Search for excited electrons singly produced in proton–proton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC

Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:803 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7295-1 Regular Article - Experimental Physics Search for excited electrons singly produced in proton–proton collisions at √s=13 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC ATLAS Collaboration CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Received: 11 June 2019 / Accepted: 11 September 2019 / Published online: 26 September 2019 © CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration 2019 Abstract A search for excited electrons produced in pp collisions at √s= 13 TeV via a contact interaction q¯q→ee∗ is presented. The search uses 36.1 fb−1of data collected in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Decays of the excited electron into an electron and a pair of quarks (eq ¯q) are targeted in final states with two electrons and two hadronic jets, and decays via a gauge interaction into a neutrino and a Wboson (νW)are probed in final states with an electron, missing transverse momentum, and a large-radius jet consistent with a hadronically decaying Wboson. No significant excess is observed over the expected backgrounds. Upper limits are calculated for the pp →ee∗→eeq ¯qand pp →ee∗→eνWproduction cross sections as a function of the excited electron mass me∗at 95% confidence level. The limits are translated into lower bounds on the compositeness scale parameter of the model as a function of me∗.Forme∗<0.5TeV,thelower bound for is 11 TeV. In the special case of me∗=,the values of me∗<4.8 TeV are excluded. The presented limits on are more stringent than those obtained in previous searches. 1 Introduction Excited leptons appear in a number of composite models [1– 6] seeking to explain the existence of the three generations of quarksandleptonsintheStandardModel(SM).Thisanalysis uses the model presented in Ref. [6] as a benchmark. The composite models introduce new constituent particles called preons that bind at a high scale to form SM fermions and their excited states. The preon bound states are mapped into representations of the SU(2)×U(1)SM gauge group. The SM fermions are identified as a set of left- and righthanded chiral states protected by the SU(2)symmetry from obtaining masses of the order of [6]. The remaining vectorlike states, SU(2)doublets and singlets, acquire masses of the order of and are thus interpreted as excited fermions. e-mail: [email protected] The effective Lagrangian introduces four-fermion contactinteraction (CI) terms (Eqs. (1) and (2)) and gauge-mediated (GM) currents (Eq. (3)): LCI =2π 2jμjμ(1) jμ=¯ fLγμfL+¯ f∗ Lγμf∗ L+¯ f∗ LγμfL+H.C.(2) LGM =1 2¯ f∗ Rσμν gτ 2Wμν +gY 2BμνfL+H.C.(3) Here, f=, qand f∗=∗,q∗denote SM and excited leptons and quarks, and the subscripts L and R stand for left- and right-handed components of the fermion field f, respectively. The jμterm is the fermion current of fand f∗.TheWμν and Bμν are the field-strength tensors of the SU(2)and U(1)gauge fields, and gand gare the corresponding coupling constants of the electroweak theory. The left- and right-handed excited fermions are both SU(2)doublets, with the weak hypercharge Ysuch that f∗electric charges coincide with the ones of their ground states f.The weak hypercharge Yof the ∗ L,Rdoublet is −1, so that its isospin T3=−1/2 component represents an excited lepton with electric charge Q=−1. Therefore, the excited lepton model introduces two unknown parameters relevant for this analysis, the excited lepton mass me∗and the compositeness scale , which define the preferred search channels and kinematic properties of the final states. The four-fermion CI terms are suppressed by 1/2implying the parton-level e∗ production cross section growing proportionally to ˆs.The considered models allow only left-handed currents in the contact-interaction terms, and all dimensionless couplings defining the relative strength of the residual interactions are set to unity [6]. The restriction me∗<follows from unitarity constraints on the contact interactions [6,7]. Branching ratios (B) for excited electrons as functions of me∗for the case of =10 TeVare presented in Fig. 1. Gauge-mediated decays dominate at me∗while the decay via a contact interaction becomes dominant for me∗/3. 