Impact of Pyrotechnics over the Architectonic Heritage

Research Article Impact of Pyrotechnics over the Architectonic Heritage Angel T. Lloret,1Sandra Sendra,2,3 Jaime Lloret,3Miguel Louis Cereceda,1and Jesus Alba4 1Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain 2Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications Department (TSTC), Universidad de Granada, C/Periodista Daniel Saucedo Aranda, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain 3Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Universitat Polit` ecnica de Val` encia, C/Paranimf, No. 1, Grao de Gandia, 46730 Gandia, Spain 4Centre for Physics Technologies, Universitat Polit` ecnica de Val` encia, Av. de Los Naranjos, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain Correspondence should be addressed to Jaime Lloret; [email protected] Received 31 May 2017; Accepted 24 July 2017; Published 29 August 2017 Academic Editor: Taesun You Copyright © 2017 Angel T. Lloret et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The use of pyrotechnics near to the historical heritage such as walls, facades, church, or fortifications of a city is nowadays a topic of discussion. There is not a clear legislation about the use of pyrotechnics near to these buildings and how they can be affected by the expansive wave generated by the use of harquebusiers, fireworks, and cannons during the simulation of a battle. For this reason, this paper presents some practical tests that measure the vibroacoustic effect when these types of pyrotechnics are used near to the architectonical heritage. In order to collect these data, we have used several sound level meters and accelerometers placed on two different scenarios. The first one was placed near to the beach and the other one was placed in a building of a narrow alley. The tests were carried out during the festival of Moors and Christians of Villajoyosa (Spain) which is a famous festival. Along these tests, we reproduce the worse cases that may affect the building, using harquebusiers shots, fireworks, and cannons shots. Results show that the house placed near to the beach does not suffer important vibroacoustic impacts. However, the old building placed in the alley is very affected. 1. Introduction Along the Mediterranean coast, we can find hundreds of fortifications, walls, castles, and watchtowers for the defense of their territories. These elements, built around the XIV and XVIII centuries, are nowadays part of the historical heritage and, therefore, we should plead for their conservation and protection. Due to the importance of historical events, many cities where these architectonical elements are located generally hold parties that reproduce some of the battles to commemorate them. These recreational activities are usually carried out in the historical center of the city, taking advantage of the beautyofthelandscapewhichis,atthesametime,atourist attraction that brings great economic benefits to them [1, 2]. The reproduction of these battles is often done using different types of pyrotechnics, ranging between fireworks, firecrackers, handguns, and small guns. The explosion and the deflagration of this type of pyrotechnic generally generate a displacement in form of mechanical wave that impact the facades. Nevertheless, in the related literature, its effect on the old buildings has not been quantified. In order to quantify these effects, distributed sensor networkscanbeusedoverthroughoutthemonitoringarea. A sensor or transducer [3] is an electronic device which is capable of translating the variation of a physical parameter into electrical signals that are processed by the sensor nodes. Many of these nodes allow us to implement a wireless sensor network (WSN) [4]. WSNs are nowadays a hot topic due to their wide range of applications. They can be used for environmental monitoring, military applications, precision agriculture, domestic applications or tracking people and objects, and buildings monitoring [5]. A set of sensors deployed in a home can give us many types of information such as the structural aging, fatigue and damage materials, gas leaks, fires, inadequate humidity, and temperature values. Hindawi Journal of Sensors Volume 2017, Article ID 7214975, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7214975 2Journal of Sensors An exhaustive measurement process can provide valuable information to the researchers for preventing building problems [6] and allow us to take decisions about our habits, so as not to worsen the situation of a building or to maintain its level of conservation, as the case of the historical heritage. Analyzing the existing literature, we can affirm that there are very few initiatives related to the deployment of sensor networks for the monitoring of historical heritage. However, thesensorsarewidelyusedintheprocessesofsurveillance and conservation of art [7] and fresh [8]. Therefore, the effect