Search for long-lived neutral particles in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV that decay into displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS calorimeter

Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:481 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6962-6 Regular Article - Experimental Physics Search for long-lived neutral particles in pp collisions at √s=13 TeV that decay into displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS calorimeter ATLAS Collaboration CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Received: 11 February 2019 / Accepted: 18 May 2019 / Published online: 7 June 2019 © CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration 2019 Abstract This paper describes a search for pairs of neutral, long-lived particles decaying in the ATLAS calorimeter. Long-lived particles occur in many extensions to the Standard Model and may elude searches for new promptly decaying particles. The analysis considers neutral, long-lived scalars with masses between 5 and 400 GeV, produced from decays of heavy bosons with masses between 125 and 1000 GeV, where the long-lived scalars decay into Standard Model fermions. The analysis uses either 10.8fb −1or 33.0fb −1of data (depending on the trigger) recorded in 2016 at the LHC with the ATLAS detector in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant excess is observed, and limits are reported on the production cross section times branching ratio as a function of the proper decay length of the long-lived particles. 1 Introduction Long-lived particles (LLPs) feature in a variety of models that have been proposed to address some of the open questions of the Standard Model (SM). Examples are: various supersymmetric (SUSY) models [1–7]; Neutral Naturalness [8–11] and Hidden Sector (HS) [12–14] models that address the hierachy problem; models that seek to incorporate dark matter [15–18], or explain the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe [19]; and models that lead to massive neutrinos [20,21]. Decays of LLPs created in collider experiments would produce unique signatures that may have been overlookedbyprevioussearchesforparticlesthatdecaypromptly. This paper presents a search sensitive to neutral LLPs decaying mainly in the hadronic calorimeter (HCal) or at the outer edgeoftheelectromagneticcalorimeter(ECal)oftheATLAS detector. This allows the analysis to probe LLP proper decay lengths (cτ, where cis the speed of light and τis the lifetime of the LLP) ranging between a few centimetres and a few tens e-mail: [email protected] of metres. In HS models, a proposed new set of particles and forcesisweaklycoupledtotheSM viaamediator particle.As a benchmark, this analysis uses a simplified HS model [12– 14,22,23],in whichtheSMandHSareconnected viaa heavy neutral boson (), which may decay into two long-lived neutral scalar bosons (s). The neutral scalars are assumed not to interact with the detector. While could be the Higgs boson, this analysis considers mediators with masses ranging from 125 to 1000 GeV, and scalars with masses between 5 and 400 GeV. The decay →ss →f¯ ff ¯ fis considered, where frefers to fermions. Decays to bosons are not considered in the benchmark model used in this analysis. Since this model assumes that the branching ratios of the scalar decaying into SM fermions are the same as those of the SM Higgs, each long-lived scalar usually decays into heavy fermions: b¯ b,c¯c, and τ+τ−. The branching ratio among the different decays depends on the mass of the scalar but for ms≥25 GeV it is almost constant and equal to 85:5:8. The SM quarks from the LLP decay hadronize, resulting in jets whose origins may be far from the interaction point (IP) of thecollision. The proper decay lengths of LLPs in HS models are typically unconstrained, aside from a rough upper limit of cτ108m given by the cosmological constraint of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis [24], and could be short enough for the LLPs to decay inside the ATLAS detector volume. Previous searches for pair-produced neutral LLPs at hadron colliders have been performed at the Tevatron and at the LHC. At the Tevatron, searches by D∅[25] and CDF [26] looked for displaced vertices in their tracking system only, allowing them to set limits on LLP proper decay lengths of the order of a few centimetres. At the LHC, the CMS experiment has performed searches at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8 or 13 TeV for neutral LLPs by considering events with either converted photons and missing energy [27,28], or with lepton [29,30] or jet pairs [31,32] originating from displaced vertices in the tracking system. A CMS search for jet pairs originating in the tracker was also performed at 13 TeV [33]. The CMS searches are sensitive to LLP proper decay lengths 123 481 Page 2 of 31 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :481 from∼0.1mmto∼2 m. PreviousATLASsearches forneutral LLPsconsider events with photons [34], or particlesoriginating from displaced vertices in the tracking system [35,36]. Other searches involve pairs of displaced jets in the HCal (8 TeV) [37,38], or pairs of reconstructed vertices in the muon spectrometer (MS) at 7 and 13 TeV [39,40], or the combination of one displaced vertex in the MS and one in the innertrackingdetector (8 TeV)[41]. Othersearches consider pairs of muons originating after the inner tracker [42,43]. These ATLAS searches are complementary, since they use different sub-detectors, and therefore their sensitivities are governed by different instrumental effects and sub-detector responses to the kinematics of the LLP decays. They also have different backgrounds, and different lifetime coverage due to the different physical location of the sub-detectors, with sensitivity to LLP proper decay lengths extending from a few millimeters to about 200 m. The analysis presented in this paper is an update to the 8 TeV ATLASsearchfor pair-producedneutral LLPs decaying in the HCal [37], using 10.8fb −1or 33.0fb −1of 13 TeV data depending on the trigger, with significant improvements to