Testing variations of methodological characteristics in the 5-0-5 test: impact of the linear sprint on change-of-direction deficit in adult male soccer players

127 HUMAN MOVEMENT (ISSN 1899-1955) Tes ing a ia ions o me hodological cha ac e is ics in he 5-0-5 es : impac o he linea sp in on change-o -di ec ion de ici in adul male socce playe s FILIPE MANUEL CLEMENTE1,2,3 , JOEL M. GARRETT4 , FRANCISCO TOMÁS GONZÁLEZ-FERNÁNDEZ5 , ANA FILIPA SILVA1,2 , HADI NOBARI6,7,8 1 Escola Supe io de Despo o e Laze , Ins i u o Poli écnico de Viana do Cas elo, Viana do Cas elo, Po ugal 2 Resea ch Cen e in Spo s Pe o mance, Rec ea ion, Inno a ion and Technology, Melgaço, Po ugal 3 Ins i u o de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Co ilhã, Co ilhã, Po ugal 4 School o Beha iou al and Heal h Sciences, Aus alian Ca holic Uni e si y, B isbane, Aus alia 5 Depa men o Physical Educa ion and Spo s, Facul y o Educa ion and Spo Sciences, Uni e si y o G anada, Melilla, Spain 6 Depa men o Exe cise Physiology, Facul y o Educa ional Sciences and Psychology, Uni e si y o Mohaghegh A dabili, A dabil, I an 7 Facul y o Spo Sciences, Uni e si y o Ex emadu a, Cáce es, Spain 8 Depa men o Mo o Pe o mance, Facul y o Physical Educa ion and Moun ain Spo s, T ansil ania Uni e si y o B aşo , B aşo , Romania ABSTRACT Pu pose. The s udy compa ed he change-o -di ec ion de ici (CODD) using he i s 10-m sp in o a 40-m sp in es (CODDo iginal), he 10-m ime ha p ecedes he 5-0-5 es (CODD5-0-5s a ), and he bes 10-m spli o a 40-m sp in es (CODDbes ). Me hods. A c oss-sec ional s udy design was applied. Twen y eli e male socce playe s (age: 21.6 ± 2.0 yea s; expe ience: 8.7 ± 2.3 yea s; body mass: 73.2 ± 6.1 kg; s a u e: 174.8 ± 4.5 cm) olun a ily pa icipa ed in his s udy. They we e assessed in he ollowing es s: (i) 40-m linea sp in es and (ii) 5-0-5 es wi h a p e-planned 180° change-o -di ec ion (COD) (le and igh sides). CODD o bo h sides was calcula ed as he di e ence be ween a e age 5-0-5 and CODDo iginal, COODbes , and CODD5-0-5s a . Resul s. The ime o e 10 m du ing he 30–40-m spli o a 40-m sp in es was signi ican ly sho e han he i s 10 m o he same sp in es (bes imes: p < 0.001, d = –7.077; a e age ime: p < 0.001, d = –1.140) and he i s 10-m accele a ion phase o he 5-0-5 es (bes imes: p < 0.001, d = 9.000; a e age imes: p < 0.001, d = –8.500). No signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he i s 10 m o he 40-m sp in es and he 5-0-5 es (bes imes: p > 0.999, d = 0.133; a e age imes: p = 0.990, d = 0.047). Compa isons o CODD e ealed signi ican di e ences be ween app oaches (bes imes: F = 201.7, p < 0.001, p 2 = 0.914; a e age imes: F = 196.2, p < 0.001, p 2 = 0.912). Howe e , he e we e no signi ican co ela ions be ween any CODD ou comes and he 40-m sp in es (p > 0.05). Conclusions. CODD calcula ed wi h he i s 10 m and he bes 10 m o a sp in es was signi ican ly di e en ; simi- la i ies exis ed be ween he ini ial 10 m o a 40-m sp in es and he 5-0-5 es . The e o e, o sa e ime and esou ces, p ac i ione s could use he i s 10-m accele a ion phase o he 5-0-5 since no signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he ini ial 10 m o a linea sp in es . Key wo ds: oo ball, exe cise es , physical i ness, a hle ic pe o mance o iginal pape DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5114/hm.2023.126154 2023; 24(2): 127–135 Co espondence add ess: Filipe Manuel Clemen e, Escola Supe io de Despo o e Laze , Ins i u o Poli écnico de Viana do Cas elo, Rua Escola Indus ial e Come cial de Nun’Ál a es, 4900-347 Viana do Cas elo, Po ugal, e-mail: ilipe.clemen [email protected], h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-9813-2842 Recei ed: No embe 23, 2022 Accep ed o publica ion: No embe 28, 2022 Ci a ion: Clemen e FM, Ga e JM, González-Fe nández FT, Sil a AF, Noba i H. Tes ing a ia ions o me hodological cha - ac e is ics in he 5-0-5 es : impac o he linea sp in on change-o -di ec ion de ici in adul male socce playe s. Hum Mo . 