Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data

Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory Structure and basic data December 2010 SIERRA NEVADA GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATORY STRUCTURE AND BASIC DATA AUTHORS Francisco Javier Bonet García. ([email protected]). University of Granada Antonio Jesús Pérez Luque. ([email protected]s). University of Granada Ricardo A. Moreno Llorca. ([email protected]). University of Granada Regino Zamora Rodríguez. ([email protected]). University of Granada TEAM MEMBERS OF THE SIERRA NEVADA GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATORY Managers of Sierra Nevada’s National Park and Nature Reserve involved in the project Javier Sánchez Gutiérrez: Director of Sierra Nevada Natural Area. Environment Department. Andalusian Regional Government. Ignacio Henares Civantos. Conservationist of Sierra Nevada Natural Area. Environment Department. Andalusian Regional Government. Javier Cano-Manuel León. Director of Monitoring Program. Environment Department. Andalusian Regional Government. Rangers working in Sierra Nevada protected area. Monitoring Program (implemented by EGMASA, a state-owned company belonging to the Department of Environment of the Government of Andalusia) Ignacio Maldonado Lozano. Manager of Monitoring Program. Egmasa. Rut Aspizua Cantón. Technical Coordinator of Monitoring Program. Egmasa. Snow monitoring: Javier Herrero Lantarón (CEAMA-University of Granada); Jose Antonio Algarra Ávila (EGMASA). Fauna monitoring: José Miguel Barea Azcón (Person responsible for flora monitoring, EGMASA); Juan M. Pleguezuelos (University of Granada); Maribel Benítez Lechuga (University of Granada); Juan Ramón Fernández Cardenete (University of Granada); Jesús Caro Hidalgo (University of Granada). Jose Enrique Granados Torres (EGMASA) Flora monitoring: Jose Antonio Algarra Ávila (Person responsible, EGMASA); José Miguel Muñoz Díaz (EGMASA); Cristina Patricia Sánchez Rojas (EGMASA); María López Onieva (EGMASA); Adrián Escudero Alcántara (Rey Juan Carlos University); María Begona García González (Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, CSIC). Aquatic Systems monitoring: Javier Galindo Parrilla (Person in charge of aquatic systems monitoring, EGMASA); María del Carmen Fajardo Merlo (EGMASA); José Enrique Larios López (EGMASA); Julio Luzón Ortega (Hydraena S.L.L.); Pablo Jaimez Cuéllar (Hydraena S.L.L.); José Antonio Palomino Morales (Hydraena S.L.L.); José Manuel Tierno de Figueroa (University of Granada). Land use changes monitoring: Irene Navarro González (EGMASA). Forest monitoring: Francisco M. Cabeza Arcas (University of Granada). Cristina Bollullos Sánchez (EGMASA). José Antonio Hódar Correa (University of Granada). Jorge Castro Gutiérrez (University of Granada). Atmosphere and Carbon fluxes monitoring: José Miguel Muñoz Díaz (EGMASA); Andrew S. Kowalsky (University of Granada); Penélope Serrano Ortiz (University of Granada). Mª Jesús del Saz Salas. Person in charge of information management (EGMASA). Staff involved in scientific coordination and information management (implemented by CEAMA-University of Granada). Regino Zamora Rodríguez. Observatory scientific coordinator. Francisco Javier Bonet García. Information system development. Antonio Jesús Pérez Luque. Web 2.0 tools and metadata system development. Ramón Pérez Pérez. Computer implementation system development. Blas Benito de Pando. Species distribution system model. Pablo González Moreno. Ecological indicators system development. Ricardo A. Moreno Llorca. Socioeconomic indicators system development. Pablo S. Reyes Muñoz. Climate information system management. PHOTOS Photos have been taken by Ernesto Sofos Navero, except on p. 9 taken by R. Moreno, pp. 21 and 23, taken by F. J. Bonet, and pp. 27 and 29, taken by A. J. Pérez-Luque. TRANSLATION Josefa Rodríguez Infante (University of Granada) Global Propaganda, S.L. www.globalpropaganda.com DESIGN AND LAYOUT Creados Visual, S.L. www.creados.com To quote this document: Bonet, F.J.; Pérez-Luque, A.J.; Moreno, R. & Zamora, R. (2010). Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and Basic Data. Environment Department (Andalusian Regional Government) – University of Granada. 48 pages. Legal Deposit: GR 4643-2010 The information contained in this report has been prepared by many professionals. These works are cited appropriately in the references section. