Production of ϒ(nS) mesons in Pb + Pb and pp collisions at 5.02 TeV

PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) Production of ϒ(nS) mesons in Pb +Pb and pp collisions at 5.02 TeV G. Aad et al.∗ (ATLAS Collaboration) (Received 9 May 2022; accepted 24 October 2022; published 22 May 2023) A measurement of the production of vector bottomonium states, ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S),inPb+Pb and pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV is presented. The data correspond to integrated luminosities of 1.38 nb−1of Pb +Pb data collected in 2018, 0.44 nb−1of Pb +Pb data collected in 2015, and 0.26 fb−1of pp data collected in 2017 by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are performed in the dimuon decay channel for transverse momentum pμμ T<30 GeV, absolute rapidity |yμμ|<1.5, and Pb +Pb event centrality 0–80%. The production rates of the three bottomonium states in Pb +Pb collisions are compared with those in pp collisions to extract the nuclear modification factors as functions of event centrality, pμμ T,and|yμμ|. In addition, the suppression of the excited states relative to the ground state is studied. The results are compared with theoretical model calculations. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.107.054912 I. INTRODUCTION Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts that at high temperatures and energy densities, hadronic matter undergoes a phase transition and turns into a state of deconfined quarks and gluons known as quark-gluon plasma (QGP). This state of matter is typically thought to be created in the collisions of two heavy nuclei at ultrarelativistic energies. In such collisions, heavy-flavor quarks, especially charm and bottom, are produced at an early stage in hard scattering processes and hence can probe QGP over its full evolution. Formation of the QGP and the consequent modification to the heavy-quark potential are expected to lead to different quarkonium states dissolving at different temperatures of the medium [1]. This effect is known as sequential suppression [2]. While the excited states are dissociated just above the transition temperature Tc≈155 MeV needed to form the QGP, the ground states melt far above that value, creating a hierarchy in the measured suppression of quarkonium states. In particular, in Ref. [3], lattice calculations for the temperaturedependent behavior of the heavy-quark potential in full QCD theory were used to estimate the order of the suppression steps as functions of temperature and energy density. It was found that the ϒ(1S) persists well above Tc, while ϒ(2S) dissociates at about 1.1Tcand ϒ(3S) cannot exist at temperatures above Tc. Since then, quarkonium production and propagation through QGP have been extensively studied theoretically. Comprehensive reviews can be found in Refs. [4,5]. Quarkonia dissociation in QGP can happen along with recombination of uncorrelated heavy quarks [6–8], which in- ∗Full author list given at the end of the article. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. creases quarkonia yields. In this regard, it is interesting to compare bottomonium [ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), ϒ(3S), χb, etc.] to the charmonium family [J/ψ,ψ(2S), χc, etc.], since recombination is expected to be much larger for the latter. Experimentally, quarkonium suppression in nucleusnucleus collisions has been studied extensively for both the bottomonia [9–16] and charmonia [17–23] families at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies. These measurements show strong suppression of quarkonia in nucleus-nucleus collisions compared to pp collisions, increasing for more central events, as well as stronger suppression of the excited Upsilon states [ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S) ] relative to the ground state [ϒ(1S) ]. In this paper, ϒ(nS) production in pp and Pb+Pb collisions at √s=5.02 TeV per nucleon-nucleon pair is studied as a function of transverse momentum (pμμ T), rapidity, and Pb+Pb collision centrality. II. THE ATLAS DETECTOR The ATLAS detector [24] at the LHC covers nearly the entire solid angle around the collision point.1It consists of an inner tracking detector surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, and a muon spectrometer incorporating three large superconducting air-core toroidal magnets. The inner-detector (ID) system is immersed in a 2-T axial magnetic field and provides charged-particle tracking in 1ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the center of the detector and the zaxis along the beam pipe. The xaxis points from the IP to the center of the LHC ring, and the yaxis points upward. Cylindrical coordinates (r,φ) are used in the transverse plane, φbeing the azimuthal angle around the zaxis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle θas η=−ln tan(θ/2), and the rapidity is defined as y=(1/2)[(E+pz)/(E−pz)]. 2469-9985/2023/107(5)/054912(25) 054912-1 ©2023 CERN, for the ATLAS Collaboration G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) the range |η|<2.5. The high-granularity silicon pixel detector covers the vertex region and typically provides four measurements per track, the first hit normally being in the insertable B layer installed before run 2 [25,26]. It is followed by the silicon microstrip tracker, which usually provides eight measurements per track. These silicon detectors are complemented by the transition radiation tracker (TRT), which enables radially extended track reconstruction up to |η|=2.0. The muon spectrometer (MS) comprises separate trigger and high-precision tracking chambers measuring the deflection of muons in a magnetic field generated by the superconducting air-core toroids. The field integral of the toroids ranges between 2.0 and 6.0 Tm across most of the detectors. A set of precision chambers covers the region |η|< 2.7 with three layers of monitored drift tubes, complemented by cathode strip chambers in the forward region, where the background is highest. Resistive plate chambers (RPCs) and thin gap chambers (TGCs) with a coarse position resolution but a fast response time are used primarily to trigger on muons in the ranges |η|<1.05 and 1.05 <|η|<2.4, respectively. The zero-degree calorimeters (ZDCs) are located symmetrically at z=±140 m and cover |η|>8.3. The ZDCs use tungsten plates as absorbers, and quartz rods sandwiched between the tungsten plates as the active medium. In Pb +Pb collisions, the ZDCs primarily measure “spectator” neutrons that do not interact hadronically when the incident nuclei collide. Centrality in Pb+Pb collisions is determined by measuring the total transverse energy deposited in a liquid-argon forward calorimeter (FCal), which covers the pseudorapidity range 3.1<|η|<4.9. The FCal is approximately ten interaction lengths deep, and consists of three modules: the first, with copper absorbers, is optimized for electromagnetic measurements, while the other two, with tungsten absorbers, are mainly sensitive to energy depositions associated with produced hadrons. A two-level trigger system is used to select events of interest [27]. The first-level (L1) trigger is implemented in hardware and uses a subset of detector information to reduce the event rate to a design value of at most 100 kHz. This is followed by the software-based high-level trigger (HLT), which reduces the event rate to about 1–4 kHz. The L1 muon trigger requires coincidences between hits on different RPC or TGC planes, which are used as a seed for the