2023;24(2):127–135; doi: h ps://doi.o g/10.5114/hm.2023.126154. © W oclaw Uni e si y o Heal h and Spo Sciences 128 Human Mo emen , Vol. 24, No 2, 2023 HUMAN MOVEMENT F.M. Clemen e e al., Tes ing a ia ions o 5-0-5 es in socce In oduc ion Du ing socce ma ch play, playe s a e o en exposed o as sho accele a ions, decele a ions, and e-accel- e a ions along wi h changing di ec ion [1–3]. This means ha hey mus be able no only o p oduce apid linea ajec o ies, bu also o change di ec ion quickly [4]. Change-o -di ec ion (COD) is a mul i-dependen abili y ha allows a hle es o pe o m manoeu es such as cu ing and u ning o co espond o he challenges o a ma ch [5, 6]. P e ious esea ch has e en obse ed ha apid COD e o s a e among he main ac ions p eceding a goal in p o essional socce [7]. Owing o i s impo ance in socce ma ch play, COD is one o he ecommended abili ies o be included in a egula es ing ba e y o he assessmen o physical i ness [8, 9]. Howe e , some o he mos common ou - comes ex ac ed om COD-o ien ed es s can cause bias in he in e p e a ion. Fo example, he ime o he 5-0-5 es (which consis s o pe o ming an ini ial 10-m linea accele a ion ollowed by 5-m 180° COD) is nea ly pe ec ly co ela ed wi h linea sp in a 5, 10, and 20 m [10], implying ha he es may lack he abili y o disc imina e COD. Howe e , he issue o COD ime may ha e ecen ly been mi iga ed wi h he sugges ion o calcula ing a COD de ici (CODD), which is he sub ac ion o he linea sp in ime and he ime o pe o ming he same dis ance wi h COD [11]. The au ho s ound ha CODD assessed du ing he 5-0-5 in compa ison wi h one’s 10-m sp in ime du ing a 30-m sp in was able o p o ide a mo e accu a e measu e o COD abili y. Ne e heless, i is s ill unclea i his me hodology is ans e able o mul iple a hle es o jus hose ha a e accus omed o 180° COD (e.g., c icke e s). I is also un- known i he e is any signi ican di e ence be ween using he i s 10 m o a 30-m sp in es and he i s 10-m accele a ion phase o he 5-0-5 es , o i i is bes o ake he ini ial 10 m o a sp in es o he bes 10-m spli o a linea sp in es . Unde s anding i hese di e ences exis may help p ac i ione s in selec ing hei es ing ba e y so as o choose es s ha can glean accu a e in o ma ion on he quali ies hey a e a e wi hou needing addi ional aining ime. Wi h hese me hodological ques ions on mind, he aim o his s udy was o compa e CODD using he i s 10 m o a 40-m sp in es (CODDo iginal) s. CODD using he 10-m ime ha p ecedes he 5-0-5 es (CODD5-0-5s a ) s. COOD using he bes 10-m spli o a 40-m sp in es (CODDbes ). We hypo hesized ha non-signi ican di e ences would be ound be ween 10-m ime speed be ween applying a linea sp in es and he 10 accele a ion me e s o 5-0-5. Mo eo e , we hypo hesized ha CODD would be signi ican ly di e en be ween he i s 10 m and he bes 10 m o a linea sp in es . Ma e ial and me hods S udy design and se ing This s udy ollowed a c oss-sec ional design. All as- sessmen s we e pe o med on a single day, be ween 3:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., on a ou side syn he ic socce u pi ch. The a e age empe a u e du ing es ing was 8°C, wi h a ela i e humidi y o 56%. The wind epo ed was 21 km/h, and no aining condi ions occu ed. Pa icipan s O e all, 20 male socce playe s (age: 21.6 ± 2.0 yea s; expe ience: 8.7 ± 2.3 yea s; body mass: 73.2 ± 6.1 kg; s a u e: 174.8 ± 4.5 cm) olun a ily pa ici- pa ed in his s udy. Con enience sampling was applied as an app oach o nonp obabili y sampling s a egy. Playe s o he same eam we e in i ed o pa icipa e in he s udy p o ocol. The eligibili y c i e ia we e: (i) no being inju ed o ill in he p e ious 3 weeks be o e he physical i ness assessmen s; (ii) no being sub- jec ed o any d ug o special supplemen a ion in he p e ious 3 weeks; and (iii) no pa icipa ing in s uc- u ed exe cise in he 48 hou s p eceding he assess- men s. The a hle es we e in o med abou he s udy design and p o ocol. Con ex be o e physical i ness assessmen Be o e an h opome ic and physical assessmen s, in o ma ion ega ding hou s o sleep, days o es be o e