Influence of Forest Therapy on Cardiovascular Relaxation in Young Adults

Resea ch A icle In luence o Fo es The apy on Ca dio ascula Relaxa ion in Young Adul s Juyoung Lee,1Yuko Tsune sugu,2No imasa Takayama,2Bum-Jin Pa k,3 Qing Li,4Cho ong Song,5Misako Koma su,5Ha umi Ikei,5Liisa Ty äinen,6 Takahide Kagawa,2and Yoshi umi Miyazaki5 1Ko ea Fo es Se ice, Go e nmen Complex 1, 189 Cheongsa- o, Daejeon 302-701, Republic o Ko ea 2Fo es y and Fo es P oduc s Resea ch Ins i u e, 1 Ma sunosa o, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan 3Collegeo Ag icul u eandLi eSciences,ChungnamNa ionalUni e si y,99Daehak- o,Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic o Ko ea 4Depa men o Hygiene and Public Heal h, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan 5Cen e o En i onmen , Heal h and Field Sciences, Chiba Uni e si y, 6-2-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan 6Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e (METLA), P.O. Box 18 (Jokiniemenkuja 1), 01301 Van aa, Finland Co espondence should be add essed o Yoshi umi Miyazaki; ymiyazaki@ acul y.chiba-u.jp Recei ed 1 Sep embe 2013; Accep ed 9 Decembe 2013; Published 10 Feb ua y 2014 Academic Edi o : Ve non A. Ba nes Copy igh © 2014 Juyoung Lee e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. Backg ound. Despi e inc easing a en ion owa d o es he apy as an al e na i e medicine, e y li le e idence con inues o be a ailable on i s he apeu ic e ec s. The e o e, his s udy was ocused on elucida ing he heal h bene i s o o es walking on ca dio ascula eac i i y. Me hods. Wi hin-g oup compa isons we e used o examine he ca dio ascula esponses o walking in o es and u ban en i onmen s. Fo y-eigh young adul males pa icipa ed in he wo-day ield esea ch. Changes in hea a e a iabili y, hea a e, and blood p essu e we e measu ed o unde s and ca dio ascula eac i i y. Fou di e en ques ionnai es we e used o in es iga e he changes in psychological s a es a e walking ac i i ies. Resul s. Fo es walking signi ican ly inc eased he alues o ln(HF) and signi ican ly dec eased he alues o ln(LF/HF) compa ed wi h he u ban walking. Hea a e du ing o es walking was signi ican ly lowe han ha in he con ol. Ques ionnai e esul s showed ha nega i e mood s a es and anxie y le els dec eased signi ican ly by o es walking compa ed wi h u ban walking. Conclusion. Walking in he o es en i onmen may p omo e ca dio ascula elaxa ion by acili a ing he pa asympa he ic ne ous sys em and by supp essing he sympa he ic ne ous sys em. In addi ion, o es he apy may be e ec i e o educing nega i e psychological symp oms. 1. In oduc ion Wi h an inc easing in e es in he heal h bene i s o o es - o ien ed s imula ions, conside able a en ion has been paid o o es he apy in many de eloped coun ies. The na u al en i onmen such as ha o a o es is o en conside ed o be an impo an ac o in heal h p omo ion models [1]because i is closely associa ed wi h human heal h issues om he iewpoin o p e en i e medicine [2]. A i icial s imula ions in u ban en i onmen s ha e been conside ed o be a nega i e ac o in mode n heal h p oblems [3] in addi ion o physical inac i i y [4]andch onics ess[5]. Many a emp s ha e been made o imp o e human heal h h ough na u e- ela ed ac i i ies. In addi ion, exposu e o he na u al en i onmen is known o educe heal h inequali y [6], inc ease pe cei ed gene al heal h [7], and imp o e longe i y o senio u ban dwelle s [8]. Physiological s udies suppo ha i has posi i e e ec s on he cen al ne ous, au onomic ne ous, and endoc ine sys ems [9–14]. Immunology esea ch shows ha o es - ela ed ac i i y can inc ease human immune unc ion by acili a ing he ac i i y o NK cells and an icance p o eins [15,16]. Also, clinical