the displaced-jet identification, event selection and background estimation. If the scalar decay occurs in the calorimeters, the two resulting quarks are reconstructed as a single jet with unusual features compared to jets from SM processes. These jets will typically have no associated activity in the tracking system. Furthermore, they will often have a high ratio of energy deposited in the HCal (EH) to energy deposited in the ECal (EEM). This ratio, EH/EEM, is referred to as the CalRatio. Finally, jets resulting from these decays will appear narrower than prompt jets when reconstructed with standard algorithms. This analysis requires two such non-standard jets. The main background process that mimics this signature is SM multijet production, in cases where the jets are composed mainly of neutral hadrons or are mis-reconstructed due tonoiseorinstrumentaleffects.Despitethelowprobabilityof a prompt jet to produce a signal-like jet, the SM multijet rate is high enough for this to be the dominant background. Other contributions come from the non-collision background consisting of cosmic rays and beam-induced background (BIB) [44]. The latter is composed of LHC beam–gas interactions and beam-halo interactions with the collimators upstream of the ATLAS detector, resulting in muons travelling parallel to the beam-pipe. Two triggers were used to collect the data, one optimal for models with m>200 GeV and the other for m≤200 GeV, and different selections are used to analyse the dataset collected with each trigger. Jets are classified as signalor background-like jets using machine learning in two steps: first, for every reconstructed jet, a multilayer perceptron, trained on signal jets from LLP decays, is used to predict the decay position of the particle that generated it; next, a per-jet Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) classifies jets as signal-like, multijet-like or BIB-like jets. Events are then classified as likely to have been produced by a signal process orabackgroundprocessusing aper-eventBDT.Twoseparate versions of the per-event BDT are trained: one optimised for models with m≤200 GeV (referred to as low-mmodels), and the other for models with m>200 GeV (high-m models). The final sample is constructed by making a selection on the relevant per-event BDT output value of candidate events and imposing event quality criteria and requirements to suppress cosmic rays and BIB. These selections remove almost all the non-collision background, leaving only multijet background, and maximise signal-to-background ratio in the final search region. TheATLASdetectoris describedinSect.2.Thecollection of the data and generation of samples of simulated events are then discussed in Sect. 3. The trigger and event selection are detailed in Sect. 4, followed by a discussion of the estimate of the background yield in the search regions in Sect. 5.The systematic uncertainties are summarised in Sect. 6. The statistical interpretation of the data and combination of results with the MS displaced vertex search are described in Sect. 7, and the conclusions are given in Sect. 8. 2 ATLAS detector The ATLAS detector [45] at the LHC covers nearly the entire solid angle around the collision point.1It consists of an inner tracking detector surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, and a muon spectrometer incorporating three large superconducting toroidal magnets. The inner-detector system is immersed ina2Taxialmagnetic field and provides charged-particle tracking in the range |η|<2.5. The high-granularity silicon pixel detector covers the vertex region and typically provides four measurements per track. The layer closest to the interaction point is known as the insertable B-layer [46–48]. It was added in 2014 and provides high-resolution hits at small radius to improve the tracking performance. The pixel detector is surrounded by the silicon microstrip tracker, which usually provides four three-dimensional measurement points per track. These silicon detectors are complemented by the transition radiation tracker,with coverage upto |η|=2.0, which enables radially extended track reconstruction in this region. 1ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point in the centre of the detector and the z-axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upwards. Cylindrical coordinates (r,φ) are used in the transverse plane, φbeing the azimuthal angle around the z-axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle θas η=−ln tan(θ/2). Angular distance is measured in units of R≡(η)2+(φ)2. 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :481 Page 3 of 31 481 The calorimeter system covers the pseudorapidity range |η|<4.9. Within the region |η|<3.2, electromagnetic calorimetry is provided by barrel and endcap highgranularitylead/liquid-argon(LAr)electromagneticcalorimeters, with an additional thin LAr presampler covering |η|< 1.8, to correct for energy loss in material upstream of the calorimeters. The ECal extends from 1.5 to 2.0 m in radial distancerinthebarrelandfrom3.6to 4.25min|z|intheendcaps. Hadronic calorimetry is provided by a steel/scintillatortile calorimeter, segmented into three barrel structures within |η|<1.7, and two copper/LAr hadronic endcap calorimeters covering |η|>1.5. The HCal covers the region from 2.25 to 4.25 m in rin the barrel (although the HCal active material extends only up to 3.9 m) and from 4.3 to 6.05 m in |z| in the endcaps. The solid angle coverage is completed with forward copper/LAr and tungsten/LAr calorimeter modules optimised for electromagnetic and hadronic measurements respectively. The calorimeters have a highly granular lateral and longitudinal segmentation. Including the presamplers, there are seven sampling layers in the combined central calorimeters (the LAr presampler, three in the ECal barrel and three in the HCal barrel) and eight sampling layers in the endcap region (the presampler, three in ECal endcaps and four in HCal endcaps). The forward calorimeter modules provide three sampling layers in the forward region. The total amount of material in the ECal