physical assessmen , and ime o la es meal was col- lec ed. Mo eo e , o al quali y eco e y in a 10-poin scale was applied [12]. To he ques ion ‘How eco e ed a e you igh now?,’ he playe s could choose be ween 0 (‘ e y poo ly eco e ed / ex emely i ed’) and 10 (‘ e y well eco e ed / highly ene ge ic’), as in he o iginal scale. This scale was con i med o he abili y o de- ec changes in pe o mance [12]. All hose ques ions we e collec ed 30 minu es be o e s a ing he physi- cal i ness assessmen s. Addi ionally, he indi iduals we e e bally asked abou he hou o sleep and he hou o wake-up (aiming o ob ain he numbe o hou s o sleep) o he nigh be o e he assessmen s, as well as he ime in which he las meal was consumed on he day o he assessmen . HUMAN MOVEMENT F.M. Clemen e e al., Tes ing a ia ions o 5-0-5 es in socce 129 Human Mo emen , Vol. 24, No 2, 2023 The pa icipan s epo ed hei la es meal o be 4.5 ± 0.8 hou s be o e he assessmen s, slep 8.5 ± 0.9 hou s he p e ious nigh , had 2.4 ± 0.5 days o es be o e he assessmen s, and el 8.0 ± 0.8 in he o al quali y eco e y (which means ‘well eco e ed / somewha ene ge ic’). An h opome ic measu emen The playe s we e i s ly measu ed o hei s a u e, body mass, and leg leng h. They we e ins uc ed o pe o m an h opome ic measu emen s ba e oo , wea - ing a T-shi and sho s. S a u e was measu ed wi h a s adiome e (SECA 213; Ge many) wi h a echnical e o o 0.13 cm. Body mass was de e mined wi h a digi al balance (Tani a BC 418 MA analyse ; Tani a Co p., Tokyo, Japan). The leg leng h was e alua ed om he an e io supe io iliac spine o he medial malle- olus on each side, by using a ape. P o ocol o physical assessmen A e an h opome ic measu emen s, he pa ici- pan s ollowed he FIFA 11+ s anda dized wa m-up p o ocol (le el 2), which is desc ibed in p e ious pub- lica ions, as well as con i med as e ec i e o imp o - ing COD pe o mance in socce playe s [13, 14]. A e inishing he wa m-up, a 3-minu e es was conceded. A e andom selec ion, hal o he playe s pe - o med he physical i ness assessmen in he ollow- ing o de : (1) linea 40-m sp in es ; (2) 5-0-5 es b aking wi h le oo ; and (3) 5-0-5 es b aking wi h igh oo . The o he hal pe o med es ing in he in- e se o de : (1) 5-0-5 es b aking wi h igh oo ; (2) 5-0-5 es b aking wi h le oo ; (3) linea 40-m sp in es . The a hle es pe o med 3 ials o each o he es s, wi h a 5-minu e es be ween es s. The 40-m linea sp in es Playe s pe o med 3 ials o he 40-m linea sp in es . Be ween he ials, a 3-minu e es was conceded. The indi iduals we e ins uc ed o s a in a s agge ed s ance posi ion, wi h hei p e e ed oo in on . They we e posi ioned 0.3 m om he i s pai o pho ocells (loca ed a he s a ing line), wi h he single-beamed pho ocells (Sma Speed; Fusion Spo s, Sumne , Aus- alia) posi ioned 60 cm om he loo . Th ee pai s o pho ocells we e used: 1 pai a he s a ing line (0 m), 1 a 30 m, and 1 a he inish line (40 m). The pa ici- pan s we e specially ins uc ed o un as as as possible om he s a o he end o he o he 40-m ack and o decele a e only a e c ossing he 40-m line. The spli imes (s) o 0–30 m, 30–40 m, and 0–40 m we e col- lec ed o each ial. The bes ial (0–40 m) and he a e age o ials we e conside ed o calcula ing CODD. The 5-0-5 es The 5-0-5 es consis s o an ini ial accele a ion o 10-m spli , ollowed by a 5-m decele a ion and 180° COD be o e he inal 5-m accele a ion. The playe s we e amilia ized wi h he es in a p e ious session (1 week be o e he da a collec ion), which aims o e- duce he bias associa ed wi h he lea ning o he es . The pa icipan s we e ins uc ed o s a in a s ag- ge ed s ance posi ion, wi h hei p e e ed oo in on . Mo eo e , hey we e asked o pe o m he COD o a speci ic oo (e.g., le o igh ) on he basis o he andomiza ion es ablished and desc ibed abo e. The a hle es we e posi ioned a 0.3 m om he i s pai o pho ocells (loca ed a he s a ing line), wi h he single- beamed pho ocells (Sma Speed; Fusion Spo s, Sum- ne , Aus alia) posi ioned 60 cm om he loo . Th ee pai s o pho ocells we e used: 1 pai a he