ials p o e ha o es he apy p og ams can be e ec i e o hype ension and non-insulin-dependen diabe ic pa ien s [17,18]. In addi ion, psychological s udies Hindawi Publishing Co po a ion E idence-Based Complemen a y and Al e na i e Medicine Volume 2014, A icle ID 834360, 7 pages h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1155/2014/834360 2 E idence-Based Complemen a y and Al e na i e Medicine Table 1: Subjec in o ma ion. Pa ame e Value (Mean ±SD) To al sample numbe 48 Sex Male Age (yea s) 21.1± 1.2 Weigh (kg) 62.3± 7.6 Heigh (cm) 171.1± 4.9 BMI (kg/m2)21.3± 2.3 demons a e ha human beings ha e emo ional a ilia ion o o es en i onmen s, which is e ec i e o s ess educ ion, dep ession alle ia ion, and psychological elaxa ion [19–23]. Fo es walking, walking wi h phy oncides in esh o - es ai , beau i ul scene y, and mild clima e, is one o he mos ypical p og ams in o es he apy. A ecen s udy has indica ed ha o es walking can imp o e sel - a ed heal h s a us and ends o dec ease psychological s ess in heal hy indi iduals [24]. In addi ion, cogni i e and a ec i e bene i s can be expec ed wi h o es walking in indi iduals wi h majo dep essi e diso de [25]. Mo eo e , walking, he mos common o m o physical ac i i y, is becoming inc easingly impo an in he p e en ion o ca dio ascula diseases [26– 28]. Howe e , ill da e, li le e idence is a ailable on he di ec bene i s o o es walking on ca dio ascula eac i i y. The e o e, he aim o his s udy was o e alua e he sho - e m e ec s o o es walking on ca dio ascula esponses and o p o ide scien i ic e idence on he heal h ou comes o o es walking. 2. Me hods 2.1. Pa icipan s. Fo y-eigh young Japanese adul males pa - icipa ed in he wo-day ield expe imen . A he ec ui men s age, only subjec s ee o p e iously diagnosed ca dio as- cula , alle gic, o men al diseases we e selec ed and hose who we e in poo physical condi ion we e excluded om he s udy. Smoke s and alcoholics we e also sc eened a his s age. The mean age o he pa icipan s was 21.1 ±1.2 (SD) yea s, and he mean body mass index was 21.3 ±2.3 (SD) kg/m2(Table 1). All pa icipan s we e coded in he expe imen s. Vigo ous physical ac i i y, smoking, and alco- hol consump ion we e p ohibi ed h oughou he expe i- men al pe iod. Be o e he beginning o he expe imen , ull explana ion abou he esea ch pu pose, he expe imen al p ocedu e, and all measu ed indices was p o ided. In o med consen was ob ained om all pa icipan s. E hical app o al o his s udy was ob ained om he E hics Commi ee o he Cen e o En i onmen , Heal h, and Field Sciences, Chiba Uni e si y. 2.2. Physiological Ma ke s. Hea a e a iabili y (HRV) was measu ed o in es iga e physiological eac i i y o o es walking and con ol ac i i y by using a po able elec oca - diog aph (ECG) (Ac i ace AC-301A, GMS, Tokyo, Japan) as an index o au onomic ne ous ac i i y [29]. Based on R- R in e al equency analysis, high equency (HF) da a we e used as an index o pa asympa he ic ne ous ac i i y [30]and he low equency/high equency (LF/HF) a io was used as an index o sympa he ic ne ous ac i i y [31]. Hea a e was also in es iga ed using R-R in e al da a. HRV and hea a e we e eco ded con inuously while walking. Sys olic and dias olic blood p essu e we e also mea- su ed using a po able blood p essu e moni o (HEM-1000, Om on, Tokyo, Japan). Blood p essu e da a we e ob ained h ee imes and a e aged be o e and a e walking, espec- i ely. All measu emen s we e pe o med a ield si es. 2.3. Ques ionnai es. Fou di e en ques ionnai es we e adminis e ed o in es iga e psychological eac ions. These ques ionnai es ha e been used in many s udies o in es iga e hepsychological esponses ona u alen i onmen s [9,10,13,14]. Subjec i e eelings o “com o able-uncom- o able,” “na u al-a i icial,” and “soo hed-a oused” we e e alua ed on he basis o a 13-scale ques ionnai e by using seman ic di e en ial (SD) echniques. The deg ee o he “ e eshed” eeling was measu ed using a 30-ques ion ool wi h a o al sco e o 0–90 [32]. The sho ened Japanese e sion o he P o ile o Mood S a es (POMS) [33–35] ques ionnai e was used o measu e mood s a es. Anxie y le el was in es iga ed using he Spielbe ge S a e-T ai Anxie y In en o y (STAI) ques ionnai e [36]. 