123 803 Page 2 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :803 [GeV] e* m 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Branching ratio 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 qeq→e* W e ν → e* lel→e* γe→e* eZ→e* =10 TeVΛ Fig. 1 Branching ratios for excited electrons as a function of me∗.The scale is set to 10 TeV This article presents a search for excited electrons singly produced in pp collisions at √s= 13 TeV via a contact interaction q¯q→ee∗and decaying either to an electron and a pair of quarks (eq ¯q) via a contact interaction or to a neutrino and a Wboson (νW) via a gauge interaction, depicted in Fig. 2a, b, respectively. Given the sensitivity of the search, the contribution of gauge-mediated production of the excited electrons is non-negligible relative to the contact-interaction production only for me∗<200 GeV [8] and thus neglected. The search uses 36.1 fb−1of data collected in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS experiment [9] at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The present search uses two experimental channels. The first channel targets the production of excited electrons via a contact interaction q¯q→ee∗and their decay via a contact interaction e∗→eq ¯q, resulting in two energetic electrons and at least two hadronic jets j. In the second channel, the excited electrons are produced via a contact interaction as well, but their decay is via a gauge-mediated interaction into a Wand a ν, where the Wboson decays hadronically, yielding an ee∗→eνq¯qfinal state. Experimentally, this gives final states with exactly one energetic electron, a largeradius(large-R)jetJproducedbytwocollimatedquarks,and missing transverse momentum. The large-Rjet approach is sufficient for the current analysis, as the analysis selection with two resolved jets has minor efficiency. In the following, the final states resulting from contact- and gauge-mediated decays of singly produced e∗are denoted by eej j and eνJ, respectively.Thecombinationofthetwochannelsmaximizes the sensitivity of the search for all me∗/ values. For possible reinterpretations, the results are also presented in terms of model-independent upper limits on the number of signal events and on the visible signal cross section. Previous searches for excited leptons were carried out at LEP [10–13], HERA [14,15], the Tevatron [16–19], and the LHC [8,20–26]. No evidence of excited leptons was found and bounds were set on me∗, which is limited to be greater than 3 TeV for the compositeness scale =me∗[21]. 2 ATLAS detector The ATLAS detector [9] is a multipurpose detector with a forward–backward symmetric cylindrical geometry and nearly 4πcoverage in solid angle.1The three major subcomponents of ATLAS are the tracking detector, the calorimeter, and the muon spectrometer. Charged-particle tracks and verticesarereconstructedbytheinnerdetector(ID)trackingsystem, comprising silicon pixel (including the newly installed innermost pixel layer [27,28]) and silicon microstrip detectors covering the pseudorapidity range |η|<2.5, and a strawtube tracker that covers |η|<2.0. The ID is immersed in a homogeneous 2T magnetic field provided by a solenoid. The energies of electrons, photons, and jets are measured with sampling calorimeters. The ATLAS calorimeter system covers a pseudorapidity range of |η|<4.9. Within the region |η|<3.2, electromagnetic (EM) calorimetry is performed with barrel and endcap high-granularity lead/liquid argon (LAr) calorimeters, with an additional thin LAr presampler covering |η|<1.8 to correct for energy loss in material upstream of the calorimeters. Hadronic calorimetry is performed with a steel/scintillator-tile calorimeter, segmented into three barrel structures within |η|<1.7, and two copper/LAr endcap calorimeters. The forward region (3.1 <|η|<4.9) is instrumented with a LAr calorimeter with copper and tungsten absorbers for EM and hadronic energy measurements, respectively. Surrounding the calorimeters is a muon spectrometer (MS) with superconducting air-core toroidal magnets. The field integral of the toroids ranges between 2.0 and 6.0 T m across most of the detector. The MS includes three stations of precision tracking chambers covering |η|<2.7 to measure the curvature of tracks. The MS also contains detectors with triggering capabilities covering |η|<2.4 to provide fast muon identification and momentum measurements. The ATLAS two-level trigger system selects events as described in Ref. [29]. The first-level trigger is hardwarebased while the second, high-level trigger is implemented in softwareandemploysalgorithmssimilarto thoseusedoffline in the full event reconstruction. 1ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the zaxis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upward. Cylindrical coordinates (r,φ) are used in the transverse plane, φbeing the azimuthal angle around the z-axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle θas η=−ln tan(θ/2). Angular distance is measured in units of R≡(η)2+(φ)2. 