s a ing line (0 m), 1 a 10 m (beginning and end o he 5-0-5 es ), and 1 a he COD line (15 m). The playe s we e ins uc ed o un as as as possible om he s a and o only decele a e a e c ossing he inish line. The spli imes (s) o 0–10 m, 10–15 m, and 15–20 m we e collec ed o each ial o he le (3×) and igh (3×) oo . The bes ial (5-0-5 ime) and he a e age o ials we e conside ed o calcula ing CODD o he le and igh ee (while b aking). CODD CODD was calcula ed wi h he sub ac ion o he 10-m sp in ime and he 5-0-5 ime [11]. Howe e , he 10-m sp in ime was also ob ained and used o calcu- la ing CODD in he ollowing ways: (1) CODDo iginal: using he i s 10 m o he 40-m sp in es ; (2) COODbes : using he bes 10-m spli in he 40-m sp in es ; and (3) CODD5-0-5s a : using he 10-m ime ha p ecedes he 5-0-5 es ( o he le and igh sides). Moni o ing peak speed Du ing peak speed measu emen , he playe s wo e a Pola Team P o de ice (Pola Elec o, Kempele, Fin- land) sampling a 10 Hz in a specialized pocked on hei uppe backs. Fo each ial o he 40-m sp in es and 5-0-5 es , peak speed was ob ained and collec ed. The concu en alidi y and eliabili y o de ec ing peak 130 Human Mo emen , Vol. 24, No 2, 2023 HUMAN MOVEMENT F.M. Clemen e e al., Tes ing a ia ions o 5-0-5 es in socce speed wi h hese de ices was desc ibed in a p e ious publica ion [15]. S a is ical p ocedu es Desc ip i e s a is ics a e p esen ed in he o m o he a e age and s anda d de ia ion. Wi hin- es a i- abili y o da a (be ween he ials) is shown as he pe - cen age o he coe icien o a ia ion. Da a we e es ed o he assump ions o no mali y and homogenei y by using he Shapi o-Wilk and Le ene’s es s. A e check- ing he absence o signi ican ou lie s and he con i - ma ion o no mali y (p > 0.05) and homogenei y (p > 0.05) o he sample, epea ed measu es ANOVA was conduc ed o analyse he a ia ion o COD pe o mance be ween CODDo iginal, COODbes , and CODD5-0-5s a . Pa ial e a squa ed () was execu ed o calcula e he e ec size. The Bon e oni es was used as he pos -hoc es a e epea ed measu es ANOVA, wi h Cohen’s d applied o calcula e he e ec size be ween pai s wi h he o mula wi h pool s anda d de ia ions. The mag- ni ude o e ec size (d) was conside ed on he basis o he ollowing h esholds [16]: 0.0–0.2, i ial; 0.2–0.5, small; 0.5–0.8, medium; > 0.8, la ge. The compa isons be ween COD le and igh we e made wi h he pai ed - es . Co ela ion be ween ou comes and pe o mance in sp in ime and COD ime we e es ed by using he Pea son-p oduc momen co ela ion. The magni ude o co ela ion was conside ed on he basis o he ol- lowing h esholds [16]: 0.0–0.1, i ial; 0.1–0.3, small; 0.3–0.5, medium; and 0.5–1.0, la ge. The s a is ical p ocedu es we e execu ed in he SPSS so wa e, e - sion 28.0.0.0 (IBM, USA) o p < 0.05. E hical app o al The esea ch ela ed o human use has complied wi h all he ele an na ional egula ions and ins i u- ional policies, has ollowed he ene s o he Decla a- ion o Helsinki, and has been app o ed by he scien- i ic council o Escola Supe io de Despo o e Laze (app o al No.: CTC-ESDL-CE002-202). In o med consen In o med consen has been ob ained om all indi- iduals included in his s udy. Resul s Table 1 p esen s he desc ip i e s a is ics o he play- e s’ pe o mance in he 40-m sp in es and 5-0-5 es . The coe icien o a ia ion o he pooled ou comes (con- side ing he 3 ials pe o med) exhibi ed alues be- ween 1.63% and 6.65%, which sugges s good quali y o da a and eliabili y. Table 2 depic s he epea ed measu es ANOVA wi h he conside a ion o he bes 10-m ime eco ded du - ing he 40-m sp in es (0–10 m and 30–40 m) and 5-0-5 es ( i s 10-m accele a ion phase). Signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he ou comes o he bes imes (F = 358.2; p < 0.001; = 0.950) o he a - e age imes (F = 439.4; p < 0.001; = 0.959). The ime o he 10-m spli du ing he 30–40-m po ion o he 40-m sp in es was signi ican ly sho e han he i s 10-m ime o he same sp in es (bes imes: p < 0.001, d = –7.077; a e age ime: p < 0.001, d = –1.140) and he i s 10-m accele a ion phase