Reduced M2M Signaling Communications in 3GPP LTE and Future 5G Cellular Networks

THIS IS AN AUTHOR-CREATED POSTPRINT VERSION. Disclaime : This wo k has been accep ed o publica ion in Wi eless Days (WD), 2016. Ci a ion in o ma ion: DOI 10.1109/WD.2016.7461499 Copy igh : © 2016 IEEE. Pe sonal use o his ma e ial is pe mi ed. Pe mission om IEEE mus be ob ained o all o he uses, in any cu en o u u e media, including ep in ing/ epublishing his ma e ial o ad e ising o p omo ional pu poses, c ea ing new collec i e wo ks, o esale o edis ibu ion o se e s o lis s, o euse o any copy igh ed componen o his wo k in o he wo ks. This a icle has been accep ed o publica ion in 2016 Wi eless Days (WD) Reduced M2M Signaling Communica ions in 3GPP LTE and Fu u e 5G Cellula Ne wo ks Pila And es-Maldonado, Pablo Ameigei as, Jona han P ados-Ga zon, Juan J. Ramos-Munoz, Juan M. Lopez-Sole Depa men o Signal Theo y, Telema ics, and Communica ions Uni e si y o G anada G anada, Spain [email p o ec ed].es, {pameigei as, jpg, jj amos, juanma}@ug .es Abs ac —The inc ease o machine- o-machine (M2M) com- munica ions o e cellula ne wo ks imposes new equi emen s and challenges ha cu en ne wo ks ha e o handle wi h. Many M2M UEs (Use Equipmen ) may send small in equen da a, which suppose a challenge o cellula ne wo ks no op imized o such a ic, whe e signaling load could inc ease signi ican ly and cause conges ion o e he ne wo k. This pape e alua es cu en p oposals o manage small ansmissions o e he Long Te m E olu ion (LTE) cellula ne wo k. We also p opose a new Random Access-based Small IP packe T ansmission (RASIPT) p ocedu e o M2M UEs small da a ansmissions. I s main ea u e is da a ans e wi hou es ablishmen o Radio Resou ce Con ol (RRC) connec ion o educe signaling o e head. In ou design, we assume a So wa e De ined Ne wo king-based a chi ec u e o 5G sys em. When compa ed wi h cu en LTE scheme, ou p ocedu e educes signi ican ly he signaling load gene a ed by M2M UEs small ansmissions. Index Te ms—machine o machine; small da a ansmission; SDT; SDN I. INTRODUCTION M2M e e s o he communica ion be ween machines wi h- ou human in e en ion. Cu en M2M UEs communica e in he same way ha human- o-human (H2H) UEs do. Howe e , ypically M2M applica ions only need o exchange a small amoun o da a [1]. Despi e i s mino size, i igge s edundan and cos ly ne wo k p ocedu es ela ed o esou ce ese a ions o M2M UEs, lacking he e icien suppo o M2M se ices o e he ne wo k. One example is con en ional 3GPP LTE, which equi es pe o ming Random Access (RA) p ocedu e, adio bea e se up and a se ice eques p ocedu e be o e any da a ansmission i he UE is idle [2]. To o e come o e- seen challenges, he 3GPP g oup has p omo ed enhancemen s wi hin LTE o allow e icien suppo o M2M communica ions [3], which can p o ide low cos and long ba e y li e M2M se ices wi h high eliabili y. In his pape , we p opose a new p ocedu e, e e ed o as Random Access-based Small IP packe T ansmission (RASIPT), based on a So wa e De ined Ne wo k (SDN) 5G a chi ec u e. We simula e a scena io wi h H2H UEs and M2M UEs o e alua e he p oposed p ocedu e. A e conduc ed simula ions, we show ha con en ional LTE scheme is no e icien o M2M UEs wi h small ansmissions and new solu ions as ou p oposed p ocedu e can educe signi ican ly he signaling load gene a ed by M2M UEs in he ne wo