corresponds to 24–35 radiation lengths in the barrel and 35–40 radiation lengths in the endcaps. The combined depth of the calorimeters for hadronic energy measurements is more than 9 hadronic interaction lengths nearly everywhere across the full detector acceptance. The muon spectrometer comprises separate trigger and high-precisiontrackingchambersmeasuringthedeflectionof muons in the magnetic field generated by the superconducting air-core toroids. The field integral of the toroids ranges between 2.0 and 6.0 T m (Tesla x metre) across most of the detector. The ATLAS detector selects events using a tiered trigger system [49]. The level-1 trigger is implemented in custom electronics and reduces the event rate from the LHC crossing frequency of 40 MHz to a design value of 100 kHz. The second level, known as the high-level trigger, is implemented in software running on a commodity PC farm that processes the events and reduces the rate of recorded events to 1 kHz. 3 Data and simulation samples 3.1 Data samples The data used in this analysis were collected by the ATLAS detector during 2016 data-taking using proton–proton (pp) collisions at √s=13 TeV. Four datasets are defined according to the trigger used to select them. The search is performed on the so-called main dataset, collected by two different LLP signature-driven triggers, referred to as the low-ETCalRatio trigger and high-ETCalRatio trigger, which are described in detail in Sect. 4. The high-ETCalRatio trigger was active during the full 2016 data-taking period. After requirements based on beam and detector conditions and data quality are applied, the data collected with this trigger corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 33.0fb −1.Thelow-ETCalRatio trigger was activated in September 2016, collecting data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 10.8fb −1.The events collected with these triggers are referred to as high-ET and low-ETdatasets respectively. Two additional datasets, referred to as the BIB and cosmics datasets, were collected using dedicated triggers running in special conditions, as described in Sect. 4. 3.2 Signal and background simulation The →ss signal samples were generated using MadGraph5 [50] at leading order (LO) with the NNPDF2.3LO parton distribution function (PDF) set [51]. The shower process was implemented using Pythia 8.210 [52]usingthe A14 set of tuned parameters (tune) [53]. Several sets of samples were generated, each modelling different combinations of mand ms, with m∈[125,1000]GeV and ms∈[5,400]GeV. For consistency with the rest of the samples, in the ms=400 GeV case, top-quark decays were not includedinthegenerationprocess,eventhoughtheyarekinematically allowed. The simplified model used in the generation does not give a specific prediction for the absolute production cross section. Each sample was generated for two assumptions about the LLP decay length: one sample is used to study the signal throughout the analysis, while the other sample (with the alternate decay length assumption) is used in the training of the BDTs as well as to validate the procedure for extrapolating limits to different proper decay lengths of the long-lived scalar s. The main SM background in this analysis is multijet production. Although a data-driven method is used to perform the background estimation, simulated multijet events are needed for BDT training and evaluation of some of the systematic uncertainties. The samples were generated with Pythia 8.186 [54]usingtheA14 tune for parton showering and hadronisation. The NNPDF2.3LO PDF set was used. To model the effect of multiple pp interactions in the same or neighbouring bunches (pile-up), simulated inclusive pp events were overlaid on each generated signal and background event. The multiple interactions were simulated with Pythia 8.186 usingtheA2tune[55]andtheMSTW2008LO PDF set [56]. The detector response to the simulated events was evaluated with the GEANT4-based detector simulation [57,58]. A 123 481 Page 4 of 31 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :481 full simulation of all the detector components was used for all the samples. The standard ATLAS reconstruction software was used for both simulation and pp data. 4 Trigger and event selection Events are first selected by two dedicated signature-driven triggers called CalRatio triggers [59], which are designed to identify jets that result from neutral LLPs decaying near the outer radius of the ECal or within the HCal. The triggers make use of the three main characteristics of the displaced jets: they are narrow jets with a high fraction of their energy deposited in the HCal and typically have no tracks pointing towards the jet. Two trigger paths are followed in this analysis, defined by two CalRatio triggers that differ only in the level-1 (L1) trigger selection. The high-ETtrigger was originally designed for LHC Run 1. The trigger definition was adapted to the Run 2 higher energy and pile-up conditions by, among other modifications, raising the transverse energy (ET) threshold as specified below. This higher threshold has a negative impact on the efficiency for models with m≤200 GeV. To recover efficiency for those models, a new trigger, called the low-ETtrigger, was designed with a lower threshold. At L1, the high-ETtrigger selects narrow jets which each deposit ET>60 GeV in a 0.2×0.2(η ×φ) region of the ECal and HCal combined [60]. In September 2016 an upgraded L1 trigger component, the topological trigger, was commissioned in ATLAS. It introduces a new group of triggers that include geometric and kinematic selections on L1 objects. The low-ETtrigger makes use of this L1 topological selection by accepting events where the largest energy deposit (and second-largest, if there is one) is required to have ET>30 GeV deposited in the HCal, with the additional condition that there are no energy deposits in the ECal with ET>3 GeV within a cone of size R=0.2 around the HCal energy deposit. This veto on ECal deposits ensures a high value of EH/EEM at L1, rejecting a large portion of background events. The trigger rate obtained