Carbon handprint – An approach to assess the positive climate impacts of products demonstrated via renewable diesel case

This is a e sion o a publica ion in Please ci e he publica ion as ollows: DOI: Copy igh o he o iginal publica ion: This is a pa allel published e sion o an o iginal publica ion. This e sion can di e om he o iginal published a icle. published by Ca bon handp in – An app oach o assess he posi i e clima e impac s o p oduc s demons a ed ia enewable diesel case G önman Kaisa, Pajula Tiina, Sillman Jani, Leino Maija, Va anen Saija, Kasu inen Heli, Soininen As a, Soukka Ris o G önman, K., Pajula, T., Sillman, J., Leino, M., Va anen, S., Kasu inen, H., Soininen, A., Soukka, R. (2018). Ca bon handp in – An app oach o assess he posi i e clima e impac s o p oduc s demons a ed ia enewable diesel case. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, Vol. 206, pp. 1059-1072. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclep o.2018.09.233 Final d a Else ie Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 10.1016/j.jclep o.2018.09.233 © 2018 Else ie L d. 1 Wo d coun 9755 Ca bon handp in – an app oach o assess he posi i e clima e impac s o p oduc s demons a ed ia enewable diesel case Kaisa G önmana*, Tiina Pajulab, Jani Sillmana, Maija Leinoa, Saija Va anenb, Heli Kasu inena, As a Soininenc, Ris o Soukkaa a) Lappeen an a Uni e si y o Technology, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeen an a, Finland b) VTT Technical Resea ch Cen e o Finland L d, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland c) Nes e Co po a ion, P.O. Box 310, FI-06101 Po oo, Finland *) Co esponding au ho ABSTRACT The capaci y o calcula e and communica e he bene icial en i onmen al impac o p oduc s and se ices is lacking in scien i ic guidelines. To ill his gap, his a icle p esen s a new app oach o calcula ing he ca bon handp in o p oduc s. The co e o he sugges ed app oach in ol es compa ing he ca bon oo p in o an imp o ed p oduc wi h he ca bon oo p in o he baseline p oduc , and subsequen ly calcula ing he educ ion in g eenhouse gas emission ha can be achie ed by u ilizing he imp o ed p oduc . The p oposed app oach is ounded on he s anda dized li e cycle assessmen me hodology o oo p in s un il he use s age, and i p o ides a amewo k o ecognize he e ec s o he emaining li e cycle s ages in he ac ual ope a ional en i onmen . This calcula ion is mean o be used by manu ac u e s ha wish o show po en ial cus ome s he posi i e clima e impac s o e ed by he manu ac u e 's p oduc . The ca bon handp in app oach complemen s he exis ing me hodologies by in oducing new de ini ions and consis en guidelines o compa ing he baseline p oduc and he imp o ed p oduc . This a icle p esen s he de eloped calcula ion app oach and demons a es he app oach wi h one case s udy abou enewable diesel. Resul s o he diesel handp in calcula ion indica e ha a d i e can educe g eenhouse gas emissions by choosing enewable diesel o e baseline uel. Thus, he p oduce o he enewable diesel will c ea e a handp in . O ganiza ions can use ca bon handp in s o quan i ying he g eenhouse gas educ ions hei cus ome s can achie e by u ilizing he p oduc . Thus, he ca bon handp in can be a powe ul ool in communica ions and ma ke ing. By conduc ing ca bon handp in assessmen s, a company can also ind ou how hei p oduc quali ies in compa ison o baseline p oduc s. The e o e, ca bon handp in s can also suppo decision-making and li elong p oduc design. Keywo ds: handp in ; oo p in ; ca bon handp in ; ca bon oo p in ; posi i e en i onmen al impac s; li e cycle assessmen 2 1. INTRODUCTION Assessing en i onmen al impac s has adi ionally ocused on measu ing and modeling he nega i e e ec s ha p oduc s, se ices, and companies cause o he en i onmen . In many o ganiza ions, i is al eady common o assess esou ce use o emissions caused as a esul o hei ac i i ies. These assessmen p ac ices a e ho oughly guided wi h s anda ds es ablished o li e cycle assessmen (LCA) (ISO 14040, 2006; ISO 14044, 2006), ca bon oo p in (ISO, 14067, 2018) and wa e oo p in (ISO 14046, 2014). Many companies, especially in de eloped coun ies, al eady ha e a dep h o en i onmen al know-how and so succeed in conduc ing hei ope a ions wi h e icien esou ce use and p oducing a minimum amoun o emissions and was e. Indeed, hese companies migh e en pu sue a business concep ha is based on p o iding p oduc s, se ices o echnologies ha educe he en i onmen al impac s o hei cus ome s. Howe e , hese clean ech o on unne companies a e lacking a ecognized me hod o calcula ing and communica ing he en i onmen al bene i s o hei ac ions. Scien is s ha e sugges ed me hods o measu ing he posi i e en i onmen al impac s o p oduc sys ems. Čuček e al. (2012) in oduced he concep o o al en i onmen al oo p in which conside s a (p oduc ) sys em’s o al e ec s on he en i onmen by summing he di ec oo p in – he bu dening o he en i onmen , and he indi ec oo p in , he unbu dening o he en i onmen . The bene icial unbu dening e ec s in he sys em can esul om subs i u ing ha m ul p oduc s o benign p oduc s, such as subs i u ing ossil uels o enewable uels (Čuček e al., 2012) o op ing o mo e o less