o he 5-0-5 es (bes Table 1. Desc ip i e s a is ics (mean, s anda d de ia ion, and coe icien o a ia ion) o 40-m sp in and 5-0-5 es s Tes Spli and measu e T ial 1 (mean ± SD) T ial 2 (mean ± SD) T ial 3 (mean ± SD)CV% 40-m sp in es 0–10 m (s) 1.70 ± 0.10 1.71 ± 0.09 1.71 ± 0.11 3.05 ± 2.86 40-m sp in es 30–40 m (s) 1.21 ± 0.04 1.24 ± 0.16 1.21 ± 0.04 2.35 ± 6.42 40-m sp in es 0–40 m (s) 5.44 ± 0.17 5.45 ± 0.13 5.51 ± 0.20 1.63 ± 1.32 40-m sp in es Peak speed (km/h) 29.33 ± 0.83 28.883 ± 0.90 28.89 ± 0.67 1.80 ± 1.09 5-0-5 es (L) 0–10 m (s) 1.73 ± 0.09 1.74 ± 0.10 1.84 ± 0.08 2.26 ± 2.05 5-0-5 es (L) 10–15 m (s) 1.29 ± 0.07 1.28 ± 0.12 1.37 ± 0.09 5.14 ± 3.53 5-0-5 es (L) 15–20 m (s) 1.35 ± 0.07 1.36 ± 0.10 1.50 ± 0.14 6.65 ± 4.23 5-0-5 es (L) 10–20 m (s) 2.64 ± 0.10 2.64 ± 0.16 2.87 ± 0.18 5.39 ± 2.98 5-0-5 es (L) Peak speed (km/h) 19.00 ± 0.91 18.84 ± 0.65 18.58 ± 0.65 2.36 ± 1.29 5-0-5 es (R) 0–10 m (s) 1.74 ± 0.09 1.73 ± 0.08 1.72 ± 0.10 2.69 ± 2.29 5-0-5 es (R) 10–15 m (s) 1.37 ± 0.14 1.37 ± 0.14 1.39 ± 0.16 4.11 ± 3.75 5-0-5 es (R) 15–20 m (s) 1.39 ± 0.12 1.39 ± 0.15 1.38 ± 0.23 5.71 ± 4.50 5-0-5 es (R) 10–20 m (s) 2.76 ± 0.18 2.76 ± 0.23 2.77 ± 0.31 4.40 ± 3.60 5-0-5 es (R) Peak speed (km/h) 18.82 ± 0.82 18.93 ± 0.61 18.70 ± 0.58 1.97 ± 1.12 L – b aking wi h le oo , R – b aking wi h igh oo , CV% – coe icien o a ia ion as pe cen age HUMAN MOVEMENT F.M. Clemen e e al., Tes ing a ia ions o 5-0-5 es in socce 131 Human Mo emen , Vol. 24, No 2, 2023 imes: p < 0.001, d = 9.000; a e age imes: p < 0.001, d = –8.500). Howe e , no signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he i s 10 m o he 40-m sp in es and he i s 10-m accele a ion phase o he 5-0-5 es (bes imes: p > 0.999, d = 0.133; a e age imes: p = 0.990, d = 0.047). Compa isons be ween 5-0-5 COD ime pe o - mance wi h COD wi h he le and igh legs we e also pe o med. The bes 5-0-5 COD le imes we e 2.59 ± 0.12 s, while he a e age imes o he ials equalled 2.73 ± 0.12 s. The bes 5-0-5 COD igh imes we e 2.66 ± 0.17 s, while he a e age imes o he ials equalled 2.78 ± 0.18 s. The pai ed - es e ealed signi ican ly be e pe o mance in le leg COD han in igh leg COD (bes imes: = –2.095, p = 0.050, d = –0.468; a e age imes: = –1.902, p = 0.072, d = –0.333). CODD was calcula ed o he le and igh legs COD by using he 40-m sp in es (0–10 m and 30–40 m, bes imes) and he 5-0-5 accele a ion phase (0–10 m, bes ime). The esul s o epea ed measu es ANOVA and pos -hoc compa isons can be obse ed in Table 3. Signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween pa icula CODD calcula ions (bes imes: F = 201.7, p < 0.001, = 0.914; a e age imes: F = 196.2, p < 0.001, = 0.912). Table 4 p esen s he co ela ion coe icien s be ween CODD ou comes and he pe o mance a he 40-m sp in es and 5-0-5 ime o COD wi h he le and igh ee . All he CODD esul s we e independen o he 40-m sp in pe o mance (p > 0.05). Table 5 depic s he descenden anking o playe s, which can p o ide in o ma ion abou he eal impac o conside ing di e en app oaches while calcula ing CODD. Discussion The esul s o his s udy e ealed ha he ime col- lec ed in he i s 10-m accele a ion phase o he 5-0-5 es p oduced simila esul s o he ini ial 10-m ime o he 40-m linea sp in es . This indica es ha he e is no need o un 2 es s o calcula ing CODD as p e- iously epo ed, bu he CODD calcula ed om a 5-0-5 es can p o ide an accu a e measu e o COD pe o - mance. U ilizing CODD has become well-accep ed in he s eng h and condi ioning communi y, namely because he ou come p esen s i ial co ela ions wi h linea sp in in sho (e.g., 10-m) and medium (e.g., 30/40-m) sp in dis ances [5, 17, 18]. This means ha CODD mi iga es he bias p omo ed by COD ime ( ypically used in COD es ), which is highly in luenced by linea sp in ing in speci ic COD es s wi h some dis ances [10]. In ou s udy, CODD (independen ly o how i was es ed) was isola ed om he 40-m sp in es , which con i ms ha any o he CODD measu es can be applied as an independen e alua ion o COD pe o mance. Ou esea ch es ed