with this condition is low enough to allow the ETthreshold to be kept as low as 30 GeV. This looser ETrequirement increases the efficiency for the low-msignal models (those with m≤200 GeV). In the high-level trigger (HLT), the selection algorithm for the CalRatio triggers is the same regardless of the L1 selection. Calorimeter deposits are clustered into jets using the anti-ktalgorithm [61] with radius parameter R=0.4. The standard jet cleaning requirements [62] applied in most ATLAS analyses reject jets with high values of EH/EEM, one of the main characteristics of the displaced hadronic jets, and are therefore not included in these triggers. A dedicated cleaning algorithm for jets created in the HCal (referred to as CalRatio jet cleaning) is applied instead, with no requirements on the jet EH/EEM. At least one of the HLT jets passing the CalRatio jet cleaning is required to satisfy ET>30 GeV, |η|<2.5 and log10(EH/EEM)>1.2. Jets satisfying these requirements are used to determine 0.8×0.8 regions in η ×φ centred on the jet axis in which to perform tracking. Triggering jets are required to have no tracks with pT>2 GeV within R=0.2 of the jet axis. Finally, jets satisfying all of the above criteria are required to pass a BIBremovalalgorithm that relies on celltiming and position. Muonsfrom BIB enterthe HCal horizontallyandmay radiate a photon via bremsstrahlung, generating an energy deposit that may be reconstructed as a signal-like jet. Deposits due to BIB are expected to have a very specific time distribution [63]. The algorithm identifies events as containing BIB if the triggering jet has at least four HCal-barrel cells at the same φand in the same calorimeter layer with timing consistent with that of a BIB deposit. In both CalRatio triggers, events identified as BIB by the BIB algorithm are saved in the BIB dataset and events with no triggering jets identified as BIB are saved in the main dataset. The trigger is also active in so-called empty bunch crossings. These are crossings where protons are absent in both beamsandisolatedfromfilledbunchesbyatleastfiveunfilled bunches on either side. Events in empty bunch crossings that have at least one 0.2×0.2(η ×φ) calorimeter energy deposit with ET>30 GeV at L1, and which pass the HLT selection algorithm, are stored in the cosmic-ray dataset. The trigger efficiency for simulated signal events is defined as the fraction of jets spatially matched to one of the generated LLPs (hereafter called truth LLPs) that fire the trigger. The trigger efficiency as a function of triggering LLP particle-level pTis shown in Fig. 1(left) for two signal samples. Only LLPs decaying in the HCal are considered in this plot. The high-ETCalRatio trigger, which is seeded by the high-ETL1 trigger, starts to be efficient for LLPs with pT>100 GeV and reaches its plateau at 150–200 GeV. The low-ETCalRatio trigger (seeded by the low-ETL1 trigger) recovers efficiency for a large portion of the LLPs with pT<100 GeV. The main source of efficiency loss in these triggers comes from the track isolation, followed by the combination of requirements on jet ETand EH/EEM. Fig. 1(right) shows the LLP pTdistribution for all the signal samples considered in the analysis. The combination of these figures shows how the high-ETCalRatio trigger gives a higher efficiency for models with m>200 GeV, where the LLP pTdistributions peak between 150 and 500 GeV. For signal models with mup to 200 GeV, the LLP pTdistributions peak between 30 and 100 GeV and hence the low-ET CalRatio trigger performs better. Thus, low-mmodels are searched for using the low-ETdataset: despite the reduced integrated luminosity, a higher sensitivity is obtained than if 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :481 Page 5 of 31 481 [GeV] T LLP p 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Efficiency 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 )=(600,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m ATLAS SimulationSimulation = 13 TeVs CalRatio trigger T filled markers: high-E CalRatio trigger T open markers: low-E [GeV] T LLP p 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Fraction of LLPs 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 )=(1000,400) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(1000,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(600,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(600,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(400,100) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(400,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,8) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,55) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,8) GeV s ,m Φ (m ATLAS SimulationSimulation = 13 TeVs Fig. 1 Trigger efficiency of simulated signal events as a function of the LLP pT(left) and the pTdistribution of LLPs (right) for a selection of signal samples [m] xy Truth L 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Efficiency 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ECal start ECal end HCal start HCal end )=(600,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m ATLAS SimulationSimulation = 13 TeVs CalRatio trigger T filled markers: high-E CalRatio trigger T open markers: low-E | [m] z Truth |L 01234567 Efficiency 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 ECal start ECal end HCal start HCal end )=(600,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m ATLAS SimulationSimulation = 13 TeVs CalRatio trigger T filled markers: high-E CalRatio trigger T open markers: low-E Fig. 2 Trigger efficiency of simulated signal events as a function of the LLP decay position in the x–yplane for LLPs decaying in the barrel (left, |η|<1.4) and in the zdirection for LLPs decaying in the HCal endcaps (right, 1.4≤|η|<2.5) for three signal samples. The open (filled) markers represent the efficiency for events passing the low-ET (high-ET) CalRatio trigger the high-ETdataset had been used. Conversely, models with m>200 GeV are studied using the high-ETdataset. The trigger efficiency also depends strongly on the LLP decay position, as