impac ul aw ma e ials (K a anja and Čuček, 2013). The idea o indi ec unbu dening e ec s has been u he applied and de eloped by scien is s. K a anja and Čuček (2013) ha e in eg a ed unbu dening e ec s in o mul i-objec i e op imiza ion me hods by in oducing he ela i e o al sus ainabili y index ha assesses he combined en i onmen al, social and economic sus ainabili y o a (p oduc ) sys em. How and Lam (2017; 2018) ha e applied he unbu dening e ec s in a p incipal componen analysis o assess and op imize he sus ainabili y pe o mance o p oduc sys ems. G een ma ke ing li e a u e has iden i ied ha communica ing he posi i e impac s o p oduc s and se ices is a challenge. To ackle c edibili y challenges, Rami ez e al. (2014) ecommends mo e consis en communica ion o a sus ainable p oduc ’s economic bene i s and posi i e en i onmen al impac s. The esea ch by C onin e al. (2011) ein o ces he pe cep ion ha he communica ion o a p oduc ’s en i onmen al bene i s is a delica e issue, as g een ma ke ing s a egies ha e o a oid g eenwashing while comba ing cus ome con usion and cynicism. Fu he mo e, sus ainabili y-o ien ed cus ome s can be a signi ican ma ke o some companies (Pa ala e al., 2016). Access o his ma ke equi es igo ous demons a ion and communica ion o expec ed sus ainabili y bene i s o p oduc and se ice o e ings. The need o communica ing posi i e en i onmen al impac s has been iden i ied by esea che s, e.g. by Pihkola e al. (2010), Tynkkynen, and Be ninge (2017). Bjø n and Hauschild (2013) emphasize he need o in oduce posi i e p oduc a ibu es in LCA as well as he po en ial o de eloping LCA and eco-e iciency app oaches owa ds being able o p o ide inpu o posi i e ma ke ing and communica ion in he indus y sec o . Se e al au ho s emphasize he need o changing he business mindse om being ocused on educing nega i e impac s o enhancing posi i e ones. Dyllick and Hocke s (2002) in oduce his idea, while Young and Tilley (2006) and Dyllick and Mu (2016) explo e he ideas o e iciency and e ec i eness. Conside ing e ec i eness, Dyllick and Mu (2016) discuss he c ea ion o a “posi i e oo p in ” o e he whole li e cycle o a p oduc , as a s ep o wa d in de eloping sus ainable business, in con as o me ely pu suing e iciency, i.e. minimizing oo p in (usually on a business economics basis). McDonough and B aunga (2002a) e e o he iple bo om line as a business app oach ha wo ks o balance economic, ecological, and social sus ainabili y goals wi h a ocus on minimizing nega i e impac s. Fu he mo e, hey sugges a new concep , iple op line, which is abou iden i ying new business oppo uni ies by c ea ing posi i e bene icial impac s, o a “bene icial ecological oo p in ” (McDonough and B aunga , 2002a). Dyllick and Ros (2017) s a e ha companies a e mo e likely o conside hei social impac s om a posi i e pe spec i e, o example, he c ea ion o jobs and he well-being o hei employees, whe eas hey judge en i onmen al impac s om a nega i e pe spec i e. Dyllick and Ros (2017) mo e he sus ainabili y discussion on om a company le el o p oduc le el, s a ing ha conside ing and op imizing he posi i e impac s o p oduc s (handp in ) ins ead o ocusing on minimizing hei nega i e oo p in s is a s ep owa d de eloping uly sus ainable 3 p oduc s. Rega ding he sus ainabili y assessmen o p oduc s, Sala e al. (2013) conclude ha li e cycle-based me hodologies should be b oadened om a oiding nega i e impac s o also p oac i ely enhancing posi i e impac s. Whe eas he ‘ oo p in ’ concep is applied o e e o nega i e en i onmen al impac s, ‘handp in ’ is less well-known bu can be used o e e o he posi i e impac s. This handp in concep was i s launched in 2007 by UNESCO, when i was de e mined as a measu e o Educa ion o Sus ainable De elopmen ac ion, aiming o dec ease he human oo p in (Handp in Ac ion Towa d Sus ainabili y, n.d.). Bieme e al., (2013) and No is (2015) ha e emphasized he en i onmen al app oach o handp in ing. Whe eas he concep o a oo p in is app oached by looking o educe i s e ec s close o ze o, wi h a handp in he e is no limi o he good ha can be achie ed (Bieme e al., 2013). In he ongoing Ge man Handp in p ojec (Handabd uck), measu emen , e alua ion, and communica ion ools o he ecological, economic and social impac s o p oduc s a e being c ea ed (Beckmann, 2017). They a e pu suing an ambi ious goal o aking in o accoun all he h ee pilla s o sus ainabili y. In he scope o Handp in -Based Ne Posi i e Assessmen , bo h he en i onmen al and social impac s o p oduc s and ac ions a e add essed (No is, 2013). In he p e ious me hods he educ ion in an o ganiza ion’s oo p in is conside ed o be pa o a Handp in . As No is (2015) and Beckmann e al. (2017) include he educ ion o one’s own emissions e.g. in he p oduc ion phase as one means o c ea e handp in , i can be a gued ha his o e laps wi h educing hei own oo p in . The handp in app oaches o Bieme e al., (2013) and No is (2015) emphasize he posi i e ein o cemen loop o doing good. They accen ha posi i e ac ion p omo es o he posi i e ac ions, e.g. in e ms o people educa ing each o he ega ding acc ued knowledge. Al hough his is ue in many cases, i is ha d o p o e and e en ha de o measu e and alloca e