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Tourism's role in rural development of Finnish Lapland: interpreting national and regional strategy documents

Hakkarainen, M.,Tuulentie, S.

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Tou ism’s ole in u al de elopmen o Finnish Lapland: in e p e ing na ional and egional s a egy documen s HAKKARAINEN MARIA AND SEIJA TUULENTIE Hakka ainen, Ma ia & Seija Tuulen ie (2008). T�u i���� �le in u al �e�el���T�u i���� �le in u al �e�el��� �en � Finni�h La�lan�: in e � e ing na i�nal an� egi�nal � a egy ��cu�en �. Fennia 186: 1, ��. 3–13. Hel�inki. ISSN 0015�0010. Ru al c���uni ie� in ��a �ely ���ula e� a ea� a e acing c�n�i�e able ��cial change� a� a e�ul � �e���ula i�n an� he in ��uc i�n � new � �� � li�eli� h��� an� w� king � ac ice�. The c���uni ie� al�� ha�e � �eal wi h en�i �n� �en al change� cau�e� by he inc ea�e in he u�e � na u al e��u ce� an� by gl�bal i��ue�, �uch a� cli�a e change. An ici�a i�n an� a�a� a i�n, a� well a� ac i�e �a ici�a i�n, a e i��� an � a egie� � l�cal c���uni ie�. S a egic �e�el���en w� k i� �a � he �lanning �y� e� a �any ge�g a�hical le�el�. Thi� a icle a�k� h�w � a egy ��cu�en � ake in � acc�un u u e � ���ec � � �u i�� �e�el���en . The �bjec i�e i� � exa�ine h�w change� in ��e a ing en�i �n�en �, lan��u�e �a e n�, an� in he na u e�ba�e� in�u� ie� � l�cal u� al c���uni ie�, a e aken in � acc�un in he “�e�el���en ��eech” � �u i�� � a egie�. The ela i�n�hi� be ween �u i�� � a egie� an� � he u al � a egie� i� al�� b iefly a�� e��e�. The g a��� �� le�el � l�cal c���uni ie� i� in ��uce� by analy�ing he g �u� �i�cu��i�n� hel� a he �illage � L�kka in Finni�h La�� lan�. Tex ual analy�i� i� ca ie� �u by u�ing c�n en analy�i� an� he � ical analy�i�. The e�ul � �h�w ha an inc ea�e in �u i�� i� ega �e� a� ine�i able an� ha �u i�� �e�el���en i� � en �i�cu��e� �e�a a ely �� � he eal�� � u al li e, e�en h�ugh �i e en u al li�elih���� a e in �any way� � �ngly in� e c�nnec e�. Ma ia Hakka ainen & Seija Tuulen ie, Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e, PO Box 16, FI-96100 Ro aniemi, Finland. E-mails: ma ia.hakka ainen@me la.fi, seija. uulen ie@me la.fi. In oduc ion In egi�nal �e�el���en , �u i�� i� � en �een a� a �echani�� � he ec�n��ic �u �i�al � �e i�h� e al c���uni ie� (Kn�w� 2000; Na�h & Ma in 2003; Saa inen 2004, 2007), an� hi� i� al�� he ��licy a ge in Finlan� a b� h he na i�nal an� egi�nal le�el�. H�we�e , he benefi � � he g �w h � �u i�� a e �el��� que� i�ne� in ��licy ��cu� �en �. D a� ic � uc u al change� in he lab�u �a ke � highligh he nee� � � u�y u u e �cena i�� an� ��licie� �� e h� �ughly; hi� i� e��ecially he ca�e in ela i�ely e�� e a ea� �uch a� Finni�h La�lan�. E��l�y�en in � i�a y � ��uc i�n in hi� egi�n ha� �ec ea�e� �� ��e 30,000 e�� �l�yee� in he 1960� � �ligh ly �� e han 4000 e��l�yee� a he u n � he �illenniu� an�, n�w� a�ay�, he la ge� �ec � in he li�elih��� � uc u e � Finni�h La�lan� i� he �e �ice in�u� y (Regi�nal C�uncil � La�lan� 2002). Change� in li�elih��� � uc u e a e i��ac ing e�e y fiel� � li e. The an� �i i�n �� a�i i�nal, �el ��u� aining li�elih���� � he ���e n��ay �a ke ec�n��y, an� e��ecial� ly � he gene a i�n � �e �ice� an� ex�e ience�, ha� �ean b� h ec�n��ical an� cul u al change� � in�i�i�ual� an� l�cal c���uni ie�. T�u i�� ha� been he �cu� � �e�el���en in Finni�h La�lan� �ince he 1980�. The key � a i� ic� �n �u i�� �h�w ha �u i�� ha� a �ignifican �i� ec e ec �n inc��e� an� e��l�y�en in he e� gi�n. In 2006, �i ec inc��e �� �u i�� in La�� lan� wa� a�� �xi�a ely 500 �illi�n eu ��, he inc ea�e ��e he yea 2000 being 176 �illi�n eu� ��. Di ec �u i���ba�e� e��l�y�en in La�lan� wa� equi�alen � a lea� 5000 �e ��n�yea �, an� i ha� inc ea�e� by 1770 �e ��n�yea � �ince he yea 2000 (Table 1). H�we�e , he e a e c�n�i�e � 4FENNIA 186:1(2008) Hakka ainen Ma ia and Seija Tuulen ie Table 1. S��e � a i� ic� ega �ing �u i�� in Finni�h La�lan� (Regi�nal C�uncil � La�lan� 2008; S a i� ic� Finlan� 2008). 