k. II. BACKGROUND A. LTE In LTE, when a UE, egis e ed and connec ed a he ne - wo k, becomes inac i e because is no using any se ice, he ne wo k eleases some o he alloca ed esou ces pe o ming he S1 elease p ocedu e [2]. This p ocedu e is used by he eNB o elease he UE om connec ed s a e in o idle. The inac i i y ime ha con ols when his p ocedu e is igge ed is no s anda dized. I is a he de ined as a endo implemen a ion choice. A ypical alue o his ime is 10ms [4]. When an idle UE wan s o send a da a packe , i has o pe o m he se ice eques p ocedu e o ge ac i a ed and ealloca ed esou ces, see Fig. B. E icien Small Da a T ansmission One o he sys em imp o emen s conside ed o M2M com- munica ions on 3GPP ne wo ks is Small Da a T ansmission (SDT) p ocedu e [3]. SDT op imizes message sequence o he ansmission o one IP packe and i s esponse when he M2M UE is idle. To do ha , he p ocedu e uses p e-es ablished Non Access S a um (NAS) secu i y con ex o send he da a as NAS signaling. A e RA p ocedu e and RRC es ablishmen , he M2M UE ansmi s a NAS message wi h he IP da a packe o he Mobili y Managemen En i y (MME) (see Fig. MME Se ing GW PDN GW 2. NAS: Se ice Reques 1. NAS: Se ice Reques 7. S1 - AP: Ini ial Con ex Se up Comple e 3. Au hen ica ion/Secu i y HSS 4. S1-AP: Ini ial Con ex Se up Reques 5. Radio Bea e Es ablishmen 6. Uplink Da a 8. Modi y Bea e Reques 12. Modi y Bea e Response UE eNodeB 11. Modi y Bea e Response PCRF (A) 10. PCEF Ini ia ed IP-CAN Session Modi ica ion 9. Modi y Bea e Reques Fig. 1. UE igge ed Se ice Reques p ocedu e [2]. c 2016 IEEE. Pe sonal use o his ma e ial is pe mi ed. Pe mission om IEEE mus be ob ained o all o he uses, in any cu en o u u e media, including ep in ing/ epublishing his ma e ial o ad e ising o p omo ional pu poses, c ea ing new collec i e wo ks, o esale o edis ibu ion o se e s o lis s, o euse o any copy igh ed componen o his wo k in o he wo ks. DOI: 10.1109/WD.2016.7461499 This a icle has been accep ed o publica ion in 2016 Wi eless Days (WD) III. PROPOSAL Ou p oposed p ocedu e, RASIPT, is in ended o educe signaling o ans e one small IP packe o he ne wo k when a M2M UE is idle. The p ocedu e is o ien ed o in equen a ic wi hou QoS equi emen s. Ou solu ion is designed o a 5G SDN-based co e a chi ec u e (e.g. [5]), whe e NFV and SDN con olle un ne wo k unc ions, such as a MME. The idea i sel is o igina ed as a combina ion o he SDT p ocedu e men ioned be o e, and he adio access enhancemen p oposed in he Hyb id Random Access and Da a T ansmission p o ocol [6]. The mechanism o [6] allows an idle M2M UE o send da a packe s a e p eamble ansmission on he RA p ocedu e, so, he RRC connec ion es ablishmen is no needed. The solu ion combines an adap i e esou ce alloca ion o M2M da a channels o e adio esou ces by he eNB, and an access ba ing scheme o s a he p ocedu e o educe o e load o e Radio Access Ne wo k (RAN) in e ace. We assume he same RAN design han LTE. The s eps o RASIPT a e as ollows: •Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Scheduling: The eNB con igu es adio esou ces and he access ba - ing pa ame e om he es ima ion o ac i e M2M UEs and b oadcas s he in o ma ion. •Access Ba ing: Each ac i e M2M UE pa icipa es in he access ba ing. •P eamble ansmission: A e a success ul access ba ing, he M2M UEs choose one p eamble and send i . •Da a scheduling: The