o someone’s c edi . Bieme e al., (2013) also include he possibili y o c ea ing handp in s h ough buying ca bon o se s. Indus ies and companies ha e al eady ecognized he need o communica e he en i onmen al bene i o hei p oduc s o e o he s in he ma ke . Indus y sec o s in chemis y (ICCA and WBCSD, 2013) as well as in ICT (GeSI, Global e-Sus ainabili y Ini ia e) ha e ad anced his issue om hei own poin o iew. The chemical sec o has in oduced indus y- ela ed guidance (ICCA and WBCSD, 2013) wi h guidelines o calcula ing and epo ing a oided emissions a e compiled. Companies like Ou o ec (Ou o ec, 2015) ha e launched hei own ini ia i es o handp in s. The handp in concep has eme ged as a esponse o he demand o a me hod o quan i y he posi i e impac s o a p oduc . Howe e , he handp in concep has been simul aneously de eloped by mul iple esea che s and indus ies. This uncoo dina ed de elopmen wo k has led o a mul i ude o de ini ions and scopes o he handp in concep , which equi es consis en cla i ica ion. The di e ences in he exis ing handp in app oaches call o ha monized guidelines o handp in s o become an es ablished means in company communica ion. As he i s objec i e, he a icle p o ides a uni e sal de ini ion o handp in ha can be u ilized in o ganiza ions’ s akeholde communica ion and scien i ically jus i ied. Fu he mo e, his a icle speci ically de ines ca bon handp in . As he second objec i e, he a icle de ines he ole o ca bon handp in in he con ex o exis ing LCA-based me hodologies. The a icle sugges s how o u ilize and combine he exis ing LCA iewpoin s in a ca bon handp in assessmen . As he hi d objec i e, he a icle p o ides gene al guidelines o he LCA-based quan i ica ion o a ca bon handp in o o ganiza ions’ p oduc s. The scope o he a icle is a ca bon handp in , which e e s o he g eenhouse gas emission educ ion a p oduc can c ea e. Only a e achie ing clea guidelines o one en i onmen al impac ca ego y can we conside he me hodology’s applicabili y o o he impac s. The eby, ou con ibu ion di e s om ha o Beckmann (2017) and No is (2013) whose handp in s conside mul iple en i onmen al impac s and dimensions o sus ainabili y. A u he di e ence o hese p e ious con ibu ions is ha we aim o clea ly di e en ia e be ween handp in s and oo p in s and a oid hei o e lapping. In con as o Bieme e al. (2013) and No is (2015) who emphasize he posi i e ein o cemen loop o doing good, ou s a ing poin is he de ini ion o a handp in concep o o ganiza ions o solidly calcula e hei p oduc ’s e ec in educing g eenhouse gases. Con a y o Bieme ’s e al. (2013) accep ance o buying ca bon o se s, we cons uc he handp in concep based on he ac ual impac s o he p oduc s o se ices p o ided by he o ganiza ion. By ollowing his p inciple, he buye o he p oduc o se ice can asce ain ha , by pu chasing his speci ic p oduc , a ce ain amoun o g eenhouse gas emissions can be educed. The selle can also use he same a gumen as a selling poin . 4 This a icle is di ided in o h ee main pa s: a p esen a ion o he heo e ical backg ound o he ca bon handp in app oach p oposed, a demons a ion o i s usage wi h ac ual case calcula ion, and inally an examina ion o he simila i ies and di e ences be ween he ca bon handp in app oach and o he LCA based applica ions in he discussion sec ion 2. METHODS The de elopmen o he ca bon handp in app oach has been based on h ee di e en means. Fi s , we ha e e iewed he exis ing esea ch on assessing posi i e en i onmen al impac s (e.g. Bieme , Dixon, and Blackbu n, 2013; ICCA and WBCSD, 2013; No is, 2015). We ha e also closely explo ed he guidance and s anda ds gi en o ca bon oo p in calcula ion (ISO 14067, 2013; WBCSD and WRI, 2004) and LCA (ISO 14040, 2006; ISO 14044, 2006), because we aim o base he ca bon handp in app oach on he LCA guidelines app o ed by he scien i ic communi y as consis en ly as possible. Secondly, we in e iewed companies and associa ions abou hei expec a ions and p epa edness on ca bon handp in ing. A o al o 20 in e iews we e comple ed, including he manu ac u ing, ICT, chemical, cons uc ion, pape , ood, ecycling, and consul ing sec o s. The in e iewed 14 companies included bo h SMEs and la ge in e na ional companies. The six associa ions in e iewed ep esen ed NGOs and ade associa ions. The in e iews comp ehensi ely co e ed he ange o li e cycle aspec s, om aw ma e ial p ocessing and manu ac u ing o end-o - li e. Expe ience o in e iewees’ en i onmen al impac assessmen a ied om ‘no expe ience a all’ o ‘se e al yea s o expe ise.’ The majo i y o he esponden s (ca. 75%) had al eady used li e cycle hinking, and he main pu pose o LCA s udies had been o communica ions and ma ke ing pu poses. Almos hal o he esponden s (9) had in some way calcula ed posi i e aspec s, e.g. in e ms o a oided emissions. The bene i s o handp in ing we e seen as mul i old, p o ing ideal o in e nal educa ion o p ocess managemen wi hin he company. Handp in s could also se e as a possible a ac ion o new cus ome s, so inco po a ed in o b anding and/o ma ke ing ini ia i es. Communica ing he bene i s o handp in s was seen as e y impo an , he e o e, and companies should s i e o make hem easy and simple o unde s and. Thi dly, as a g ea es inpu o he me hodology de elopmen , se en case s udies we e examined. The case s udies we e d a ed based on he pe o mances o di e en kinds o p oduc s, se ices, and p ocesses, in o de o he me hodology de elopmen o bene i om a a ied ange o in o ma ion. The e o e, i is possible o calcula e handp in s no only o p oduc s bu also o se ices and echnologies. The chosen case s udies we e, 1) ma e ial o shopping bags om a ma e ial manu ac u e 2) enewable diesel om a uel manu ac u e , 3) ele a o echnology om an ele a o manu ac u e , 4) an addi i e manu ac u ing se ice om a 3D p in ing company, 5) he cooling echnology o a base s a ion om a wi eless ne wo k se ice p o ide , 6) a ca pe se ice om a deco a ion company, and 7) a bio-was e ea men solu ion om a compos e manu ac u e . One case, he enewable diesel o Nes e, is used in his a icle o demons a e he cou se o handp in assessmen . Each solu ion was examined om he poin o iew o a ious cus ome s, wi h alue d i e s being ecognized o each cus ome . Bo h business- o-cus ome p oduc s as well as business- o-business p oduc s we e examined. In o de o ensu e he applicabili y o he ca bon handp in app oach, he scope o he cases a ied om consume cases o bo h business and ci y- ela ed cases, and he p oduc s chosen co e ed many di e en indus ial sec o s. In addi ion, he s udied p oduc s ep esen ed bo h mass-p oduced p oduc s and also mo e ailo -made p oduc s o he speci ic needs o a cus ome . The s udied cases we e also based on applicable si ua ions, in which se e al ac o s in he alue chain we e ound o in luence he c ea ion o a ca bon handp in . 5 3. RESULTS 3.1 De e mining a ca bon handp in We de ine he handp in and ca bon handp in as ollows: A handp in e e s o he bene icial en i onmen al impac s ha o ganiza ions can achie e and communica e by p o iding p oduc s ha educe he oo p in s o cus ome s. A ca bon handp in is he educ ion o he ca bon oo p in o a cus ome o cus ome s. O ganiza ion can c ea e a ca bon handp in ia se e al mechanisms, he possibili ies o which Figu e 1 simpli ies. The o ganiza ion can p o ide a aw ma e ial, a pa , a componen , a uel, a echnology, a p ocess, a p oduc o a se ice, he e e e ed o as X (la e on abb e ia ed as ‘p oduc ’) ha can be shown o educe he GHG emissions o ano he p oduc sys em – he e Y. P oduc sys em Y can ep esen he cus ome o he ac o using he p oduc o u he p ocessing o selling i . In he p oduc sys em Y, he p oduc X can educe he ca bon oo p in o Y by in luencing in he ollowing ways: 1) Ma e ial use: Replacing non- enewable/GHG in ensi e ma e ials / A oiding ma e ial use / Inc easing ma e ial-use e iciency 2) Ene gy use: Replacing non- enewable/GHG in ensi e ene gy and uels / A oiding ene gy/ uel use / Inc easing ene gy e iciency 3) Was e: Reducing was e and losses / Con ibu ing o ecycling, euse, and emanu ac u e 4) Li e ime and Pe o mance: Leng hening he li e ime o a p oduc / Enabling he pe o mance imp o emen o a p oduc 5) Ca bon cap u e and s o age: Con ibu ing o GHG sinks h ough land-use change / Remo al o ca bon in o biomass / S o ing o ca bon in o p oduc s Figu e 1. Mechanisms o a ca bon handp in o be c ea ed by he handp in solu ion applied by a cus ome . The handp in solu ion could be able o educe he ac o s w i en in g een and inc ease he ac o s w i en in blue in he cus ome ’s p ocess, esul ing in GHG educ ion. 6 Calcula ing he ca bon handp in o he o ganiza ion’s p oduc X is achie ed by simply compa ing he ca bon oo p in s o his modi ied p ac ice o he baseline p ac ice (see Figu e 2). The ca bon handp in is c ea ed i he ca bon oo p in o p oduc sys em Y is smalle when using p oduc X han i is by using baseline p oduc B. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ℎ𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋=𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵 (1) The ca bon handp in is equal o he educ ion o he ca bon oo p in o a cus ome , bu he e m ‘handp in ’ is announced o he p oduc o he o ganiza ion ha p o ides his solu ion. Thus, he p oduc ha enables he oo p in educ ion has a handp in . Figu e 2. Reduced ca bon oo p in is equal o he c ea ed ca bon handp in The ca bon handp in can be c ea ed by wo means, as p esen ed in Figu e 3, o wi h combina ions o hose wo means. The GHG educ ion, when compa ed o he baseline, can al eady occu in he p ocesses o he ca bon handp in solu ion p o ide (ma ked as CFX), so long as hey p o ide he solu ion wi h less GHG emissions han he baseline solu ion p o ide (ma ked wi h CFB). This si ua ion is desc ibed wi h he column on he le in Figu e 3. Ano he basic op ion is ha he ca bon oo p in o he cus ome ’s p oduc (ma ked as CFY,X) can be educed wi h he help o he ca bon handp in solu ion p o ide ’s p oduc X. This si ua ion is desc ibed wi h he column on he igh in Figu e 3. An example o his could be a ood packaging, which helps o sa e he ood be e and so p e en s ood was e and causes less GHG emissions, acco dingly. As discussed, combina ions o hese wo means can also esul in a ca bon handp in . One sec ion (CFX o CFY,X) can also be allowed o inc ease when compa ed o he co esponding sec ion in he baseline, bu he o al ca bon oo p in should be lowe han he baseline’s oo p in in o de o c ea e a ca bon handp in . 