HLT algorithms. The HLT uses dedicated algorithms to incorporate information from both the MS and the ID, achieving position and momentum resolution close to that provided by the offline muon reconstruction, as shown in Ref. [27]. An extensive software suite [28] is used in the reconstruction and analysis of real and simulated data, in detector operations, and in the trigger and data acquisition systems of the experiment. The offline event selection required that events pass in-time pileup cuts based on the ZDC energy. III. DATA SELECTION AND SIMULATION SAMPLES The results presented in this paper were obtained using pp data recorded in 2017 at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV as well as Pb+Pb data collected in 2015 and 2018 at 5.02 TeV per nucleon-nucleon pair. The integrated luminosity of the analyzed pp collision samples is 0.26 fb−1.Thepp events were collected using a dimuon trigger which requires at least two spatially separated muon candidates at L1, while both satisfy the criterion of pμ T>4 GeV in the HLT. For the Pb+Pb analysis, the integrated luminosity is 0.44 nb−1for the 2015 data sample and 1.38 nb−1for the 2018 data sample. Pb+Pb events were collected using triggers which require at least one muon with pμ T>4 GeV at both L1 and the HLT, and at least one additional muon satisfying pμ T>4 GeV in the HLT, without requiring matching to L1. Muon pairs were required to fulfill the following criteria: at least one reconstructed muon matching the HLT’s dimuon trigger, and both muons matching the HLT without an L1 trigger requirement; both muons satisfy the Medium identification criteria (described in Ref. [29]) without any requirements on TRT hits; both muons are associated with the primary vertex reconstructed using all of the tracks in each event; the muon pair has a dimuon mass 7.7<mμμ <12.3 GeV, dimuon transverse momentum |pμμ T|<30 GeV, and dimuon rapidity |yμμ|<1.5; the selected muon pair is refitted to a common vertex, with the vertex fit quality satisfying χ2<100 and the significance of the transverse displacement of the refitted vertex relative to the primary vertex satisfying |Lxy/σ (Lxy)|<3, where σ(Lxy) is the primary-vertex resolution. The dimuon rapidity requirement was chosen to be |yμμ|<1.5 because at more forward rapidities the ϒmass resolution starts to deteriorate quickly. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is used to study the ϒ(nS) acceptance, the fit model used in ϒsignal extraction, and the closure of muon reconstruction and identification corrections (due to residual biases associated with the yield correction procedure). The unpolarized prompt ϒ(nS) in pp events was generated with the CTEQ6L1 [30] parton distribution function set in Pythia8 [31] with subsequent decay in muon pairs. Pythia8 implements prompt ϒ(nS) production subprocesses using the nonrelativistic QCD Color Octet mechanism [32]. Prompt ϒ(nS) production includes prompt production from the hard interactions, as well as the radiative feeddown from χb→ϒ(nS)γdecays. The production of nonprompt J/ψ, used for determining per-muon corrections, was simulated in Pythia8 by forcing b¯ bproduction and retaining only events consistent with J/ψ decays. The Pb+Pb MC sample was created by overlaying simulated Pythia8 pp events with recorded minimum-bias Pb+Pb events, so that the “data overlay” simulation samples contain the same level of underlying-event activity as is present in the Pb+Pb data. The response of the ATLAS detector was simulated [33]usingGEANT4[34]. The MC events are reconstructed with the same algorithms as used in data. IV. ANALYSIS PROCEDURE A. Centrality definition in Pb +Pb The transverse energy measured in the forward calorimeter, EFCal T, in minimum bias events, is used to estimate the 054912-2 PRODUCTION OF ϒ(nS) MESONS IN Pb +Pb … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) degree of overlap between the two colliding Pb nuclei. Each centrality class corresponds to a fixed percentile in the EFCal T distribution of minimum-bias events using the procedure described in Ref. [21], where a table containing exact centrality bin definitions can be found. A Monte Carlo Glauber-based model [35] is used to calculate the mean number of participant nucleons, Npart, and the mean nuclear overlap function, TAA, for each centrality class. B. Corrections to raw invariant mass distributions Before the dimuon invariant mass distributions are fit to extract Upsilon yields, each candidate dimuon pair is corrected with a weight that accounts for the ϒ(nS) dimuon acceptance, trigger efficiency, and reconstruction efficiency. The kinematic acceptance Ais defined as the probability that both muons from ϒ→μ+μ−decay pass the fiducial selection (pμ T>4 GeV and |ημ|<2.4). The kinematic acceptance is calculated from a generator-level simulation separately for different ϒ(nS) states as described in Ref. [36]. The acceptance correction also accounts for final-state radiation from one or both of the decay muons. In principle, the acceptance could depend on the spin alignment of the ϒ(nS). In this analysis, ϒ(nS) mesons are assumed to be produced unpolarized, following the previous measurements in pp collisions [37–39]. These measurements are consistent with no ϒpolarization, but have large uncertainties. No extra systematic uncertainty due to ϒpolarization is added in this paper. The dimuon reconstruction efficiency, εreco(μ1μ2), is determined as the product of two single-muon reconstruction efficiencies. The single-muon reconstruction efficiency is factorized into ID track reconstruction efficiency and MS reconstruction efficiency. For pp collisions, the values of the reconstruction efficiency are obtained from the J/ψ → μ+μ−Pythia8 simulation, and additional data-to-MC efficiency scale factors are derived using a J/ψ →μ+μ− tag-and-probe method [29]usingpp data to account for residual differences between data and simulation. The same J/ψ →μ+μ−tag-and-probe method is employed to measure the muon reconstruction efficiency in Pb+Pb collisions. The ID reconstruction efficiency is obtained directly from Pb+Pb data, with a requirement on the transverse displacement of the J/ψ vertex to suppress potential biases from displaced muons. The MS reconstruction efficiency is obtained from the J/ψ →μ+μ−Pythia8 simulation overlaid with minimumbias Pb+Pb data, and additional data-to-MC scale factors are determined in Pb+Pb data to account for the small difference between data and simulation. The ID reconstruction efficiency is found to be larger than 99% in both pp and Pb+Pb collisions, with a weak centrality dependence at low pμ Tin the latter case. The MS reconstruction efficiency at pμ T=4GeV is about 65% in the barrel region (|ημ|<1.05) and 75% in the endcap region (1.05 <|ημ|<2.4), and the MS efficiency increases with pμ Tand saturates at 95% around pμ T=7GeV in both the barrel and endcap regions. Due to the absorption of most hadronic activity in the ATLAS calorimeters, the MS reconstruction efficiency has no centrality dependence. For a given muon pair, the dimuon trigger efficiency in pp collisions is factorized as the product of two single-muon efficiencies. The dimuon trigger efficiency in Pb +Pb collisions is the combined efficiency of either of the two muons matching the HLT trigger with the other one matching the HLT trigger without L1 trigger requirement. The single-muon trigger efficiency is determined in data and simulation using a J/ψ →μ+μ−tag-and-probe method similar to that used for the muon reconstruction