in case of electricity. In this way, educational organizations can not only minimize their cost per unit of electricity but also their carbon footprint. An IoT-based communication framework can thus provide energy consumption information to the management system. An IoT-based energy-management platform has been developed to provide smart energy management for schools [ 21 ]; therefore, it provides a system based on demand resource energy management (DR). Another noteworthy solution for smart school building management is presented in [ 22 ], where a low-cost solution is designed for implementing energy consumption and environmental monitoring using an open-source IoT infrastructure. The solution is installed in many school buildings in Germany. • On-campus security: School premises security is a challenge, especially in cases of large institutions. Most school buildings have insufficiently secured infrastructure. Therefore, it is almost impossible to detect incidents, such as physical abuse, fire, theft, or sexual abuse, on campuses. School management can enhance their in campus security by using real-time cameras in combination with devices. In this way, school management can reach the place of the incident quickly and initiate an action plan immediately. IoT-based security systems comprise sensing technologies, sensitive cameras, advanced cellular technologies, wireless communication, and cloud-based networks [23]. • Student monitoring system: In another work, researchers developed an IoT-based student monitoring system which utilizes Bluetooth low-energy technology (BLE) cards along with IP-based, closed-circuit television (CCTV) system. Here, the beacon chips are used for fingerprinting technology to determine the position of the object and face recognition is used to identify the student. In this way, it would be easier to monitor and identify the students carrying the BLE cards [24]. • Management of students requiring extra support: Facilitating learners with special needs is a challenge for education providers. Learners with physical and mental disabilities require holistic solutions to help them in learning. IoT has the ability to develop learner- Sustainability 2022,14, 4293 15 of 15 37. Sharma, T.; Aarthy, S.L. 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