7 Figu e 3. Two basic means o a ca bon handp in o be c ea ed by he educ ion o ca bon oo p in s (CF) We sugges o clea ly di e en ia e he imp o emen s unde aken wi hin an o ganiza ion’s own p oduc ion sys em as educ ions o one’s oo p in . Reducing one’s own oo p in alone is no c ea ing a handp in . Handp in is an indica ion o he o al oo p in o a p oduc when used by a (po en ial) cus ome . Companies wi h a poo en i onmen al pe o mance cu en ly ha e g ea po en ial o achie ing educ ions in hei own oo p in . This is s ill no ye a handp in , bu a necessi y o be p io i ized i s in o de o dese e a place in he ma ke and ha e a license o ope a e. A he same ime, o e unne companies ha e al eady imp o ed hei pe o mance o he op class o esou ce-e icien and sus ainable ac o s. The e is less and less oom o imp o emen in hei own unc ions ( educ ion o one’s own oo p in ) bu plen y o op ions o help o he s o educe hei oo p in s (handp in ). A ca bon handp in unc ions as a ma ke ing and communica ion ool. Fo a cus ome , he possibili y o educing hei oo p in can p o e o be a conside able sales a gumen . A ca bon handp in also o e s a means o iden i ying whe he he e is a need o u he de elop one’s p oduc in o de o c ea e a handp in . A handp in assessmen migh e eal ha he di e ence in esul ing ca bon oo p in s is minimal when compa ed o a baseline p oduc , o e en ha he baseline p oduc migh ha e a smalle oo p in . 8 3.2 S eps in he ca bon handp in calcula ion As guidance o he ca bon handp in calcula ion, a s ep-by-s ep p ocedu e is p esen ed (see Figu e 4). As a gene al ule, i can be no ed ha , as wi h LCA in gene al, a handp in calcula ion is also an i e a i e p ocess. Due o indings in he analyses o subsequen s eps, i migh be necessa y o upda e he p io s eps. Figu e 4. Ten s eps and assis ing sub-ques ions in he ca bon handp in app oach 3.2.1 Choosing a p oduc o handp in calcula ion The i s s ep o a company ha is conside ing conduc ing a ca bon handp in calcula ion is o decide on he p oduc ha will be subjec o assessmen . The hypo hesis should be ha he p oduc has he po en ial o educing GHG emissions when i is u ilized by a cus ome . As a basis o he selec ion o he p oduc o handp in calcula ions Figu e 1, in oducing i e possible ways o educe a ca bon oo p in , can be used. The company can make a p elimina y sc eening o hei p oduc s o assess which o hem migh p o ide ca bon oo p in educ ions in hei cus ome ’s p ocesses. One possible way o execu e he sc eening is o ga he an expe panel ha is well acquain ed wi h he company’s p oduc s and go h ough he i e possible ca bon oo p in educ ion pa hways. Whe he he chosen p oduc (s) uly ha e GHG emission educ ion possibili ies will be u he de ined in subsequen s eps. 3.2.2 De ining cus ome s In o de o he ca bon handp in o be c ea ed, he p oduc needs o ha e a po en ial use , now e e ed o as a cus ome . A single p oduc may ha e di e en kinds o use s ha u ilize he p oduc o di e en pu poses. These a ying ci cums ances need o be unde s ood so ha he ou es di e en cus ome s ake will ul ima ely in o m he CARBON HANDPRINT METHODOLOGY •SUB-QUESTIONS 1. Choosing he p oduc o handp in calcula ion •Wha is he p oduc ha po en ially has a ca bon handp in ? 2. De ining cus ome (s) o he p oduc •Who a e he key cus ome s he company wishes o in luence? 3. De ining he aim •By wha means can he p oduc o se ice in luence he cus ome ’s GHG emissions? 4. De ining he baseline •Wha is he ele an baseline o compa ing he modi ied p ac ice wi hin he iden i ied ma ke a ea and ime ame? 5. De ining he unc ional uni •Wha is he mos desc ip i e unc ional uni ha desc ibes he pu pose o he p oduc o each cus ome ? 6. De ining he uni o clea communica ion o esul s •Wha is he mos desc ip i e uni ha can also be easily communica ed o each ype o cus ome ? 7. De ining sys em bounda ies •Wha li ecycle s ages a e included and wha s ages can be excluded on he basis ha : •A) he e is no di e ence be ween he baseline and he modi ied p ac ice, and •B) he ca bon handp in p oduc in luences only pa s o he li ecycle o he cus ome ’s p oduc ? 8. De ining da a needs and sou ces •Wha kind o da a is needed ha is ep esen a i e and accessible: •A) when he ac ual cus ome is known? •B) when he exac cus ome canno be de e mined? 9. Calcula ing oo p in s •Wha a e he oo p in s o he baseline and modi ied p ac ice? 10. Calcula ing he handp in •Wha is he di e ence be ween he oo p in s o he baseline and he modi ied p ac ice? 15 o Nes e has been used in he calcula ion, bu i is la gely con iden ial. Pe 1,000 kg o UCO he ne elec ici y consump ion is 260 MJ and he ne s eam consump ion is 1,250 MJ. The byp oduc s o he p ocesses a e gasoline and p opane, and hei lowe hea ing alues a e 43 MJ/kg and 46 MJ/kg, espec i ely. (Nes e, 2017, pe sonal communica ions.) The diesel is dis ibu ed om he Po oo e ine y o i s illing s a ions. Calcula ions assumed a dis ance o 100 kilome e s a eled by Eu o 6 ucks. Raw ma e ial: UCO T anspo a ion: Diesel d i en Eu o 6; Oil anke , a e age) P e ea men Hyd o ea men Hyd ogen p oduc ion: S eam e o ming Biop opane Biogasoline Renewable diesel Dis ibu ion: Diesel d i en Eu o 6; Oil anke , a e age Cooling wa e Chemicals Losses Wa e and was es Cooling wa e Elec ici y S eam S eam Elec ici y S eam Elec ici y Na u al gas S eam Use o he RD in a ehicle Figu e 7. Flowcha o Nes e’s RD o igina ing om UCO wi h ma e ial and ene gy lows This calcula ion is made using a CML 2001 GWP (global wa ming po en ial) 100 yea impac analysis me hod. Using 1,000 kg o UCO as aw ma e ial o p oduce and dis ibu e RD causes global wa ming po en ial o 400 kg CO2-equi alen s. When he ene gy alloca ion is used, because o o med aluable byp oduc s, he emission is 10 gCO2-equi alen /MJ. 16 3.3.10 Calcula ing he handp in o Nes e’s enewable diesel Fo he baseline uel, he GHG emissions wi hin he sys em bounda y can be de i ed om he s anda d SFS-EN 16258. Acco ding o his s anda d, he a e age GHG emission o he baseline uel caused 86 g CO2-equi alen pe MJ in 2016, when he sha e o bio uel was 12% (LIPASTO, 2017). The handp in calcula ion is pe o med o jus one ehicle owned by a logis ics company. Only one ehicle is s udied, o exempla y pu poses. The examined ehicle ope a es in he Helsinki egion o Finland, consuming 6 li e s o diesel pe 100 km and he annual d i en kms in 2016 we e 130,000 km. The logis ics ope a o does no ha e in o ma ion ega ding he GHG emissions o he used uel in 2016. Thus, he GHG emissions o a e age diesel a e used as a baseline ins ead. When knowing he densi y (0.824 kg/m3), he lowe hea ing alue (43 MJ/kg), and he emissions pe li e o baseline diesel (SFS-EN 16258, 2012; LIPASTO, 2017), he consumed ene gy and o al emissions pe yea can be es ima ed. Based on gi en alues, 6 li e s o baseline diesel pe 100 km accoun s o 2.1 MJ pe km. RD is seen o be nea ly p opo ional o he olume ic hea ing alue and, in some cases, migh sligh ly imp o e engine e iciency, when compa ed o ossil diesel (e.g. Bo el e al., 2017; Ha ikka e al., 2012; Sugiyama e al., 2012). Thus, assuming ha pe o mances o he mo o s a e he same, when baseline diesel and RD a e combus ed, is easonable. This assump ion means ha he ene gy con en o he uel de e mines he consumed uel pe d i en km. In addi ion o he pe o mance o RD, he a ailabili y o he uel also has o be aken in o accoun when calcula ing ca bon handp in . I is also es ima ed ha he dis ance o he nea es gas s a ion selling RD is app oxima ely 10 km longe when compa ed o he usual s a ion. Conside ing he ank size o he examined ehicle (50 l), a eled annual dis ance, and he ound ip o he nea es s a ion selling RD, he logis ics ope a o has o e ill he ank mo e o en compa ed o he si ua ion in 2016. Annually, based on he inc eased illing imes and he loca ion o he new s a ion, he a eled dis ance inc eases by app oxima ely 3,200 km. Now he ca bon handp in can be calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion, whe e CH is he ca bon handp in ( CO2-eq), E e e s o he equi ed ene gy con en o he uel pe a eled dis ance (MJ/km ), GHG e e s o W- o-W emissions pe ene gy (gCO2-eq/MJ), s e e s o dis ance a eled (km), and oo no es RD and B e e o enewable diesel and o baseline diesel: 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵∗𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝐺𝐺𝐵𝐵∗ 𝑠𝑠𝐵𝐵− 𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ∗𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝐺𝐺𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ∗ 𝑠𝑠𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (2) =2.1 MJ km ∗86 gCO2−eq 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ∗130 000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 −2.1 MJ km ∗10 g CO2−𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ∗ 133 200 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 =21 𝑎𝑎𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2−𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒 The logis ics ope a o could sa e 21 CO2 equi alen s annually i hey we e o change hei ehicle uel o enewable diesel made o used cooking oil om he a e age diesel. The impac o his would mul iply i he logis ics ope a o had a lee in he same egion and he all ehicles changed he uel in use. 17 4. DISCUSSION Abo e, a case s udy o enewable diesel was p esen ed o demons a e he s eps o ca bon handp in ing. I is c i ical o emembe , howe e , ha he handp in esul is linked o a speci ic cus ome ; in his case, a logis ics ope a o who d i es a ce ain numbe o kilome e s each yea using enewable diesel ins ead o baseline uel. This handp in can be hus used in communica ing he ca bon oo p in educ ion po en ial he enewable diesel can p oduce o his speci ic cus ome . In gene al, ca bon handp in ing o e s companies wo majo bene i s o e ca bon oo p in ing. The handp in app oach o ces companies o ex end hei en i onmen al esponsibili y beyond hei ga es. I u ges hem o cus omize hei p oduc o i he needs and p e e ences o each cus ome and o op imize he p oduc o he eal-wo ld ope a ing en i onmen in e ms o CO2 emissions. I shi s he business mindse om mass-p oduced p oduc s o locally- sus ainable p oduc s, con ibu ing o closed-loop p oduc sys ems (McDonough and B aunga , 2002b) ha a e impo an o enhancing a ci cula economy. Simul aneously, he handp in app oach gi es companies