of the use of pyrotechnic near to these buildings must be monitored and quantified. This paper presents a practical study to determine the impact that harquebuses and fireworks can generate on the historical heritage. In order to do it, we have selected two different scenarios where these kinds of pyrotechnics are used. From these tests, we measure both the acoustic and vibration effect over the buildings. On the one hand, the acoustic impact can be understood as the magnitude of mechanic wave that impacts the building. Because these waves displace the air present in the medium, the building registers some small structural movements. To measure these, we can use accelerometers placed along the surface under study and then process the data to extract the vibration levels. With these 2 parameters, we can evaluate the vibroacoustic effect as a function of the facade height. The selected city is Villajoyosa (Spain), which is famous because of its festival of Moors and Christians. To measure these effects, we used several sound meters and vibration sensors installed on the fac¸ade. For the first scenario, which is a house placed near to the beach, three different sound sources were used: cannons, shots from harquebusiers, and shots from boats. The second scenario isanoldbuildingplacedinanarrowalley.Inthiscase,6 harquebuses and blunderbusses were used to perform the shots. With the results, we sketch the maps of the acoustic effect and the vibration effect over the facade. The results show that the impact over the facade depends on the place where there is a shot and the building height. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents several related papers where researchers performed some studies about the impact of acoustic waves over buildings. Section 3 explains the features of the scenarios used to carry out the tests, as well as the tools, sensors, materials, and sound meters used to perform our tests. Section 4 defines the experiments carried out and their results. Finally, Section 5 shows the conclusion and future research line to continue our research. 2. Related Works Generally, WSNs in buildings are used for monitoring indoor variables, for taking care of their inhabitants [9], and for developing applications related to Internet of Things (IoT) [10]. There are very few practical studies about old buildings monitoring. We have only found few old studies about the use of harquebuses and some acoustic impact analyses on buildings related to the insulation characteristics of dwellings to ensure the well-being of its inhabitants [11]. This section shows some previous work in which the authors have analyzedtheeffectofthesoundpressureonbuildings. Firstly, the acoustic characteristics of harquebuses and blunderbusses used in this type of festivities are analyzed. The work was carried out by Marco Sanju´ an in 1996 [12]. He performed several measures in relation to the sound levels of these types of weapons. The study only covered certain explosives and weapons’ calibers. However, these results offer us a basic indicator to start our study of the received sound pressure over the buildings. Regarding the deployment of networks in buildings, Bennett et al. [13] presented a sensor network deployed in a building to monitor the structural movement of the buildings generated by the passage of undergrounds and trams located in London and Prague. The document identifies the critical factors that should be taken into account in the design of a WSN in terms of energy constraints and communication issues between nodes. Throughout the work, the authors identified the problems in the deployment of the network in both locations and try to demonstrate with their tests the feasibility and advantages of using WSNs in underground environments. Sp¨ ahetal.[14]conductedastudyabouttheimpact of acoustic waves on houses made of wood. In this case, the authors did not use a sensor network to perform their measurements, but they show the effect suffered by these types of dwellings. In fact, these measures were carried out under the AcuWood project, whose main objective was to find technical descriptors for different sound sources taking into account construction traditions and cultural differences of several European countries. In order to obtain the results, the authors used correlation techniques to relate the different technical descriptors of the different types of constructions withtheobtainedacousticresults.Theresultscanbeusedas a reference model in the evaluation of certain noise sources. Finally, Yu and Kang [15] presented a study to characterize the effects of the acoustic impact on different materials used in architecture. The study was conducted in various houses with different structural characteristics. For each building, the authors compared different types of materials commonly used in wall covering and different types of glazing. The results showed the importance