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :803 Page 3 of 30 803 e∗ q ¯q q ¯q e e (a) e∗ W q ¯q q ¯q ν e (b) Fig. 2 Feynman diagrams for aee∗→eeq ¯qand bee∗→eνW 3 Data and simulated event samples The analysis uses the pp collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016 at √s= 13 TeV with a 25 ns bunch spacing. The total integrated luminosity collected in the data-taking periods with normal operation of the relevant detector subsystems is 36.1 fb−1. To further improve the data quality, events containing noise bursts or coherent noise in the calorimeters, as well as incompletely recorded events, are excluded. Events for the eej j channel were recorded using dielectron triggers with transverse energy ETthresholds of 12 and 17 GeV for both electrons in 2015 and 2016, respectively. For the eνJchannel, events must pass at least one of the two single-electron trigger requirements with thresholds set at ET= 60 or 120 GeV in 2015, and ET=60or 140 GeV in 2016. Combining the lower-threshold trigger with the one with a higher threshold but looser identification requirements, results in single-electron trigger efficiencies typically exceeding 90% for the electrons in the phase space considered in the analysis [29]. Events with an eμjj finalstate are usedfor background studies in theeej j channel and are selected using a combination of the two single-muon triggers with the transverse momentum pTthresholds of 26 and 50 GeV. Selected events contain proton–proton collisions in the same or neighboring bunch crossing (pile-up). The events used in the analysis contain 24 pile-up interactions on average, resulting in multiple interaction vertices in an event. The primary vertex (PV) is defined as the vertex with the highest p2 Tof charged-particle tracks. This PV must have at least two tracks with the transverse momentum pT>400 MeV. The signal samples were simulated by Pythia 8.210 [30], using a leading-order (LO) matrix element (ME), the NNPDF23LO [31] set of parton distribution functions (PDFs) and the A14 [32] set of tuned parameters. The e∗ widths for the simulated signal samples were derived from CalcHEP 3.6.25 [33], which takes into account phase-space effects due to quark masses. The samples were generated for a compositeness scale = 5 TeV and masses of excited electrons ranging from 100 GeV to 4 TeV. The effect of a finite -dependent e∗width on the analysis is negligible for me∗<. As shown in Sect. 5, the dominant backgrounds in the eej j and eνJchannels are from Z/γ ∗+jets and W+jets production,respectively.Thesub-leadingbackgroundinboth channels is from t¯ tproduction, followed by single-top and diboson production. The estimation of background processes involving prompt leptons from Wand Z/γ ∗decays relies on simulated event samples. The Z/γ ∗+jets and W+jets processes were simulated using Sherpa 2.2.1 [34]. Parton-level final states with up to two partons produced along with the Zand Wbosons were generated at next-to-leading order (NLO), and those with three or four partons were generated at LO, using the OpenLoops [35] and Comix [36] for the NLO and LO cases, respectively. Double counting of events with the same partonic final state generated by various combinations of the ME and parton shower (PS) was eliminated according to the ME+PS@NLO prescription [37]. The NNPDF 3.0 [38] set of PDFs was used. The Z/γ ∗+jets and W+jets simulated event samples were normalized to the next-to-next- to-leading-order (NNLO) inclusive cross sections computed with the FEWZ program [39]. The t¯ tsimulated event samples were generated at NLO accuracy in the strong coupling constant using Powheg- Box v2 [40–43], with the top-quark spin correlations preserved, and the CT10 [44] PDF set. Electroweak s- and tchannel single-top-quark events as well as events with a single top-quark produced in association with a Wboson were generated using Powheg- Box v1 [45,46]. Parton showering, hadronization and the underlying event were handled by Pythia 8.210 for t¯ tproduction and by Pythia 6.428 [47] for single-top production. Pythia 8.210 and Pythia 6.428 used the A14 and Perugia 2012 [48]setsof tuned parameters, respectively. The t¯ tsimulated event sample was normalized to the inclusive cross section calculated using the Top++ v2.0 [49] at NNLO accuracy in the strong 123 803 Page 4 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :803 Table 1 Object definitions in the eej j and eνJchannels. Muon selections are given in parentheses Selection type Objects eej j eνJ Baseline Electrons (muons) pT>30 GeV (>40 GeV) pT>40 GeV |η|<2.47, excluding 1.37 <|η|<1.52 (<2.5) Both channels: Quality loose (medium) Both channels: No isolation (loose isolation with ID tracks) |d0|/σd0<5(<3); |z0sin θ|<0.5mm Jets Both channels:R=0.4jets,pT>20 GeV b-jets – R=0.4jets |η|<2.5, JVT Final Electrons pT>30 GeV pT>65 GeV Quality medium Quality tight Both channels:Loose isolation Jets R=0.4jets R=1.0jets pT>50 GeV pT>200 GeV |η|<2.8, JVT |η|<2 coupling constant, with soft gluon emission accounted for in the next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic order (NNLL). The single-top simulated event samples were normalized to the cross sections computed at NLO+NNLL accuracy [50]. The ZZ,ZW and WW simulated event samples were generated using Sherpa 