2.4. S imuli and Expe imen al Design. Expe imen al s imuli included o es walking, sel -paced walking in o es en i- onmen s as pa o he o es he apy p og am, and con ol s imuli included u ban walking, sel -paced walking ac i i y in u ban en i onmen s. Fo es walking was pe o med in ou di e en local a eas o Japan in 2011, including Yoshino Town in Na a P e ec u e (Augus 3-4), Akio a Town in Hi oshima P e ec u e (Augus 9-10), Kamiichi Town in Toyama P e- ec u e(Sep embe 6-7),andOi aCi yinOi aP e ec u e (Sep embe 13-14), o inc ease he gene alizabili y o he esul s. The ege a ion in he o es si es was domina ed mainly by C yp ome ia japonica,Chamaecypa is ob usa, Que cus se a a,andAce palma um. The o es walking cou se was selec ed in well- ese ed o es zones, and he u ban walking cou se was selec ed in u banized zones in each local a ea. All walking cou ses we e almos la , and cou se leng h was se o be he same o o es and u ban en i onmen s. Each ield expe imen was pe o med o wo days wi h gene ally ai wea he , and 12 young adul s pa icipa ed in each expe imen . All expe imen al p ocedu es we e he same h oughou he ou di e en a eas. Twel e pa icipan s we e andomly di ided in o wo g oups consis ing o six indi iduals each; one g oup was assigned o he o es walking cou se and he o he o he u ban walking cou se. The g oups swi ched he walking cou ses o he second day o he expe imen o elimina e an o de e ec . Physiological measu emen s we e pe o med indi idually. Because sho - e m e ec s o he walking ac i i y we e examined in his s udy, walking ime was se a 12–15 min which was sligh ly a ied depending on indi iduals. Ene gy expendi u e o walking ac i i y was also assessed using a iaxial accele ome- e (Ac i ace , GMS). Field expe imen s we e pe o med a E idence-Based Complemen a y and Al e na i e Medicine 3 app oxima ely he same ime (10:00–12:00) in he o es and u bansi esinall ou s udya eas oelimina e hein luenceo diu nal changes in physiological hy hms. 2.5. P o ocol. Physiological measu emen s and he ques ion- nai es we e p e es ed by all pa icipan s o aid comp ehension and educee o sinda acollec iona ieldsi es.P io o he expe imen s, h ee disposable elec odes we e a ached o he pa icipan s’ ches s o collec elec oca diog am da a. In he mo ning, he pa icipan s a elled o he o es o u ban expe imen al si es by ca (45–70 min). The a elling ime om he mee ing oom o he o es and u ban si es was simila due o p ede ined a el cou ses. On a i al, he pa icipan s emained in he wai ing oom a each si e and comple ed he i s -session ques ionnai es. Each pa icipan hen mo ed o he walking cou se indi idually by oo o ca , whe e hey es ed in he sea ed posi ion o 10 min. The ea e , hey ook a sel -paced walk along he gi en cou se, du ing which hea a e da a we e eco ded con inuously. A e walking, he pa icipan s es ed o 5 min in he sea ed posi ion. This was ollowed by blood p essu e measu emen s and psychological es s using ques ionnai es. The expe imen- al p o ocol was consis en h oughou all expe imen s in all a eas. 2.6. Da a Analysis. Walking ime was measu ed o in es iga e any di e ences in walking speed be ween he o es and u ban cou ses. Hea a e was calcula ed by R-R da a collec ed using ECG eco de s du ing he walking