of considering the environmental sustainability of acoustic materials when building a house. There are very few works where the effects of vibration are contemplated, in addition to the acoustic impact. In fact, theonlyworkwehavefoundistheonepresentedbyKlosin [16]. In this case, the author carried out a study that analyzed the vibroacoustic response of buildings due to exposure to a sonic pump. In the experiment, more than 100 transducers were installed in various bedrooms of a house. In addition, accelerometers were randomly placed on walls, windows, and ceilings at rooms and around the house. With the results, the author was able to characterize the response of the different materials in terms of reverberation time and isolation level. We have not found any study that relates the use of gun replicas in this type of centenary celebrations and its effect on the cultural built heritage. We believe that it is important to keep these celebrations. Moreover, we also believe that it 9161, 2017, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2017/7214975 by Universidad De Granada, Wiley Online Library on [10/12/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Journal of Sensors 3 Figure 1: Moorish troops navigating near the coast. is necessary to preserve the monumental remains and our historical heritage and, therefore, we wish to analyze and characterize how historical buildings may be affected by the use of these types of fireworks in order to propose corrective measures. 3. Scenario and Material Description In order to carry out our test bench, two different scenarios have been selected. The first scenario is placed on the beach where it recreated the night battle during which the Moorish troopslandonthebeachandtheChristiantroopstryto repeal them. The second scenario has been specially selected for reproducing the worst case, where Moorish and Christian weapons are shot near the old buildings. For each case, different materials are used. This section explains the details of each scenario and the material used. 3.1. Scenario 1: Night Battle. The night battle takes place throughout the night. During the night, the Moorish troops navigate with their ships near the coast and make different shots towards the coast (Figure 1). These shots are acoustically imperceptible due to the distance (Figure 2(a)). In response, from the sand, several shots are fired by cannons (Figure 2(b)) and harquebusiers (Figure 2(c)). Cannons and harquebusiers are perceived from homesand,therefore,wewanttomeasuretheacousticimpact on them. Inthesandofthebeach,wecandistinguish2different zones. There are 3 cannons (see Figure 3) whose characteristics and dimensions are shown in Table 1. Cannon is a hollow piece of metal or another material that forms a cane, used in artillery, which has great length with respect to its caliber. Formerly, they were used to shoot bullets and shrapnel but they serve nowadays to reproduce shots in celebrations exclusively using gunpowder that produces great blares. In addition, we also distinguish a battle area where the harquebusiers with their guns are placed. Figure 4 shows the battle area and the cannons’ area with the distance up to the position of measurement. 3.2. Scenario 2: Shots in the Narrow Alley. The second part of these tests is performed in an uninhabited house placed in a pedestrian street in the historic city center. The historic city center contains many historical sights of the city. These include defensive walls built between 1551 and 1565 to repel Berber attacks, a watchtower built around the 15th century, and several colorful and old buildings that characterize this Table 1: Size of cannons. Length of cannon Inner length of cannon Caliber Cleopatra 85 cm 78 cm 12 cm Art Mora 106 cm 68 cm 18 cm Art Islam 60 cm 46 cm 11 cm city. Figure 5 shows a section of Villajoyosa city (in Alicante province, Spain) and the area of the second scenario where the tests have been carried out. The building selected for the second test is an old rectangular-base building. The foundation of this dwelling sits exactly at the base of the dwelling, while the structural supportismadeinloadwallswhichhavethickwallsabove normal. The structural system of the surface based on the walls of load has been made with the masonry mortar. The load walls that form the outer faces have a mortar of cement and sand and it is covered by a typical plaster of concrete and sand. The load-bearing thickness walls decrease as the height of the building increases. Finally, the building presents a staircase that communicates with the floors. Figure 6 shows the image of the building where the measurements were taken. Figure 7 shows the scale drawing of the scenario where thetestsareperformed.Thisimagealsoshowstheposition of the harquebusiers and the positions where the sound level meters and vibration sensors are located. Each harquebusier is identified as “Harquebusier 