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons. 34 Information System 36 Outreach and Dissemination of results 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ECOSYSTEMS 3. DATA PROCESSING AND DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS Contents 06 Introduction and Objectives 08 Site location and relationship with other networks 12 Ecological context 14 Socioeconomic context 16 Key to understanding cards description of each ecosystem type 18 High mountain wet grasslands 20 High mountain grasslands 22 Natural forest 24 High mountain shrubland 26 Mid mountain shrubland 28 Pine plantations 30 Aquatic systems 4. METHODOLOGIES AND REFERENCES 40 Methodologies and References Introduction and Objectives Site location and relationship with other networks Ecological context Socioeconomic context Introduction Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data 06 MONITORING PROGRAM The design of mechanisms of adaptation to tackle global change requires the existence of relevant information on the structure and dynamics of both the elements and processes involved in our study area's ecosystems. The first task, therefore, would be the design of a solid monitoring program. We have been working on 20 monitoring methodologies, to assess both the status of the main ecological functions and structure of the main ecosystems in Sierra Nevada. These methodologies have been validated by scientific experts and have already been implemented in Sierra Nevada. The ultimate objective of the Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory is to gather the necessary information to identify the impacts of global change, in order to design mechanisms that minimize those impacts and help adapt ecosystems to the new scenarios. This overall aim requires the design and implementation of a monitoring program on the effects of global change in Sierra Nevada. OUTREACH One of the main aspects regarding the success of a project like this has to do with the way in which both targets and results are reported. Therefore we consider very important all tasks related to disseminating and reporting results. We would like to emphasize the processes followed to make them available to the general public. The main tools we use are the project's wiki and publications in the mainstream press. We have also made several documentaries about the Observatory’s work, which will be broadcast on Andalusian regional television. Furthermore, we have initiated a process of periodic training, through regular work group meetings, workshops, seminars, pilot tests, etc, in order to: 1) Update the scientist-technical knowledge of people involved in the monitoring program. 2) Exchange knowledge and share experiences and problems on project development between scientists, managers and technicians involved in the project. Introduction and Objectives Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory 07 Developing an information system is in conjunction with collecting information on the status and structure of the natural systems of Sierra Nevada. The ultimate goal of this tool is to offer useful information -knowledgeto managers, to improve the way natural resources are managed in Sierra Nevada. This knowledge is obtained after processing and analyzing raw data obtained by the above-mentioned monitoring program. The raw data is stored in a relational database compatible with REDIAM (Environmental Information Network of Andalusia). The algorithms that analyze and process the data are documented and implemented in an automated way through the use of applications for scientific workflow management. In addition to this data, it generates large amounts of information difficult to standardize in a database: text documents, slides, books, videos, pictures, etc. To store this information we are using Web 2.0 technology tools. The project has a wiki (http://observatoriosierranevada.iecolab. es), where both the methodologies used and results obtained are shown. There is also a bibliography manager with over a thousand references of interest (http://refbase.iecolab.es). INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT Adaptive management seeks to learn from the results of management actions on natural resources, improving management by adapting to change. Actions and objectives are further adjusted based on new knowledge gained. Moreover decisions and management results should be carefully documented to enable the dissemination of knowledge obtained through experience. The Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory has incorporated adaptive management approaches to their theoretical and practical management activities. The many examples of adaptive management include the Sierra Nevada experimental treatments to assess the suitability of different plant regeneration procedures after the Lanjarón fire in 