Chiral carbonyl hypoiodites

This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details. Author(s): Title: Year: Version: Copyright: Rights: Rights url: Please cite the original version: CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Chiral carbonyl hypoiodites © Authors 2023 Published version Mattila, Milla; Rissanen, Kari; Ward, Jas S. Mattila, M., Rissanen, K., & Ward, J. S. (2023). Chiral carbonyl hypoiodites. Chemical Communications, 59(31), 4648-4651. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cc00259d 2023 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023 Chem. Commun. Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00259d Chiral carbonyl hypoiodites† Milla Mattila, Kari Rissanen * and Jas S. Ward * Three chiral carbonyl hypoiodites, R–C(O)OI, have been prepared from N-protected (S)-valine to give the ligand-stabilised (S)-valinoyl hypoiodite complexes with 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine, and 4-morpholinopyridine as the stabilising ligands. The identity of the complexes was established by NMR ( 1 H, 13 C, 1 H– 15 NHMBC)and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Weak intermolecular interactions comprise all chemical entities, though halogen bonding (XB) has only recently been defined as the attraction between an electrophilic halogen atom and a neutral or anionic nucleophile, 1 and systematically studied as a key interaction. The supramolecular research has previously focused on the construction of non-covalent systems using hydrogen bonding or through metal coordination, but over the last two decades halogen bonding has expanded rapidly as a field of research, 2–4 and now is one of the most studied noncovalent interactions. Halogen(I) (or halenium) ions are the extreme case of a fully ionised halogen atom to a formally positive ion that is stabilised by a pair of Lewis bases (L; usually nitrogen-based) in the form [L–X–L] + (X = Cl, Br, I; also termed a halonium complex), 5–8 and as such fall under the umbrella of complexes that exhibit strong halogen bonds, even though their reactivity differs greatly from other classical XB complexes. 4 Due to the origin of XB as a s-hole interaction, 4 which bestows a reliable high degree of linear directionality in its behaviour, halogen(I) ions have found great utility in self-assembling supramolecular architectures. 9–11 Prof. Jose Barluenga’s eponymous reagent, [bis(pyridine)iodine(I)]BF 4 (Barluenga’s Reagent,BR) has enjoyed widespread use as a mild iodinating species and oxidant since the 1990s, making it the quintessential iodine(I) reagent. 12–14 Notable uses of BR include the iodination of alkenes, alkynes, and arenes under mild conditions, the conversion of 1,2-diols to their respective dicarbonyls, and due to being mild enough, the selective iodination of tyrosine in peptides or proteins, as well as the activation of thioand n-pentenyl glycosides for glycosylation or conversion to the corresponding glycosyl fluorides. 15 However, these studies were performed with an unrestrained homoleptic iodine(I) complex (BR), with the chiral iodine(I) complexes only being studied only as their restrained, bidentate complexes, 16 which is also hindered by their availability (or lack thereof). 17 Whilst heteroleptic iodine(I) complexes have been confirmed in the solid state, 18 the observation of them undergoing ligand scrambling in solution has stifled potential studies into their use. 18,19 These results negate synthetic strategies toward creating heteroleptic iodine(I) complexes via the use of chiral ligands, given that the unwanted recovery of meso isomers is highly probable. However, strategies involving the use of bidentate ligands have successfully circumvented these issues, 7,16,20 but often entails extensive synthetic protocols, and the influence of the chelation effect of these bidentate ligands on the reactivity cannot be overlooked. The recent revitalisation of carbonyl hypoiodites, 17,21–23 as seen from the viewpoint of halogen bonding as isolable iodine(I) complexes, offers an alternative to the traditional [N–I–N] + complexes like BR. The carbonyl hypoiodites are inherently heteroleptic, but can still be synthesised in an analogous fashion via a similar Ag + to I + cation exchange as the [N–I–N] + complexes. Until now, alkyl hypoiodites (R–OI; R = alkyl) and carbonyl hypoiodites (R–C(O)OI, R = alkyl, aryl) have almost entirely been used as in situ reagents. 24 These hypoiodites have been reported to perform a variety of exotic transformations, 25,26 as well as recently being confirmed to perform the same straightforward iodinations that BR can. 17 Discerning structure–reactivity relationships can be difficult though, as such hypoiodite reagents like CH 3 C(O)OI and t BuOI have only limited solution-state data available in the literature, 27,28 with the identities of the actual reactive species being unresolved. 