2.2.1. Events containing zero or one final-state parton were generated using an NLO ME. Events with two or three recoiling quarks or gluons were generated with a LO ME. The NNPDF 3.0 PDF set was used. The event generator cross sections are used in this case. Decays of b- and c-hadrons in the simulated event samples of t¯ t, single-top, and signal processes were handled by EvtGen v1.2.0 [51]. The pile-up interactions are described by overlaying minimum-bias events on each simulated signal or background event. The minimum-bias events were generated with Pythia 8.186 [52] with the A2 [53] set of tuned parameters and the MSTW2008LO [54] PDFs. The distribution of the average number of interactions per bunch crossing in simulated event samples is reweighted to match the observed data. All the simulated event samples were passed through a simulation of the ATLAS detector [55]. The detector response was obtained from a detector model that uses Geant4[56]. For the simulation of the ee∗→ eeq ¯qsignal samples, Geant4 based inner detector simulation was combined with a parameterized calorimeter simulation [55]. The simulated event samples were processed with the same reconstruction software as used for data. 4 Object and event selection Events satisfying basic quality, trigger and vertex requirements are selected for the analysis using the criteria applied to electrons, muons, hadronic jets, and their kinematic quantities. The looser baseline selections are applied at stages which aim to eliminate double counting of detected objects (electrons, muons, jets, tracks, vertices, etc.) in an event and double-counting of events in the two analysis channels. The tighter final selection defines objects used in the analysis. In the following, both the baseline and final object selections are specified in Table 1, and the order of the event criteria applied in the analysis is given in Table 2. These selections form the preselection stage. An electron candidate is reconstructed as a clustered energy deposition in the calorimeter matched to a track from theID[57].The directionofanelectronis takenfromitstrack and the energy is measured from the EM cluster. The energy is corrected for losses in the material before the calorimeter and for leakage outside of the cluster [58]. The coverage of the ID limits the pseudorapidity of electrons to |η|<2.47. Electrons with 1.37 <|η|<1.52 are excluded because they point to the barrel-to-endcap transition regions. To reject electron candidates originating from hadronic jets and photon conversions, electrons are required to satisfy a set of likelihood-based identification criteria determined by variables characterizing longitudinal and lateral calorimeter shower shapes, ID track properties, and track–cluster matching. These criteria are referred to, in order of increasing background rejection, as loose,medium and tight and are defined so that an electron satisfying a tighter criterion always satisfies looser ones. The loose identification is approximately 95% efficient for prompt electrons with pT>30 GeV. In the same pTrange, signal efficiency for medium identifi- 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :803 Page 5 of 30 803 Table 2 Event selection sequences in the eej j and eνJ channels. W-tag50 refers to the W-tagger with a 50% signal efficiency. ‘Truth matching’ requires selected electrons to match electrons from the event generators eej j eνJ Overlap removal (1) Between baseline Between baseline Electrons, muons, jets Electrons, muons, jets, b-jets Jet cleaning Both channels: Reject event if it has a baseline R =0.4 jet of non-collision origin Overlap removal (2) – Between baseline electrons and final R =1.0jets Number of jets Njets final ≥2NJ final ≥1 Number of leptons Ne final =2Ne final =1 Ne baseline ≥2andNμ baseline =0Ne baseline =1andNμ baseline =0 Trigger matching Both channels: Reject event if final electrons are not matched to the trigger objects Truth matching Both channels: Simulation only: reject event if a selected electron fails truth matching Emiss T–Emiss T>100 GeV mJmJ final >50 GeV Dβ=1 2Reject event if Final R =1.0 jet does not satisfy Upper bound on Dβ=1 2for W-tag50 cation is greater than 90%. The efficiency of tight identification is greater than 85% for prompt electrons with pT> 65 GeV [57]. Further rejection of background is achieved by applying EM calorimeter and ID isolation requirements [57]. The loose isolation requirement applied in this analysis is designed to achieve 99% selection efficiency for prompt electrons. Electrons originating from the primary interaction vertex are selected by requiring the reconstructed electron track to have a transverse impact parameter significance |d0|/σd0<5, where σd0is the uncertainty in the transverse impact parameter, and a longitudinal impact parameter |z0sin θ|<0.5 mm. Muons are reconstructed using a combined fit of tracks