eNB schedules uplink da a channels o all he p eambles de ec ed and epo s he M2M UEs. •RASIP eques , Uplink da a: The M2M UEs send he RASIPT eques and he da a packe oge he in he adio esou ces alloca ed be o e by he eNB. The eNB o wa ds his packe o he i ualized MME and his en i y au hen- ica es he M2M UE by decoding he packe wi h he UE secu i y con ex s o ed du ing a ach p ocedu e [2]. •Uplink da a: The i ualized MME o wa ds he au hen- ica ed da a packe o he ga eway, as depic ed a Fig. Al hough ou p oposed p ocedu e uses a 5G SDN-based a chi ec u e, i could be implemen ed in LTE by adding some changes, as he inc ease o MME unc ionali ies o eNB MME UE S-GW/ P-GW b) RRC Connec ion Reques (S-TMSI, small da a indica o ) RRC Connec ion Se up c) RRC Connec ion Se up Comple e (NAS PDU, elease ind) d) Ini ial UE message (NAS PDU, elease ind) g) Downlink Da a No i ica ion (Bea e ID , UDP/IP esponse packe ) h) Downlink In o ma ion T ans e (NAS PDU) ) UE Con ex Release e)GTP-U(TEID,UDP/IPpacke ) small da a indica o inhibi s eNB sending Measu men Con igu a ion o he UE h) Downlink NAS T anspo (NAS PDU) ) RRC Connec ion Release al . A al . B a) small da a capabili y exchange l)DownlinkDa aNo i ica ionAck Fig. 2. SDT p ocedu e sequence [3]. he emo al o RRC connec ion o small ansmissions. Wi hou bea e es ablishmen , he ne wo k will educe signaling messages needed o he RRC connec ion and econ igu a ion, eNB UE’s con ex eques , Access S a- um (AS) secu i y es ablishmen and la e eleases o esou ces. As in he SDT p ocedu e, we assume no da a ansmission acknowledgemen s abo e RRC laye , he da a ans e elies on RRC laye o he con ol plane, and NAS secu i y con ex s o ed be ween M2M UE and SDN con olle o au hen ica ion. IV. EVALUATION A. Simula ion Model We implemen ou sys em in ns-3 simula o , whe e we simula ed a scena io wi h H2H UEs and M2M UEs. H2H a ic models included a e web, VoIP [7] and NRTV (Non Real Time Video) [8]. M2M a ic model simula ed is based on [9], whe e he p esen ed a ic model uses Coupled Ma ko Modula ed Poisson P ocesses (CMMPP) o model coo dina ed and uncoo dina ed ansmissions o in equen small epo s by M2M UEs. Fo ou simula- ion, we use a simpli ied e sion o his model wi hou space co ela ion. We assume one M2M use case o a lee managemen scena io [10], wi h h ee M2M UE s a es (s a e0, s a e1 and ala m). The ansi ion ma ices p oposed in [10] ha e a con e gence issue due o he la ge numbe o M2M UEs ha change hei s a e o ala m and a e ha o s a e0. These M2M UEs need a long ime o con e ge o he s a iona y s a e. To sol e his, we modi ied he p obabili y o change o ala m s a e in he coo dina ed a ic ansi ion ma ix. The es o he alues o he model emain as o iginal alues de ined in [10]. We scheduled pe iodically ala ms o model synch onous a ic, which gene a es signaling load peaks. Table In he simula ion, each UE has a ne wo k s a e (con- nec ed/idle/de ached). We conside a scena io wi h 800 H2H UEs and 4800 M2M UEs. We compa e h ee schemes, which use di e en con ol p ocedu es o M2M small da a ansmissions i he M2M UE is idle: o base- line LTE (LTE-Base), he M2M UE will pe o m a se ice eques , o LTE-SDT, a SDT p ocedu e, and o 5G SDN-based a chi ec u e scheme, a RASIPT p ocedu e. To e alua e he scena io, he simula o s o es s a is ics UE eNB Vi ualized MME GW Access ba ing RACH P eamble TA + Scheduling