shown for three samples of simulated signal events in Fig. 2. The efficiency as a function of LLP decay length in the x–yplane is shown for LLPs decaying in the barrel (|η|<1.4); the efficiency as a function of the decay position in the z-direction is shown for LLPs decaying in the HCal endcaps (1.4≤|η|<2.5). The selection is most efficient in the HCal for both triggers. Events used in the analysis are required to pass the trigger requirements and contain a primary vertex (PV) with at least two tracks with pT>400 MeV. Tracks used in the jet and event selection hereafter are required to pass the track selection: they must originate from the PV and have pT>2GeV. The jets used in this analysis are selected by applying the following quality selections: pT>40 GeV, |η|<2.5, pass CalRatio jet cleaning. These jets are referred to as clean. To select events with trackless jets, an additional eventlevel variable, Rmin(jet,tracks), is used. The quantity Rmin(jet,tracks)is defined as the angular distance between the jet axis and the closest track with pT>2 GeV, and Rmin(jet,tracks)is calculated by summing this distance over all the clean jets with pT>50 GeV. Events with 123 481 Page 6 of 31 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :481 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 [m] xy Truth L 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 [m] xy MLP L ATLAS Simulation =13 TeVs 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 3− 10× 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 | [m] z Truth |L 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 | [m] z MLP |L ATLAS Simulation =13 TeVs Fig. 3 Probability density of predicted MLP radial (Lxy, left) and longitudinal (Lz, right) LLP decay positions as a function of the truth LLP decay positions, for reconstructed jets matched to the LLP. Dotted lines show where the MLP value equals the truth value no displaced decays have a very small value of this variable. Every displaced jet contributing to the sum causes a considerable increase in the value, making this variable a good discriminator between signal and multijet background. For an event to pass the analysis preselection, it is required to have passed the trigger, to contain at least two clean jets and to have Rmin(jet,tracks)>0.5. After preselection, Rmin(jet,tracks)still has good discrimination power and it is used in the data-driven background estimation described in Sect. 5. 4.1 Displaced jet identification Each clean jet is evaluated by a multilayer perceptron (MLP) (implemented in the Toolkit for Multivariate Data Analysis [64]) to predict the radial and longitudinal decay positions (Lxy and Lz) of the particle that produced the jet, using the jet’s fraction of energy deposited in each of the ECal and HCal layers as input variables. The MLP was trained on simulated signal samples with min the range [200,1000]GeV, using only jets matched to a truth LLP. No requirements at event level (trigger and preselection) were applied in order to have as large a data sample as possible. In addition, avoiding the preselection allows the MLP to identify the decay position of prompt jets, which is useful when applied to SM jets. The MLP training procedure took as input the truth-level Lxy and Lzdecay positions of the LLP as well as the fraction of the jet energy in each calorimeter layer, and finally the jet’s direction in η. The left-hand plot of Fig. 3compares Lxy of a truth LLP against the MLP prediction. It shows clearly the different calorimeterlayers, since decays in the same layer lead to constant MLP radial decay position prediction even as the truth decay position changes. However, the overall prediction in Lxy aligns closely with the truth decay position. The right plot shows the longitudinal decay position, Lz.Itshowsa clear correlation between prediction and truth for the whole range of the forward calorimeter with less obvious layering, since the LLP direction of travel in the endcaps is more oblique with respect to the calorimeter layers than in the barrel. The radial and longitudinal decay positions predicted by the MLP are useful discriminators between signal jets from LLP decays in the calorimeters and prompt jets from SM backgrounds. The per-jet BDT is used to separate jets into three classes: signal-like jets, SM multijet-like jets and BIB-like jets. With thatpurpose,itistrainedusingthreesamples.Thesignalsamplecontains jets fromsignal events for a rangeof models with min the range 125 – 1000 GeV, where only jets matched to LLPs decaying outside the ID (with Lxy >1250 mm if they decay in the barrel or Lz>3500 mm if they decay in the endcaps) are considered. The SM multijet training sample consists of jets from the simulated multijet events described in Sect. 3.2. Finally, the BIB sample is made of jets from the BIB dataset, where only the triggering jet in each event is used. The triggering jet is identified as BIB by the trigger BIB algorithm: the event contains a line of at least four HCal-barrel cells in the same φas the triggering jet, consistent with BIB timing. Hence, the triggering jet corresponds to a BIB jet in most cases, which is confirmed by the φand zvs. time plots showing the typical shapes of BIB. Using only the triggering jet reduces the risk of contamination from multijet events. In all cases, only clean jets are considered. The per-jet BDT inputs are the MLP Lxy and Lzpredictions, track variables, and jet properties. The track variables include the sum of pTof all tracks passing track selection within R=0.2 of the jet axis, and the maximum pTof such tracks. The jet properties are: the radius, shower centroid,energydensity and fractionof energyin first HCallayer of the cluster with the highest pT; the longitudinal and transverse distance from this cluster to the jet shower center; jet 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :481 Page 7 of 31 481 Fig. 4 The distributions of the per-jet BDT weights for a multijet sample, a BIB sample and five signal samples. For the signal samples, the weights for clean jets matched to an LLP decaying in the calorimeter are