Striking, colourful, smooth, rare: lithic resources and cultural choices in the architecture, sculpture and portable artefacts of the Palacio III tholos monument (Seville, Spain)

TRABAJOS DE PREHISTORIA 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 Copyright: © 2019 CSIC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License ABSTRACT The investigation of the Iberian megalithic phenomenon has only recently begun to benefit from the expansion of the technical and scientific potential of modern archaeology. There are still very few Iberian megaliths for which high resolution scientific research has been carried out, providing detailed data on their design, uses and biographies. This paper presents the results of the multi-disciplinary study of the Palacio III tholos, part of a larger megalithic complex located in Almadén de la Plata (Seville). This study is based on a wide-spectrum methodology that integrates geoarchaeology, techno-morphological and functional analysis of portable material culture and graphic analysis, all combined within a meticulously contextual perspective. The results provide a wealth of data on how, through a series of carefully constructed cultural choices, this monument represents a true place of encounter between the locally available geological resources and other resources that were only accessible through contact with neighbouring communities. Whether in its raw state, finely carved in the form of engraved and painted sculptures or transformed into artefacts of high technical and personal value, the materiality of the stone in the Palacio III tholos acquires multiple cultural dimensions that only a modern scientific approach is able to reconstruct. RESUMEN Solo recientemente la investigación del fenómeno megalítico ibérico ha comenzado a beneficiarse de la ampliación del potencial técnico y científico de la arqueología moderna. Todavía son muy pocos los megalitos ibéricos para los que se han realizado investigaciones científicas de alta resolución, capaces de aportar datos detallados sobre su diseño, usos y biografías. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del estudio del tholos del complejo megalítico de Palacio III (Almadén de la Plata, Sevilla), abordado mediante una metodología multidisciplinar que integra la geoarqueología, el estudio tecnomorfológico y funcional de la cultura material portable y el análisis gráfico, dentro de una meticulosa valoración contextual. Los resultados aportan datos muy novedosos respecto a cómo, a través de una serie de elecciones culturales cuidadosamente construidas, este monumento representa un verdadero lugar de encuentro entre los recursos geológicos localmente disponibles y los recursos accesibles mediante contacto con otras comunidades. Bien en su forma bruta, bien labrada en forma de esculturas grabadas y pintadas o transformada en artefactos de alto valor técnico y personal, la materialidad de la piedra adquiere en Palacio III múltiples dimensiones culturales que solo a través de la moderna investigación científica es posible reconstruir. Striking, colourful, smooth, rare: lithic resources and cultural choices in the architecture, sculpture and portable artefacts of the Palacio III tholos monument (Seville, Spain)* Sorprendente, colorido, suave, raro: recursos líticos y preferencias culturales en la arquitectura, escultura y artefactos portables del monumento tipo tholos de Palacio III (Sevilla, España) Leonardo García Sanjuána, José Andrés Afonso Marrerob, Primitiva Bueno Ramírezc, Rodrigo de Balbín Behrmannc, José Antonio Lozano Rodríguezb, Gabriel Martínez Fernándezb, David W. Wheatleyd and Marta Cintas Peñaa *This study has been funded by the project of “Nature, Society and Monumentality: High Resolution Archaeological Investigations on the Megalithic Landscape of Antequera” (HAR2013-45149-P) (2014-2017), sponsored within the National R&D Plan of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spanish Government). a Dept. of Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Seville. C/ María de Padilla s/n. 41004 Sevilla. Spain. E-mails: LGS [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8404-9252; MCP [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-8769 b Dept. of Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Granada. Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n. 18071 Granada, Spain. E-mails: JAAM [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-6293 ; JALR [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4598-4472 ; GMF [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7501-8032 c Dept. of History and Philosophy. University of Alcalá. C/ Colegios 2. 