he me hodological app oach o no using 2 es s (sp in es and COD es ) o ex ac - Table 2. Desc ip i e s a is ics (mean and s anda d de ia ion) o he bes and a e age 10-m ime o he 40-m sp in es (spli s a 0–10 and 30–40 m) and he i s 10 m o he 5-0-5 es Resul 40-m sp in es (0–10 m) 40-m sp in es (30–40 m) 5-0-5 es (0–10 m) F | p | Bes imes (s) 1.66 ± 0.09b1.20 ± 0.04a,c 1.65 ± 0.06b358.2 | < 0.001 | 0.950 A e age imes (s) 1.71 ± 0.8b1.22 ± 0.06a,c 1.73 ± 0.06b439.4 | < 0.001 | 0.959 a signi ican ly di e en om 40-m sp in es (0–10-m bes ) b signi ican ly di e en om 40-m sp in es c signi ican ly di e en om 5-0-5 es (0–10-m bes ) a p < 0.05 Table 3. Desc ip i e s a is ics (mean and s anda d de ia ion) o CODD Resul CODDo iginal (L) CODDbes (L) CODD5-0-5s a (L) CODDo iginal (R) CODDbes (R) CODD5-0-5s a (R) F | p | Bes imes (s) 0.94 ± 0.15b,c,e 1.39 ± 0.14a,c,d, 0.45 ± 0.06a,b,d,e, 1.01 ± 0.19b,c,e 1.46 ± 0.19a,c,d, 1.02 ± 0.21b,c,e 201.7 | < 0.001 | 0.914 A e age imes (s) 1.02 ± 0.17b,e 1.52 ± 0.14a,c,d, 0.99 ± 0.14b,e 1.08 ± 0.22b,e 1.58 ± 0.21a,b,c,d, 1.05 ± 0.20b,e 196.2 | < 0.001 | 0.912 CODD – change-o -di ec ion de ici , L – b aking wi h le oo , R – b aking wi h igh oo CODDo iginal – CODD using he i s 10 m o he 40-m sp in es (bes alue among ials) CODDbes – CODD using he bes spli (30–40 m) o he 40-m sp in es (bes alue among ials) CODD5-0-5s a – CODD using he 10-m accele a ion s ep o he 5-0-5 es (bes alue among ials) Values signi ican ly di e en om: a CODDo iginal (L), b CODDbes (L), c CODD5-0-5s a (L), d CODDo iginal (R), e CODDbes (R), CODD5-0-5s a (R) a p < 0.05 132 Human Mo emen , Vol. 24, No 2, 2023 HUMAN MOVEMENT F.M. Clemen e e al., Tes ing a ia ions o 5-0-5 es in socce Table 4. Co ela ion ( ) coe icien s be ween CODD ou comes and pe o mance a 40-m sp in es and 5-0-5 COD ime ( o a e ages and o he bes imes) Measu emen Ou come 40-m sp in es (bes imes) 5-0-5 COD ime (L) (bes imes) 5-0-5 COD ime (R) (bes imes) Bes imes CODDo iginal (L) = 0.067 [–0.388; 0.494] p = 0.779 = 0.858 [0.658; 0.940] p < 0.001** = 0.365 [–0.101; 0.691] p = 0.113 Bes imes CODDbes (L) = 0.105 [–0.356; 0.521] p = 0.659 = 0.963 [0.904; 0.985] p < 0.001** = 0.525 [0.094; 0.780] p = 0.017** Bes imes CODD5-0-5s a (L) = 0.090 [–0.370; 0.510] p = 0.707 = 0.175 [–0.294; 0.570] p = 0.460 = –0.117 [–0.530; 0.346] p = 0.624 Bes imes CODDo iginal (R) = 0.019 [–0.428; 0.457] p = 0.938 = 0.456 [0.005; 0.742] p = 0.043* = 0.915 [0.785; 0.965] p < 0.001** Bes imes CODDbes (R) = 0.043 [–0.409; 0.475] p = 0.859 = 0.480 [0.035; 0.755] p = 0.032* = 0.983 [0.955; 0.993] p < 0.001** Bes imes CODD5-0-5s a (R) = 0.016 [–0.430; 0.455] p = 0.947 = 0.405 [–0.057; 0.713] p = 0.077 = 0.958 [0.889; 0.983] p < 0.001** Measu emen Ou come 40-m sp in es (a e age imes) 5-0-5 COD ime (L) (a e age imes) 5-0-5 COD ime (R) (a e age imes) A e age imes CODDo iginal (L) = –0.143 [–0.548; 0.323] p = 0.548 = 0.871 [0.685; 0.946] p < 0.001** = 0.635 [0.252; 0.836] p = 0.003** A e age imes CODDbes (L) = –0.165 [–0.563; 0.303] p = 0.487 = 0.936 [0.835; 0.973] p < 0.001** = 0.709 [0.373; 0.872] p < 0.001** A e age imes CODD5-0-5s a (L) = –0.231 [–0.607; 0.241] p = 0.327 = 0.906 [0.764; 0.961] p < 0.001** = 0.697 [0.352; 0.866] p < 0.001** A e age imes CODDo iginal (R) = –0.056 [–0.485; 0.398] p = 0.814 = 0.711 [0.376; 0.873] p < 0.001** = 0.938 [0.840; 0.974] p < 0.001** A e age imes CODDbes (R) = –0.059 [–0.487; 0.395] p = 0.806 = 0.714 [0.381; 0.874] p < 0.001** = 0.985 [0.960; 0.994] p < 0.001** A e age imes CODD5-0-5s a (R) = –0.099 [–0.517; 0.361] p = 0.678 = 0.659 [0.290; 0.848] p = 0.002** = 0.960 [0.895; 0.984] p < 0.001** COD – change-o -di ec ion CODD – change-o -di ec ion de ici , L – b aking wi h le oo , R – b aking wi h igh oo CODDo iginal – CODD using he i s 10 m o he 40-m sp in es (bes alue among ials) CODDbes – CODD using he bes spli (30–40 m) o he 40-m sp in es (bes alue among ials) CODD5-0-5s a – CODD using he 10-m accele a ion s ep o he 5-0-5 es (bes alue among ials) * signi ican a p < 0.05, ** signi