29,30 University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Jyva ¨skyla ¨40014, Finland. E-mail: kari.t.ris[email protected], [email protected] †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Synthesis, NMR, and Xray. CCDC 2225069–2225071, 2245212. For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cc00259d Received 17th January 2023, Accepted 24th March 2023 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00259d rsc.li/chemcomm ChemComm COMMUNICATION Open Access Article. Published on 24 March 2023. Downloaded on 3/30/2023 8:26:08 AM. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. View Article Online View Journal Chem. Commun. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023 Herein, the first examples of chiral carbonyl hypoiodite complexes from N-protected (S)-valine are reported. The availability of a-amino acids as inexpensive, enantiopure starting materials is ubiquitous in organic synthesis, making them ideal chemical feedstocks. However, the double functionality of amino acids makes them incompatible with the Ag + to I + cation exchange necessary to produce the desired C(O)O–I–N carbonyl hypoiodites, therefore, (S)-valine was converted to (S)-Nphthaloylvaline (1;Scheme1)via a double condensation reaction using phthalic anhydride under melt conditions as per a literature protocol. 31 Subsequent to the N-phthaloyl protection, 1could be treated as a straightforward carboxylic acid (analogous to previous carbonyl hypoiodite studies 21–23 )andwasconvertedtoAg[(S)-Nphthaloylvalinate] (2;Scheme1)via deprotonation with NaOH, followed by cation exchange with AgNO 3 in 43% yield (Scheme 1). The reaction of 2in dichloromethane with elemental iodine and a pyridine-based ligand, either 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 4pyrrolidinopyridine (4-pyrpy), or 4-morpholinopyridine (4-morpy), gave the carbonyl hypoiodites DMAP (S)-N-phthaloylvalinoyl hypoiodite (3a), 4-pyrpy (S)-N-phthaloylvalinoyl hypoiodite (3b), 4-morpy (S)-N-phthaloylvalinoyl hypoiodite (3c) (Scheme 1). All the hypoiodite complexes (3a–3c) could be isolated as pure solids in 65% to 91% yields, ideal for prospective reagents, 17 which can be a weakness of highly reactive iodine(I) complexes. 8,32 The synthesis of the analogous derivative with pyridine, (S)-N-phthaloylvalinoyl hypoiodite(pyridine), was attempted given that it would be the directly comparable to BR. However, NMR studies immediately after synthesis of the compound revealed decomposition from its inception. The complexes 1–3(a–c) were studied in solution by 1 H, 13 C, and 1 H15 N HMBC NMR spectroscopy. However, the poor solubility of 2necessitated that strongly polar (CD 3 ) 2 SO be used, unlike 1 and 3a–3c which favoured organic solvents, making direct comparisons of 2with the hypoiodite compounds (3a–3c) ambiguous. Nevertheless, the comparison of the free ligand 4-morpy, 23 Nprotected amino acid 1,and3c (Fig. 1) did reveal the general trend of the 3c 1 HNMRsignalsmovingupfield. The pyridinic hydrogen atoms of 3c (H a and H b ; compared to 4-morpy) and the hydrogen atoms of the N-protected valine moiety (H e ,H f ,H g ,H h ,H i ,H j ; compared to 1) were both shifted upfield with noticeable, but modest, differences all within the range of 0.02–0.13 ppm (for 3c compared to 4-morpy and 1). The same general trends were also observed for 3a (with free DMAP and 1)and3b (with free 4-pyrpy and 1), with 3a demonstrating the largestcoordinationshiftof 0.23 ppm for its respective a-hydrogen atom (cf. H e in Fig. 1) in comparison to 1.Interestingly,thisiscontrarytothegeneraltrend observed for [N–I–N] + complexes where the I + complexes experienceadownfieldshiftoftheir 1 HNMRpeakscomparedtotheir respective free ligands and linear [N–Ag–N] + precursor complexes. 8,33 The 1 H– 15 N HMBC studies in CD 2 Cl 2 were used to determine the 15 N NMR chemical shifts of the pyridinic nitrogen atoms, with those being aptly positioned to reflect the characteristic iodine(I) to nitrogen interaction upon complexation. The 15 NNMR chemical shifts of the pyridinic nitrogen atoms of 212.5 ppm (3a), 214.7 ppm (3b), and 204.2 ppm (3c), all demonstrated significant, and characteristically indicative, coordination shifts (Dd N ; defined as d[ 15 N hypoiodite ]-d[ 15 N L ]) from their respective free ligands (L = DMAP: 108.6 ppm; 21 4-pyrpy: 110.0 ppm; 4-morpy: 99.1 ppm 23 )of103.9 ppm (DMAP to 3a), 104.7 ppm (4-pyrpy to 3b), and 105.1 ppm (4-morpy to 3c) upon formation of the carbonyl hypoiodite complexes. These Dd N values were in line with previous observations for other carbonyl hypoiodite complexes, 21–23 as were the values of the 15 N NMR chemical shifts themselves which fell within the range of 150 to 250 ppm for reported O–I–N carbonyl hypoiodite compounds (cf. 209.5 ppm for PhC(O)OI-(DMAP) and 202.1 ppm for PhC(O)OI-(4-morpy); both in CD 2 Cl 2 ). 