ac i i y. HRV da a we e analyzed by R-R in e als o a 1 min segmen by using he maximum en opy me hod (MemCalc/win, GMS, Tokyo, Japan). The wo majo HRV spec al componen s, a iances o he LF (0.04–0.15 Hz) band and he HF (0.15–0.4 Hz) band [37], we e calcula ed. The HF alues, which e lec pa asympa he ic ne ous ac i i y, and he LF/HF a io, which e lec s sympa he ic ne ous ac i i y, we e na u al loga i hm ans o med o da a analysis. Hea a e and HRV da a du ing walking we e compa ed be ween he o es and u ban en i onmen s o 1 min. Blood p essu e and ques ionnai e sco es we e also compa ed be ween he o es and u ban en i onmen s. Two pa icipan s op ed ou o he expe imen ; hus,da a om46pa icipan swe eanalyzed.All aluesa e p esen ed as mean and s anda d de ia ion. A pai ed 𝑡- es was used o he physiological da a, and he Wilcoxon signed- ank es was used o he ques ionnai e da a. S a is ical analysis was pe o med using Excel 2010 (Mic oso Inc., Redmond, WA, USA), and subjec i e da a we e p ocessed using S a View e sion 5.5 (SAS Ins i u e Inc., Ca y, NC, USA). The signi icance le el was se a 𝑃 < 0.05. 3. Resul s 3.1. Ca dio ascula Reac i i y. We ini ially con i med ha he e we e no signi ican di e ences in he walking speed du ing o es walking and u ban walking in all s udy a eas. Du ing s imuli, clea di e ences we e ound in he alues o ln(HF) and ln(LF/HF) be ween o es walking and u ban walking. The mean ln(HF) alue du ing he o al walking pe iod was signi ican ly highe in o es walking han in 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 11 12 Fo es U ban Time (min) 0123 56478910 ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ln(HF) (ms2) Figu e 1: Tempo al changes in ln(HF) alues while walking in he o es and u ban en i onmen s; 𝑛=40–44, mean ±SD, pai ed 𝑡- es , ∗𝑃< 0.05,∗∗𝑃< 0.01. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 ln(LF/HF) Time (min) 0123 564 7 8 9 10 11 12 ∗∗ ∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ Fo es U ban Figu e 2: Tempo al changes in ln(LF/HF) alues while walking in he o es and u ban en i onmen s; 𝑛=40–44,mean±SD, pai ed 𝑡- es , ∗𝑃< 0.05,∗∗𝑃< 0.01. u ban walking (4.4 ±1.2 in o es and 3.8 ±1.3 in u ban; 𝑃 < 0.01). Fo he 1 min segmen analysis, signi ican ly highe ln(HF) alues we e ound in o es walking han in u banwalking,excep o he0-1minpe iod(Figu e 1). In con as , he mean ln(LF/HF) alue du ing o es walking was signi ican ly lowe in o es walking han in u ban walking (1.5 ±0.9 in o es and 1.9 ±0.9 in u ban; 𝑃 < 0.01). The 1 min ln(LF/HF) alue was signi ican ly lowe in o es walking han in u ban walking, excep o he pe iods o 0-1, 3-4, 7-8, and 10-11 min (Figu e 2). Signi ican di e ences in hea a e alues we e obse ed be ween he o es walking and u ban walking ac i i ies. In he 1 min analysis o hea a e du ing s imuli, signi ican ly lowe alueswe eseenin o es walking hanin heu ban du ing 0–8 min pe iod o s imuli (Figu e 3). The mean hea a e alue o he o al s imuli pe iod was signi ican ly lowe in o es walking han in he u ban walking (87.2 ±14.5 in o es and 91.8 ±12.6 in u ban; 𝑃 < 0.01). The mean sys olic blood p essu e a e s imuli was lowe in o es walking (114 ±9.0 mmHg) han in he u ban 4 E idence-Based Complemen a y and Al e na i e Medicine 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 HR (bea s/min) Time (min) 0123 564 7 8 9 10 11 12 ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ Fo es U ban Figu e 3: Tempo al changes in hea a e while walking in he o es and u ban en i onmen s; 𝑛=42–45,mean±SD, pai ed 𝑡- es , ∗∗𝑃< 0.01. 