ican a p < 0.01 HUMAN MOVEMENT F.M. Clemen e e al., Tes ing a ia ions o 5-0-5 es in socce 133 Human Mo emen , Vol. 24, No 2, 2023 ing da a o calcula e CODD and applying only a single es . In his case, and along wi h he p e ious esea ch design, we employed he 5-0-5 es since i has a p e- limina y 10-m accele a ion phase, which is a good poin o collec da a o linea sp in ing. Mo eo e , as in a 20- o 30-m sp in es , he 5-0-5 es does no s op a e c ossing he i s 10-m ba ie , which means decele a- ion i unlikely o occu and comp omise he maxi- mum linea e o pe o med. This expec a ion was con i med in ou esul s as he e we e no signi ican di e ences ound be ween he 10-m ime o he 40-m linea sp in es and he 10-m accele a ion phase o he 5-0-5 es o bes o a e age imes. The cons uc o compa ing he 10-m ini ial accel- e a ion phase o a linea sp in es and he ini ial 10-m accele a ion o a es wi h a COD (e.g., 5-0-5 es ) was also aplied in he p e ious esea ch ha ini ially p e- sen ed he concep o CODD [11]. Al hough ou s udy is compa able (e.g., compa ing he ini ial 10-m accele a- ion o a linea es and ini ial 10-m accele a ion o a COD es ), we also es ed he hypo hesis o using he bes 10-m spli in he 40-m linea sp in es . In his case, he spli was signi ican ly di e en (and smalle ) han he 10-m ini ial accele a ion o bo h es s. This unsu p isingly impac ed on he inal esul s o CODD since CODDo iginal and CODD5-10-5s a we e signi ican ly smalle han CODDbes (which used he bes 10-m spli in he 40-m linea sp in es ). Na u ally, he kinema - ics o sp in ing allows a be e pe o mance in 30–40 m han in ini ial 10 m since in he o me case, he peak ho izon al p opulsi e o ce, s ance phase, and swing phase a e signi ican ly la ge han in he accele a ion phase [19]. Thus, conside ing ha in a COD es like he 5-0-5 es , he pa icipan spends a ound 31% o he ime changing di ec ions [20], i is expec ed ha he e would be a gap o he linea sp in ime and la ge CODD calcula ion du ing he bes 10-m spli . Howe e , i is expec ed ha as e playe s will also p esen g ea e CODD, a hypo hesis based o a p e ious s udy [21]. In his s udy, he au ho s ound ha playe s wi h g ea e Table 5. CODD (using he bes imes) descenden anking o pa icipan s ega ding he di e en me hodological app oaches es ed CODDo iginal (L) CODDbes (L) CODD5-0-5s a (L) CODDo iginal (R) CODDbes (R) CODD5-0-5 s a (R) ID CODD (s) ID CODD (s) ID CODD (s) ID CODD (s) ID CODD (s) ID CODD (s) ID002 0.71 ID002 1.09 ID019 0.35 ID008 0.79 ID007 1.21 ID007 0.68 ID004 0.78 ID003 1.16 ID020 0.36 ID010 0.82 ID003 1.22 ID003 0.82 ID008 0.78 ID005 1.26 ID003 0.40 ID015 0.83 ID008 1.28 ID008 0.86 ID012 0.79 ID012 1.26 ID006 0.40 ID012 0.85 ID005 1.31 ID010 0.86 ID003 0.80 ID008 1.27 ID008 0.42 ID003 0.86 ID012 1.32 ID002 0.87 ID005 0.81 ID004 1.28 ID015 0.42 ID005 0.86 ID015 1.33 ID005 0.88 ID015 0.82 ID015 1.32 ID011 0.42 ID011 0.87 ID010 1.33 ID009 0.90 ID011 0.84 ID011 1.36 ID012 0.42 ID007 0.90 ID002 1.34 ID012 0.90 ID018 0.87 ID013 1.37 ID005 0.43 ID009 0.90 ID009 1.35 ID015 0.91 ID001 0.90 ID018 1.42 ID018 0.43 ID002 0.96 ID011 1.39 ID013 0.95 ID006 0.94 ID007 1.43 ID009 0.45 ID004 0.98 ID013 1.40 ID011 0.97 ID010 0.95 ID001 1.44 ID013 0.45 ID014 1.02 ID016 1.46 ID004 0.98 ID014 1.01 ID006 1.44 ID002 0.47 ID016 1.08 ID004 1.48 ID016 0.98 ID009 1.05 ID010 1.46 ID010 0.47 ID001 1.08 ID019 1.58 ID001 1.04 ID019 1.06 ID019 1.46 ID016 0.48 ID013 1.10 ID014 1.60 ID014 1.10 ID013 1.07 ID009 1.50 ID017 0.49 ID006 1.14 ID001 1.62 ID019 1.23 ID017 1.11 ID020 1.50 ID004 0.50 ID019 1.18 ID006 1.64 ID006 1.24 ID007 1.12 ID016 1.58 ID014 0.50 ID018 1.22 ID018 1.77 ID017 1.29 ID020 1.14 ID014 1.59 ID007 0.53 ID017 1.30 ID017 1.78 ID018 1.34 ID016 1.20 ID017 1.59 ID001 0.58 ID020 1.50 ID020 1.86 ID020 1.50 CODD – change-o -di ec ion de ici , L – b aking wi h le oo , R – b aking wi h igh oo CODDo iginal – CODD using he i s 10 m o he 40-m sp in es (bes alue among ials) CODDbes – CODD using he bes spli (30–40 m) o he 40-m sp in es (bes alue among