efficiency. Two different muon-trigger logic schemes are used in this analysis: (1) a full-chain muon trigger, which requires the formation of an L1 muon candidate that is subsequently confirmed in the HLT, and (2) a full-scan muon trigger, which is only performed in the HLT via a muon candidate search of the full MS system without any requirement at L1. The values of the full-chain muon trigger efficiency are determined from MC simulation, with data-to-MC scale factors determined from the pp data to take into account the difference between data and simulation. The same values are used for pp and Pb+Pb collisions, except that an additional centrality-dependent correction is applied to Pb+Pb data. The centrality-dependent correction is determined as the ratio of the trigger efficiency measured in Pb+Pb collisions as a function of centrality to the trigger efficiency in pp data. The full-chain muon trigger efficiency plateau value is found to be 70% in the barrel and 90% in the endcaps. The centrality-dependent correction factor is about 90% (100%) for the 0–10% (60–80%) centrality range. The full-scan muon trigger is only used in Pb+Pb collisions and its efficiency is determined directly from Pb+Pb data, using the tag-and- probe method. The full-scan trigger plateau is found to be 90% in both the barrel and endcap regions. The dimuon trigger efficiency in pp collisions is factorized as the product of two full-chain muon trigger efficiencies, and in Pb+Pb collisions the factorization form consisting of full-chain and full-scan muon trigger efficiencies, as detailed in Ref. [21], is used. C. Upsilon signal extraction Upsilon states are reconstructed in the μ+μ−decay channel and their yields are determined via unbinned maximum-likelihood fits to the weighted dimuon invariant mass distributions, following the same procedure for both pp and Pb+Pb data. Each of the three ϒ(nS) state signal shapes is described by a sum of Crystal Ball (CB) [40] and Gaussian functions. The probability distribution function for the fit is defined as a normalized sum of three ϒsignal components and a background component as pdf(mμμ )=Nϒ(1S) fϒ(1S)(mμμ)+Nϒ(2S) fϒ(2S)(mμμ ) +Nϒ(3S) fϒ(3S)(mμμ )+Nbkg fbkg(mμμ), where fϒ(nS)(mμμ)=ωFG(mμμ;MnS,σ nS)+(1 −ω)FCB (mμμ;MnS,1.7σnS,α,n); Nϒ(nS) and Nbkg are the Upsilon and background yields, respectively; and FGand FCB are Gaussian and Crystal Ball functions, respectively, with ωrepresenting relative weight of the Gaussian function. The quantities MnS and σnS are the Gaussian function’s mean and width for 054912-3 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) FIG. 1. Dimuon invariant mass distributions with the fit results for pp (left) and Pb+Pb (right) collisions at 5.02 TeV. The various curves are explained in the legend. Pull distributions are shown in the lower panels. For this selection, χ2/NDF is 2.7 for pp and 1.3 for Pb +Pb. each Upsilon state, and αand nare FCB tail parameters. The line-shape parameters are assumed to be the same for all three ϒstates since it is mostly determined by detector effects. The background shape, fbkg(mμμ), is represented by a second-order polynomial at high pμμ T(pμμ T>6GeV) and as a product of an error function and an exponential function at low pμμ T. The determination of the yield corrected for acceptance and efficiencies, Ncorr ϒ(nS), proceeds in several steps. First, a resonance-dependent weight, wtotal[ϒ(nS)], is determined for each selected dimuon candidate as wtotal[ϒ(nS)] =1 A[ϒ(nS)]εreco(μ1μ2)εtrig(μ1μ2)εpvAsso(μ1μ2), where A[ϒ(nS)] is the acceptance for ϒ(nS) →μ+μ−decay, εreco is the muon reconstruction efficiency, εtrig is the trigger efficiency, and εpvAsso is the efficiency related to the primaryvertex association. Next, an unbinned maximum-likelihood fit to the weighted dimuon invariant mass distribution (mμμ) is performed to extract the ϒ(nS) yields. Three fits with an acceptance value corresponding to each state are performed to extract the yields for the three ϒstates. The mean and Gaussian width of the ϒ(1S) signal, M1Sand σ1S, are left unconstrained in each pμμ T,|yμμ|, and centrality range, while the means and widths of ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S) in the same range are fixed to ϒ(1S) parameters scaled by the respective Particle Data Group [41] mass ratios. The widths of the CB functions are set by scaling the corresponding Gaussian widths by a constant factor, 1.7, which was determined in a previous analysis [42] and validated with MC studies. The relative weight of the Gaussian and CB functions, ω,is not constrained, and has the same value for all three Upsilon states. For the pp collision analysis, the CB function parameter α, which defines the point at which the low-mass tail transitions from a Gaussian shape to a power-law shape, was fixed to the value obtained from ϒ(1S) MC samples, while n, which describes the shape of the tail, was a free parameter. For Pb +Pb collisions, both αand nwere fixed to the values from the fit for pp collisions, for each kinematic selection. The nominal signal fit model described above was validated by fitting the signal MC samples in various pμμ T,|yμμ|, and centrality intervals. The background functional form varies with dimuon pμμ T. For pμμ T>6GeV the background is parametrized as a secondorder polynomial. However, for lower pμμ T(pμμ T<6GeV), and for the integrated over pμμ Tfits, in order to describe the turn-on behavior of the dimuon acceptance caused by the single-muon transverse momentum requirement, an error function multiplied by an exponential function is used. The background model parameters are initialized using a background-enriched sample, which consists of events with same-sign muon pairs, as well as a control sample consisting primarily of muons from b-hadron decays. The control sample is produced by requiring at least one of the two muons to satisfy |d0|/σd0>2or|z0sin(θ)|>0.2 mm, where d0and z0are the distances of closest approach of the muon to the primary vertex in the plane perpendicular to the beam and in the beam direction, respectively. After using the background distributions to determine the relevant parametrizations, the full model including signal and background contributions is used to fit the data, with the slope of the exponential function allowed to float. Figure 1shows an example of the fit to the dimuon mass plots for pp (left) and 0–80% centrality Pb+Pb (right) collisions for the inclusive pμμ Tand |yμμ|selection. The lower panels show the pull distribution, which represents the 054912-4 PRODUCTION OF ϒ(nS) MESONS IN Pb +Pb … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) TABLE I. Summary of the sources of systematic uncertainty. Collision type Sources ϒ(1S) (%) ϒ(nS) (%) ϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) (%) Luminosity 1.6 1.6 Acceptance 0.3–9.3 0.2–4.1 Efficiency 2.7–7.0 2.8–4.0 3.0–7.1 pp collisions Signal extraction 3.1–10.2 4.3–11.9 4.5–12.2 Bin migration <1<1 Primary-vertex association 2.0 2.0 TAA0.8–8.2 0.8–8.2 Acceptance 0.3–9.3 0.2–4.1 Efficiency 4.0–15.0 3.9–25.3 4.4–28.8 Pb+Pb collisions Signal extraction 3.8–16.3 14.6–28.7 16.6–31.5 Bin migration <2<2 Primary-vertex association 3.4 3.4 distance between data points and fit function normalized by the data points’ statistical uncertainty: (Data −Fit)/σ (Data). The goodness of the fit is assessed by calculating the reduced chisquare, χ2/NDF, summing the squared deviations of the data points from the fit (weighted by the inverse errors) and then dividing by the number of degrees of