he means o quan i y he en i onmen al bene i s ha hei p oduc o e s o hei cus ome s. P e iously, hese kinds o calcula ion guidelines ha e been missing o e i y he en i onmen al bene i s o p oduc s. Secondly, ca bon handp in ing o e s he companies a ool o managing hei clima e impac s. This app oach has i s oo s in he measu ing o oo p in s, bu ins ead o s opping he e i equi es he conduc o o place he p oduc being assessed in he su ounding en i onmen , in he ac ual use o hei cus ome s, in a consis en way. This app oach migh no only e eal he clima e bene i s o a p oduc bu also he possibili y ha no handp in is c ea ed, which can be ound ou when compa o he baseline p oduc in he same ma ke . I so, his will p o ide a clea indica ion o he company o e hink hei p oduc and o op imize i s ca bon oo p in h oughou i s li e cycle. Handp in hinking is shi ing he decision-making p ocess om con en ional owa ds a s a egic decision-making p ocess, whe e he long- e m objec i e is o p oduce and use clima e iendly solu ions. The posi i e mindse o he app oach emphasizes ha ac o s in ol ed a e sol ing he challenge ins ead o jus causing mo e g eenhouse gas emissions. In compa ison o p e iously published me hods o he assessmen o en i onmen al bene i s o p oduc sys ems, he ca bon handp in app oach has i s own speci ic ea u es. The idea o o al indi ec en i onmen al oo p in (unbu dening e ec s), in oduced by Čuček e al. (2012), is somewha compa able o he idea o ca bon handp in . Howe e , in con as o he handp in app oach, acco ding o K a anja and Čuček (2013) he me hods ha conside he o al en i onmen al e ec s (and u he o al sus ainabili y e ec s) as a sum o di ec bu dening and indi ec unbu dening e ec s lack geog aphic speci ici y and do no de e mine c i e ia o selec ing he baseline, he “subs i u ed sys em”. Fu he mo e, he o al indi ec en i onmen al oo p in (Čuček e al., 2012) and i s applica ions allow o he scien i ic assessmen o he o al en i onmen al e ec s om a consequen ial pe spec i e in gene al. Whe eas, he handp in app oach is u he ope a ionalized o company needs in communica ion o speci ic cus ome s o cus ome segmen s. As he second objec i e, he a icle de ines he ole o ca bon handp in in he con ex o exis ing LCA-based me hodologies. The a icle sugges s how o u ilize and combine he exis ing LCA iewpoin s in a ca bon handp in assessmen . In o de o u he cla i y he simila i ies and di e ences be ween he ca bon handp in app oach and o he li e cycle based applica ions, Table 1 is p esen ed. Two main modelling p inciples, a ibu ional LCA (ALCA) and consequen ial LCA (CLCA), as well as ca bon oo p in a e included in he able. Unde s anding he di e ences be ween ALCA and CLCA con inues o be deba ed in he LCA communi y (Hauschild e al., 2018). Howe e , he pu pose o he able is o illus a e he no el y o he handp in app oach. 18 Table 1. Main ea u es o ca bon handp in and o he LCA app oaches ALCA CLCA Ca bon oo p in Ca bon handp in Main pu pose Assessing po en ial en i onmen al impac s o an exis ing p oduc sys em (UNEP and SETAC, 2011). Assessing he po en ial en i onmen al impac o a change occu ing in a p oduc sys em (UNEP and SETAC, 2011). Assessing g eenhouse gas emissions and emo als in a p oduc sys em (ISO 14067, 2018). Assessing posi i e g eenhouse gas impac s o a p oduc /solu ion applied by a (po en ial) cus ome . En i onmen al impac ca ego ies Se e al impac ca ego ies, incl. clima e change Clima e change Added alue Iden i ying oppo uni ies o imp o e he en i onmen al pe o mance o p oduc s; in o ming decision-make s in indus y, go e nmen o non- go e nmen o ganiza ions; he selec ion o ele an indica o s o en i onmen al pe o mance, including measu emen echniques; ma ke ing (ISO 14040, 2006). Added alue o LCA applies wi h clima e change as a single impac ca ego y. Bene icia ies a e o ganiza ions, go e nmen s, indus y, se ice p o ide s, communi ies and o he in e es ed pa ies (ISO 14067, 2018) Added alue o ca bon oo p in applies. Iden i ying posi i e clima e impac s and oppo uni ies o imp o e he clima e pe o mance o p oduc s/solu ions; in o ming decision-make s in indus y and o ganiza ions; ma ke ing and communica ing posi i e clima e impac . In ended audience Can di e and is closely linked o he in en ion o each assessmen conduc ed. (Po en ial) cus ome – ei he a company (B2B), a consume (B2C), o ano he in e es ed pa y. Sys em bounda y Sys em bounda ies ypically include he li e cycle o he p oduc wi h cu en o po en ial supplie s and cus ome s (Weidema, 2003). Sys em bounda ies ideally include all ac i i ies wi hin and ou side he li e cycle ha a e o consequence o a change being examined (Ek all and Weidema, 2004). Quan i ica ion shall include all GHG emissions and emo als o hose uni p ocesses ha a e pa o he p oduc sys em ha ha e he po en ial o make a signi ican con ibu ion o he CFP o he pa ial CFP (ISO 14067, 2018) Sys em bounda ies o a ca bon oo p in o a pa ial ca bon oo p in apply. Sys em bounda ies include always he in ended cus ome applica ion. The ebound e ec s ou side he examined p oduc sys em a e excluded. Da a and da a quali y Ac ual supplie da a o a e age da a (UNEP and SETAC, 2011) ha is as ep esen a i