2000 2006 Di ec �u i�� inc��e 324 �illi�n eu �� 500 �illi�n eu �� Di ec �u i�� e��l�y�en 3,230 �e ��n�yea � 5,000 �e ��n�yea � Nu�be � egi� e e� ��e nigh � 1,690,000 2,117,000 – nu�be � ��e nigh � by � eigne � 539,435 826,000 Fig. 1 Main ski eso s (whi e ci cles) in Finnish Lapland. Pale g ey shading deno es na ional pa ks, whi e lines a e commune bo de s, g ey ci cles a e main se lemen s and g ey lines indica e oad ne wo k, i e s and o he wa e bodies. able �i e ence� wi hin he � ��ince; e.g. 86 �e cen � he ��e nigh � we e egi� e e� in he fi�e la ge� �u i� e�� � (Table 2). The �u i�� � a egy � Finni�h La�lan� � he �e i�� 2003–2006 ha� a��� e� a egi�n�� ien e� �e�el���en a�� �ach, an� ell e�� � i� �een a� engine� � �e�el���en . I i� a gue� in he � a � egy ha channelling �ublic �u��� � he e�� � i� he ��� e ec i�e way � enhance �u i��. The ��alle , quie e �lace� an� �illage� �u �i�e he �u i� e�� � a e ega �e� a� �ui able al e na i�e� � wi�ening he �i�e �i y � �u i�� in he egi�n (LTS 2003: 32). T�u i�� in La�lan� ha�, acc� �ing � all he ele�an in�ica � � (Table 1), inc ea�e� an� he La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2007–2010 c�n� inue� � e��ha�ize he �le � he �u i� e�� � (Fig. 1) a� engine� � �e�el���en . H�we�e , a l� � w� k i� � ill equi e� � �� ea� he benefi � � e�� �� ien e� �u i��. Acc� �ing � Pekka Kau�� �ila (2004), he ���i i�e e ec � ha�e n� ex en�e� in � he a ea� �u �un�ing he e�� �. Thi� i� a �a� j� challenge � �e�el��e � an� i can al�� be a que� i�n � li e an� �ea h � ��all �illage�. The e a e c�n�i�e able ����ibili ie�, bu al�� �any � �b� FENNIA 186:1(2008) 5 Tou ism’s ole in u al de elopmen o Finnish Lapland: … le�� in��l�e� in c��bining a�i i�nal na u e� ba�e� w� k wi h he �� � “new w� k” a���cia e� wi h he fiel� � �u i�� (�ee e.g. Mülle & Jan���n 2007: 12). The ��cial an� cul u al cha ac e i� ic� � ��all �illage� in e�� e a ea� nee� � be aken in � acc�un when � ��� ing �u i�� w� k a� a ��lu i�n � he e��l�y�en � �ble�� in �e i�he � al a ea�. T�u i�� i� � en �een by g��e n�en � a� a �echani�� � i��le�en ing hei e�i� ibu i�n ��licy. H�we�e , he l�cal e�i�en � will gain un� equally, i hey gain a all, an� � ���e �ay e�en be ha �e� (Hall & Jenkin� 1998: 36). In he � e�� en �a�e , he �u i�� �e�el���en an� u al � a � egy ��cu�en � a e analy�e� in � �e � �e e �ine h�w hey �eal wi h i��ue� c�nce ning na u e an� u al en�i �n�en , an� h�w hey an ici�a e chang� e� in hei ��e a ing en�i �n�en . The fi � �bjec� i�e i� � exa�ine he �le � u al en�i �n�en �, e��ecially he �le � � e� �, which c��e ��� � he lan� an� a e in en�i�ely u ilize� by �i e en li�elih����, in he �u i�� � a egie� � Finlan� a� a wh�le an� � Finni�h La�lan�, an� he �ec�n� i� � in�e� iga e h�w change� in i��ue� c�nce ning li�elih���� an� he na u al en�i �n�en a e an� ici�a e�. The hi � �bjec i�e i� � eluci�a e wha kin� � u al ��cie y he ��cu�en � �i�cu �i�ely c�n� uc , an� h�w he�e �iew��in � fi in wi h he nee�� an� ex�ec a i�n� � l�cal c���uni ie�. S a egies as social ac s: he impo ance o he audience D�cu�en � �uch a� �u i�� � a egie� a e ‘��cial ac �� in ha hey a e � ��uce�, �ha e�, an� u�e� in ��cially � ganize� way�. They a e n� , h�we�e , an��a en e� e�en a i�n� � � ganiza i�nal �u� ine�, �eci�i�n��aking � �ce��e� � � � e��i�nal �iagn��e�. They c�n� i u e ��ecific y�e� � e� e� �en a i�n ha a��ly hei �wn c�n�en i�n�. D�cu� �en � a e � en u�e� � c ea e a ce ain kin� � � e�ic abili y an� uni � �i y �u � a wi�e �a ie y � e�en � an� ��cial a ange�en �, an� hu� hey �� n� �i��ly �e�c ibe cla��e� an� �y� e��, bu a e ac ually ac i�e in c ea ing an� �ha�ing he�. Thi� �iew i� cl��e � he ��cial c�n� uc i�ni� i�ea � ��cie y a� a hu�an � ��uc , in he �en�e ha ex ual � ��uc � can be �een a� ac i�n� ha change he w� l� an� c�n�i� � �any kin�� � ch�ice (Be ge & Luck�ann 1967; A kin��n & C� ey 2004). T an��a ency �ay n� be ����ible in � a egy ��cu�en �, bu i i� i��� an � ec�gnize he ��we � �uch ��cu�en �. The ai� in he ��cu� �en � i� � y � �ake he� a� legi i�a e an� e�� e�en a i�e a� ����ible. D�cu�en � nee� � be analy�e�, a� hei ba�ic ea u e i� ha hey c�nceal he w� k � an in�i�i�ual ac � . Thei �e y an�� ny�i y i� �a � he � ficial � ��uc i�n � ��cu� �en a y eali y. Thu�, analy�i� i� nee�e� � �h�w wha kin�� � ch�ice ha�e been �a�e an� h�w he ��cu�en � clai� wha e�e au h� i y �ay be a � ibu e� � he�. We �h�ul� a�k, wha a e he � e�i�e� � he a gu�en a i�n in he ��cu�en � an� wha a e he a ge au�ience� � he ex ? Rhe� � ical analy�i� i� an i��� an �e h�� in � u�ying h�w �i e en �e �i�n� � eali y a e �a�e � be c�n�incing, an� h�w ea�e �, li� ene � � �a ici� �an � can be engage� (Tuulen ie 2003; A kin��n & C� ey 2004). F� exa��le, he � e ace � Finlan��� Na i�nal T�u i�� S a egy e��ha�ize� ha i ha� been � e�a e� in cl��e c���e a i�n wi h “ �u i�� ac � �” an� ha he � e�a a i�n � �ce�� ha� in� clu�e�, in a��i i�n � he ac ual w� king g �u�, ���e 2000 ac i�e �a ici�an � �� �a i�u� �a � � Finlan�. I al�� � a e� ha he � a egy will ha�e a ���i i�e i��ac �n ec�n��ic g �w h an� e�� �l�y�en , an� �n a �� e equal �e�el���en � he c�un y��in�i�i�ual egi�n�. La�lan���T�u i�� S a egy � a e� ha “ he �e�el���en � �u i�� in La�lan� i� an �n�g�ing � �ce��, in which ac i�n� a e ba�e� �n ��licie� ha ha�e been join ly ag eed upon an� egula ly e�i�e�” (La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy… 2003). The�e a e ���e � he ea u e� ha �e �e � � eng hen he legi i�acy an� ele� �ance � he ��cu�en . H�we�e , i i� i��� an � ealize ha ��cu�en � �� n� exi� in i��la i�n. D�cu�en � e e � � he eali ie� an� ���ain�, an� al�� � � he ��cu�en �. When analy�ing ��cu�en a y eali y, �ne �u� , he e � e, l��k be� y�n� he in�i�i�ual ex � (A kin��n & C� ey 2004). Table 2. Nu�be � ��e nigh � ay� �e �u i� e�� in Finn� i�h La�lan� in 2006. T�u i� e�� Regi� e e� ��e nigh � ay� in 2006 R��anie�i 441,000 Le�i 297,000 Yllä� 282,000 Saa i�elkä 275,000 Pyhä�Lu�� � 158,000 6FENNIA 186:1(2008) Hakka ainen Ma ia and Seija Tuulen ie The he � ical un�e � an�ing � c���unica i�n i� ba�e� �n he � inci�al ha any ex (� al � w i � en) i� � ��uce� in a ��cial c�n ex in which he �le� � he a�� e��� an� he a�� e��ee can be �efine� (Su��a 1989). Rhe � ical analy�i� can �lace e��ha�i� �n �i e en ea u e� in he ex �. One � he ��� influen ial �ub��i�i�i�n� wa� �a�e in ancien i�e� by A i� � le. He �i� in� gui�he� be ween e h��, �a h��, an� l�g��, �ean� ing he ai � ha a e ela e� � he ��eake , h��e ela e� � he au�ience, an� h��e ela e� � he a gu�en i �el . The i�ea� � new he � ic (Pe el� �an 1982; Su��a 1989) e��ha�ize e��ecially he �eaning � he au�ience an� he ac ha a � gu�en � a e alway� a�� e��e� � an au�ience. Thi� ��e� n� e e � an au�ience ha i� �hy�i� cally � e�en , n� ��e� i �ean an au�ience ha i� ex� e��ly a�� e��e�, bu an au�ience ha i� he ga he ing � h��e, wh� he ��eake wan � � influ� ence h �ugh hi� � he a gu�en � (Pe el�an 1982: 14). Fu he �� e, he � e�i�e� � a gu�en� a i�n ha�e � be �ha e� wi h he au�ience. Thi� i� achie�e�, � exa��le, h �ugh he gene al na u e � a gu�en a i�n: i i� ea�ie � gain b �a� acce�� ance � ���e hing ha i� gene ally c�n�i�e e� � be a g��� hing, �uch a� heal h, han � ���e� hing ha i� ba�e� �n a �e y �e aile� an� c�nc e e a gu�en (Pe el�an 1982: 27–32). I hi� acce�� ance i� gaine� a he gene al le�el, i i� ����ible � an� e i � �� e c�nc e e i��ue�. F� exa��le, becau�e cance i� ega �e� a� a ba� hing, i i� ����ible � u�e cance a� a �e a�h� � ���e ��� cial �hen��en�n in � �e � �ake i l��k like a � �ble�. Thi �ly, a gu�en a i�n alway� u�e� na u� al language, an� hu� i i� ine�i ably a�bigu�u� by na u e. The analy�i� �h�ul� b� h exa�ine he ex a� a wh�le an� al�� e�eal he ch�ice� �a�e u�ing ��ecific lingui� ic �ean�. In hi� a icle, we �cu� � i�a ily �n he i��ue � au�ience�: a wh�� he ��cu�en a y ex � a e a�� � e��e� an� in wha way� �� hey c���unica e wi h �i e en au�ience�. In he beginning � �u analy�i�, h�we�e , we �a�e a quan i a i�e c�n en analy�i� � he ex �. T� �u��a i�e he in � �a i�n �n �elec e� i��ue� in he ��cu�en �, we calcula � e� he nu�be � e e ence� � �i e en c�nce� � in �ix ��cu�en � (Table 3). H�we�e , u al � a e� gie� we e �eal wi h �nly when hey e e e� � he � ali y � li�elih���� in u al �i� ic �. In a��i i�n, he D a � La�lan� T�u i�� S a � egy 2007–2010 (LTS 2007a) wa� �i�cu��e� in a �cu� g �u� c��� i�ing he inhabi an � � a ��all �illage, L�kka, in Ea� e n La�lan�. The an�c i� � hi� �i�cu��i�n wa� al�� analy�e� an� c���a e� � he c�n en � � he egi�nal � a egy. Resul s o he documen a y analysis The �ali�i y � all he ��cu�en � i� ba�e� �n he �ecla a i�n ha a la ge nu�be � �a ie� we e in� ��l�e� in he � e�a a � y � �ce��. The au�ience� can be ega �e� a� he “na i�n” � “ egi�n” � which he � a egy �e��n� a e� ha �u i�� i� an i��� an �a � he ec�n��ic li e. The ��cu� �en � al�� inclu�e he � a e�en ha he �u ���e i� � a��eal � he financie � (FTS 2006). When c�n�uc ing a ex