measured with the ID and MS. Muons from in-flight decays of charged hadrons are suppressed with the medium set of identification requirements [59]. The muon identification efficiencyexceeds96%forpromptmuonswith pT>20GeV. Muons are also subject to a loose isolation requirement that uses ID tracks [59] and is 99% efficient for prompt muons at any relevant pTand η. Muons are further required to originate from the primary vertex by imposing the same criteria as for electrons on the ID track’s longitudinal impact parameter and transverse impact parameter significance less then 3. Hadronic jets are reconstructed from clustered energy deposits in the calorimeters using the anti-ktalgorithm [60] with radius parameters R=0.4 and R=1.0. The reconstructed jets with R=1.0 are trimmed [61] to reduce contributions from pile-up interactions and underlying event by reclustering the jet constituents into subjets using a ktalgorithm with R=0.2 and removing subjets carrying less than 5% of the boosted jet’s pT. Jet calibrations are applied as described in Refs. [62,63]. An event is removed if it contains a jet reconstructed with R=0.4 and originating from non-collision backgrounds, which is identified either by a substantial fraction of the jet energy being deposited in known noisy calorimeter cells or by a low fraction of the jet energy being carried by charged particlesoriginatingfrom the primaryvertexandlying within aR=0.4 cone around the jet axis [64]. Rejection of pileup jets with |η|<2.4 and pT<60 GeV is achieved using a jet-vertex-tagger (JVT) discriminant [65] quantifying the relative probability for a jet to originate from the primary vertex. The R=0.4 jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) are identified using the multivariate b-tagging algorithm MV2c10 [66] based on impact parameters of tracks within the jet cone and positions of secondary decay vertices [67]. The b-tagging efficiency is 77% as measured in simulated t¯ tevent samples [68]. To discriminate boosted jets originating from Wboson decays from those produced through strong interactions, the jet mass obtained by combining measurements from the calorimeter and tracking systems and the substructure variable Dβ=1 2[69,70] are used. The function Dβ=1 2is a ratio of three- to two-point correlation functions based on the pTvalues and pairwise Rseparations of jet constituents. The Dβ=1 2variable is specifically sensitive to a two-prong substructure within a jet and tends to zero in a two-body decay limit. A boosted jet is tagged as a Wcandidate if its mass falls within a certain mass window around mWand its Dβ=1 2value is sufficiently low. For the W-tagging procedure the mass window and the upper bound placed on Dβ=1 2are tuned,dependingon thejet pT, toreacha nominal50% signal efficiency (W-tag50) with a multi-jet background rejection factor of 40–80 [71,72]. The jet energy and mass are both 123 803 Page 6 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :803 calibrated prior to applying the W-tagging discriminant. At the preselection level, only the upper bound on Dβ=1 2corre- sponding to W-tag50 is imposed. Themissingtransversemomentum,withmagnitude Emiss T, is calculated as the negative vector sum of all reconstructed objects associated with the primary vertex. This includes calibrated electrons, muons, and R=0.4 jets, and a track-based soft term (TST) using ID tracks not associated with the preselected hard objects [73]. The TST is built from tracks with pT >400 MeV and |η|<2.5 which have a sufficient number of hits in the ID, a good fit quality, and an origin consistent with the primary vertex. Double counting of electrons, muons, and jets reconstructed by more than one lepton and/or jet algorithm as well as misreconstruction of distinct physics objects produced in close proximity are resolved by the overlap removal procedure. The procedure is applied to the baseline objects in the following order: •electron–electron: if two electrons share an ID track then the lower quality electron is removed; if both electrons are of the same quality then the lower-pTelectron is removed; •electron–muon: remove the electron which shares an ID track with the muon; •electron–jetwith R=0.4:remove the jetif R(e,jet)< 0.2 and, in the eνJchannel only, the jet is not b-tagged; after repeating this step for all pairs of electrons and surviving jets, electrons within R=0.4ofajetare removed; •muon–jet with R=0.4: if R(μ, jet)<0.2 and the jet has less than three ID tracks originating from the muon production vertex and, in the eνJchannel only, the jet is not b-tagged, then the jet is removed; after repeating this step for all pairs of muons and surviving jets, muons within R=0.4ofajetare removed. The second overlap removal procedure applied only in the eνJchannel involves baseline electrons and final boosted jets. The boosted jet is removed if a baseline electron is present within