shown. The multijet and BIB distributions include weights for all clean jets in the event Signal-weight 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 Fraction of jets 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 BIB multijet )=(1000,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(600,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(400,100) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m clean jets matched to CalRatio LLP ATLASATLAS -1 =13 TeV, 33.0 fbs Multijet-weight 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 Fraction of jets 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 BIB multijet )=(1000,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(600,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(400,100) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m clean jets matched to CalRatio LLP ATLAS -1 =13 TeV, 33.0 fbs BIB-weight 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 Fraction of jets 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 BIB multijet )=(1000,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(600,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(400,100) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m clean jets matched to CalRatio LLP ATLAS -1 =13 TeV, 33.0 fbs pT; and the compatibility of the jet timing with the expected timing of a BIB deposit. The jet pTspectrum is very different in each of the three training samples, and therefore jets in each sample are weighted such that the jet pTdistribution is flat. The weighting is done independently in each training sample. Since the jet pTis correlated with a number of BDT input variables, the jet pTis also included as a variable in the BDT. The output of the per-jet BDT is a set of three weights that sum to unity: signal-weight, BIB-weight and multijetweight, shown in Fig. 4. The signal-weight distribution provides a clear separation between signal jets and both types of background jets. The BIB-weight distributions for signal and multijet jets peak at intermediate values. Jets from the BIB sample with low BIB-weight scores (<0.34) display SM multijet-like qualities and are likely to result from SM jet contamination in the BIB sample. Jets with higher BIB-weight values display the expected timing behaviour of particles originating from BIB. The per-jet BDT is able to separatethese withsome precision, assigningvaluesbetween 0.34 and 0.35 to BIB particles crossing the detector through the innermost layer of the HCal and higher values (>0.35) to BIB in outer HCal layers. The per-jet BDT has better signal-to-background discrimination for high-mmodels than for low-mmodels. The main reason for this lies in the pTdistribution (see Fig. 1). BoththeBIBandpile-upjetshaverelativelysoft pT,andeven though these backgrounds are mitigated by the jet-cleaning requirements, their remaining contributions are harder to distinguish at low pT. The presence of pile-up jets has two effects: on the one hand, they can leave energy deposits in the ECal, changing the fraction of energy per calorimeter layer and worsening the signal-to-background discrimination. On the other hand, pile-up jets’ tracks do not point back to the PV in many cases and hence are not considered for track isolation. These jets can be reconstructed as nearly trackless, making them more similar to signal. 4.2 Event selection A per-event BDT is defined with the main objective of discriminating BIB events from signal events. A combination of signal samples is used as signal in the training while the BIB dataset events are used as background. The two jets with the highest per-jet signal-weight in the event (CalRatio jet candidates) and the two jets with the highest per-jet BIB-weight in the event (BIB jet candidates) are selected and their per-jet weights are used as input variables to the per-event BDT. Other event-level variables such as Hmiss T/HT, where HTis the scalar sum of jet transverse 123 481 Page 8 of 31 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :481 Fig. 5 Distribution of the low-ETper-event BDT (left) and high-ETper-event BDT (right) on main data, BIB data and five signal samples after preselection per-event BDT T Low-E 0.4−0.3−0.2−0.1−0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Fraction of events 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 data 2016 main BIB )=(1000,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(600,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(400,100) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m preselection T Low-E ATLAS -1 =13 TeV, 10.8 fbs per-event BDT T High-E 0.4−0.3−0.2−0.1−0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Fraction of events 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 data 2016 main BIB )=(1000,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(600,150) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(400,100) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(200,50) GeV s ,m Φ (m )=(125,25) GeV s ,m Φ (m preselection T High-E ATLAS -1 =13 TeV, 33.0 fbs momenta and Hmiss Tis the magnitude of the vectorial sum of transverse momenta of these jets, and the distance R between the two CalRatio jet candidates are used in the training. As mentioned in the previous subsection, signal jets with low pTare harder to discriminate from background. For this reason, and to obtain an optimal signal-to-background discrimination at all pT, two versions of the per-event BDT are trained: one for the analysis of the high-ETdataset, and another for the low-ETdataset. They only differ in the signal samples used for training and in the triggers required to select events. The high-ETper-event BDT training uses a combination of low-, intermediateand high-mass signal samples in events passing the high-ETCalRatio trigger. The low-ET per-event BDT training uses a combination of low-msignal samples and only events passing the low-ETCalRatio trigger. Figure 5shows the distribution of the per-event BDTs from five signal samples, as well as from the main data and BIB data. The BIB training sample contains SM multijet jets in