ual analy�i�, i i� n� �nly i��� an wha ha� been w i en, bu al�� � ec�gni�e wha i� n� ex� e��e�. Thu�, �u fi � que� i�n� a e: Wha i� aken � g an e� in he ��cu�en �? Wha a e he un�e lying a��u�� i�n� ha �� n� e�en ha�e � be in�ica e�? One c��� ��n ea u e in �u i�� � a egy ��cu�en � i� ha he g �w h � �u i�� i� �een a� he �nly ����ibil� i y. The ��cu�en � �� n� inclu�e any �cena i�� Table 3. D�cu�en �a a: � a egie� an� abb e�ia i�n� u�e� in he able� � hi� � u�y. S a egy Abb e�ia i�n 1. Finlan��� T�u i�� S a egy � 2020 (Mini� y � T a�e an� In�u� y) FTS 2. La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2003–2006* LTS1 3. D a � La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2007–2010* DLTS2 4. La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2007–2010* LTS2 5. De�el���en S a egy � Finni�h Ru al A ea� (Mini� y � Ag icul u e an� F� e� y) NRS 6. La�lan��� Ru al P �g a��e 2013* LRS *S a egie� 2, 3, 4 an� 6 � �ula e� by he Regi�nal C�uncil � La�lan�. FENNIA 186:1(2008) 7 Tou ism’s ole in u al de elopmen o Finnish Lapland: … ha a�� e�� �eclining �u i��. Ex� e��i�n� like “ �u i�� b ing� well�being � all � La�lan� an� u he � egi�nally�balance� �e�el���en ” i� ak� en a� he �ain �i�i�n � he La�lan� S a egy (LTS 2003). Thi� al�� a��lie� � Finlan���S a egy (FTS 2006): “T�u i�� i� a �ignifican ��u ce � e��l�y� �en an� � ���e i y, which will hel� Finlan��� ec�n��y g �w u he , an� i i� al�� � egi�nal �ignificance a� a ��u ce � li�elih���.” H�we�e , he na i�nal � a egy i� �� e cau i�u� in i � an ici� �a i�n an� � ��i�e� a li� � a�k� ha ha�e � be ulfille� in � �e � ealize hi� kin� � �e�el��� �en . B� h he na i�nal (FTS 2006) an� he La�� lan� T�u i�� S a egie� (LTS 2007a,b) � e�en he ���i i�e i��ac � � �u i�� �n egi�nal �e�el��� �en in a ��we ully e��ha�ize� �anne , an� �u i�� i� ega �e� a� a ble��ing � e�� e an� �e i�he al a ea�. The na u al en i onmen Na u e i� ega �e� a� �ne � he �ain a ac i�n� in Finlan�, an� e��ecially in La�lan�. Na u e a� �uch i� equen ly �en i�ne� in he � a egie� – in he na i�nal � a egy 61 i�e� an� in he egi�nal � a egie� ab�u 50 i�e� in each ex (Table 4). H�we�e , wha i� �ean by “na u e” e�ain� ���ewha ��en. Na u e i� ela e� � �uch a�jec� i�e� a� clean, a ied,silen an� peace ul. In he La�lan� S a egy he a�jec i�e� “A c ic” an� “n� he n” a e � en ela e� � na u e. Cleanne�� i� he ea u e ��� � �ngly e��ha�ize� in b� h he na i�nal an� egi�nal � a egie�. Na u e�ba�e� ac� i�i ie� a e ega �e� a� an i��� an �e�el���en b anch in �u i��. F �� he ��in � �iew � he � ic, “na u e” i� a u�e ul c�nce� : he e i� �uch a uni�e �al ag ee�en ha na u e i� g��� an� i� a hing ha �u i� � l��k � , ha he �i e en ac � � can ag ee �n he i�ea ha clean, unique na u e i� wha Finlan� – an� e��ecially La�lan� – can � e � �u i� � (c . Pe el� �an 1982: 27 ab�u uni�e �al �alue�). H�we�e , when i c��e� � he que� i�n � “ eal” na u e an� i � ea u e�, i i� n� �� ea�y � w i e ab�u i . Na� i�nal �a k� a e �en i�ne� in b� h he na i�nal an� egi�nal �u i�� � a egie�, an� hey can be �een a� e e ing � he �� � na u al en�i �n�en ha will c�n inue in he u u e in he � � ha i i� in n�w. In Finlan�, an� al�� in in e na i�nal �a � ke ing, La�lan� wi h i � �any la ge na i�nal �a k� e� e�en � “high na u e” an� an ex� ic e��u ce � �u i��, whe ea� in Finlan���T�u i�� S a egy (FTS 2006) La�lan� ecei�e� li le �en i�n. One i��� an a��ec � Finni�h na u e, he c�un y�� � e� �, a e �en i�ne� �nly a c�u�le � i�e� in each � a egy. Thi� i� e��ecially in e e� ing becau�e �u i�� en e� eneu � in La�lan� ha�e ecen ly �e�an�e� ha he � e� � in ce ain a ea� �h�ul� n� be u�e� � � e� y, bu �h�ul� in� ea� be �e a�i�e � �u i�� an� �u ��� ec ea i�n u�e (e.g. Mäkinen 2006). The u�e an� he na u e � � e� � hu� �ee� � be a c�n e� e� i��ue, an� �ne ha i� c�n�enien ly a��i�e� in he � a egy ��cu� �en �. H�we�e , he e a e ���e �ign� ha he � � e� y i��ue i� al�� en e ing he � a egy ��eech: La� �lan���Sec�n� T�u i�� S a egy �eal� wi h he �� e c�n e� e� � e� y i��ue� an� e e � � he ����ibili y � he a�e in na u al �alue� (LTS 2007b). The La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2003–2006 (LTS 2003) �en i�n� � e� � �nly a ew i�e�, bu he c�nce� � wil�e ne�� i� equen ly u�e� an� can be ega �e� a� inclu�ing � e� �, i � �ain unc i�n being a� a �� e a ac i�e