R=1.0 of the boosted jet direction. One of the background sources common to both channels is a misidentification of hadronic jets, photon conversions in the material or electrons from hadron decays as prompt electrons, referred to as the fake-electron background (Sect. 5). As this background is estimated in a data-driven way, to avoid double counting, the selected electrons in simulated background events are required to coincide with electrons from the event generators (referred to as ‘truth matching’ in Table 2). Table 3 Relative contributions of background processes to the total number of preselected background events. The event yields are normalized to the theoretical cross sections. Contributions included into the fake-electron background are denoted by “—”. The ’fake electron’ row includes all sources of events with misidentified electrons. These events are vetoed in the simulated event samples to prevent double counting eej j [%]eνJ[%] Z/γ ∗(→ee)+jets 79 <1 Z/γ ∗(→ττ)+jets <1<1 W(→eν) +jets – 27 W(→τν)+jets – 3 t¯ t16 58 Single-top 1 6 Fake electron 2 2 Diboson 2 4 To correct for differences in various object reconstruction and identification efficiencies between the data and simulated event samples, the simulated events are weighted to correct for differences in the trigger, object reconstruction and identification efficiencies between the data and simulation [57,59,68]. The correction weights are estimated using measurements in control data samples and are typically consistent with unity to within 5%. 5 Background composition Background processes in the eej j final state are dominated by high-mass Drell–Yan Z/γ ∗(→ee)+jets and t¯ t→bW(eν)bW(eν) production. Contributions from single-top, diboson, Z/γ ∗(→ττ) +jets, W(→eν) + jets, and multi-jet production are subdominant. The W(→ eν) +jets and multi-jet backgrounds contribute to the eej j sample through misidentification of jets as electrons. The dominant backgrounds in the eνJchannel are due to the production of a Wboson in association with jets W(→eν) +jets and t¯ t→bW(eν)bW(J)followed by single-top, Z/γ ∗(→ee/ττ)+jets, W(→τν)+jets, diboson, and multi-jet background production. The only sizeable source of events with a misidentified electron is the multi-jet production. The overall background composition in the eej j and eνJ preselected event samples is shown in Table 3. Background processes with real electrons are predicted using the simulated event samples. Backgrounds with misidentified electrons are evaluated with a data-driven matrix method as in Ref. [74]. 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :803 Page 7 of 30 803 6 Analysis strategy The analysis is based on measurements of event yields in a number of phase-space regions defined by the discriminating variables described below. Signal regions (SRs) are constructed to maximize sensitivity to the signal process as predicted by the benchmark model for given values of me∗,in the presence of the SM background. The signal selection efficiency is nearly independent of , and therefore the SRs are optimized for the different values of me∗instead of using a two-dimensional –me∗signal optimization. Simulated dominant background processes are constrained in dedicated control regions (CRs). The analysis is blind, and to verify the background predictions after they are constrained by the CRs and before the SRs are unblinded, validation regions (VRs) serve as transitions between CRs and SRs. Signal contamination of all CRs and VRs is negligible. The following section discusses the selection criteria used in the various SRs, CRs, and VRs, which do not overlap. 6.1 Signal regions The SRs for the eej j channel are constructed using the m, ST,mjj discriminating variables, where •m is the invariant mass of the electron pair, •STis the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of the two electrons and the two jets with the highest pT, and •mjj is the invariant mass of the two electrons and the two jets with the highest pT. The definition of the SRs is identical to the one used in the search for a singly produced excited muon decaying into a muon and two jets at √s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector [22]. Further optimization of the eej j channel SRs does not result in a conclusive improvement of sensitivity to the signal process compared to the initial SR definition given in Ref. [22]. The distributions of the discriminating variables for the eej j channel are shown in Fig. 3after applying the preselection requirements (Table 2) and performing a backgroundonly fit in the corresponding CRs. The selection criteria for the SRs as well as the selection efficiencies for the eej j channel are shown in Table 4. The SRs in the eνJchannel are optimized with discriminating variables at each value of me∗by maximization of the modified significance defined in Ref. [75]as Z=2×((S+B)×ln (1+S/B)−S), where