addition to the BIB jet that caused them to be selected by the trigger. Consequently, even if no multijet sample is used in the training, the per-event BDT is able to discriminate signal from BIB as well as from multijet background. This can be seen in Fig. 5by comparing the BDT results in the main data and the BIB datasets, especially in the low-ETper-event BDT output. Using time and z-coordinate measurements, it has been checked that events with low per-event BDT values (<−0.2) have the typical characteristics of BIB, while events with intermediate values (between −0.2 and 0.2) are multijet-like. The simulated distributions of the variables used as BDT inputs (for both the per-jet and per-event BDTs) are compared with data, and good agreement is generally observed. The small remaining discrepancies are propagated into an uncertainty in the modelling of BDT input variables, which is described in Sect. 6. Two selections are defined, referred to as the high-ET selection and the low-ETselection, which are optimised to give maximum sensitivity for high-mmodels and low-m models, respectively. Event cleaning selections are applied to remove as much BIB background as possible: trigger matching (at least one of the CalRatio jet candidates has to be matched to the jet that fired the trigger), and a timing window of −3<t<15 ns for the CalRatio jet candidates and for the BIB jet candidates. Furthermore, the per-event BDT output is required to satisfy high-ETper-event BDT >0.1 and low-ETper-event BDT >0.1 in the high-ETand low-ETselections, respectively. These requirements ensure that the only source of background contributing to the final selection is multijet events. The final selection is optimised to maximise the signal-tobackground ratio in each search region. Variables with good signal-to-background discrimination at event level are used, such as Hmiss T/HTand j1,j2log10(EH/EEM), where j1and j2refertotheCalRatiojetcandidates.Thequantity Hmiss T/HT has a value close to 1 for BIB events, but it has a softer distribution for signal. This variable replaces the Emiss T<30 GeV requirement applied in the 8 TeV analysis [37] (where Emiss T is the magnitude of the negative vector transverse momentum sum of the reconstructed and calibrated physics objects), which was very useful for reducing the multijet background with only a small effect on the efficiency of low-mmodels. However, it significantly lowered the efficiency for the high-mmodels due to larger portions of the high-pTjets escaping the calorimeters (punch-through), generating fake Emiss T. The elimination of this requirement improves the sensitivity of the analysis to the high-mmodels by a large factor, while the improvement is less noticeable for low-m. The following additional requirements are applied for the high-ETselection: j1,j2log10(EH/EEM)>1, pT(j1)> 160 GeV, pT(j2)>100 GeV, and Hmiss T/HT<0.6. The low-ETselection requires j1,j2log10(EH/EEM)>2.5, pT(j1)>80 GeV, and pT(j2)>60 GeV. 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :481 Page 9 of 31 481 5 Background estimation The data-driven ABCD method is used to estimate the contribution from the dominant background (SM multijet events) to the final selection. The standard ABCD method relies on the assumption that the distribution of background events can be factorised in the plane of two relatively uncorrelated variables. In this plane, the method uses three control regions (B, C and D) to estimate the contribution of background events in the search region (A). If all the signal events are concentrated in region A, the number of background events in region A can be predicted from the population of the other three regions using NA=(NB·NC)/ND, where NXis the number of background events in region X. In reality, some signal events may lie outside of region A. A modified ABCD method is used to account for non-zero signal contamination in regions B, C and D. The modified ABCD method involves fitting to background and signal models simultaneously. The background component of the yields in regions A, B, C and D are constrained to obey the standard ABCD relation, within the bounds of the ABCD method uncertainty (described below). In the modified ABCD method, the signal strength is also included as a parameter in the fit, which may uniformly scale the signal yield in each region. The good performance of the method is only ensured in the presence of a single source of background. In this case the background must be confirmed to be dominated by SM multijet events. Two checks are performed to ensure that the contribution of background events from non-collision background after the selection is negligible. The fraction of events satisfying each stage of the selection for the main data, BIB background, cosmicray background and benchmark signal samples is shown in Table 1for the high-ETand low-ETselections. First, the number of BIB events passing each stage of the analysis selections is checked. For both the high-ETand low-ETselections, the number of BIB events satisfying all selection criteria is well within the uncertainty in the number of events passing all selections in the main dataset. Furthermore, the events from the BIB dataset that pass the selection were checked, and found to display properties of multijet events. In particular, their φand zvs time distributions do not show the typical shape of BIB. The events from the main dataset that pass the event cleaning were also checked, and were found not to display the properties of BIB. The second check is to ensure that almost all the cosmicray background is removed, using the cosmic-ray dataset. The estimated number of events passing each stage of the selection is listed in Table 1for the high-ET(low-ET) selection. In both cases the number is also within the statistical uncertainty for the number of events entering the selection in the main dataset. The two variables chosen to form the ABCD plane are Rmin(jet, tracks) and high-ETper-event BDT or low-ETper-event BDT, depending on the selection. The variables are uncorrelated (correlation <4% in main data after the event cleaning) and