an� ��an ic a� w� � � hi� y�e � na u al �u �un�ing. “Va� ” an� “clean” a e a�jec i�e� u�e� �ge he wi h wil�e � ne�� (LTS 2003, Engli�h �e �i�n). S��eh�w, h�w� e�e , he w� � “wil�e ne��” ha� �ani�he� �� he la e� �e �i�n � he La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy. N� ��e� i a��ea in Finlan���T�u i�� S a egy. Thi� �ay be �ue � he ac ha he � ficial wil�e ne�� na u e � � ec i�n a ea� we e e� abli�he� in n� h� e n La�lan� in 1991 (E ä�aalaki 17.1.1991/62), an� hey we e �� e ac i�ely �i�cu��e� a he i�e when he fi � La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy wa� � � �ula e�. Wholeness o u al socie y In hi� � u�y we c�n�i�e he u al � a egie� �� he ��in � �iew � he wh�le u al ��cie y. We Table 4. Na u e an� na u e�u�e ela e� c�nce� � �lu� hei equencie� in he � a egie�. F� abb e�ia i�n�, e e � Ta� ble 3. S a egy FTS LTS1 DLTS2 LTS2 Na u e 61 48 23 49 Wil�e ne�� –11–– F� e� 2 1 3 3 Scene y 81357 Na u al �alue a�e ––11 Na i�nal �a k 41618 20 P � ec e� a ea 2 6 7 7 8FENNIA 186:1(2008) Hakka ainen Ma ia and Seija Tuulen ie a�k � wha ex en he�e � a egie� e� e�en he wh�le ange � li�elih���� an� ela i�n�hi�� be� ween he �i e en ��he e� � u al li e. Pe i�he al a ea� ecei�e a en i�n in he � a egie�. The na� i�nal �u i�� � a egy � a e� ha “The � a egy ha� a clea ly ���i i�e e ec �n ec�n��ic g �w h an� e��l�y�en , an� i al�� u he � a �� e balance� �e�el���en in he �i e en a ea�. T�u i�� i� in a cen al �le in he ec�n��ie� � he e�� e a ea�, an� he ���i i�e i��ac � � he � a egy a e e��ha� �ize� e��ecially in he ��a �ely ���ula e� a ea� � N� he n an� Ea� e n Finlan� an� in �u i� e�� � wi h a ca�aci y � g �w h in N� he n Finlan� an� P�hj�i��P�hjan�aa.” The i�ea � �e�el���en in he �u i�� � a e� gie� ha� �a allel� wi h � Pe e Bu n���(1999: 330) �i�i�i�n be ween he a i u�e� “ �u i�� fi � ” an� “�e�el���en fi � ”. Acc� �ing � Bu n�, he a�� � �ach “ �u i�� fi � ” wi h i � �cu� �n �e�el��� �en i� � ally �i ec e� a �u i��, while he a�� � �ach “�e�el���en fi � ” �ee� �u i�� �nly a� a ��l � na i�nal an� egi�nal �e�el���en . S��e e e ence� � he a�� �ach “�e�el���en fi � ” can be �een in he ��ening �a ag a�h� � he � a � egie� (in he fi � cha� e � � Finlan���T�u i�� S a egy � 2020 an� La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2003–2006, an� in he �ec�n� cha� e � La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2007–2010), whe e �u i�� i� �een a� a �echani�� � ec�n��ic wel a e in u al a ea�. Sub�equen ly, h�we�e , he �u i�� � a e� gie� ely �� e an� �� e �n he “ �u i�� fi � ” a�� � �ach. The �u i�� � a egy ��cu�en � al��� c���le ely � e ha �ly any �e h��� � ��l� � � ��� ing �u i�� in he a ea� a �un� �u i� e� �� �. The a�ew� k � �e�el���en an� e e � ence� � c���e a i�n al�� �cu� �n �u i�� � ake� h�l�e �. Ru al � a egie� inclu�e �� e �lan� an� ��l� � he in eg a e� �e�el���en � he �i e � en �ec � �. Thi� al�� eflec � �i e ence� in he � a egie�� a ge au�ience�. T�u i�� � a egie� �u �u i�� �e�el��e � fi � , while u al � a egie� � i�e � b �a�e l�cal �e�el���en . The e��ence � h�w u al a ea� a e e� e�en e� in he ��cu�en � can be �u��e� u� in he i�ea ha �e���ula i�n � he c�un y�i�e i� a � �ble� an� �u i�� i� a �a�e a� ��� � he �u i� �e� i� na i�n� a e �i ua e� in he u al a ea� (FTS 2006). Finlan���na i�nal �u i�� � a egy i� al��� �e� ��i� � �i�cu��i�n ab�u � he u al li�elih���� an� hei ela i�n�hi� � �u i�� (Table 5). The �nly exce� i�n i� �ne figu e in which ag icul u e an� � e� y a e �en i�ne� a� �a � � a b �a�e a�e � �u i��. Fi�he y an� ein�ee he �ing a e n� a all inclu�e� in he a�e. The La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2003–2006 (LTS 2003) a�� e��e� a�i i�nal li�elih���� an� hei ela i�n�hi�� � �u i�� in �� e leng h (Table 5). The w��way in e ac i�n i� al�� ec�gni�e�: ou - ism c ea es oppo uni ies o o he indus ies, bu a he same ime i is s ongly dependen on hem (LTS 2003: 6). Planning � �ce��e� a e ega �e� a� a � u� � ec�nciling he in e e� � � �i e en u� al li�elih����. M� e in en�i�e �ial�gue i� al�� �e� �an�e� � a��ance he �i�e �e u�e � � e� an� wa e e��u ce�. Al��� all � he �i�cu��i�n� ab�u he ela i�n�hi�� be ween �i e en u al li�elih���� ha�e been ��i e� �� he la e� �e � �i�n � he � a egy (LTS 2007b). T a�i i�nal li�eli� h���� ecei�e �uch le�� a en i�n. I �i��ly � a e� ha he in