28801 Alcalá de Henares. Madrid. Spain. E-mails: PBR [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-8928; RBB [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5868-1107 d Dept. of Archaeology. University of Southampton. Highfield Road. Southampton SO17 1BF. United Kingdom. E-mail: d.w[email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-704X 04-Prehistoria VOL76 N2-2019.indd 254 29/11/19 10:33 Recibido 5-IV-2019; aceptado 18-VI-2019 Striking, colourful, smooth, rare: lithic resources and cultural choices in the architecture… 255 Trab. Prehist., 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 Key words: Geoarchaeology; Lithic resources; Megalith; Megalithic art; Material culture; Copper Age; Iberia. Palabras clave: Geoarqueología; Recursos líticos; Megalito; Arte megalítico; Cultura material; Edad del Cobre; Península ibérica. 1. INTRODUCTION The Palacio III megalithic funerary complex is located 65 km north of Seville, in a sector of the Almadén de la Plata municipality known as Dehesa de Palacio (Fig. 1). This site was discovered in the mid-1990s by Miguel Ángel Vargas Durán and was later excavated jointly by the Universities of Seville and Southampton in two seasons that took place between 7 August and 7 September 2001 and 2 and 27 April 2002. This complex consists of three different structures: a dolmen (Structure 1), which was found in a poor state of preservation; a well preserved tholos (Structure 2); and a monumentalised cremation area dated to the Iron Age (Structure 3). In the intervening years, a number of papers have dealt with various aspects of the on-going study, including summaries of the surveys conducted in the area (García Sanjuán and Wheatley 2003; García Sanjuán and Vargas Durán 2004; García Sanjuán et al. 2004), analysis of visibility and mobility patterns within the context of the megalithic landscapes in the region (García Sanjuán et al. 2006a; Murrieta Flores et al. 2011, 2014), preliminary excavation reports (García Sanjuán and Hurtado Pérez 2001: 39-41; García Sanjuán 2005; García Sanjuán and Wheatley 2006), and studies of the finds, including quartz and rock crystal objects (Forteza González et al. 2008), ceramics (Odriozola Lloret et al. 2009) and human remains (Díaz-Zorita Bonilla et al. 2009) from Structure 2 (tholos), as well as the Orientalising Iron Age hoard found in Structure 1 (dolmen) (Murillo-Barroso et al. 2015; García Sanjuán et al. 2020). A monograph is currently being drawn up which will provide extensive information about the results obtained from this site. Fig. 1. Location map of the Palacio III megalithic complex showing the coastline at the time of the 3rd millennium cal BC. Above: within the Iberian Peninsula; below: within the Lower Guadalquivir river valley. Design Manuel Eleazar Costa Caramé and Leonardo García Sanjuán (in colour in the electronic version). 04-Prehistoria VOL76 N2-2019.indd 255 29/11/19 10:33 256 L. García, J. A. Afonso, P. Bueno, R. de Balbín, J. A. Lozano, G. Martínez, D. W. Wheatley and M. Cintas Trab. Prehist., 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 This paper deals with the analysis of the lithic resources used in the architecture, sculptures and portable material culture of Structure 2 at Palacio III. This structure appears to be a ‘classic’ corbelled-chamber monument (tholos) with a short corridor of 2 m in length and a maximum width of 0.6 m that leads to a circular chamber, partly cut into the bedrock (making it a ‘semi-hypogeum’) of between 2.3 m and 2.6 m in diameter. This structure was in quite a good state of preservation; the architectural elements were well preserved, including both orthostats and lintels in the corridor and the slabs lining the sides of the chamber; similarly, the engraved and painted elements on the slabs of the chamber and the three stelae identified were in a fairly good state of preservation, so much so that some of their painted motifs were identifiable to the naked eye during the excavation process. Regarding the grave goods, an estimated 184 artefacts were found, but it is difficult to establish a precise figure because of the high fragmentation involved in some cases. In addition, a large amount of stones was found inside the chamber. Our research establishes that these stones were also introduced in the chamber as offerings. The worst preserved element in the tholos is, without doubt, the organic record: no animal bone was found and the human remains identified were almost completely ground to dust. This has drastically undermined the possibility of a bioarchaeological study and has made it impossible to radiocarbon-date the monument. The analysis of the lithology