freedom (NDF) in the fit. Typically, χ2/NDF for the fits varies from ≈2.5to≈1 for ppand from ≈2to≈1 for Pb +Pb, indicating that the data and model agree within statistical uncertainties. The extracted values of χ2/NDF decrease with pμμ T, indicating that the fit quality improves with pμμ T. Some relatively large χ2/NDF values are also found and can be explained by deviations of the functions used for background description from the actual background at the edges of the fit range. D. Systematic uncertainties The main sources of point-by-point uncorrelated systematic uncertainties pertain to the corrections for muon reconstruction and trigger efficiencies, and the yield extraction. For the lowest pμμ Trange, the final-state radiation correction is also a significant contribution. Other subdominant sources of systematic uncertainty considered in this paper are the primary-vertex association uncertainty and bin migration due to momentum resolution. Finally, the Upsilon states are assumed to be unpolarized and no extra systematic uncertainty is assigned to cover this assumption. The systematic uncertainty in the MS reconstruction efficiency is dominated by the uncertainty in the data-to-MC scale-factor determination. The scale-factor uncertainty is evaluated following Ref. [29] by changing the tag-muon selection criteria and varying the line shapes in the efficiency extraction fit procedure in the data. The uncertainty related to the ID reconstruction efficiency, which is close to 1, is estimated by comparing the results while varying this efficiency in both up and down directions by one standard deviation. The systematic uncertainty in the muon trigger efficiency is also dominated by the tag-and-probe efficiency determination procedure. For Pb+Pb collisions, an additional systematic uncertainty associated with the centralitydependent correction is included. This uncertainty is evaluated by comparing the centrality-dependence-corrected Pb+Pb efficiency with the pp efficiency as a function of pμ T.Individual variations described above are added in quadrature to form the total systematic uncertainty of the efficiency corrections. The sensitivity of the signal extraction to the choice of a particular fit model is evaluated by varying the line shape of each fit component. The maximum variation between the recalculated values and the central value is used to estimate their uncertainty. Eight variations are considered, and these can be categorized into three groups: signal resolution (width of the peak), shape of the final-state radiation tail, and background shape. The final uncertainty from the fit model is obtained by calculating the difference between the maximum and the minimum yield from the eight line-shape variations and dividing by √12, assuming a flat distribution. The uncertainty in the ϒacceptance due to the final-state radiation correction was calculated by comparing the result of a fully simulated acceptance calculation with that obtained using an MC sample designed for a high-precision determination of the acceptance. The signal Monte Carlo samples were processed with a fast simulation [33] which relies on a parametrization of the calorimeter response [43]. This uncertainty is only important for the lowest pμμ Trange. The global uncertainty of the integrated luminosity for the 2017 pp data is 1.6%, derived using methods described in Ref. [44]. Primary-vertex association uncertainty, which results mostly from small discrepancies between data and MC, was studied by varying the primary-vertex association requirements. Since the primary-vertex association affects all Upsilon state yields in the same way, it is treated as a global uncertainty together with those of the pp luminosity and TAA. The combined systematic uncertainty for the luminosity and primary-vertex association in pp data is 2.6%. For Pb+Pb collisions, the global systematic uncertainty of TAA is estimated by varying the Glauber model parameters as detailed in Ref. [45]. The combined systematic uncertainty for TAAand primary-vertex association in Pb+Pb collisions is 3.7%. Systematic uncertainties in pp and Pb +Pb collisions are summarized in Table I. While some systematic uncertainties for RAA values and excited-state to ground-state double ratios are correlated (e.g., the acceptance) and cancel out in the 054912-5 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) FIG. 2. Production cross sections of ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S) mesons as a function of pμμ Tin pp collisions (left) and per-event yields in Pb+Pb collisions (right) at 5.02 TeV. Error bars indicate the statistical uncertainties and boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. Not shown are the correlated systematic uncertainties of 2.6% for luminosity and primary-vertex association in pp and 3.7% for TAAand primary-vertex association in Pb+Pb collisions. FIG. 3. The nuclear modification factor RAA of ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(2S +3S) as functions of centrality (top), pμμ T(bottom left), and |yμμ| (bottom right) at 5.02 TeV. Error bars indicate the statistical uncertainties and boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The gray boxes around RAA =1 correspond to the global systematic uncertainty. The right panel of the top plot shows the RAA results integrated over centrality. 054912-6 PRODUCTION OF ϒ(nS) MESONS IN Pb +Pb … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) FIG. 4. The double ratio ρϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) AA for ϒ(2S) and ϒ(2S +3S) as functions of centrality (top), pμμ T(bottom left), and |yμμ|(bottom right) at 5.02 TeV per nucleon-nucleon pair. Error bars indicate the statistical uncertainties and boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The right panel of the top plot shows the results integrated over centrality. ratios, most of the systematic uncertainties are not completely correlated and are estimated by directly studying their effects on the ratios. V. R E S U LT S A. Differential cross section Differential ϒ(nS) production cross sections in pp collisions are measured according to the relation d2σϒ(nS) dp μμ Tdyμμ B(ϒ(nS) →μ+μ−)=Ncorr ϒ(nS) pμμ Tyμμ Ldt , where B[ϒ(nS) →μ+μ−] is the dimuon decay branching fraction, Ncorr ϒ(nS) is the ϒ(nS) yield corrected for acceptance and efficiencies, pμμ Tand yμμ are the bin widths in pμμ T and yμμ, and Ldt is the integrated luminosity. The ϒ(nS) differential cross sections in pp collisions at 5.02 TeV, multiplied by the respective dimuon branching fractions, are shown as a function of pμμ Tin the left panel of Fig. 2. The per-event yields of ϒ(nS) states in Pb+Pb collisions are defined by NAA =Ncorr ϒ(nS) pμμ TyμμNevt , where Nevt is the total number of minimum-bias Pb+Pb collisions in each centrality class. In particular, this number is 1.02 ×109for the 0–10% centrality interval. Per-event Upsilon yields in Pb+Pb collisions divided by TAAare shown in the right panel of Fig. 2. The results for ϒ(3S) mesons are not shown because their peaks are not statistically significant in Pb+Pb collisions. B. Nuclear modification factor The modifications of bottomonium production yields in Pb+Pb collisions relative to the pp system are quantified by the nuclear modification factor RAA, which can be defined for each centrality interval as RAA =NAA TAAσpp , 054912-7 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) FIG. 5. The nuclear modification factor RAA of ϒ(1S) and ϒ(2S) (top row) and the double ratio ρϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) AA for ϒ(1S) and ϒ(2S) (bottom row) as functions of centrality (left column) and pμμ T(right column) at 5.02 TeV per nucleon-nucleon pair compared to a calculation by Brambilla et al. [46] (solid curves). Color bands represent model uncertainties due to variation of the model parameters. where NAA is the observed per-event yield of bottomonium states in Pb+Pb collisions, and σpp is the bottomonium production cross section in pp collisions at the same collision energy. Figure 3shows the RAA values of ϒ(nS) as functions of Npart(top), dimuon pμμ T(bottom left), and |yμμ|(bottom right). The centrality-integrated results are also shown in the right panel of the top plot. In addition to the results for ϒ(1S) and ϒ(2S), only the combined result for the two excited states, ϒ(2S +3S), is presented because the ϒ(3S) peak is not statistically significant in the Pb+Pb data. The ϒ(nS) states are observed to be suppressed over the whole kinematic range investigated, and the RAA values of ϒ(2S) and ϒ(2S +3S) are always lower than those of ϒ(1S). The RAA value decreases with Npartfor all three states. No strong pμμ Tor |yμμ|dependence is observed. When no statistically significant nonzero yield was extracted for a particular kinematic selection, the 95% confidence level upper limit was calculated. C. Excited-state to ground-state double ratios The suppression of different Upsilon states can be compared by constructing an excited-state to ground-state double ratio of nuclear modification factors. The advantage of measuring the double ratios is that the acceptance and efficiency corrections partially cancel out, and the overall systematic uncertainty is reduced. Although defined in terms of the individual nuclear suppression factors, the double ratio can be understood as being defined as the ratio of the yields of excited states ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S) or of the combined yield of the two excited states [ϒ(2S+3S)] to the yield of the ground state ϒ(1S) in Pb+Pb collisions, divided by the same ratio in pp collisions: ρϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) AA =RAA[ϒ(nS)]/RAA[ϒ(1S)]. Figure 4shows the ρϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) AA for ϒ(2S) and ϒ(2S +3S) as functions of Npart (top), pμμ T(bottom left), and |yμμ|(bottom right). The centrality-integrated results are also shown in the right panel of the top plot. The ρϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) AA values for ϒ(2S) and ϒ(2S +3S) are always less than 1, indicating the excited states are more suppressed than the ground state. The centrality-dependent ρϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) AA shows a slightly decreasing trend toward more central collisions, but no pμμ Tor |yμμ| dependence is observed. 054912-8 PRODUCTION OF ϒ(nS) MESONS IN Pb +Pb … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) FIG. 6. The nuclear modification factor RAA of ϒ(1S) and ϒ(2S) (top row) and the double ratio ρϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) AA for ϒ(2S) (bottom row) as functions of centrality (left) and pμμ T(right) at 5.02 TeV per nucleon-nucleon pair compared to a calculation by Du et al. [47]. The bands represent 95% confidence level (CL) limits. These results are consistent with previous measurements of Upsilon suppression at LHC energies by the CMS [11] and ALICE [13] experiments. D. Theory comparisons and discussion Figure 5shows the RAA of ϒ(1S) and ϒ(2S) and the double ratio ρϒ(2S)/ϒ(1S) AA compared with a calculation by Brambilla et al. in Ref. [46]. This model uses potential Non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics and the formalism of open quantum systems to numerically solve the Lindblad equation using a stochastic unraveling called the quantum trajectories algorithm. Heavy-quark interactions with the strongly coupled medium are encoded in the two nonperturbative transport coefficients: the heavy-quark momentum diffusion coefficient and its dispersive counterpart. The authors of Ref. [46]have run variations of these parameters within reasonable ranges. Figure 6shows the RAA of ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(2S +3S), and the double ratio ρϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) AA for ϒ(2S) and ϒ(2S +3S) compared to a calculation by Du et al. in Ref. [47]. This model uses a kinetic-rate equation approach including regeneration and has four dimensionless parameters which characterize the temperature dependence of the pertinent screening masses. These parameters are extracted through the fits to the data already available at RHIC and LHC. The band corresponding to the 95% confidence interval is shown in the figure. Figure 7shows the RAA of ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(2S +3S), as well as the double ratio ρϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S) AA for ϒ(1S) and ϒ(2S), compared to a calculation by Yao et al. in Ref. [8]. This model uses a framework with coupled transport equations for open heavy-flavor and quarkonium states in order to describe their transport inside the quark-gluon plasma, including regeneration. Cold nuclear matter effects are included by using nuclear parton distribution functions for the initial primordial heavy-flavor production. A calibrated (2 +1)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamic model is used to describe the bulk QCD medium. The model depends on the choice of nucleus parton distribution function and two coupling constant parameters, αsand αpot s, which are varied by ±10% from their nominal values. All three models are in agreement with the data within experimental and theoretical uncertainties. It is notable that all 054912-9 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) C. Grieco ,13 A. A. Grillo ,135 K. Grimm ,31,vS. Grinstein ,13,wJ.-F. Grivaz ,66 E. Gross ,167 J. Grosse-Knetter ,55 C. Grud,105 A. Grummer ,111 J. C. Grundy ,125 L. Guan ,105 W. Guan ,168 C. Gubbels ,162 J. G.R. Guerrero Rojas ,161 G. Guerrieri ,68a,68c F. Guescini ,109 R. Gugel ,99 J. A.M. Guhit ,105 A. Guida ,48 T. Guillemin ,4E. Guilloton ,165,133 S. Guindon ,36 F. Guo ,14a,14d J. Guo ,62c L. Guo ,66 Y. Guo ,105 R. Gupta ,48 S. Gurbuz ,24 G. Gustavino ,36 M. Guth ,56 P. Gutierrez ,119 L. F. Gutierrez Zagazeta ,127 C. Gutschow ,95 C. Guyot ,134 C. Gwenlan ,125 C. B. Gwilliam ,91 E. S. Haaland ,124 A. Haas ,116 M. Habedank ,48 C. Haber ,17a H. K. Hadavand ,8A. Hadef ,99 S. Hadzic ,109 M. Haleem ,164 J. Haley ,120 J. J. Hall ,138 G. D. Hallewell ,101 L. Halser ,19 K. Hamano ,163 H. Hamdaoui ,35e M. Hamer ,24 G. N. Hamity ,52 J. Han ,62b K. Han ,62a L. Han ,14c L. Han ,62a S. Han ,17a Y. F. Han ,154 K. Hanagaki ,82 M. Hance ,135 D. A. 