e e� � � ein�ee he �ing, �ining, an� Table 5. Nu�be � e e ence� � �i e en � �� � li�elih��� in he � a egie�. F� abb e�ia i�n�, e e � Table 3. S a egy FTS LTS1 DLTS2 LTS2 NRS LRS T�u i�� (in u al � a egie�) 7* 165* C�llab� a i�n be ween he �u i�� in�u� y an� � he li�elih���� 2233 –16 T�u i�� in�u� y���e�en�ence �n � he li�elih���� –21– T a�i i�nal li�elih���� –3–1 –9 Rein�ee he �ing –3–2 172 – all a��ec � ega �ing ein�ee –948 –118 Fi�he y (in�u� y) –4–1 437 Ag icul u e 1––1207 48 F� e� y –23443 34 – � e� �ec � 1–– 21 *The�e figu e� c�n ain all e e ence� � �u i��, n� �nly � he �u i�� in�u� y. FENNIA 186:1(2008) 9 Tou ism’s ole in u al de elopmen o Finnish Lapland: … � e� y can be he �����i e � h��e � �u i��, bu ha a balance be ween he�e in e e� � can be eache� h �ugh � ��e lan��u�e �anage�en ��licy. A� ega �� � e� y, h�we�e , he a�e in ec ea i�nal an� �cenic �alue� i� �en i�ne� a� a new i�ea. Wi h e��ec � he ba�ic �u i�� a ac� i�n� in La�lan�, i i� � iking ha he D a � La�� lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2007–2010 (LTS 2007a) ��e� n� �en i�n ein�ee he �ing a all. A e ci � cula i�n � c���en �, ein�ee he �ing gaine� �ligh ly �� e a en i�n in he final ��cu�en (LTS 2007b). La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2003–2006 (LTS 2003) ��in � �u ha �u i�� �e�el���en �h�ul� �cu� �n �u i� e�� �. Thi� �a�e ��licy a ge i� c�n� fi �e� in he Finlan���T�u i�� S a egy � 2020 (FTS 2006) an� in he la e� La�lan� T�u i�� S a � egy 2007–2010 (LTS 2007b). Qui e he c�n a y, Finlan���Ru al De�el���en S a egy � 2007–2013 (FRDS 2007), ��e� n� �i�cu�� he �le � �u i� e�� � a all, bu he u al � a egy � La�� lan�, La�lan��� u al � �g a��e 2013 (LRP 2005), ake� he �a�e ��in � �iew a� he egi�nal �u i� � a egie�. Since he e��ha�i� i� �n �u i� cen e �, he ba�ic e�i�en ial uni � in La�lan�, �illage� an� ��all c���uni ie�, bec��e al��� in�i�ible. Ne�� e hele��, al��� all he �u i� e�� � in La�lan� ha�e e��l�e� a �un� �l� �illage�, which � ill ha�e hei a�i i�nal ���ula i�n an� li e� yle�. L�cal c���uni ie� a e � en ega �e� a� an e�� �en ial �a � u al a ea�, an� a � �ng �en�e � c���unali y ie� � a �en�e � �lace i� e��ha� �i�e� (e.g. H�l�ila 2001). M� e��e , he c�nce� � � l�cal an� l�calne�� ha�e been ega �e� a� i�� �� an in he fiel� � �u i��: �u i� � a e ex�ec e� � be in e e� e� in l�cal cul u e an� � ha�e in e � ac i�n wi h he l�cal� (S�i h 1978). Thu�, i i� in� e e� ing � n� e h�w u al c���uni ie� an� hei in e ac i�n wi h �u i� � a e a�� e��e� in � a egy ��cu�en �. In u al � a egie�, he a�i i�nal u al i��ue� a e �i�cu��e� a l� , while c���uni y an� c���unali y i��ue� a e n� �� ���ula (Table 6). L�calne�� ecei�e� ���e �� e a en i�n in �u i�� � a egie�. L�calne�� i� al�� �iewe� �� �i e en �i ec i�n�: he �ain i��ue� a e 1) h�w he l�cal ���ula i�n benefi � �� �u i�� an� 2) h�w � u�e l�cal cul u e a� �u i�� a ac i�n (LTS 2003). H�we�e , he�e ��in � � �iew� a e �nly �en� i�ne�, n� �e�el��e� in any c�nc e e way. The �i e ence be ween he La�lan� T�u i�� S a egie� an� Finlan���T�u i�� S a egy i� in he e��ha�i� �lace� �n he l�cal ���ula i�n: Finlan���T�u i�� S a egy � 2020 (FTS 2006) ha� � �nge �e�an�� wi h �� e nu�e �u� �en i�n� ha he l�cal ���� ula i�n� �u� be in��l�e� in �lanning an� ha hi� �u� be aken in � acc�un in e�e y �eci�i�n. Thi� i� al�� he � ficial g�al � ecen �lanning ��licie� (�ee Jauhiainen & Nie�en�aa 2006). An icipa ion o changes Being s a egy �e�ice� � he u u e � a li�eli� h���, i i� � be ex�ec e� ha he an ici�a i�n � change� in an ��e a ing en�i �n�en i� i��� an . In�ee�, each � he ��cu�en � inclu�e� a cha� e �n an ici�a i�n (Table 7). The an ici�a i�n � ����ible change� �uch a� cli� �a e change i� an in e e� ing ��ic �ince i i� �eal wi h �e y �i e en ly in he Finlan���T�u i�� S a � egy (FTS 2006) an� in he La�lan� T�u i�� S a e� gy (LTS 2007b). In he � �e , cli�a e change i� a �a � a l�ng li� �e��n� a ing he h ea � � he Table 6. Nu�be � e e ence� � c�nce� � ela e� � �u i� �e� ina i�n� an� a�i i�nal u al li e. F� abb e�ia i�n�, e e � Table 3. S a egy FTS LTS1 DLTS2 LTS2 NRS LRS T�u i� �e� ina i�n 56 93 95 106 –14 – �ki e�� 1698–– – ell e�� –746–2 Ru al 5 178 C���uni y ––––213 L�cal c���uni y –1––1– C���unali y 4 –––10 6 L�cal 24 14 3948 45 Village –247 13 66 10 FENNIA 186:1(2008) Hakka ainen Ma