21 Whilst the phthalimido 15 NNMRchemical shifts were observed in high concentration samples of 1(219.4 ppm) and 2(212.9 ppm), the phthalimido 15 NNMRpeakswere not observed for 3a–3c,whichnotsurprisinggiventhattheHMBC parameters were optimised for the more informative pyridinebased ligands, and with the possibility of the much weaker Scheme 1 The reaction protocols used to synthesis the hypoiodite compounds (3a–3c) in three steps starting from commercially available (S)-valine. Fig. 1 The superimposed and condensed 1 H NMR spectra of the free ligand 4-morpy (red), the N-protected valine 1(green), and 4-morpy hypoiodite 3c (blue), showing the general trend of the hypoiodite shifting upfield compared to its constituent components (inset: Annotated molecule of 3c; hydrogen labels for the subcomponents, 4-morpy and 1, follow the same nomenclature as 3c). Communication ChemComm Open Access Article. Published on 24 March 2023. Downloaded on 3/30/2023 8:26:08 AM. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. View Article Online This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023 Chem. Commun. phthalimido resonances being obscured under the stronger pair of ligand resonances present in 3a–3c. The identity of the hypoiodite compounds 3a–3c were also established by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD; Fig. 2), which confirmed their chirality with the non-centrosymmetric space groups P2 1 (3a), P1(3b), and I2(3c). Interestingly, all three compounds were found to have two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit cell (all with S-stereochemistry), with the slight differences observed in the bonding parameters between each pair being ultimately within the error of the measurements to a 3s tolerance.‡The I–N and I–O bond lengths of 2.26(2)/2.21(2) and 2.21(1)/2.24(1) Å (3a), 2.243(6)/2.235(7) and 2.209(6)/2.237(6) Å (3b), 2.24(1)/2.25(1) and 2.22(1)/2.27(1) Å (3c), respectively, are comparable to those of similar carbonyl hypoiodite complexes previously reported based on simple carboxylic acids (cf. MeC(O)OI-(DMAP): I–N = 2.24(1) Å and I–O = 2.20(1) Å and PhC(O)OI-(DMAP): I–N = 2.241(3) Å and I–O = 2.210(3) Å). The O–I–N bond angles of 172.6(5)/175.2(5)1(3a), 177.8(2)/173.7(2)1 (3b), and 171.8(4)/175.7(4)1(3c), reflect the strong preference toward linearity enforced by the halogen bonding, though are some of the largest known deviations from 1801observed for carbonyl hypoiodites (cf. MeC(O)OI-(DMAP): O–I–N = 172.9(5)1; PhC(O)OI-(DMAP): O–I–N = 178.1(1)1), possibly due to 3a–3c possessing the most sterically encumbered substituents of known carbonyl hypoiodite compounds with the presence of the phthaloyl and i Pr groups at the a-position of the N-protected amino acid backbone. The packing of 3a–3c revealed no intermolecular or close-proximity interactions with the I + I + distances for all compounds being greater than 4.81 Å (cf. combined van der Waals radii for II = 3.96 Å). In conclusion, the first chiral carbonyl hypoiodite complexes have been synthesised, based on the cheap and abundantly available enantiopure amino acid (S)-valine. In only a three-step reaction, (S)-valine was N-protected to 1, its carboxylic acid transformed into the prerequisite silver(I) carboxylate precursor 2, and finally converted into the desired carbonyl hypoiodite complexes with a variety of pyridine-based stabilising ligands (3a–3c). The complexes were found to demonstrate relatively good stability for iodine(I) species, permitting full NMR and SCXRD studies, and enabling them to be isolated as pure solids. Despite their sterically more encumbered substituents, the chiral carbonyl hypoiodite complexes 3a–3c displayed NMR and crystallographic metrics comparable to other previously reported carbonyl hypoiodites. The carbonyl hypoiodites 3a–3c represent an elegant workaround to the potential complications of chiral [N–I–N] + complexes analogous to Barluenga’s reagent (which suffer from ligand scrambling), and opens up a new avenue of approach toward potentially enantioselective iodination reactions, with studies currently ongoing to this end. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Academy of Finland (K.R. grant No. 351121), the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation (J.S.W.), and the University of Jyva ¨skyla ¨, Finland for financial support. M.M. and J.S.W. were responsible for the preparation of the compounds and crystallographic samples, as well as conducting the solution studies. J.S.W. and K.R. was responsible for the conceptualisation of the research and provided supervision, with J.S.W. performing the X-ray studies. The visualisation and writing of the manuscript were undertaken by J.S.W., with K.R. and J.S.W. performing the reviewing and editing. K.R. and J.S.W. were responsible for the acquisition of funding. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts to declare. Notes and references ‡With the exception of the I–O bond lengths (2.22(1)/2.27(1) Å) between the pair of independent molecules in 3c, which are just beyond a3stolerance by less than 0.01 Å. 1 G. R. Desiraju, P. S. Ho, L. Kloo, A. C. Legon, R. Marquardt, P. Metrangolo, P. Politzer, G. Resnati and K. Rissanen, Pure Appl. Chem., 2013, 85, 1711–1713. 2 G. Cavallo, P. Metrangolo, R. Milani, T. Pilati, A. Priimagi, G. Resnati and G. Terraneo, Chem. 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