2005. The conservation projects and improvement of stands of oak, juniper, and maple to increase the resilience of these ecosystems and promote regeneration in changing conditions are also very interesting. information management adaptive management outreach monitoring program The information generated by this set of monitoring methodologies must be transformed into useful knowledge for the managers to carry out an active and adaptive management of natural resources. To do this, it is essential that all data is integrated and analyzed in an information system for the project. Finally, the general public must be informed of both the results obtained and methodologies used, through effective feedback. 1. INTRODUCTION Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data 08 Location of Sierra Nevada LTER-site 25 km Sierra Nevada is a high mountain range (reaching 3,482 m.a.s.l.) located in Southern Spain (37ºN, 3º W) covering 2,000 km2. It has several legal protections: Natural Biosphere Reserve (MaB. Unesco) Special Protection Area and Site of Community Importance (Natura 2000 network) National Park and Nature Reserve Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory 09 REGIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL LEVEL INTERNATIONAL LEVEL Sierra Nevada is also a key member of the LTER-Spain network. The Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) network is a global network of research sites located in a wide array of ecosystems worldwide that can help understand environmental change across the globe. LTER’s focus is on long-term, site-based research, involving scientists, managers and institutions, helping to investigate ecological processes over long temporal and broad spatial scales. Sierra Nevada has been a member of this network since 2008. Other locations such as the Doñana, Aigües Tortes and Ordesa National Parks are also members of LTER-Spain and the International LTER Network. RELATIONSHIP OF SIERRA NEVADA GLOBAL CHANGE OBSERVATORY WITH OTHER MONITORING NETWORKS network of observatories for monitoring global change in andalusia glocharid ictsdoñana http://www.caescg.org/glocharid http://icts.ebd.csic.es autonomous organisation of national parks biodiversity foundation lter-spain http://www.fundacion-biodiversidad.es http://www.lter-spain.net http://www.mma.es/portal/secciones/ el_ministerio/organismos/oapn/ glochamost ilter glochamore http://www.sl.ugr.es/glochamost http://www.lternet.edu http://www.edinburgh.ceh.ac.uk/biota/ glochamore_page.htm 1. INTRODUCTION 16 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data 2. ECOSYSTEMS ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT MAIN BIOPHYSICAL VARIABLES SAMPLING INTENSITY MAIN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Provisioning Regulation Cultural 20 10 Ecosystem's name Keys to understanding ecosystem sheets Ecosystem distribution map General features of each ecosystem We are showing different biophysical variables considered important for defining the conservation status of each ecosystem. The information is displayed according to three temporal scenarios: recent past (1950), present and future (2050) 16 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data Picture of Ecosystem 19600 36000 24700 20 21 19 NQ 122 119 13 14 8.7 10 13 14 NQ 90 NQ 15 16 NQ 17 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory Ecosystem sampling intensity. This diagram shows the number of sampling points in each ecosystem type which correspond to the monitoring program's different methodologies. It shows the effort dedicated to characterising both the structure and functioning of different ecosystems in Sierra Nevada. x PAST VALUE CURRENT VALUE FUTURE VALUE 2 NQ 17 Past value: The value of the variable in the early 20th century. Current value: The value of the variable in the late 20th century. Future value: The expected values of the variable in the first half of this century. Pollutants Climate stations Carbon flux Birds Mammals Ibex Plant communities Invertebrates Phenology River Pine processionary Water quality and quantity Fish Naturalization of pine plantations 20 10 Ecosystem sampling intensity Adaptive management case studies Relevant ecosystem services provided Provisioning Energy Livestock Rocks for traditional building Fruit collection Aromatic and medicinal plants Biomass, wood and firewood Mushroom production Honey Drinking and irrigation water Cultural Hunting Recreational uses Angling Regulation Carbon sink Water regulation Conservation soil Methods used to obtain the value. NQ: Not yet quantified. Uncertainty is shown Red: the value is considered negative for