ia and Seija Tuulen ie �u i�� in�u� y. In he la e , cli�a e change i� �ainly un�e � ��� a� a ���i i�e ac � , al h�ugh he � �ble�� � S�u he n La�lan� a e �en i�ne�. The final �e �i�n � he La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy 2007–2010 (LTS 2007b) �en i�n� cli�a e change �ix een i�e�, an� in nine � he�e he �e��age i� ha cli�a e change will benefi �u i�� in La�� lan�. Th ee � he �en i�n� �ee cli�a e change a� a ����ible h ea ( � �u i�� in S�u he n La�lan�), an� he e� a e �� e � le�� neu al. The i�eal � �u� ainabili y i� fi �ly in eg a e� in � he �u i�� � a egie�. Su� ainabili y, �u� ain� able �e�el���en , an� �u� ainable �u i�� a e � � en �en i�ne� an� hei � inci�le� a e ex�laine� in cha� e � �e�ica e� � hi� ��ic (LTS 2003; FTS 2006; LTS 2007b). Su� ainabili y wa� al��� ��i � e� �� he la e� La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy: he � a �e �i�n (LTS 2007a) ha� �nly �ix �en i�n� an� hey we e �ainly ela e� � ec�l�gical i��ue�. H�we�e , he final �e �i�n � he � a egy (LTS 2007b) inc ea�e� he nu�be � �en i�n� � he le�el � he � e�i�u� � a egy. Al��, an en i e cha�� e �e�ica e� �nly � �u� ainabili y wa� ein� a e� in he ex . Thi� �h�w� h�w ea�ily a ex can a�� � e�� �nly a ��ecific au�ience in a ce ain �ec � � li e, whe ea� in ac ual ac he au�ience i� u�ually a wi�e . Ab �a�e �e ��ec i�e wa� ein� a e� in he �ec�n� La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy in he c�u �e � ci cula ing he � a �e �i�n a��ng � akeh�l�� e �. Su� ainabili y an� �u� ainable �e�el���en a e �eal wi h in he � � � gene ali ie� wi h li le c�nc e e c�n en . They a e u�e� in a�e y flexible �anne � ju� i y a wi�e ange � i��ue�. F� exa�� �le, he La�lan� T�u i�� � a egy 2007–2010 � a e� ha (LTS 2007b: 20) “�u� ainable �e�el��� �en i� ��we ully � e�en in �u i�� in Ea� e n La�lan� becau�e � egi�nal �lanning an� he awa �ing � he in e na i�nal Pan Pa k� ce ifi� ca e.” He e �u� ainable �e�el���en i� un�e � � ��� in a �e y na �w �en�e �nly in ela i�n � na i�nal �a k�. T� �efine �u� ainabili y in hi� way in a egi�n ha �u e � �� �any � a� ic ��cie al, ec�n��ic, an� ec�l�gical change�, an� a lack � �u i�� in�e� �en � c���a e� � � he �a � � La�lan�, �i�ini�he� he a gu�en a i�e ��we � �u� ainabili y.Ingene al, �e��i e all he e�ea ch ��ne a �un� he�e c�nce� �, he u�e � he e � �u� ainabili y an� i � �i e en �e �i�n� �ee�� � e�ain a he le�el � ab� ac �alue�, e.g. beau y � ju� ice, bu n� a� c�nc e e �alue� bel�nging � a��ecific being, �bjec , � g �u� (c . Pe el�an 1982: 27). One � en�ex� e��e� c�nce n ega �ing e�� e egi�n� i� ela e� � �ig a i�n an� he ���ula i�n age � uc u e. Thi� i��ue � �e��g a�hic change� in u al a ea� i� b iefly �eal wi h in he na i�nal �u i�� � a egy. The e ec � � g �wing �u i�� a e �ainly ega �e� �i��ly a� being ���i i�e, bu he e i� al�� a �en i�n ha neg� ia i�n� wi h l�� cal �e��le a e nee�e�. The � �ble� � ���ula� i�n age � uc u e in u al a ea� i� n� �eal wi h in he na i�nal �u i�� � a egy a all, an� he La� �lan� T�u i�� S a egy (LTS 2003) ega �� he c�n�equence� � ageing in a���i i�e ligh in he �en�e ha well�� �eni� � nee� �� e �u i�� �e �ice�. De��g a�hic change� in u al a ea� a e �eal wi h b iefly in Finlan���T�u i�� S a egy. I��ue� �uch a� �a e y, e � i��, an� c i�e a e li� e� b� h in Finlan���T�u i�� S a egy an� in he La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy a� h ea �, an� hei being ab�en a� a��an age� � Finlan� a� a wh�le an� � La�� lan� a� a egi�n. Table 7. Nu�be � e e ence� � c�nce� � ela e� � he an ici�a i�n � change�. F� abb e�ia i�n�, e e � Table 3. S a egy FTS LTS1 DLTS2 LTS2 NRS LRS Cli�a e change 11 –12168– – nega i�e 2–23*1 – ���i i�e ––89– – neu al 9–247** Su� ainabili y 30 19 6 21 21 14 Sa e y, �ecu i y 38 27 22 43 *Tw� nega i�e �en i�n� in�ica e i��ac � �n egi�n� � he han La�lan�, bu he�e a e al�� an� � �e� � he benefi � La�lan� la e �n in he ��cu�en . **F�u �en i�n� a�� e�� � e�en i�n � �i iga i�n (�l�wing ��wn) � cli�a e change in a neu al �anne . FENNIA 186:1(2008) 11 Tou ism’s ole in u al de elopmen o Finnish Lapland: … Regional s a egy om he poin o iew o a small, emo e illage L�cal ��in � � �iew in “�e�el���en ��eech” we e �i�cu��e� in he c�u �e � �ne �illage �ee � ing hel� in Finni�h La�lan�. Fi�e �illage � ea� he � a � he new egi�nal � a egy an� we