𝑋”where𝑋indicates the harquebusier. The distance between harquebusiers is 2 m and the distance between the building and harquebusiers is 3 m. Sound level meters are identified as “Sono 𝑌”where𝑌 indicates the device. This nomenclature is used in the rest of the paper. Regarding the location of the sensors, the 4 sound level meters (Sono 3, Sono 4, Sono 5, and Sono 6) are located inside the building, at 2 meters from the inside of the facade, window,oraccessdoor.Withthisdistanceweensurethat the reflections of the reflecting surfaces of the building do not affect the measurement records. Additionally, Sono 2 is used as dosimeter, that is, to measure vibrations. This dosimeter has been used to check some strange movement in the building which could jeopardize the integrity of the researchers and collaborators who were helping during the tests. The vibration sensors take measurements of the three axes. They are fixed to the outside of the facade with a support that gives freedom of movement to the sensors. Figure 7 also shows the location of the vibration sensors by small red blocks. Finally, we can see that the section of surface that is monitoring comprises a space of 6 m height per 6 m width. To perform the shots, 6 different weapons have been used. Table 2 shows the features of each weapon as well as their sizes and brands. 3.3. Materials and Tools. This subsection explains the features of the weapons, the features of the black gunpowder used with these weapons, and the instruments and sensors used to 9161, 2017, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2017/7214975 by Universidad De Granada, Wiley Online Library on [10/12/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 4Journal of Sensors (a) (b) (c) Figure 2: Different kinds of shots during the battle night. Cleopatra Art Islam Art Mora Figure 3: Cannons used in these tests. Battle area Cleopatra Art Mora Art Islam A C A Place of measurement 78 m 31,5m 7,5m 8,2m Figure 4: Position of cannons and harquebusiers in the beach. take the measurements of the acoustic and vibration impact in both scenarios. 3.3.1. Weapons. During the replica of these centenarian battles, harquebusiers use firearms without bullets which generate a large flare (See Figure 8). Generally, harquebusiers use blunderbusses or harquebuses. Both are firearms with small differences between them. Harquebus and blunderbuss are old firearms built with an iron barrel and a wooden box. A mechanical detonation Facade where measurements are performed Harquebusiers Figure 5: Location of the second scenario. Figure 6: Real facade where measurements were taken. 9161, 2017, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2017/7214975 by Universidad De Granada, Wiley Online Library on [10/12/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Journal of Sensors 5 Table 2: Features of weapons used during these tests. Harquebuses 123 456 Kind of weapon Muzzle-loading Blunderbuss Muzzle-loading Muzzle-loading Blunderbuss Blunderbuss Brand BOPE ARDESA BOPE GIL BOPE ARDESA Caliber (mm) 62 62 28 28 60 62 Barrel length (cm) 50 50 41 40 50 50 Harquebusier 1Harquebusier 6 Harquebusier 2Harquebusier 3 Harquebusier 4 Harquebusier 5 Vibration sensor Sound meter Sono_4 Sono_3 Sono_5 (placed outside) Sono_6 Sono_2 WidtＢ=6m Height =6m Figure 7: Position of harquebusiers, sound level meters, and vibration sensors. Figure 8: Harquebusier used in our tests. system is used for firing these types of weapons. It consists of a mechanical actuator activated by a ball of a firing pin embedded in the chimney. This type of weapon was used by Moorish soldiers and Christians troops. The weapons are usually muzzle-loading. According to its construction and type of camera, the weapon can load from 15 g to 50 g of black gunpowder.Thegunbarrelhasaflaredappearanceforeasy loading. The name “harquebus” is due to the arched shape of the mouth that changed in blunderbuss to facilitate the introduction of gunpowder. Figure 9: Commercial black gunpowder and detonating pistons. 3.3.2. Black Gunpowder. Black gunpowder is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. It cannot be considered as an explosive because the result of its reaction is in the form of deflagration in detonation. One of the main characteristics of this type of powder is the large volume of gases it produces and the high temperatures it reaches during its combustion. Unlike other explosives, its reaction speed is low and can reach speeds up to 500 m/s, depending on the caliber of the weapon. The dust of powder is very sensitive, so they are supplied in granulated form after adding graphite (which prevents electrostatic charges). To carry out the tests performed in these experiments, we have used black gunpowder marketed by the company Maxam Outdoors (See Figure 9) whose main features are the following ones: (i) amount of KN03:74% (ii) grain size:From0.35to1.19mm. 3.3.3. Sound Level Meters and