ecosystem conservation status. y Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory 18 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data 18 1,125 ha Edapho-hygrophilous vegetation, wet grassland, peatlands, water spring, etc. Its distribution is determined by the accumulation of meltwater. High rate of plant endemicity. MAIN BIOPHYSICAL VARIABLES NQ 1322 1298 13 14 It is expected that annual rainfall (l/m2) will fall in the coming decades from 1322 l/m2 year recorded from 1960-1990, to 1298 l/m2 for 2011-2040. Occupation area (Ha). The abandonment of transhumance activities linked to the ecosystem may explain its reduction. It is expected to decline due to overgrazing. Fodder production (kg dry matter/ha · year) The observed reduction is due to overgrazing. It is expected that the average annual temperature will increase in the coming decades from 7.8ºC recorded during 19601990, to 9.2ºC for 2011-2020. Average snow cover duration (days). Although the trend is negative over the last decade, we do not have a time series long enough to quantify the long term trend. 7.8 9.2 13 14 NQ 1350 19 NQ NQ 506 2000 27 27 NQ 130 NQ 15 16 NQ 25 km High mountain wet grasslands 19 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory Reduction in surface of ecosystem Ecological degradation of ecosystem Restoration of vegetation ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT MAIN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Provisioning Regulation Cultural SAMPLING INTENSITY 2. ECOSYSTEMS Increased livestock pressure, land use change and climate change are factors causing a reduction in this type of ecosystem's area, as well as a significant decrease in grass production and degradation. Management actions are intended to both reduce livestock and improve the water balance of this ecosystem. This ecosystem supported a livestock load in consonance with traditional rural activities (transhumance). Present FuturesPast 20 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data 20 15,200 Ha High mountain grasses (Poaceae, Resedacea, etc.) Snow cover, wind and other abiotic factors are the main drivers of its ecological dynamics. MAIN BIOPHYSICAL VARIABLES NQ 1312 1282 13 14 It is expected that annual rainfall (l/m2) will fall in the coming decades from 1,312 l/m2 year recorded from 1960-1990, to 1,282 l/m2 for 2011-2040. Demographic trend of Capra pyrenaica in Sierra Nevada (ibex number / Km2). Due to scarcity of predators, a management plan has been implemented for the species, with health controls and population regulations. Occupation area (Ha). Climate change is expected to cause a reduction in the occupation area. Future simulations predict a total loss of the potential area of this formation. It is expected that the average annual temperature will increase in the coming decades from 7.8ºC recorded during 19601990, to 9.4ºC for 2011-2020. Average snow cover duration (days). When analyzing last decade, the trend is negative. The reduction in snow cover duration has not been quantified yet. 7.8 9.4 13 14 NQ 124 NQ 15 16 NQ 45 50 317 17 17 25 km 2857 0 18 18 NQ High mountain grasslands 21 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT MAIN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Provisioning Regulation Cultural SAMPLING INTENSITY One of the most important management tasks to improve the conservation status of high mountain grasslands is restoration at landscape level. These actions try to minimize the impact of past human activities, such as building of infrastructures, waste accumulations and plant cover destruction. The aim is to remove some elements (asphalt, antennas, buildings,) that reduce the quality and naturalness of the landscape. Current situation. Veleta’s summit before the restoration activities. Simulation of appearance after restoration activities. Topographic restoration of roads The removal of solid waste in high mountain grasslands Asphalt removal over more than 3,500 m Plant cover restoration To restrict monitored vehicle access to mountain peaks Some restoration activities: 2. ECOSYSTEMS 22 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data 22 15,000 Ha Mainly holm oaks (Quercus ilex), Pyrenean oak (Q. pyrenaica) and autochthonous Scot pine (Pinus sylvestris subsp. nevadensis) forest. Overexploitation and land use changes in the past are the most important drivers nowadays. MAIN BIOPHYSICAL VARIABLES NQ 935 925 13 14 NQ NQ 524 22 It is expected that annual rainfall (l/m2) will fall in the coming decades from 935 l/m2 a year recorded from 1960-1990, to 925 l/m2 for 2011-2040. Average density of tree cover (number of trees per Ha). It is expected to increase due to the regeneration processes after abandonment of rural areas. It is expected that the average annual temperature will increase in the coming decades from 11.6ºC recorded during 1960-1990, to 13ºC for 2011-2020. Occupation area (Ha). The observed increase is explained by the abandonment of rural areas in the last decades. Future simulations predict a 5% and 25% reduction in potential area for holm oak and Pyrenean forest respectively. 