hen hel� a �cu� g �u� �i�cu��i�n wi h he ea�e � ab�u he �illage �� ��in � � �iew ega �ing he � a . A �e�� � he �i�cu��i�n wa� � awn u� a� an � fi� cial c���en �n he � a . The � a e�en e� e� �en e� he �nly c���en �n he � a �a�e by a �illage. The �cu� g �u� wa� �a � he ac i�n e� �ea ch � �ce��, which wa� launche� in he �� ing � 2007 a he �illage � L�kka. The ai� � hi� ac� i�n e�ea ch � �ce�� i� � �ake ce ain w� king� li e� ela e�, e�e y�ay � ac ice�, � �ble��, an� ����ibili ie� �i�ible � he l�cal �e��le he��el�e� (Hakka ainen 2007). The �illage � L�kka i� l�ca e� in cen al La�� lan�, in he �unici�ali y � S��ankylä. Thi� e� �� e �illage lie� �n he �h� e � Finlan���la ge� hy� �elec ic e�e ��i . S���i�, he wil�e ne�� a ea a �un� L�kka, ha� � �ng cul u al�hi� � ical �ignificance � he l�cal �e��le, a� well a� � he la ge na i�nal au�ience. The �e�i�e � he � e�i� �u� �el ��u ficien ec�n��y in L�kka i� linke� � he ��e all � uc u al change� in ��cie y, an� in he l�cal c�n ex i i� cl��ely linke� � he c�n� uc i�n � he L�kka hy� �elec ic e�e ��i in 1967, which e�ul e� in he �e �anen fl���ing � ��� � S��� �i�. In a��i i�n, he e�e ��i e�ul e� in � a� ic change� in he �hy�ical en�i �n�en � S���i� an� in li�elih���� �uch a� ein�ee he �ing an� a �ing becau�e he �a� u e� we e c��e e� by he wa e . A� �e�a� a ing a� he e�e ��i ha� been, i ha� �ince � ��e� � be an excellen fi�hing a ea, an� fi�hing i� n�wa�ay� �ne � he �ain li�eli� h���� in L�kka. Du ing he �a� ew yea �, he l�� cal �e��le ha�e �e�el��e� �u i�� ac i�i ie� an� hey ha�e �lan� � c�n��li�a e �u i�� a� �ne � hei li�elih����. (L�kan kylä 2007). The �cu� g �u� �ee ing a which he La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy wa� �i�cu��e� (2.4.2007) wa� �ne � he �ee ing� an� w� k�h��� a ange� �u � ing he c�u �e � he ac i�n e�ea ch � �ce��. The �ee ing began wi h a �i�cu��i�n ab�u �e���ula� i�n, an� he �illage � ex� e��e� hei c�nce n � he u u e � he �illage in he ace � he �eclining bi h a e. The �illage �� �ain an� ��� � iking c���en ega �ing he � a �e �i�n wa� ha e� �� e �illage� a e in�i�ible in he � a egy. H�we�� e , hey �i� acce� hi� becau�e he � a egy wa� ega �e� a� being �i ec e� a he en i e egi�n � La�lan�. On he �a�e g �un��, he e��ha�i� �n �u i� e�� � wa� acce� e�. The �illage � �i�� cu��e� a l� ab�u he ela i�n�hi�� be ween he �illage� an� u al a ea� an� �u i� e�� �. One unan�we e� que� i�n highligh e� he ����ibili ie� � u al a ea� a� a wh�le – an� e��ecially hei �wn �illage – wi h e��ec � linking u� wi h he nea by e�� �� bu�ine�� en�i �n�en ? The � a �i� n� a��ea � a�� e�� hi� i��ue. Ne�e hele��, he �illage � wi�he� ha he �u � i� cen e� w�ul� a��u�e e���n�ibili y � he �e� �el���en � he �u �un�ing c�un y�i�e. They a��u�e� ha he egi�nal � a egy i� �� e benefi� cial � �u i� e�� � an� na i�nal�le�el � gani�a� i�n�. The �illage � c�ul� benefi �� e i he nea � by e�� � w�ul� � aw u� �lan� ha ake in � ac� c�un he �u �un�ing c�un y�i�e, inclu�ing i � �illage�. In i � � e�en � a e, he �illage � L�kka i� �i ec ly inclu�e� �nly in he Li�elih��� P�licy P �g a��e � S��ankylä �unici�ali y. One c�nc e e exa��le � he ac i�n e�ea ch � �jec �u ing he � a egy � �ula i�n i� ela e� � he acce��ibili y � hi� �a icula �illage. A � e�en , he e i� �nly �ne �a� lea�ing � he �il� lage � L�kka, which �ean� ha �u i� � �u� � i�e 80 kil��e e� �� he �ain �a� � fin� he �il� lage. One i��� an � �jec � he �illage � i� � ge a �� e �i ec , �h� e c�nnec i�n � he �ain �a�, bu hi� wa� n� inclu�e� in he � a � he La�lan� T�u i�� S a egy. A e ci cula i�n � he � a � c���en �, he �a� i� n�w �en i�ne� a� �ne i��� an i��ue � �u i�� �e�el���en (LTS 2007b). The �illage �� �iew��in � �i e e� in �any way� �� he “� ficial” � a egy hinking. F� exa��le, he way La�lan� wa� �i�i�e� in � �u i�� a ea� in he � a wa� ega �e� a� a ificial, an� he �illag� e � ec�gni�e� ha hi� �i�i�i�n wa� ba�e� �n he nee�� � he �u i� e�� � an� � he �u �i�e �lan� ne �. F� he �illage �, �e��g a�hic change in he c�un y�i�e wa� a a �� e i��� an i��ue han cli�a e change. The �illage � c���en e� �n cli� �a e change by �aying ha “ he L�kka e�e ��i will l��e i � c��e � ice ���e i�e be ween �i�� May an� �i��June – an� hen li e will g� �n.” Conclusions Thi� a icle exa�ine� he way � a egic �u i�� �lanning c���unica e�: Wh� �ay� wha � wh��?