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Todome ,23b,23a S. Todorova-Nova ,132 S. Todt,50 M. Togawa ,82 J. Tojo ,88 S. Tokár ,28a K. Tokushuku ,82 R. Tombs ,32 M. Tomoto ,82,110 L. Tompkins ,142 P. Tornambe ,102 E. Torrence ,122 H. Torres ,50 E. Torró Pastor ,161 M. Toscani ,30 C. Tosciri ,39 D. R. Tovey ,138 A. Traeet,16 I. S. Trandafir ,27b T. Trefzger ,164 A. Tricoli ,29 I. M. Trigger ,155a S. Trincaz-Duvoid ,126 D. A. Trischuk ,162 B. Trocmé ,60 A. Trofymov ,66 C. Troncon ,70a L. Truong ,33c M. Trzebinski ,85 A. Trzupek ,85 F. Tsai ,144 M. Tsai ,105 A. Tsiamis ,151 P. V. Tsiareshka,37 S. Tsigaridas ,155a A. Tsirigotis ,151,ab V. Tsiskaridze ,144 E. G. Tskhadadze,148a M. Tsopoulou ,151 Y. Tsujikawa ,86 I. I. Tsukerman ,37 V. Tsulaia ,17a S. Tsuno ,82 O. Tsur,149 D. Tsybychev ,144 Y. Tu ,64b A. Tudorache ,27b V. Tudorache ,27b A. N. Tuna ,36 S. Turchikhin ,38 I. Turk Cakir ,3a R. Turra ,70a P. M. Tuts ,41 S. Tzamarias ,151 P. Tzanis ,10 E. Tzovara ,99 K. Uchida,152 F. Ukegawa ,156 P. A. Ulloa Poblete ,136c G. Unal ,36 M. Unal ,11 A. Undrus ,29 G. Unel ,158 K. Uno ,152 J. Urban ,28b P. Urquijo ,104 G. Usai ,8R. Ushioda ,153 M. Usman ,107 Z. Uysal ,21b V. Vacek ,131 B. Vachon ,103 K. O.H. Vadla ,124 T. Vafeiadis ,36 C. Valderanis ,108 E. Valdes Santurio ,47a,47b M. Valente ,155a S. Valentinetti ,23b,23a A. Valero ,161 A. Vallier ,101 J. A. Valls Ferrer ,161 T. R. Van Daalen ,137 P. Van Gemmeren ,6S. Van Stroud ,95 I. Van Vulpen ,113 M. Vanadia ,75a,75b W. Vandelli ,36 M. Vandenbroucke ,134 E. R. Vandewall ,120 D. Vannicola ,150 L. Vannoli ,57b,57a R. Vari ,74a E. W. Varnes ,7 C. Varni ,17a T. Varol ,147 D. Varouchas ,66 L. Varriale ,161 K. E. Varvell ,146 M. E. Vasile ,27b L. Vaslin,40 G. A. Vasquez ,163 F. Vazeille ,40 T. Vazquez Schroeder ,36 J. Veatch ,31 V. Vecchio ,100 M. J. Veen ,113 I. Veliscek ,125 L. M. Veloce ,154 F. Veloso ,129a,129c S. Veneziano ,74a A. Ventura ,69a,69b A. Verbytskyi ,109 M. Verducci ,73a,73b C. Vergis ,24 M. Verissimo De Araujo ,81b W. Verkerke ,113 J. C. Vermeulen ,113 C. Vernieri ,142 P. J. Verschuuren ,94 M. Vessella ,102 M. L. Vesterbacka ,116 M. C. Vetterli ,141,dA. Vgenopoulos ,151 N. Viaux Maira ,136f T. Vickey ,138 O. E. Vickey Boeriu ,138 G. H.A. Viehhauser ,125 L. Vigani ,63b M. Villa ,23b,23a M. Villaplana Perez ,161 E. M. Villhauer,52 E. Vilucchi ,53 M. G. Vincter ,34 G. S. Virdee ,20 A. Vishwakarma ,52 C. Vittori ,23b,23a I. Vivarelli ,145 V. Vladimirov,165 E. Voevodina ,109 F. Vogel ,108 P. Vokac ,131 J. Von Ahnen ,48 E. Von Toerne ,24 B. Vormwald ,36 V. Vorobel ,132 K. Vorobev ,37 M. Vos ,161 J. H. Vossebeld ,91 M. Vozak ,113 L. Vozdecky ,93 N. Vranjes ,15 M. Vranjes Milosavljevic ,15 M. Vreeswijk ,113 R. Vuillermet ,36 O. Vujinovic ,99 I. Vukotic ,39 S. Wada ,156 C. Wagner,102 W. Wagner ,169 S. Wahdan ,169 H. Wahlberg ,89 R. Wakasa ,156 M. Wakida ,110 V. M. Walbrecht ,109 J. Walder ,133 R. Walker ,108 W. Walkowiak ,140 A. M. Wang ,61 A. Z. Wang ,168 C. Wang ,62a C. Wang ,62c H. Wang ,17a J. Wang ,64a P. Wang ,44 R.-J. Wang ,99 R. Wang ,61 R. Wang ,6S. M. Wang ,147 S. Wang ,62b T. Wang ,62a W. T. Wang ,79 W. X. Wang ,62a X. Wang ,14c X. Wang ,160 X. Wang ,62c Y. Wang ,62d Y. Wang ,14c Z. Wang ,105 Z. Wang ,62d,51,62c Z. Wang ,105 A. Warburton ,103 R. J. Ward ,20 N. Warrack ,59 A. T. Watson ,20 M. F. Watson ,20 G. Watts ,137 B. M. Waugh ,95 A. F. Webb ,11 C. Weber ,29 M. S. Weber ,19 S. A. Weber ,34 S. M. Weber ,63a C. Wei,62a Y. Wei ,125 A. R. Weidberg ,125 J. Weingarten ,49 M. Weirich ,99 C. Weiser ,54 C. J. Wells ,48 T. Wenaus ,29 B. Wendland ,49 T. Wengler ,36 N. S. Wenke,109 N. Wermes ,24 M. Wessels ,63a K. Whalen ,122 A. M. Wharton ,90 A. S. White ,61 A. White ,8M. J. White ,1D. Whiteson ,158 L. Wickremasinghe ,123 W. Wiedenmann ,168 C. Wiel ,50 M. Wielers ,133 N. Wieseotte,99 C. Wiglesworth ,42 L. A.M. Wiik-Fuchs ,54 D. J. Wilbern,119 H. G. Wilkens ,36 D. M. Williams ,41 H. H. Williams,127 S. Williams ,32 S. Willocq ,102 P. J. Windischhofer ,125 F. Winklmeier ,122 B. T. Winter ,54 M. Wittgen,142 M. Wobisch ,96 A. Wolf ,99 R. Wölker ,125 J. Wollrath,158 M. W. Wolter ,85 H. Wolters ,129a,129c V. W.S. Wong ,162 A. F. Wongel ,48 S. D. Worm ,48 B. K. Wosiek ,85 K. W. Wo´ zniak ,85 K. Wraight ,59 J. Wu ,14a,14d M. Wu,64a S. L. Wu ,168 X. Wu ,56 Y. Wu ,62a Z. Wu ,134,62a J. Wuerzinger ,125 T. R. Wyatt ,100 B. M. Wynne ,52 S. Xella ,42 L. Xia ,14c M. Xia,14b J. Xiang ,64c X. Xiao ,105 M. Xie ,62a X. Xie ,62a J. Xiong ,17a I. Xiotidis,145 D. Xu ,14a H. Xu,62a H. Xu ,62a L. Xu ,62a R. Xu ,127 T. Xu ,105 W. Xu ,105 Y. Xu ,14b Z. Xu ,62b Z. Xu ,142 B. Yabsley ,146 S. Yacoob ,33a N. Yamaguchi ,88 Y. Yamaguchi ,153 H. Yamauchi ,156 T. Yamazaki ,17a Y. Yamazaki ,83 J. Yan,62c S. Yan ,125 Z. Yan ,25 H. J. Yang ,62c,62d H. T. Yang ,17a S. Yang ,62a T. Yang ,64c X. Yang ,62a X. Yang ,14a Y. Yang ,44 Z. Yang ,62a,105 W-M. Yao ,17a Y. C. Yap ,48 H. Ye ,14c J. Ye ,44 S. Ye ,29 X. Ye ,62a I. Yeletskikh ,38 M. R. Yexley ,90 P. Yin ,41 K. Yorita ,166 C. J.S. Young ,54 C. Young ,142 M. Yuan ,105 R. Yuan ,62b,ah X. Yue ,63a M. Zaazoua ,35e B. Zabinski ,85 E. Zaid,52 T. Zakareishvili ,148b N. Zakharchuk ,34 S. Zambito ,56 J. Zang ,152 D. Zanzi ,54 O. Zaplatilek ,131 S. V. Zeißner ,49 C. Zeitnitz ,169 J. C. Zeng ,160 D. T. Zenger Jr ,26 O. Zenin ,37 T. Ženiš ,28a S. Zenz ,93 S. Zerradi ,35a D. Zerwas ,66 B. Zhang ,14c D. F. Zhang ,138 G. Zhang ,14b J. Zhang ,6K. Zhang ,14a,14d L. Zhang ,14c R. Zhang ,168 S. Zhang,105 T. Zhang ,152 X. Zhang ,62c X. Zhang ,62b Z. Zhang ,66 H. Zhao ,137 P. Zhao ,51 T. Zhao ,62b Y. Zhao ,135 Z. Zhao ,62a A. Zhemchugov ,38 Z. Zheng ,142 D. Zhong ,160 B. Zhou,105 C. Zhou ,168 H. Zhou ,7N. Zhou ,62c Y. Zhou,7C. G. Zhu ,62b C. Zhu ,14a,14d H. L. Zhu ,62a H. Zhu ,14a J. Zhu ,105 Y. Zhu ,62a X. Zhuang ,14a K. Zhukov ,37 V. Zhulanov ,37 N. I. Zimine ,38 J. Zinsser ,63b M. Ziolkowski ,140 L. Živkovi´ c ,15 A. Zoccoli ,23b,23a K. Zoch ,56 T. G. Zorbas ,138 O. Zormpa ,46 W. Zou ,41 and L. Zwalinski 36 (ATLAS Collaboration) 054912-20 PRODUCTION OF ϒ(nS) MESONS IN Pb +Pb … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) 1Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 2Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada 3aDepartment of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye 3bDivision of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Türkiye 4LAPP, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France 5APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France 6High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, USA 7Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, USA 8Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX, USA 9Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 10Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece 11Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA 12Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan 13Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain 14aInstitute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 14bPhysics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 14cDepartment of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China 14dUniversity of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China 15Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 16Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 17aPhysics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA, USA 17bUniversity of California, Berkeley CA, USA 18Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany 19Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 20School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 21aDepartment of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Türkiye 21bDepartment of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye 21cDepartment of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye 21dIstinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Türkiye 22aFacultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia 22bDepartamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia 23aDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia A. Righi, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 23bINFN Sezione di Bologna, Italy 24Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany 25Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA, USA 26Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA, USA 27aTransilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania 27bHoria Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania 27cDepartment of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania 27dNational Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 27eUniversity Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania 27fWest University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania 28aFaculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 28bDepartment of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic 29Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, USA 30Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, y CONICET, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina 31California State University, CA, USA 32Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 33aDepartment of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa 33biThemba Labs, Western Cape, South Africa 33cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 33dNational Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman (Philippines), South Africa 33eUniversity of South Africa, Department of Physics, Pretoria, South Africa 33fUniversity of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa 33gSchool of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 34Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON, Canada 35aFaculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies - Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco 054912-21 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) 35bFaculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco 35cFaculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech, Morocco 35dLPMR Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, Oujda, Morocco 35eFaculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco 35fInstitute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco 36CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 37Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN 38Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN 39Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA 40LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France 41Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY, USA 42Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 43aDipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy 43bINFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy 44Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, USA 45Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX, USA 46National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece 47aDepartment of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden 47bOskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden 48Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany 49Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany 50Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany 51Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC, USA 52SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 53INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 54Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany 55II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 56Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland 57aDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy 57bINFN Sezione di Genova, Italy 58II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany 59SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom 60LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France 61Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA 62aDepartment of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China 62bInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China 62cSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC, Shanghai, China 62dTsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai, China 63aKirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 63bPhysikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 64aDepartment of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China 64bDepartment of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 64cDepartment of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 65Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 66IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay, France 67Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, USA 68aINFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy 68bICTP, Trieste, Italy 68cDipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy 69aINFN Sezione di Lecce, Italy 69bDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy 70aINFN Sezione di Milano, Italy 70bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy 71aINFN Sezione di Napoli, Italy 71bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy 054912-22 PRODUCTION OF ϒ(nS) MESONS IN Pb +Pb … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) 72aINFN Sezione di Pavia, Italy 72bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 73aINFN Sezione di Pisa, Italy 73bDipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 74aINFN Sezione di Roma, Italy 74bDipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy 75aINFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy 75bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy 76aINFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Italy 76bDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy 77aINFN-TIFPA, Italy 77bUniversità degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy 78Universität Innsbruck, Department of Astro and Particle Physics, Innsbruck, Austria 79University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, USA 80Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA, USA 81aDepartamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil 81bUniversidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 81cInstituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 81dRio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 82KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan 83Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan 84aAGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland 84bMarian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland 85Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland 86Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 87Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan 88Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 89Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina 90Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom 91Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom 92Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 93School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom 94Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom 95Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom 96Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA, USA 97Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden 98Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 99Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany 100School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 101CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France 102Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA, USA 103Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada 104School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 105Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA 106Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA 107Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada 108Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany 109Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany 110Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 111Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, USA 112Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands 113Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands 114Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL, USA 115aNew York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 115bUnited Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates 115cUniversity of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 116Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY, USA 117Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 118Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA 054912-23 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) 119Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK, USA 120Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK, USA 121Palacký University, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc, Czech Republic 122Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 123Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 124Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 125Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom 126LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France 127Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA 128Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA 129aLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP, Lisboa, Portugal 129bDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 129cDepartamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 129dCentro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 129eDepartamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal 129fDepartamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain), Portugal 129gInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 130Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic 131Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 132Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic 133Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom 134IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France 135Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA, USA 136aDepartamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 136bMillennium Institute for Subatomic physics at high energy frontier (SAPHIR), Santiago, Chile 136cInstituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, y Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Serena, Chile 136dUniversidad Andres Bello, Department of Physics, Santiago, Chile 136eInstituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile 136fDepartamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile 137Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA 138Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom 139Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan 140Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany 141Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada 142SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA, USA 143Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 144Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA 145Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom 146School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 147Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 148aE. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 148bHigh Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 148cUniversity of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia 149Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 150Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 151Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 152International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 153Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan 154Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada 155aTRIUMF, Vancouver BC, Canada 155bDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto ON, Canada 156Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan 157Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA, USA 158Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, USA 159Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden 160Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA 161Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia - CSIC, Valencia, Spain 162Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada 054912-24 PRODUCTION OF ϒ(nS) MESONS IN Pb +Pb … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054912 (2023) 163Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada 164Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany 165Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom 166Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan 167Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 168Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA 169Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany 170Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA aAlso at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom. bAlso at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. cAlso at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA. dAlso at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC, Canada. eAlso at Department of Physics, University of Thessaly, Greece. fAlso at Physics Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. gAlso at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland. hAlso at University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Physics, Colorado, USA. iAlso at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. jDeceased. kAlso at Department of Physics, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, USA. lAlso at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. mAlso Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN. nAlso at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing, China. oAlso at Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. pAlso at Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy. qAlso at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Canada. rAlso at Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy. sAlso at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York NY, USA. tAlso at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece. uAlso at Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Italy. vAlso at Department of Physics, California State University, East Bay, USA. wAlso at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain. xAlso at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China. yAlso at Yeditepe University, Physics Department, Istanbul, Türkiye. zAlso at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia. aaAlso at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. abAlso at Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece. acAlso at Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, China. adAlso at The City College of New York, New York NY, USA. aeAlso at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento, USA. afAlso at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland. agAlso at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. ahAlso at Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA. 054912-25