11.6 13 13 14 NQ 15000 13700 12000 19 18 20 Marginal crops in 1956 (Dílar river valley) Regeneration of Q. pyrenaica forest in 2009 400 m 25 km Natural Forest 23 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT MAIN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Provisioning Regulation Cultural SAMPLING INTENSITY Land use changes in the last decades are still affecting ecological dynamics and the structure of natural forests in Sierra Nevada. In the 1950s, overgrazing and charcoal extraction resulted in degradation of soil and vegetation cover. After abandonment of these rural activities, oak forests began a resprouting process up to the current situation (no understory vegetation, bush-like trees, etc.). Pruning forest actions will improve forest structure by removing side shoots and promoting well-structured tree formation. 30 20 10 Trees with little foliage due to overgrazing. No understory vegetation. Eroded gullies. Trees with lots of side sprouts. Coppice system. No acorn production. Resprouting is the unique form of reproduction. Homogeneous age structure. Low structural diversity reduces ecosystem’s resilience. Trees have good structure, after removal side sprouts. Acorn production. Recolonisation by understory vegetation. More ecosystem’s resilience 1950 Abandonment of rural activities Restoration of original forest structure Intense human activity. Charcoal extraction. Overgrazing Present Futures 2. ECOSYSTEMS 24 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data 24 36,000 Ha Thorny shrubs, juniper-genista thickets. Highest woody ecosystem of Sierra Nevada. Its distribution seems to be determined by snow cover. MAIN BIOPHYSICAL VARIABLES 19600 36000 24700 20 21 19 It is expected that annual rainfall (l/m2) will fall in the coming decades from 1,221 l/m2 a year recorded from 1960-1990, to 1,195 l/m2 for 2011-2040. Occupation area (Ha). Decrease of wildfires and overgrazing explains how the area increased from 1956 to present day. For juniper-thickets, climate change scenarios predict a 30% reduction in potential habitat. However, genista-thickets seem to suffer a surface expansion. It is expected that the average annual temperature will increase in the coming decades from 10.4ºC recorded during 1960-1990, to 11.7ºC for 2011-2020. Average snow cover duration (days). The trend is negative if the past decade is analyzed. The reduction in snow cover duration has not been quantified yet. POQUEIRA RIVER VALLEY Present distribution Potential distribution regarding future climate (expansion area) Potential distribution regarding present and future climate Potential distribution only with current climate (contraction area) 25 km 1221 1195 13 14 NQ 8.7 10 13 14 NQ 90 NQ 15 16 NQ High mountain shrubland 25 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT MAIN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Provisioning Regulation Cultural SAMPLING INTENSITY 20 10 Selection of suitable plantation sites for present and future climatic scenarios. Expansion area: Potential distribution with future climate. “Improve the water availability using traditional irrigation ditches in areas that will not be suitable for juniper in the future climate scenarios. Creation of dispersal foci that enable ecosystem regeneration Using thorny shrubs as nurse plants when planting junipers (facilitation process). Temporarily remove herbivores to protect seedlings and saplings. Plant a varied ecological mixed species pool. Juniper: Juniperus Broom: Genista sp., Cytisus sp., Erinacea Potential distribution area with both present and future climate Potential distribution area with both present and future climate Threatened ecosystem due to climate change and land use changes in the last decades. In order to both avoid loss in its distribution area and to improve its conservation status, we are implementing active and adaptive management actions which are introducing new concepts (uncertainty, future dynamic vision) in the traditional environmental management of Sierra Nevada. We are also trying to transfer the best scientific available knowledge from ecological science to forestry management. Some examples are outlined below. 