Sis the signal yield and Bis the background yield in the defined region. This method is checked with minimization of expected upper limit for cross section of the signal, which gives a similar result. The maximization is performed by varying the criteria on the set of variables found to provide a maximum discrimination between the signal and the background, mνW Tand φ(e, Emiss T), simultaneously, where: •mνW Tcoincides with the transverse mass of the system of the missing transverse momentum and the Wboson in signal events and is given by mνW T=(mW)2+2×(mW)2+pW T2×Emiss T−pW x×Emiss x−pW y×Emiss y, where pW x(y)is the x(y)-component of the momentum of the Wboson candidate reconstructed as the R=1.0jet. The mνW Tis required to exceed a threshold that grows with me∗. •φ(e, Emiss T)coincides with the absolute value of the azimuthal angle between the neutrino and the electron in signal events. This quantity provides discrimination between signal events and SM processes involving the leptonic decay of a Wboson. Different sets of selection criteria are examined for each me∗by applying a maximum or minimum requirement on each of the two variables, i.e., min mνW T,maxmνW T, min φ(e, Emiss T), and the most effective one is used for the corresponding SR. The distributions of the mνW Tand φ(e, Emiss T),aswellasinmJvariables are shown in Fig. 4 for the eνJchannel after applying the preselection requirements and the background-only fit in the CRs as discussed in Sects. 6.2 and 8. In the eνJchannel, the observables mνW Tand φ(e, Emiss T)are used to create the nine optimized SRs. Each SR targets a model with a given mass of the excited electron. The SR is defined by applying the preselection introduced in Sect. 4and additionally requiring the criteria defined in Table 5, which include a b-jet veto and selection on mνW Tand φ(e, Emiss T). The large-Rjet also passes the 50% signal efficiency requirement on mJfrom the W-tagger. 6.2 Control regions The control regions are used to derive normalization factors and to constrain systematic uncertainties in the respective background yields (Sect. 8). The CRs are defined so as to ensure a high purity in the corresponding background processes and a sufficient number of events, while having no overlap with events in the respective SRs. To ensure that extrapolation uncertainties are small, the selection criteria for the CRs closely follow those used in the corresponding SRs. An individual selection criterion is changed to enrich the background of interest while ensuring no overlap with the 123 803 Page 8 of 30 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :803 Events / GeV 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 data ee→*γZ/ tt diboson fake electron single-top (Wt) ττ → *γZ/ uncertainty = 1000 GeV) e* signal (m = 2000 GeV) e* signal (m = 3000 GeV) e* signal (m ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 36.1 fbs eejj→ee* = 5000 GeVΛ [GeV] ll m 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Data / SM 0.5 1 1.5 (a) Events / GeV 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 data ee→*γZ/ tt diboson fake electron single-top (Wt) ττ → *γZ/ uncertainty = 1000 GeV) e* signal (m = 2000 GeV) e* signal (m = 3000 GeV) e* signal (m ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 36.1 fbs eejj→ee* = 5000 GeVΛ [GeV] T S 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Data / SM 0.5 1 1.5 (b) Events / GeV 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 data ee→*γZ/ tt diboson fake electron single-top (Wt) ττ → *γZ/ uncertainty = 1000 GeV) e* signal (m = 2000 GeV) e* signal (m = 3000 GeV) e* signal (m ATLAS -1 = 13 TeV, 36.1 fbs eejj→ee* = 5000 GeVΛ [GeV] lljj m 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Data / SM 0.5 1 1.5 (c) Fig. 3 The distributions of am,bST,andcmjj used to discriminate the signal from background processes in the eej j channel. The distributions are shown after applying the preselection criteria. The background contributions are constrained using the CRs. The signal models assume = 5 TeV. The last bin includes overflow events (the underflow is not shown). The ratio of the number of data events to the expected number of background events with its statistical uncertainty is shown in the lower panes. The hashed bands represent all considered sources of systematic and statistical uncertainties in the SM background expectation signal region. Hence, separate control regions are defined for each signal region. The other selection criteria are the same as for the signal regions. The CRs of the eej j channel (Table 6) are introduced for thetwolargestsourcesofbackground, Z/γ ∗+jetsandt¯ t.The Z/γ ∗CRs are defined by requiring |m −mZ|<20 GeV and the same STand mjj selections as in the corresponding SRs. The t¯ tCRs are defined by the full SR selections but at the preselection require a single-muon trigger and exactly one electron