e as possible in e ms o empo al, echnological and geog aphical co e age (ISO 14044, 2006). Ac ual supplie da a (UNEP and SETAC, 2011) ha is as ep esen a i e as possible in e ms o empo al, echnological and geog aphical co e age (ISO 14044, 2006). Si e-speci ic da a shall be collec ed o indi idual p ocesses whe e he o ganiza ion unde aking he CFP s udy has inancial o ope a ional con ol. The da a shall be ep esen a i e o he p ocesses o which hey a e collec ed. Si e-speci ic da a should also be used o hose uni p ocesses ha a e mos impo an and no unde inancial o ope a ional con ol. (ISO 14067, 2018.) Da a shall be ep esen a i e as possible in e ms o empo al, echnological and geog aphical co e age (ISO 14044, 2006) Da a and da a quali y equi emen s o ca bon oo p in apply. The da a ela ed o he mechanism ha allows he ca bon handp in o be c ea ed shall e lec an exis ing ope a ing en i onmen in bo h baseline and modi ied p ac ice. Dealing wi h mul i unc ional p ocesses o sys ems The 3 s ep alloca ion p ocedu e (ISO 14044, 2006; ISO 14067, 2018) Usually sys em expansion (UNEP and SETAC, 2011) The 3 s ep alloca ion p ocedu e (ISO 14044, 2006; ISO 14067, 2018) Time ho izon Usually applied e ospec i ely (ILCD, 2010; McManus and Taylo , 2015) Usually applied p ospec i ely (ILCD, 2010). Usually applied e ospec i ely. Applied p ospec i ely. Validi y o he calcula ion The alidi y o he calcula ion is in luenced by he in ended applica ion and i s equi emen s (ILCD, 2010). The handp in is alid as long as he da a used o he calcula ion is ep esen a i e o he examined si ua ion. 19 Ca bon handp in ing also has limi a ions. Calcula ing a ca bon handp in can be labo ious, as one has o calcula e wo oo p in s, bo h modi ied p ac ice and he baseline p ac ice, all he way beyond he ac o y ga es. Plus, in doing so, he same di icul ies as wi h ca bon oo p in ing occu , e.g. acqui ing eliable da a o compa ison. This can be challenging, especially o he baseline p oduc sys em. In addi ion, when de e mining he baseline, he conduc o o he handp in assessmen has o be ca e ul in o de o p o ide eliable esul s. The baseline has o be epo ed anspa en ly. This will allow o he s o conduc handp in assessmen s o hei p oduc s wi h he same baseline. When a cus ome is o e ed wo al e na i e solu ions o he same use pu pose, i mus be e i ied ha he same da a abou he cus ome ’s use pa e n is used i handp in s a e o be compa ed. To suppo public compa a i e asse ions, a c i ical e iew is equi ed in handp in ing as well, in acco dance wi h ISO 14040-44. Finally, he e m handp in is no widely used o ecognized e en, so he e will be challenges in communica ing he handp in esul s. The second s ep in his esea ch is o ha e he calcula ion guidelines accompanied by communica ion guidelines. As communica ing he handp in o a p oduc in a ai manne is jus as impo an as quan i ying i , so we will p o ide he communica ion guidelines o ca bon handp in ing as a nex s ep o he esea ch p ojec . 5. CONCLUSIONS The handp in app oach p oposed is alid o companies and o ganiza ions ha a e willing o quan i y and communica e he en i onmen al bene i s o hei p oduc s, se ices, o echnologies, which hey o e o hei cus ome s. A his s age, he handp in app oach is applicable o assessing g eenhouse gas emission educ ion, bu he u u e is p omising in applying p esen ed handp in hinking o o he en i onmen al impac s as well. Especially he ISO s anda dized wa e oo p in (ISO 14046), which is likely o be con e ible o handp in ing, wi h a solid me hodology o calcula ing he po en ial en i onmen al impac s o wa e use al eady exis ing. The ask o applying he handp in app oach o o he impac ca ego ies belongs o upcoming esea ch. In being ex ended o o he en i onmen al impac ca ego ies, he handp in app oach could also be applied o a mul i- c i e ia p oduc en i onmen al handp in ha simul aneously conside s se e al en i onmen al impac ca ego ies, in a simila ashion o he p oduc ’s en i onmen al oo p in . Fu he mo e, he handp in app oach could be ex ended o a mo e holis ic sus ainabili y handp in ha conside s a p oduc ’s economic and social handp in s alongside he en i onmen al handp in . Th ough a mo e holis ic app oach, ade-o s be ween di e en impac ca ego ies and comp omises be ween he bene icial impac s on di e en dimensions o sus ainabili y could be iden i ied and a oided in he sus ainable alue c ea ion p ocess o he cus ome . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We a e g a e ul o he e o s o he e iewe s in helping o guide and imp o e his manusc ip . The wo k has been conduc ed as pa o a Ca bon Handp in p ojec join ly unded by Business Finland, indus ial pa ne s (Nokia, KONE, Nes e, Pap ic, Gasum, Inno i e, AM Finland, Biolan, Associa ion o Finnish S eel and Me al P oduce s, and Si a), he VTT Technical Resea ch Cen e o Finland L d and Lappeen an a Uni e si y o Technology. We would also like o say special hanks o Elizabe h E ns o p oo eading. 20 REFERENCES 16258, SFS-EN., 2012. Me hodology o calcula ion and decla a ion o ene gy consump ion and GHG emissions o anspo se ices ( eigh and passenge s). Beckmann, J., 2017. 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