of the architectural elements and the portable artefacts in Structure 2 provides evidence of the greatest interest concerning how local prehistoric communities used the resources available to them. The Dehesa del Viar area, where the Palacio III burial complex is located, is a geologically-rich area, providing a great diversity of construction materials (CF1 and Fig. 2). At the same time, our study provides unambiguous evidence that the builders and users of this tomb had access to non-local raw materials. In this paper we discuss the nature and diversity of these lithological resources, and how they were used, over time, to create a complex palimpsest of material culture that blended together architecture, sculpture, graphic art and portable artefacts. Never Fig. 2. Lithological diversity of constructive materials in the Palacio III tholos. The drawings and photos of stelae 1 and 2 are not shown to scale. Design Leonardo García Sanjuán and David W. Wheatley; the drawings of stelae 1 and 2 are from Bueno Ramírez et al. 2007 (in colour in the electronic version). 04-Prehistoria VOL76 N2-2019.indd 256 29/11/19 10:33 Striking, colourful, smooth, rare: lithic resources and cultural choices in the architecture… 257 Trab. Prehist., 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 before the stone materiality of an Iberian megalithic monument has been studied from such a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary perspective, including geology, technology and art. 2. ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE The selection of stone was a very important element in the design and use of Structure 2. The design on this tholos reveals an ‘uneven’ geometry: weighs, dimensions, volumes and lithology (as well as grave goods) were used in a patterned way on both sides of the longitudinal axis that divides it in two roughly equivalent halves, a phenomenon that has been observed at other megalithic monuments in southern Iberia (Lozano Rodríguez et al. 2014). The design of the tholos, embedded in the bedrock, and the choice of building materials made it very stable. This reveals a deep empirical knowledge of the supporting capacity of the bedrock as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the stones used as construction material. The striking diversity of lithologies in the architecture was noted early on during excavation. For this reason, samples of different rocks were taken which were later analysed through petrographic thin section (Figs. 3 and 4). Specific construction materials were used in each part of the monument. The choices involved took into consideration not only their intrinsic physical properties (resistance, mechanical and fracturing attributes, etc.) but also their external appearance (colour, texture). As a result, the architecture of this construction includes a considerable lithological diversity, a feature that, as will be shown later on, is also found in the portable material culture. As a whole, the architecture of Structure 2 shows five main types of rocks, which were used in specific parts of the construction. All of them are available at a short distance from Palacio III: (i) Blue and green phyllite. In total, 19 slabs made in this rock were used to line the rock-cut chamber. These slabs do not achieve any functional or structural purpose, their main aim being simply to make the chamber more beautiful and noble and, above all, to act as “canvasses” for the sophisticated graphic programme that was deployed on them (Fig. 5a and Tab. 1). Phyllite allows the production of very fine slabs of a large size and a smooth surface over which painted motifs can be made. These 19 phyllite slabs appear in two main formats: some are roughly square (Fig. 5b) while others are rectangular (Fig. 5c). The joint study of their form and the graphic motifs painted on them suggest that these slabs could also have had an anthropomorphic significance for the builders and users of the tomb. (ii) Beige coloured sandstone. This rock was used to manufacture several parallelepiped and rectangular blocs, which were then arranged onto the natural floor, just over the phyllite slabs, forming rows (Fig. 6). This arrangement of stones is particularly well preserved on the eastern side of the chamber where it reaches a width of almost one metre, with up to three or four rows of stones placed on top of each other. This architectural device can be best appreciated above slabs #13, #14 and #15 (Fig. 5a). The arrangement of these stones, each row leaning further inside than the one below it, suggests a corbelled vault. One very noticeable trait of these stones, measuring between 20 and 40 cm long and of a rather standardised size (some exceptional examples reach almost half a metre), is their long quadrangular shape, much like bricks. It is likely that sandstone was chosen to manufacture these standardised brick-shaped blocks due to its mechanical properties, which allow it to be cut with large, flat, Fig. 3. Samples of construction materials from the Palacio III tholos. Photograph Javier Pérez González (in colour in the electronic version). 