0 20 40 60 Be A Be A Be A Be A Be A Be A T-A D A-H F C V POMS T-sco e ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ Fo es U ban Figu e 4: Compa ison o he P o ile o Mood S a es (POMS) subscale T sco es be ween he o es and u ban en i onmen s be o e (Be) and a e (A ) walking. T-A: ension-anxie y; D: dep ession- dejec ion; A-H: ange -hos ili y; F: a igue; C: con usion; V: igo . 𝑛= 46,mean±SD, Wilcoxon signed- ank es , ∗𝑃< 0.05,∗∗𝑃< 0.01. walking (116 ±10.8 mmHg), bu no signi ican di e ence was iden i ied be ween he wo. No signi ican di e ence was seen in dias olic blood p essu e be ween he wo a e walking ac i i ies. 3.2. Ques ionnai e Analysis. In he POMS ques ionnai e, sig- ni ican ly posi i e mood changes we e obse ed a e o es walking compa ed wi h hose a e u ban walking (Figu e 4). A e o es walking, signi ican ly dec eased alues we e ound in ou nega i e subscales o ension-anxie y (T-A, 35.6 ±4.0 a he o es si e and 41.6 ±7. 6 a h e u b an s i e ; 𝑃< 0.01), ange -hos ili y (A-H, 37.7 ±1.8 and 39.0 ±3.3; 𝑃 < 0.01), a igue (F, 36.1 ±5.2 and 41.4 ±8.0; 𝑃 < 0.01), and con usion (C, 42.2 ±5.4 and 44.3 ±4.6; 𝑃 < 0.01)inPOMS.Al hough he T-A sco e be o e s imuli was signi ican ly highe in o es walking han in u ban walking, i signi ican ly dec eased a e s imuli in o es walking han in u ban walking. Vigo (V) sco es, a posi i e subscale, we e signi ican ly highe in o es walking han in u ban walking bo h be o e and a e walking ac i i ies. Subjec i e e alua ion using he SD me hod e ealed ha he pa icipan s el mo e com o able, soo hed, and na u al a e o es walking han a e u ban walking bo h be o e and a e ac i i ies (Figu e 5). Signi ican ly highe sco es we e obse ed o he “ e eshed” eeling a e o es walking (65.5 ±10.7) compa ed wi h hose o u ban walking (50.4 ±13.2; 𝑃 < 0.01). The Spielbe ge s a e anxie y le els we e la gely dec eased a e o es walking (33.2 ±6.9) compa ed wi h hose a e u ban walking (45.2 ±8.9; 𝑃 < 0.01), despi e no signi ican di e ence be ween he wo be o e walking (Figu e 6). 4. Discussion We pe o med ield expe imen s in ou di e en local a eas o e alua e he physiological bene i s o o es walking. Ou da a indica ed ha he o es walking p og am has a posi i e in luence on ca dio ascula elaxa ion. In he HRV analysis, o es walking was ound o signi ican ly inc ease pa asympa- he ic ne ous ac i i y and signi ican ly dec ease sympa he ic ne ous ac i i y compa ed wi h he u ban walking. These ends in HRV esponse a e o en de ec ed in medi a ion o yoga he apies [38–40]. The hea a e alues we e also signi ican ly lowe when walking in he o es compa ed wi h walking in u ban en i onmen s, al hough no signi ican di e ences we e obse ed in he mean calo ie expendi u e du ing he walking ac i i y in he wo en i onmen s. These esul s may e lec ha physical ac i i ies in o es en i on- men s can acili a e ca dio ascula elaxa ion, which is pa ly consis en wi h he esul s o p e ious ield s udies [9,10]. Ques ionnai e analysis illus a ed ha o es en i onmen can acili a e he psychological bene i s o physical ac i i y. Pa icipan s expe ienced less nega i e mood s a es such as ension-anxie y, ange -hos ili y, a igue, and con usion and el mo e com o able, na u al, soo hed, and e eshed a e o es walking compa ed wi h hose a e he u ban walking. A p e ious s udy epo ed ha physical ac i i y educes he anxie y le el [41]; howe e , u ban walking inc eased he mean le el o s a e anxie y in his s udy (42.4 ±7. 