2. ECOSYSTEMS 32 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data 33 3. PROCESSING AND DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory Data Processing and Dissemination of Results 34 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data Information Management System The information system associated with the Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory is designed as a repository for storing both raw data gathered by the monitoring program and knowledge generated through the processing of such data. The aim is to provide all this information to managers, scientists and society in general. The main idea is to store the data in a standardised and documented way to facilitate its integration and further analysis. This process generates useful knowledge for decision making. The diagram below shows the evolution from raw data to that knowledge. The thickness of the central line represents the volume of information in each of the phases. The standardised and documented raw data occupies more “volume” that the knowledge obtained on synthetic analysis. Further information: http://sl.ugr.es/repositorio. complex reality 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 1 1 7 7 7 8 8 8 simplified reality Raw data Normalized data Metadata Knowledge 7.5 density Through mobile devices such as PDAs, data capture on environmental variables is performed. CyberTracker software is used for its easy handling. The data is stored in normalized databases according to the relational database model, which enables compatibility with other sites and sharing this information with them. Metadata enables data documentation through its labelling. That way we can establish who generated the data, how it is ordered, when it was taken, etc. We use several metadata international standards (http://sl.ugr.es/metadatos). Through various analytical techniques (data mining, multi-criteria evaluation, statistical analysis, etc.) raw data is transformed into useful knowledge to make decisions in the territory. 35 3. PROCESSING AND DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory The knowledge generated therefore is available to users through the use of different techniques. The maps are distributed through web services. On the other hand, dynamic graphics (figure A) that show the temporal variation of the status indicators of Sierra Nevada are generated. The web 2.0 tools allow collaborative editing of texts through a wiki (http://observatoriosierranevada.iecolab.es, figure B), cooperative management of the bibliography (http://refbase.iecolab.es, figure C) and spreading of multimedia content (http://sl.ugr.es/ canal_sshare; http://sl.ugr.es/canal_scivee, figure D). [A] [B][C] [D] 36 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data The Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory is principally committed to the dissemination of updated results. We consider essential the existence of a central communication forum involving different players: scientists, managers and the general public. To carry out this task, a collaborative working environment has been created which combines traditional methods of communication with the use of new technologies (Web 2.0 tools). They help speed up the transfer of updated scientific knowledge to both managers and society and improve collaboration between different teams working on the project. We therefore use different communication-dissemination channels that allow us: To improve the acquisition and creation of useful knowledge for management To improve collaboration amongst work teams To increase the availability of updated project results Outreach and Dissemination of results Website that enables both collaborative creation and the editing of content easily by many users. Our wiki supports both coordination activities within the project and sharing files and documents, acting as an information repository. It allows the dissemination of updated results to the managers of natural resources and to the general public. WIKI: http://observatoriosierranevada.iecolab.es Origin of visitors: 49 countries 469 cities Percentage of Visitors: New (green) Returning (brown) Highlights: 46,000 visitors 72 users 157 pages 609 shared files Temporal variation of visits (numbers) June 2009 September 2010 Use of dissemination of content channels in different web 2.0 platforms, in which documents, presentations, videos, etc. are published on various training activities and conferences organised by the Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. This enterprise has got communication channels on the following