04-Prehistoria VOL76 N2-2019.indd 257 29/11/19 10:33 258 L. García, J. A. Afonso, P. Bueno, R. de Balbín, J. A. Lozano, G. Martínez, D. W. Wheatley and M. Cintas Trab. Prehist., 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 Fig. 4. Thin section micro-photographs of stone samples from the architecture of the Palacio III tholos: A and B: phyllite from the slabs lining the camber, formed by idiomorphic phenocrystals of albite (Ab) and other minerals of phylosillicates type (Fil) which could be phengites, as well as iron oxides (Ox Fe), within a matrix of very fine argillaceous minerals, ilmenite and chlorite (perhaps providing the greenish colour to the stone). This rock also shows detrital grains of quartz (not visible in this micro-photograph). The minerals display an orientation as a result of schistosity; C and D: Arcose from the masonry above the phyllite slabs, made of quartz (Qtz), rock fragments (Fra), phyllosilicates (Phy) and glauconite (Gla) (hydrated aluminosilicate of iron and potassium exclusively formed in marine sedimentary environments and usually in shallow water). They usually appear as rounded pellets formed by aggregations of small crystals. Quartz is monocrystalline and slightly sharp, showing some clay as matrix as well as calcitic cement. It is therefore an immature detrital sedimentary rock; E-F: Vesicular spillite accessory minerals are zoisite (Zo), sphene, hematites, actinolite, and iddingsite, with vacuolar texture. Albite phenocrystals are sericitised sphene. This type of rocks is generated in oceanic ridge environments, where very hot water alters the basaltic rocks in formation. They are therefore pillow lavas incorporated among the sediments of ophiolitic complexes. The photos on the left column have been taken with parallel nicols whereas the ones on the right column correspond to crossed nicols. Much of the mineral abbreviations are to after Kretz (1983). Design José Antonio Lozano Rodríguez (in colour in the electronic version). 04-Prehistoria VOL76 N2-2019.indd 258 29/11/19 10:33 Striking, colourful, smooth, rare: lithic resources and cultural choices in the architecture… 259 Trab. Prehist., 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 Fig. 5. The Palacio III tholos chamber: A. Rows of sandstone blocks possibly used as base for the roofing system, just above slabs #13, #14 and #15. Examples of phyllite slabs: B. Slab #1, C. Slab #12. Photographs Leonardo García Sanjuán (A) and David W. Wheatley (B, C) (in colour in the electronic version). ID NUMBER MATERIAL MAXIMUM VERTICAL DIAMETRE (CM) MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL DIAMETER (CM) PAINTED MOTIFS Slab 1 Greenish Phyllite 64 58 Triangles Slab 2 Bluish Phyllite -- -- Unspecified Slab 3 Greenish Phyllite 62 54 Unspecified Slab 4 Greenish Phyllite 62 28 Unspecified Slab 5 Greenish Phyllite 76 36 Triangles Slab 6 Greenish Phyllite 46 22 Triangle Slab 7 Bluish Phyllite 72 38 Triangles Slab 8 Bluish Phyllite 61 30 Triangles Slab 9 Bluish Phyllite 88 22 Triangles Slab 10 Bluish Phyllite 104 64 Triangles Slab 11 Bluish Phyllite 82 61 Triangles Slab 12 Bluish Phyllite 102 30 Triangles and anthropomorphic Slab 13 Bluish Phyllite 81 60 Triangles and zigzags Slab 14 Bluish Phyllite 77 41 Unspecified Slab 15 Bluish Phyllite 61 50 Triangles Slab 16 Bluish Phyllite 100 44 Triangles Slab 17 Greenish Phyllite 94 32 Unspecified Slab 18 Bluish Phyllite 84 42 Triangles Slab 19 Greenish Phyllite 78 62 Triangles and zigzags Tab. 1: Description of the phyllite slabs in the tholos chamber. A B C 04-Prehistoria VOL76 N2-2019.indd 259 29/11/19 10:33 260 L. García, J. A. Afonso, P. Bueno, R. de Balbín, J. A. Lozano, G. Martínez, D. W. Wheatley and M. Cintas Trab. Prehist., 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 regular sides, as needed to place them one on top of another (with the help of clay). The rows of sandstone thus made may have been the support or base of the corbelled dome of the chamber, if this is what the roofing system of Structure 2 was like - a point that we are unable to establish conclusively. (iii) Red conglomerate. This rock presents a very different colour, appearance and texture than the two previous ones, and was only