Sensors. The measurements of the noise levels are made with professional sound level meters. In this case, the model Type 2250 has been chosen [17]. This device can be understood as a portable analyzer capable of satisfying all measurement and analysis needs in isolation studies. Its application ranges from the traditional uses of environmental noise assessment to quality control and evaluation of the noise in the workplace of an industrial work. The Bru¨ el & Kjaer Type 2250 performs Class 1 measurements according to international standards. This device contains a high resolution touch screen that allows easy navigation through the configuration menu to customize predefined templates according to the measurement requirements. The Bru¨ el & Kjaer Type 2250 has a wide dynamic range that supports high amplitude noise levels and noises that are 9161, 2017, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2017/7214975 by Universidad De Granada, Wiley Online Library on [10/12/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 6Journal of Sensors Figure 10: Screenshots of sound level meter Bru¨ el & Kjaer Type 2250. only perceived above background noise. It has a fairly large dynamic range between 20 dB and 140 dB. The device can measureandanalyzedatain1/1octaveand1/3octavebands. Figure 10 shows some screenshots of this sound level meter that allow the user to visualize the result of the measurements inrealtime.Ontheonehand,thissoundlevelmeterisable to show measurements in real time; that is, we can move the red cursor along the frequency spectrum and check the levels of sound pressure level as a function of the frequency. We canalsoseethemaximumvalueregisteredduringtheelapsed time.Ifwemoveforthenextwindow,wecanseeasummary of average, minimum, and maximum values as well as the statistical values. This is the average value of sound pressure levelregisteredduringthe5%,90%,and95%ofthemeasured time. 3.3.4. Accelerometer Used in Scenario 1. The Type 4374 accelerometer is a piezoelectric charge sensor encapsulated in a titanium housing [18]. It has a side connector and integral cable whose function is to connect it to the sound level meter. The Type 4374 sensor must be adhesively attached to the measuring object using beeswax. This accelerometer sensor allows the user to measure high frequency vibration levels in confined spaces and structures where it is difficult to reach. The Type 4374 sensor is based on the piezoelectric element PZ 27 and it is only capable of taking measurements on an axis. Thissensorisusedinthevibrationmeasurementsofscenario 1. 3.3.5. Accelerometer Used in Scenario 2. The accelerometer used in scenario 2 is a Bosch BMA056, 3-axis accelerometer [19] (see Figure 11). This kind of sensor is widely used in smartphones and smart devices because it has very high resolution (0.00390625 m/s2). It is presented in a very small encapsulation of 3 ×3×0.95 mm3.Thesensorcanbemeasure in the range of ±1000 𝜇T(for𝑥-,𝑦-axis) and ±2500 𝜇T(for𝑧axis) with a resolution of 0.3 𝜇T and a sensitivity tolerance of ±4%. BMA 056 Y Z X Figure 11: Vibration sensor Bosch BMA0563-axis accelerometer. 4. Measurement Results Before starting to interpret the measured data, we should take into account a set of considerations about the acoustic measurements. When we try to measure the noise level, we should know that the frequency weights respond to acoustic sound problems and have a great psychoacoustic component. This occurs because the human ear does not have a flat response for different frequencies based on the same sound pressure; that is, the human ear has a nonlinear frequency response to sounds. A sound level meter is intended to approximate its responsestothehumanear.Anacousticmeasurethat does not consider these psychoacoustic parameters does not accurately reflect the measurements that disturb noisy space compared to human perception. While the sound pressure level (SPL) in dB describes the physical phenomenon, the weighted decibel level describes the existing volume. Finally, we would like to point out that our measurements are performed without any kind of weighting, since we do not want to measure the human perception of the noise levelproducedbythenoisesources.Inourcase,wewantto measure the physical effect on the facade and therefore we will use the sound level meters without any weighting; that is, our sound level meter will not apply any equalization as a function of the frequency. This will give us a flat frequency response between 10 Hz and 20 kHz ±1.5 dB, excluding the microphone response. The results directly represent the effect we want to measure. All information concerning this type of measurement ispresentedintheinternationalstandardIEC61672:2013. Our measurements are carried out in linear weighting (which is equivalent to say that we do not use frequency weights), measuredindB,inthe1/3octaveband[20–22]. 