6 b e o e walking and 45.2 ±8.9 a e walking), which may indica e ha a i icial en i onmen s may educe he posi i e heal h e ec s o physical ac i i y [42]. The mechanism behind hese heal h bene i s o he na u al en i onmen emains o be a con o e sial issue. The na u al en i onmen is conside ed o be a ca alys o inc easing physical ac i i y which is a key ac o o heal h p omo ion; howe e , a p e ious s udy epo s ha he e is almos no ela ionship be ween he na u al en i onmen in li ing en i onmen and physical ac i i y [43]. Psychological s udies demons a ed ha a na u al en i onmen has posi i e e ec s on he educ ion o men al s ess and a en ional a igue [20–23]. In addi ion, na u al en i onmen can also be ela ed oheal hybeha io andsocialin eg a ion[44]. How- e e , hese ela ionships canno gi e a su icien explana ion o he heal h bene i mechanism. The mechanism appea s o be ela edmo edi ec ly ohumanphysiological esponses o na u al en i onmen . The heal h bene i o o es - ela ed E idence-Based Complemen a y and Al e na i e Medicine 5 Ve y com o able Ve y uncom o able Mode a ely Sligh ly Neu al Sligh ly Mode a ely Be o e A e ∗∗ ∗ Fo es U ban (a) Be o e A e Ve y soo hed Ve y a oused Mode a ely Sligh ly Neu al Sligh ly Mode a ely ∗∗ ∗ Fo es U ban (b) Be o e A e Ve y na u al Ve y a i icial Mode a ely Sligh ly Neu al Sligh ly Mode a ely ∗∗ ∗∗ Fo es U ban (c) Figu e 5: Subjec i e e alua ion on “com o able” (a), “soo hed” (b), and “na u al” (c) eelings be o e and a e walking in he o es and u ban en i onmen s; 𝑛=46,mean±SD, Wilcoxon signed- ank es , ∗𝑃< 0.05,∗∗𝑃< 0.01. ac i i ies may be explained by he eco e y o homeos asis ollowing acu e and ch onic s ess. Fo es -o ien ed s imula- ions acili a e he elaxa ion o cen al [13] and au onomic [9–12] ne ous ac i i ies o supp ess he sec e ion o s ess ho mones (co isol, ad enaline, and no ad enaline) [9,10,16] and o eco e dec easedimmune unc ion[15,16,45]. These physiological esponses o na u al en i onmen may in e ac wi h each o he , esul ing in posi i e heal h ou comes. This mechanism may pa ly explain he esul s o epidemiologic s udies, which show he posi i e ela ionships be ween he na u al en i onmen and heal h pa ame e s [6–8]. This con- cep is in acco dance wi h Miyazaki’s Na u e The apy Theo y ha human physiological unc ions ha e e ol ed o adap o he na u al en i onmen ; he e o e, na u al s imula ion easily acili a es physiological elaxa ion [46]. Ou indings indica ed ha physical ac i i ies in he o es en i onmen can ha e posi i e e ec s on ca dio ascula esponses, which suppo s he ac ha o es - ela ed ac i i y can be e ec i e o acili a ing homeos asis. Howe e , u he esea ch wi h a bigge sample size is equi ed o d aw a gene alized scien i ic conclusion. Con lic o In e es s The au ho s decla e ha he e is no con lic o in e es s ega ding he publica ion o his pape . 6 E idence-Based Complemen a y and Al e na i e Medicine Sco e 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Be o e A e Fo es U ban ∗∗ Figu e 6: Compa ison o he s a e anxie y le el be ween he o es and u ban en i onmen s be o e and a e walking; 𝑛=46,mean± SD, Wilcoxon signed- ank es , ∗∗𝑃< 0.01. Au ho s’ Con ibu ion Juyoung Lee pa icipa ed in da a acquisi ion, analysis, in e - p e a ion, expe imen al design, and d a ing o he pape ; Yuko Tsune sugu, Cho ong Song, No imasa Takayama, Mis- ako Koma su, and Ha umi Ikei acqui ed he da a and con- duc ed he analysis; Bum-Jin Pa k and Qing Li pa icipa ed in expe imen al design, da a in e p e a ion, and d a ing o he pape ; Liisa Ty ¨ ainen coo dina ed he p ojec , pa ic- ipa ed in da a in e p e a ion, and helped d a he pape ; Takahide Kagawa coo dina ed he p ojec and pa icipa ed in da a acquisi ion and analysis; and Yoshi umi Miyazaki concei ed he s udy and pa icipa ed in da a acquisi ion, da a in e p e a ion, expe imen al design, and gene al supe ision o he esea ch. All au ho s ha e ead and app o ed his pape . Acknowlegmen s This p ojec was suppo ed by Japan Socie y o he P omo- ion o Science, Academy o Finland unde he Japan-Finland Bila e al Co e P og am, and Fo es The apy S a ion ini ia i e. Re e ences [1] L. S . 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