used in a very specific part of Structure 2: the atrium. This atrium is located in the outer part of the corridor and is made of two red conglomerate uprights facing each other (on the left and right-hand sides of the entrance to the corridor) and covered by a third red-coloured capstone. These are the only stones in the whole monument made out of conglomerate and the only ones of red colour. The space created by these three red stones was physically separated from the rest of the corridor and the chamber by a gate, as proven by a groove cut onto the bedrock discovered in the excavation (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the stone located on the left-hand side of the atrium, a piece 0.96 m high and maximum 0.56 m wide, is a sculpture (stone #24 or stela #2) (Fig. 7). This remarkable stone has a morphology similar to the plaque idols that are often found in burials of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in south-western Iberia. This was undoubtedly an apotropaic figure (perhaps female, as it seems to have carved breasts) which protected the access to the tomb. It is also interesting to note one major physical property of conglomerates: their grain size is inversely proportional to capillarity and unlike sandstones they do not transmit humidity well. Therefore, the presence of these conglomerate slabs at the entrance of the tholos could have also achieved a practical purpose: to stop rain water from flooding the entrance through capillarity. (iv) Milky quartz. White quartz was found in two different places within the Palacio III tholos in connection with what, given their stratigraphic positions, appear to be the earliest and latest instances of its use. Firstly, an interesting nodule of white quartz was found in the ‘basal chamber’, a cavity cut into the bedrock, with an approximately oval base, measuring 103 cm in maximum length (from SW to NE) and 82 cm in maximum width (from NW to SE) and between 20 and 35 cm deep, which was found in the south-western quadrant of the chamber (Fig. 8). This structure was limited on its western side by 6 large stones (the biggest was 38 cm long and maximum 15 cm wide) carefully arranged together (some of them had a similar shape to the sandstones described above). On the inside of the ‘basal chamber’, there was a clayish filling identical to the one excavated from the chamber, Fig. 6. Dressed blocks of sandstones, possibly used as base for the roofing system, found on primary position over phyllite slabs #13, #14 and #15 of the Palacio tholos chamber. Photograph Javier Pérez González (in colour in the electronic version). Fig. 7. Stone #24 (= Stela #2) in red conglomerate. Photograph Leonardo García Sanjuán (in colour in the electronic version). 04-Prehistoria VOL76 N2-2019.indd 260 29/11/19 10:33 Striking, colourful, smooth, rare: lithic resources and cultural choices in the architecture… 261 Trab. Prehist., 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 and there were no remains of ashes or carbon although some parts of the bedrock showed evidence of combustion. The ‘basal chamber’ did contain, however, a set of five carefully arranged relatively large stones (labelled as A, B, C, D and Stela 3 in figure 12). Two of these stones stand out. Firstly, stone B is a baetyl more or less oval in shape with a sub-cylindrical section measuring 34.5 × 19.5 × 10.4 cm, showing various circular indentations, maybe carved (Fig. 9); secondly, Stela 3 is a very large piece (49 cm in maximum length and 26 cm in maximum width) and a remarkable parallelepiped shape, showing traces of paint. In addition to these stones, on the eastern side of the ‘basal chamber’, there was a white quartz pebble (measuring 4.7 cm of maximum diameter), very smooth to the touch and with a round shape and what appears as a flat ‘base’ (Fig. 10). This item, designated as ‘Ornament 7’ in the excavation record, was described in a previous publication (Forteza González et al. 2008: 141) and is very different to all others from the ‘basal chamber’. It probably is a portable personal object, since it shows signs of wear on the outside (perhaps due to use or handling). Together with its physical characteristics, the remarkably prominent position of this stone above stones A, B, C and D and ‘leaning’ against the stones along the western edge of the ‘base chamber’ (Fig. 12) suggest this was an object of special symbolic value. The second instance of the use of white quartz in the Palacio III tholos was recorded at the upper level of its infill, and corresponds to the latest stage of its use. In this case there were various rounded stones of white quartz near Stela 1, a sculptural piece with a powerful parallelepipedal shape that clearly follows in Fig. 8. The Palacio III tholos basal chamber before excavation: A. General per perspective from the NE; B. Detail. A to D letters designate the stones found inside this feature. Photograph Leonardo García Sanjuán (in colour in the electronic version). Fig. 9. Stone B (baetyl) found inside the Palacio III tholos base chamber. Left: obverse; center: back; right: detail of the circular cup-marks. Photograph Jesús Martín Caraballo (in colour in the electronic version). 