have good separation between signal and multijet background, as shown in Fig. 6. An optimization procedure is applyied to define the most efficient selection of regions A, B, C and D. Different boudaries are tested to maximise the ratio S√(B)where S is the number of signal events in region A and B is taken as the background estimationgivenby theABCD method foreach of thestudied selections. Only selections with low signal contamination in regions B, C and D are considered. Following this procedure, regionAisdefinedbyRmin ≥1.5andper-event BDT ≥ 0.22 for both the high-ETand low-ETselections. Regions B, C, and D are defined by reversing one or both of the requirements: (Rmin <1.5 and per-event BDT ≥ 0.22), (Rmin ≥1.5 and per-event BDT <0.22) and (Rmin <1.5 and per-event BDT <0.22) respectively. Figure 6shows the distribution of events in the ABCD plane for the BIB dataset, the main dataset and one representative signal sample, after the final selection is applied. Signal and background events populate different regions in the plane. As a reference, the boundaries defining regions A, B, C and D are indicated in the same figure by black dashed lines. The validity of the ABCD method is tested by applying it to two validation regions (VRs). These are similar to the main selections, but have modified requirements and boundaries for the ABCD plane variables, to ensure orthogonality to the high-ETand low-ETselections. The VR for the high-ETselection (VRhigh-ET) is defined as the nominal selection except for requiring 100 <pT(j1)< 160 GeV and it is evaluated in the ABCD plane defined within 0.1<high-ETper-event BDT <0.22. The VR for the low-ETselection (VRlow-ET) is defined as the nominal selectionanditisevaluatedintheABCDplanedefinedwithin 0.1<low-ETper-event BDT <0.22. In both VRs, the correlation observed between the two variables defining the ABCD plane is negligible (<3% in main data) and signal contamination in region A is small. In all cases, the estimated number of background events is in good agreement with the number of data events observed in region A, as summarised in Table 2. The uncertainty in the data-driven background estimate is studiedusinga dijet-enrichedsample. Thissample isselected using a single-jet-based trigger and vetoing on the CalRatio triggers to make sure that the event selection is orthogonal to the one used in the main analysis. The ABCD planes are then defined similarly to those in the main analysis, but adjusting the boundaries in regions A, B, C and D to reduce the effect of statistical fluctuations in the estimation of the number of 123 481 Page 16 of 31 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :481 s proper decay length [m] 1− 10 110 2 10 ss →Φ B95% CL Upper Limit on 4− 10 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 ATLAS = 13 TeVs = 25 GeV s = 125 GeV, m Φ m ] -1 CR limit [10.8 fb ] -1 MS1+MS2 limit [36.1 fb CR+(MS1+MS2) limit Obs. σ 1±Exp. ss → H B100% ss → H B10% ss → H B1% s proper decay length [m] 1− 10 110 2 10 [pb] ss →Φ B×σ95% CL Upper Limit on 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 ATLAS = 13 TeVs = 150 GeV s = 600 GeV, m Φ m ] -1 CR limit [33.0 fb ] -1 MS2 limit [36.1 fb CR+MS2 limit Obs. σ 1±Exp. Fig. 10 Examples of the combined limits for models with m= 125 GeV and m=600 GeV from the CR analysis and the MS analysis, which is separated into the MS 1-vertex plus Emiss T(MS1) and MS 2-vertex (MS2) components. The MS1 component of the MS displaced jet search was only applied to models with m=125 GeV. The expected limit is shown as a dashed line with shading for the ±1σ band, while the observed is a solid line. The colours of the shading and solid and dashed lines refer to the limits from each analysis and their combination, as indicated in the legend sitive search for each mediator: for low mediator masses (m≤200 GeV), the sensitivity is dominated at high decay lengths by the muon spectrometer limits and at very low decays lengths by the CalRatio limits. For higher mediator masses (m>200 GeV), the sensitivity is dominated by the CalRatio search across most of the range of considered decay lengths. A small improvement in the overall limits is observed in regions where the two analyses have similar sensitivity. Acknowledgements WethankCERNfortheverysuccessfuloperation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China;COLCIENCIAS,Colombia;MSMTCR,MPOCR andVSCCR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEADRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany;GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong KongSAR,China;ISFandBenoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, The Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, UK; DOE and NSF, USA. In addition, individual groups and members have receivedsupportfrom BCKDF, CANARIE,CRC and ComputeCanada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie SkłodowskaCurie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’ Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CCIN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (The Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [72]. Data Availability Statement This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: All ATLAS scientific output is published in journals, and preliminary results are made available in Conference Notes. All are openly available,without restriction on use by external parties beyond copyright law and the standard conditions agreed by CERN. Data associated with journal publications are also made available: tables and data from plots (e.g. cross section values, likelihood profiles, selection efficiencies, cross section limits, ...) are stored in appropriate repositories such as HEPDATA (http:// hepdata.cedar.ac.uk/). ATLAS also strives to make additional material related to the paper available that allows a reinterpretation of the data in the context of new theoretical models. For example, an extended encapsulation of the analysis is often provided for measurements in the framework of RIVET (http://rivet.hepforge.org/). 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