4.1. Measurement Results in Scenario 1. To perform the measurements in the first scenario, we used 2 sound level meters. The first one is used to take measurements of the noise level; the second is used to measure the vibrations. The second sound level meter is used together with the 1-axis acceleration piezoelectric sensor (Type 4374), working as a dosimeter. Figure 12 shows the position of these sound level meters while measurements are taken. 9161, 2017, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2017/7214975 by Universidad De Granada, Wiley Online Library on [10/12/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Journal of Sensors 7 Figure 12: Sound level meters taking measures in Scenario 1. Background sound Fireworks Shots of the cannon event 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Sound presure level (dB) Figure 13: Average values of the measures performed for the 3 types of analyzed events. To start with the measurements of the acoustic impact, it is needed to know the environmental values, that is, thetemperature,speedwind,andrelativehumidity.Thisis because the acoustic waves are highly affected by them. In addition, when the wind speed is higher than 5 m/s, the acoustic measurements are not valid [23]. The parameters measured in this place are the following ones: (i) temperature: 28.2∘C (ii) relative humidity: 73.3% (iii) speed wind: 0.4 m/s. With these values, we can perform the tests and we will be sure that the recorded values of noise level really represent the effect of the different types of shots performed on the beach. In order to carry out these measurements, different series of shots every 30 s are performed during which only the shot or event that we intend to monitor is perceived. After that, wecalculatetheaveragevalueofthesemeasures.Figure13 showstheaveragevaluesrecordedinscenario1.Aswecan see,theaveragevalueofthebackgroundnoisehasafairly high value (in this case around 60 dB). This value, certainly, would not allow an inhabitant of this house to rest. However, considering the type of events celebration, we can consider it as low. In relation to the fireworks and the firing of the weapons, in both cases, the average value of noise is around 85 dB. Figure 14: Harquebusiers who execute the shots. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Noise level (dB) 100 1000 1000010 Frequency (Hz) Figure 15: Average background sound pressure (in dB) registered in the area of shooting. The vibration value recorded in this test has been negligible. In fact, at sensory level, the people responsible of carrying out the measures did not perceive any type of stimulus or pressure. Therefore, when we took measures on the architectural elements of the building, the result was nil. 4.2. Measurements Results at Scenario 2. First, we measured the environmental conditions. In this case, the environmental conditions measured in the alley were the following ones: (i) temperature: 29.1∘C (ii) relative humidity: 75.3% (iii) speed wind: 1 m/s. Asthewindspeedismuchlowerthan5m/s,wecan perform the tests and we will be sure that the registered values of noise level really represent the effect of the harquebuses on the facade. Figure 14 shows the harquebusiers in the alley prepared for firing. The first step to analyze an acoustic activity is to check the average values of the noise levels received in the facade without the presence of the activity. In our case, the activity is translated into the presence of shots. A total of 3 shots were fired. From these values we have calculated the average value of noise level (in dB) recorded on the facade. Figure 15 shows the average value of the background noise level in dB recorded on the facade. As we observed, the maximum value of noise level is 52.5 dB at the frequency of 42 Hz. However, we also observed a rather high value (47.5 dB) compared to 9161, 2017, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2017/7214975 by Universidad De Granada, Wiley Online Library on [10/12/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 8Journal of Sensors 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 Sound pressure (dB) 100 1000 1000010 Frequency (Hz) Sono_5 Sono_3 Sono_6 Sono_4 Figure 16: Noise level measured by the four sound level meters. 105 dB 105 dB 108 dB 108 dB 113 dB 110 dB 109 dB Figure 17: Maximum noise levels superposed on the facade. therestofthespectrumat50Hz.Itiseasytoconcludethat the highest values of noise are located at low frequencies. The range of low frequencies is the one that generates a greater impact on the buildings and, in addition, it generally generates enough discomfort in the people, at the auditory level. Once the background noise level is measured, we should measure the vibroacoustic impact that firing these weapons generate on the facade. Figure 16 shows the noise level measured by the four sound level meters. As we can see, the soundlevelmeterclosesttothegroundfloor(Sono 5) records the lowest noise level, with 105 dB, while Sono 3 and Sono 4 record values close to 110 dB. In all cases, the highest noise impact has been recorded in the range of 100–250 Hz, which can be considered as low frequencies. Finally, in order to see more clearly the point where a greateracousticimpactisperceived,inFigure17weoverlap the maximum values of noise level registered in each point of the facade at 310 Hz over the image of the facade. As we X Z Y Wall Accelerometer sensor BMA 056 Figure 18: Position of the accelerometer on the facade. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 Height (m) Max. variation of vibration (dB) W idth (m) 3 .5 100–105 105–110 110–115 115–120 120–125 125–130 130–135 135–140 Figure 19: Variation of vibration in dB for 𝑧-axis. can see, there are 2 points where the highest noise levels are received. The first one is located at the harquebusiers height (around1.5m)andthesecondoneislocatedat4.5mheight. In order to record the movements and vibrations generated in the building by the effect of the acoustic wave impacting the facade, we used 3-axis accelerometers. These devices give us information about the movements generated in the building for the 𝑋-, 𝑌-and𝑧-axes. However, the most important variation will be recorded on the 𝑧-axis due to the position we have placed the sensors on the wall (see Figure 18). We have processed the vibration values individually for each axis. Figures 19, 20, and 21 show the vibration map on the facade for the 𝑧-axis, the 𝑦-axis, and the 𝑥-axis, respectively. The highest vibrations are recorded on the 𝑧-axis (see Figure 19). In addition, the highest value is recorded around 9161, 2017, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2017/7214975 by Universidad De Granada, Wiley Online Library on [10/12/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Journal of Sensors 9 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 Height (m) Max. variation of vibration (dB) W idth (m) 100–105 105–110 110–115 115–120 120–125 125–130 130–135 135–140 Figure 20: Variation of vibration in dB for 𝑦-axis. 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 Height (m) Max. variation of vibration (dB) W idth (m) 100–105 105–110 110–115 115–120 120–125 125–130 130–135 135–140 3 5 Figure 21: Variation of vibration in dB for 𝑥-axis. 1.5 m, with maximum value of 138 dB which corresponds to the height at which the harquebuses generate the highest noise level. The axis that registers the lowest vibration is the 𝑥-axis, with a maximum value of 130 dB at 3.5 m. height. As we can see the axis that suffers the greatest vibration is the 𝑧-axis. Since acceleration is a vectorial magnitude, itcanbemeasuredinthethreeCartesiancoordinates,as we represented in Figures 19, 20, and 21. However, we can also show the combination of three axes in order to see the magnitude. Figure 22 shows the combined vibration level of threeaxesasafunctionofthefacadeheight.Showingthese results, we can see that the biggest vibration is registered at 1.5 m height. In order to see more clearly which points of the facade recorded major movements or vibrations, we superimpose the values given in Figure 19 on the facade. Figure 23 shows the levels of vibration on the facade. In this way, we can see that the part where the greatest vibration occurs is just the 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 Vibration index (dB) 1234560 Height of facade (m) Figure 22: Variation of vibration in dB for 𝑥-axis. 115 dB 122 dB 126 dB 128 dB 134 dB 138 dB 135 dB 132 dB Figure 23: Maximum vibration values recorded on the facade. one that corresponds with the ground floor, with a value closeto140dB.Then,wecanobserveaflatterzonewith vibration values close to 126–128 dB and finally the vibrations are attenuating as the height increases. 5. Conclusion In the Spanish Mediterranean coast, during the summer season, we can find several festivals that commemorate historical events such as wars and reconquest of lost territories. During these festivals the ancient battles are replicated along the historical center of the cities. Generally, these recreations are companied with pyrotechnics. The European countries are the ones that conserve the major number of historical buildings such as fortresses, watchtowers, churches, and historic facades that are placed in the historical center of the cities. However, there is no study published specifying the repercussion of these recreations over these buildings. Due to the need of keeping our architectonical heritage, in this paper, we have presented a practical study about the vibroacousticimpactthatdifferentkindofpyrotechniccan generate over these buildings. In order to perform out a practicalstudy,weused2differentscenarios,thatis,ahouse 9161, 2017, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2017/7214975 by Universidad De Granada, Wiley Online Library on [10/12/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License