04-Prehistoria VOL76 N2-2019.indd 261 29/11/19 10:33 262 L. García, J. A. Afonso, P. Bueno, R. de Balbín, J. A. Lozano, G. Martínez, D. W. Wheatley and M. Cintas Trab. Prehist., 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 the tradition of its analogue (Stela 3) buried at the base of the tomb (Fig. 11). Around the base of Stela 1 there were various pebbles of white quartz with a maximum diameter of 10 cm, apparently laid out as a small ‘cairn’ to make its base more beautiful or noble. (v) Basalt and other volcanic rocks. Lastly, among some of the dressed sandstones described above, amorphous blocks of basalt and other black volcanic rocks were found that did not appear to form any discernible pattern. These rocks have a very uneven and angular texture, featuring small cavities, a trait that, as will be explained later, characterises some unusual stone objects found near the Palacio III megalithic complex. Altogether, the architecture and sculptures of the Palacio III tholos shows a wealth of stone materials including phyllite, sandstone, red conglomerate, basalt and other volcanic rocks as well milky quartz (Tab. 2). The study of the stones deposited inside the chamber revealed the presence of grauwackes, olivinic basalts and arcoses. Therefore, this monument includes many of the geological elements present in the surrounding environment: in some ways Structure 2 seems to have been designed as a ‘metaphor’ of the surrounding geological landscape, a theme that will be addressed in the discussion section of this paper. 3. MATERIAL CULTURE The assemblage of portable material culture found in Structure 2 amounts to an estimated 184 artefacts. The most numerous categories are ceramic vessels, with 64 items (of which 48 were complete or semi-complete pots and 16 were loose fragments), and knapped lithics, with 98 items including 55 arrow-heads (Fig. 12), 22 blades (Fig. 12), 16 flake-blades, two perforators, a denticulate, a bifacial flint dagger (Fig. 13) as well as a little rock crystal blade (Fig. 14d). The technical quality of some of these items, particularly some blades, two arrow heads with long barbs and the bifacial dagger blade, are worth noting. Structure 2 also yielded three polished axes (Fig. 14a, 14b and 14c) nine stones described as baetyls or ‘pseudo-spherical stones’, seven personal objects designated as ‘ornaments’ (including five quartz objects, a perforated pendant and a perforated bead), a clay figurine (or ‘idol’), a small copper object and a piece of fossilised wood. Like the architecture, the Palacio III collection of portable objects also displays a remarkable geological diversity. Among the 97 knapped items for which raw material characterisation has been obtained, 80 were made on sedimentary rocks, of which 58 (59.8%) are flint, 16 (10.3%) are opalite and 6 (4.1%) are jasper; a further 9 items were made on metamorphic rocks, includFig. 10. White quartz pebble (Ornament 7) found on the eastern side of the Palacio III tholos base chamber. Maximum diameter: 4.7 cm. Photograph Miguel Ángel Blanco de la Rubia (in colour in the electronic version). Fig. 11. Milky quartz pebbles found around Stela #1 on the upper levels of the Palacio III tholos chamber: A. In situ; B. Detail. Photographs Leonardo García Sanjuán (in colour in the electronic version). 04-Prehistoria VOL76 N2-2019.indd 262 29/11/19 10:33 Striking, colourful, smooth, rare: lithic resources and cultural choices in the architecture… 269 Trab. Prehist., 76, N.º 2, julio-diciembre 2019, pp. 254-271, ISSN: 0082-5638 https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12236 CF1. Location map of the Palacio III megalithic complex (Seville) on the local geological cartography. Design José Antonio Lozano Rodríguez. BIBLIOGRAPHY Afonso Marrero, J. A.; Cámara Serrano, J. A.; Martínez Fernández, G. and Molina González, F. 2011: “Objetos en materias primas exóticas y estructura jerárquica de las tumbas de la necrópolis de Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería, España)”. In L. García Sanjuán, C. Scarre and D. Wheatley, D. 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