ials) CODD5-0-5s a – CODD using he 10-m accele a ion s ep o he 5-0-5 es (bes alue among ials) ID – code numbe o he playe 134 Human Mo emen , Vol. 24, No 2, 2023 HUMAN MOVEMENT F.M. Clemen e e al., Tes ing a ia ions o 5-0-5 es in socce accele a ion in ini ial 10 m we e he same as hose wi h g ea e CODD [21]. Ne e heless, in his s udy, he bes playe s we e no always included in he op- i e among he di e en app oaches. As an example, playe ID002 was he bes in CODDo iginal le and CODDbes le , bu no in he op-5 o CODD5-0-5s a le , CODDo iginal igh , o CODDbes igh , which indica es ha as e a hle es we e no always hose wi h g ea e accele a- ion. This u he suppo s ou esul s sugges ing ha calcula ing CODD by using he i s 10 m and he bes 10 m o a sp in es is qui e di e en and ha CODD should be calcula ed wi h ei he he ini ial 10 m o a 40-m sp in es o he 5-0-5 es . Ou esea ch also e ealed ha COD wi h he le o igh oo does no esul in he same inal ou comes. As p e iously demons a ed, COD asymme ies a e na u al and p esen in playe s [18], wi h bo h sides ec- ommended o be es ed and used when calcula ing CODD. The di e ences be ween ee can be due o he la e ali y p o ile o a hle es and he g ea e abili y o p oduce o ce o pe o m a ask on one o he sides o he body [17, 22]. The e o e, CODD will be di e en o he le and igh COD, which in luences he inal CODD calcula ion when using he 5-0-5 es . The e a e limi a ions o his s udy ha should be acknowledged. While p e ious esea ch in es iga ed c icke e s, ou s udy popula ion we e socce playe s, which con i ms he esul s in di e en popula ions. Howe e , bo h s udies only u ilized one 180° COD. This may mean ha CODD may only be speci ic o his an- gle o di ec ional change. Fu u e esea ch should in- es iga e CODD o e a a ie y o angles and con inue o de e mine CODD wi h he 5-0-5 es in di e en a hle ic popula ions. I is also s ill unknown wha in- luence bo h he accele a ion echnique and COD ech- nique ha e on CODD. This s udy looked o add o he cu en li e a u e and p o ide u he p ac ical in o - ma ion o es ing and aining p ac i ione s. The s udy o iginali y consis s in iden i ying ha he 5-0-5 es can be used o assessing 10-m accele a ion and COD pe o mance simul aneously. This will p o ide coaches wi h con idence abou using he 5-0-5 es o moni- o ing CODD wi hou adding a linea sp in es , which means ime e iciency. Fu u e esea ch should in es- iga e ela ionships be ween CODD and en y and exi eloci ies when changing di ec ion in a hle es o gain mo e de ailed echnical in o ma ion. Conclusions and p ac ical applica ions The o iginali y o his s udy lies in showing ha he 5-0-5 es can se e as a single- o-use es o calcu- la e CODD, which means ha he e is no need o assess he i s 10-m sp in in a linea sp in es . The i s 10-m accele a ion phase o he 5-0-5 can be used o calcula ing CODD since no signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he ini ial 10 m o he linea sp in es and he 10-m accele a ion phase o he 5-0-5 es . Fo he igh leg COD, no signi ican di e ences we e ob- se ed be ween CODD using he o iginal me hodo- logical app oach o using he 10-m linea ime o he 5-0-5 es . Howe e , la ge di e ences we e e ealed o calcula ing CODD wi h he i s 10 m o he bes 10 m o he 40-m linea sp in es . I p ac i ione s wan o compa e COD ime wi h he bes sp in ime, i is ecommended o collec he spli ime o he 30–40-m es o an in eg a ed CODD calcula ion. Disclosu e s a emen No au ho has any inancial in e es o ecei ed any inancial bene i om his esea ch. Con lic o in e es The au ho s s a e no con lic o in e es . Re e ences 1. Li le T, Williams AG. Speci ici y o accele a ion, maxi- mum speed, and agili y in p o essional socce playe s. J S eng h Cond Res. 2005;19(1):76–78; doi: 10.1519/ 14253.1. 2. Hasan UC, Sil a R, Clemen e FM. Weekly a ia ions o biomechanical load a iables in p o essional socce playe s: compa isons be ween playing posi ions. Hum Mo . 2021;22(3):19–34; doi: 10.5114/hm.2021.100321. 3. 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