G an . RASIPT Reques Uplink Da a RASIPT Reques Uplink Da a Vi ualized MME au hen ica es UE Uplink Da a Fig. 3. RASIPT p ocedu e sequence. This a icle has been accep ed o publica ion in 2016 Wi eless Days (WD) TABLE I M2M TRAFFIC MODEL PARAMETERS Pa ame e Value Repo size 100B Bi a es [s a e0, s a e1, ala m] [0.15, 6.5, 24.7] B/s Ala ms equency 1800s Uncoo dina ed a ic ansi ion ma ix ©   « 0.9999325 0.000147 0.39 0.0000675 0.999853 0 0 0 0.61 ª ® ® ¬ Coo dina ed a ic ansi ion ma ix ©   « 0.93 0 0 0 0.93 0 0.07 0.07 1 ª ® ® ¬ Fig. 4. Compa ison o he a e age signaling packe s/s in di e en pa s o he ne wo k. abou each con ol p ocedu e eques ed, and calcula es he signaling messages exchanged o pe o m he con ol p ocedu e. The simula ion du a ion is se o 30000 s, bu he i s 5000 s o he simula ion a e emo ed om he esul s o a oid ansi o y beha io du ing H2H and M2M UE connec ions. The esolu ion is se o 1s. We assume LTE bi a e o 10 Mpbs, 5G bi a e o 300 Mbps, an inac i i y ime o 10s [4], and a es a H2H session ime and a ach ime modeled as an exponen ial dis ibu ion wi h a mean o 1200s. B. Simula ion Resul s Fig. The ob ained esul s show be e educ ion o he co e pa o he ne wo k. I is due o he imp o emen o esou ce alloca ion eached wi h SDT and RASIPT so- lu ions, whe e only a ew ne wo k en i ies ake pa o he p ocedu e o ansmi he da a packe and no da a bea e es ablishmen is needed, educing he numbe o signaling packe s exchanged. In ala m e en s, he o al educ ion a ained is sligh ly highe han be o e due o he la ge amoun o idle M2M UEs ha change hei s a e o ala m s a e and wan o send a da a packe . V. CONCLUSION In his pape , we ha e p esen ed he esul s o an e alua- ion o he signaling impac o M2M communica ions o e cellula ne wo ks. We p oposed a no el p ocedu e, RASIPT, which simpli ies he ansmission o a da a packe using RA p ocedu e o ge enough esou ces o send he da a packe , a oiding he need o a RRC connec ion and d as ically educing he signaling load gene a ed pe ansmission. Ou e alua ion indica es ha baseline LTE scheme is no e icien o suppo ing massi e M2M communica ions deploymen s whe e M2M UEs use in equen and small ansmissions, he use o se ice eques and S1 elease p ocedu es gene a es an excessi e amoun o signaling. New mechanisms o ien ed o M2M communica ions ha e be e pe o mance in ne wo k signaling load and, especially o ou p oposed RASIPT p ocedu e, whe e he educ ion o signaling load has eached highe alues. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This wo k is pa ially suppo ed by he Spanish Min- is y o Economy and Compe i i eness (p ojec TIN2013- 46223-P), FEDER and he Spanish Minis y o Educa ion, Cul u e and Spo (FPU g an 13/04833). REFERENCES [1] Se ice equi emen s o Machine Type Communica ions (MTC), 3GPP TS 22.368 Rel 13, 2014. [2] Gene al Packe Radio Se ice (GPRS) enhancemen s o E ol ed Uni e sal Te es ial Radio Access Ne wo k (E-UTRAN) Access, 3GPP TS 23.401 Rel 12, 2014. [3] S udy on Machine Type Communica ions and o he mobile da a applica ions communica ions enhancemen s, 3GPP TR 23.887 Rel 12, 2013. [4] Nokia, “Wha is going on in Mobile B oadband Ne wo ks? Sma phone T a ic Analysis and Solu ions,” Whi e pape , 2014. [5] P. Ameigei as, J. Ramos-Munoz, L. Schumache , J. P ados- Ga zon, J. Na a o-O iz, and J. 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