platforms: Youtube channel of the Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. PUBLISHING DOCUMENTS THROUGH WEB 2.0 TOOLS SlideShare http://sl.ugr.es/canal_sshare Slideboom http://sl.ugr.es/canal_sboom Scivee Science Videos http://sl.ugr.es/canal_scivee Youtube http://sl.ugr.es/canal_youtube SOCIAL NETWORK Twitter http://sl.ugr.es/red_twitter Facebook http://sl.ugr.es/red_facebook 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 37 3. PROCESSING AND DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory Articles in newspapers We provide a training activities process through courses, workshops, conferences, with twin goals: Updating the scientific-technical knowledge of the work team Sharing and exchange of technical knowledge and project development problems between the scientist and manager of natural resources to generate synergies between them and to improve the adaptive management of natural resources under an interdisciplinary view. TRAINING ACTIVITIES, CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS PUBLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS IN DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL FORUMS AND SPECIFIC JOURNALS Local Regional National Dissemination of updated results to general public through audiovisuals and news via several media channels (local, regional and national). Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory Coordination Workshop. June 2010 The value of mountain protected areas in the global change scenario. Granada, May 2009 29 28 38 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data 39 4. METHODOLOGIES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory Methodologies and references 40 Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Structure and basic data Bibliography: methodologies and references Spatial distribution of ecosystems • Mesa, J.; Pérez Raya, F.; López Nieto, J.M.; El Aallali, A. & Hita Fernández, J.A. (2001). Mapping and assessment of the vegetation of the Sierra Nevada Nature Reserve. Department of the Environment. Regional Government of Andalusia. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_166 • Spain's Land Cover and Use Information System (SIOSE). Departments for the Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries and Public Works and Transport. Andalusian Regional Government. http://sl.ugr.es/siose European mountain ranges: size, altitude, and total vascular plants, number and endemics. • Blanca López, G.; López Onieva, M.R.; Lorite, J.; Martínez Lirola, M.J.; Molero Mesa, J.; Quintas, S.; Ruíz Girela, M.; Varo, M.A. & Vidal, S. (2001). Threatened and endemic flora of Sierra Nevada. University of Granada. Department of the Environment. Regional Government of Andalusia. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_934 • Blanca, G.; Cueto, M.; Martínez-Lirola, M.J. & Molero-Mesa, J. (1998). Threatened vascular flora of Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain). Biological Conservation, 85 (3): 269–285. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_302 • CERI (Carpathian EcoRegion Initiative) (2001). The Status of the Carpathians. Vienna, Austria WWF Carpathian & Danube Programme. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_1446 • Gambino, R. & Romano, B. (2003). Territorial strategies and environmental continuity in mountain systems: The case of the Apennines (Italy). In World Heritage Mountain Protected Area Field Workshop. Linking Protected Areas along the mountain range. Durban, South Africa, 5-8 September 2003. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_1450 • Nagy, L.; Grabherr, G.; Körner, C. & Thompson, D.B.A (eds). (2003). Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological Studies, 167. Springer. 477 pp. Plant Diversity in Sierra Nevada • Blanca, G. (1991). Botanical Jewels of Sierra Nevada. La Madraza. Granada. 171 pp. • Blanca López, G.; López Onieva, M.R.; Lorite, J.; Martínez Lirola, M.J.; Molero Mesa, J.; Quintas, S.; Ruíz Girela, M.; Varo, M.A. & Vidal, S. (2001). Threatened and endemic flora of Sierra Nevada. University of Granada. Department of the Environment. Regional Government of Andalusia. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_934 • Blanca, G.; Cueto, M.; Martínez-Lirola, M.J. & Molero-Mesa, J. (1998). Threatened vascular flora of Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain). Biological Conservation, 85 (3): 269–285. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_302 • Moreno-Saiz, J.C.; Domínguez Lozano, F. & Sainz Ollero, H. (2003). Recent progress in conservation of threatened Spanish vascular flora: a critical review. Biodiversity and Conservation, 113: 419–431. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_469 Number of mountain species of community interest (annex II and IV of the EU habitats directive) endemic to mountain ranges • EEA (2010). Mountain ecosystems. In Biodiversity – 10 messages for 2010. European Environment Agency. http://sl.ugr.es/bio_messages • Department of the Environment (2010). The Natura 2000 network in the province of Granada. Unpublished. Provincial Delegation of the Environment, Department of the Environment. Regional Government of Andalusia. 166 pp. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_934 Interpretation of the colour code for reading this section: Green> > Bibliography Blue > Data Sources 01 02 03 04 41 4. METHODOLOGIES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory • Natura 2000 data - the European network of protected sites. European Environment Agency. http://sl.ugr.es/natura2000 Comparison of species richness in European mountain ranges • Blanca López, G.; López Onieva, M.R.; Lorite, J.; Martínez Lirola, M.J.; Molero Mesa, J.; Quintas, S.; Ruíz Girela, M.; Varo, M.A. & Vidal, S. (2001). Threatened and endemic flora of Sierra Nevada. University of Granada. Department of the Environment. Regional Government of Andalusia. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_934 • Blanca, G.; Cueto, M.; Martínez-Lirola, M.J. & Molero-Mesa, J. (1998). Threatened vascular flora of Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain). Biological Conservation, 85 (3): 269–285. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_302 • Nagy, L.; Grabherr, G.; Körner, C. & Thompson, D.B.A (eds). (2003). Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological Studies, 167. Springer. 477 pp. Temporal evolution of energy consumption, immigration, business tax (I.A.E.), ecosystem ruralization index. Capacity of rural tourism and population in Sierra Nevada. Time series from 1980 to 2008. 100 index (100 = first value of each variable in the time series) • Fernández, M.; Cuenca, E.; Salinas, J.A.; Campos, J.; Aragón, J.A.; García, V.J.; Martín, J.M.; Aranda, J. & Vallberg, V. (2007). Socioeconomic impact on Sierra Nevada Nature Reserve: 1989-2005. Department of the Environment. Regional Government of Andalusia. Seville. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_1061 • System of Multi-territorial Information of Andalusia (SIMA). Institute of Statistics of Andalusia. http://sl.ugr.es/SIMA_IEA Percentage of companies from the services, construction and industry sectors. Time series: comparison between 1995-2005 period and 2008. • Fernández, M.; Cuenca, E.; Salinas, J.A.; Campos, J.; Aragón, J.A.; García, V.J.; Martín, J.M.; Aranda, J. & Vallberg, V. (2007). Socioeconomic impact on Sierra Nevada Nature Reserve: 1989-2005. Department of the Environment. Regional Government of Andalusia. Seville. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_1061 • Andalusian Economy. Economic Analysts of Andalusia. http://sl.ugr.es/datos_economia Land use in Sierra Nevada municipalities, 2007. • Andalusian Economy. Economic Analysts of Andalusia. http://sl.ugr.es/datos_economia Unemployment rate of social sector, 2008. • Andalusian Economy. Economic Analysts of Andalusia. http://sl.ugr.es/SIMA_IEA Influence of National Park and Nature Reserve on turnover of companies in its area influence. Time series from 1999 to 2005. • Fernández, M.; Cuenca, E.; Salinas, J.A.; Campos, J.; Aragón, J.A.; García, V.J.; Martín, J.M.; Aranda, J. & Vallberg, V. (2007). Socioeconomic impact on Sierra Nevada Nature Reserve: 1989-2005. Department of the Environment. Regional Government of Andalusia. Seville. http://http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_1061 Number of livestock units (UGM) and percentage of each type for the 2007 census. Livestock population in Sierra Nevada. • Data from Regional Agricultural Offices provided by Sierra Nevada National Park Days of snow vs. natural snow duration • Bonet García, F.J. & Cayuela Delgado, L. (2009). Monitoring snow cover in Sierra Nevada: trends over the last decade and their possible ecological implications. At 11th National Congress of the Spanish Association of Terrestrial Ecology: The ecological dimension of sustainable development: Ecology, from knowledge to application. Úbeda, 18-22 October 2009. http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_892 • Bonet García, F.J. (2009). Characterisation of snow cover in Sierra Nevada and temporal trends through the use of MODIS images (2000-2008). http://sl.ugr.es/refbase_1032 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 ugr Ecological Paper