and exactly one muon in the event, leading to an eμjj signature. The kinematic criteria used for the eμjj signature (apart from the lepton preselection) are identical to those in the nominal eej j SR selection. The CRs for the eνJchannel (Table 7) are defined for the W+jets and t¯ tbackground processes. The WCR is defined by applying the same selection requirements as in 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :803 Page 9 of 30 803 Table 4 Selection requirements for the SRs used to test various mass hypotheses in the eej j channel. They are applied to the preselected event samples (see Table 2). Signal efficiencies are presented as the number of signal events in each SR relative to that after the preselection and relative to that before any selection. Each signal region is valid for one or more mass hypotheses, as shown in the second column me∗ (GeV) min m (GeV) min ST (GeV) min mjj (GeV) Efficiency relative to preselection stage (%) Total efficiency (%) SR1 100 500 450 0 36 2 200 51 10 SR2 300 550 900 1000 41 13 400 47 18 500 52 24 600 57 28 700 62 33 SR3 800 450 900 1300 68 37 900 73 41 SR4 1000 450 1050 1300 73 43 SR5 1250 450 1200 1500 77 46 SR6 1500 400 1200 1700 83 52 SR7 1750 300 1350 1900 87 55 SR8 2000 300 1350 2000 91 57 SR9 2250 300 1500 2100 91 58 SR10 2500 110 1650 2300 94 60 2750 96 61 3000 97 62 3250 97 62 3500 98 62 3750 98 62 4000 98 62 the SRs (Table 5), including the b-jet veto, but requiring the jets to fail the boosted jet mass W-tagger with the 80% signal efficiency (W-tag80). Also, the φ(e, Emiss T)selection is removed for all WCRs in order to reduce the statistical uncertainties. There is no WCR corresponding to SR1 since the W+jets background process is subdominant in such a CR. The t¯ tCR events are required to have at least two b-jets, fulfil the respective SR selections from Table 5, and have a leading large-Rjet satisfying the mJW-tag50 criterion. No additional requirements on the kinematic properties of the b-jets are applied in the t¯ tCR. The t¯ tbackground prediction is corrected for the difference in b-jet identification efficiencies between data and simulated events, and the corresponding systematic uncertainties are accounted for. Theoretical uncertainties in the t¯ tkinematic distributions are accounted for as described in Sect. 7. 6.3 Validation regions The background estimation in the CRs is validated in additionalphasespaceregions,theVRs.TheVRsarenotincluded in any fits aimed at a signal search. In the eej j channel, a m VR is defined as the intermediate range between SR and Z/γ ∗CR. A further requirement on the Emiss Tis introduced to split the m VR into regions dominated by Z/γ ∗and t¯ tprocesses. A same-sign (SS) VR is defined in order to validate the fake-electron background estimate by selecting events with m >160 GeV in which both electrons are required to have the same electric charge Qe(Table 6). The mJand b-jet VRs are introduced for the eνJchannel. ThemJVRsaredefinedbyapplyingthepreselection requirementswhileinvertingtherequirementontheboostedjetmass W-tagger interval relative to the WCRs and SRs (Table 7). The b-jet VRs require the number of b-jets to be equal to one to validate the application of t¯ tnormalization derived in t¯ tCR with the two b-jets requirement to the SR with zero b-jets. 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Zwalinski36 1Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 2Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, USA 3Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada 4(a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; (b)Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey; (c)Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey 5LAPP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France 6High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA 7Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 8Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA 9Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 10 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece 11 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 12 (a)Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; (b)Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; (c)Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; (d)Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey 13 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan 14 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain 15 (a)Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (b)Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; (c)Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; (d)University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China 16 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 17 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 18 Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 123