The tower of Cádiz

THE TOWER OF CADIZ A.T. Fea * In ou ancien sou ces he ame o Cadiz es s on h ee hings; i s posi ion a he end o he wo ldl, he He acleum a he Sou h o he island2, and i s dancing gi ls3. Howe e o he la e A abic geog aphe s Cadiz con ained ano he wonde which is ne e men ioned by he classical sou ces. This ea u e is he sanam, o ((idol)) o Cadiz. ((Idol)) being a much be e ansla ion o he A abic han (( emple)) which is occasionally ound4. The idol is e e ed o by many A abic sou ces, bu mos o hese we e w i en long a e i s demoli ion in he wel h cen u y A. D. The e a e, howe e , h ee ex s which can be ega ded as ((p ima y)) sou ces. The i s o hese is a agmen o a wel h cen u y anonymous geog aphe p ese ed in he wo k o al-Maqqa i5. This ells us ha he e was in he own an ((al nena a)) like ha a Alexand ia. The almena a was made o solid mason y, squa e in shape wi h a second s o ey, also squa e and one hi d he size o he i s , and a hi d which was a ape ing ou sided py amid capped by a ma ble block, wo spans squa e. On op o his block was a s a ue o a man, ((o ex ao dina y wo kmanship and ine manu ac u e)). The whole s uc u e was some 100 cubi s high. The s a ue poin ed o he s ai s o Gib al a wi h i s le hand, and held i s igh close o i s body, holding i s cloak and a s ick. The geog aphe goes on o no e ha many people belle e ha he s ick is a key (a s a emen bo n ou by many o he la e A abic epo s), bu his is no co ec . He himsel had seen he s a ue many imes and had only seen a s ick. Mo eo e a c us wo hy pe son)) who was p esen a i s demoli ion had old him ha he s a ue held a s ick wel e spans in leng h a whose end * I would like o hank he Le e hulme T us o hei gene ous awa d o a S udy Ab oad S uden ship which made he w i ing o his a icle possible. ' JUVENAL, Sa . 10.1, P isciani Pe iegesis 73. STRABO 3.5.3. ' MARTIAL 14.203. See P. MARTÍNEZ MONTAVEZ, Pe il de Cúdiz Hispana Á abe p. 54. This usage is con- í med by a Medie al La in sou ce, PS. Tu pin's Li e o Cha lemagne, in which i is s a ed ha Cha lemagne des oyed all he idols, c idola e simulac aw he ound in Spain excep o he ((Sala n Cadis)). ((Sala n)) he e is clea ly a co up ion o he A abic ((Sana n . A abic ex in DOZY, Reche ches ... 3 d. ed. p. LXXXIX e seq. English ansla ion, in GAYANGOS, His o y o he Mohammedan Dynas i s in Spain, Vol 1. Spanish ansla ion in P. MART~NEZ MONTAVEZ, Pe il de Cúdiz Hispana A abe, p. 60-1. we e cc he hongs o a hi^))^, o cc ee h like hose o a cuny comb~~, o a ccnecklace)) (csmall c o~s))~. Un o una ely he A abic ex is clea ly co mp he e, howe e we can deduce ha he s ick was long and had some o m o appendage a i s end. The second o ou sou ces is he Tuh a al-albab o Abu Hamid al- Ga na ig, again a wo k o he wel h cen u y. This oo s a es ha he s uc u e was app oxima ely 100 cubi s high and ha i was squa e a i s base, bu adds ha i s uppe pa was ounded. I adds empha ically ha he s uc u e was o solid mason y and had no doo s. O he s a ue i says ha i was o a black man, a c zingi))lo, clo hed in a cloak o gold. The s a ue's igh hand was poin ing o he wes and in i s le hand i held a key. Ou inal sou ce is a agmen o he con inua o o he pseudo Pacense p ese ed in he wo k o al-Masudi ( i.+ 956)". This s a es ha he almena a o Cadiz was one o he wonde s o he wo ld and could be seen as a away as Medina Sidonia, some eigh een miles dis an , and s ill u he . La e sou ces end o epea o ga ble he same in o ma ion and add legenda y accoun s o he owe 's e ec ion. The mos commonly a ibu ed au ho o he wo k is He acles, ollowed by Alexande he G ea . Some u he use ul in o ma ion is added howe e . Yaqu 12 insis s on he s a ue being like a be be , ha ing a long bea d and long u led hai , wi h a lock o hai alling o e i s o ehead. He es ima es he size o he s uc u e a 70 cubi s. Ibnu Ghalib13 likens he s uc u e o ha o he Roman ligh house a Coma. Al-Himya i14 gi es us ou only clue o he la e al size o he s uc u e saying i was 40 cubi s squa e a he base, and ou only clue o i s loca ion, saying ha i was in he middle o he island o Cadiz, six miles om he chu ch o San Ped o ( he p esen day island o Sanc i Pe i). He s a es ha he e we e h ee, no wo s ages be o e he ape ing py amid and gi es he o al heigh o he monumen as 124 cubi s, o which he s a ue comp ised 6 o 8. All hese measu emen s, he says a e in ccg ea cubi s)) which a e h ee and a hal spans in leng h. Himya i also adds ha he s a ue was su passed in heigh by a column o DOZY. GAYANGOS. MARTÍNEZ MONTAVEZ. p. 68-9 o he A abic ex , Spanish ansla ion in MART~NEZ MONTAVEZ p. 56-7. 'O The A abic o neg o, e e ing especially o he inhabi an s o he Sudan, an app op ia- e English ansla ion would be c uzzy wuzzy)). l1 Spanish ansla ion in A. GARC~A y BELLIDO, ( Iocosae Gades)), BRAH 129 1951 p.115-6. l2 Vol. 4.261, Spanish ansla ion MARTÍNEZ MONTAVEZ p. 57 and Cuade nos de la his o- ia de Islam, 6, 1974. l3 In AL MAQQARI bk. 1 ch.5, English ansla ion GAYANGOS. l4 Ki ab A Rawd Al Mi' a sec ion 132. F ench ansla ion by LEVI PROVENCAL, Spanish ansla ion by GARC~A y BELLIDO op.ci ., p. 119-122. gold o coppe which was ixed be ween i s ee . All he la e sou ces a e insis en ha he s a ue on op o he s uc u e was made o me al, no mally o guilded b ass. F om his in o ma ion we can deduce ha he s uc u e was a s agge ed building s anding a leas 122 ee high and wi h a base o a leas 70 ee , wi h bo h measu emen s p obably being g ea e 15. Despi e i s imp essi e dimensions ema kably li le schola ship as been de o ed o his s uc u e. Thou eno , dismissed i b ie ly has a ligh house16, and Ga cia y Bellido a e a sligh ly longe discussion came o he conclusion ha i was a commemo a i e s a ue o he i s qua e o he second cen u y ADI7. Bo h hese solu ions a e highly p oblema ic as will be seen. Fou main ques ions can be aised abou he owe , when was i buil ?, wha was i s pu pose?, whom is he s a ue o l, and whe e was i si ed? O hese he i s appea s o be he easies o answe . The building is undoub ably o Roman da e. I was ce ainly ea lie han he A abic pe iod and he Visigo hs would no ha e been capable o building such a s uc u e. The only se ious al ema i e ha can be p oposed o a Roman da e is a Phoenician one1*. This has se e a1 d aw backs. The i s is ha we know o no analonous Phoenician s uc u es. The second is ha all he 1 u A abic sou ces e e o he ealis ic na u e o he s a ue which c owned he monumen . The e is li le Phoenician s a ua y in he ound, and wha he e i is no o his ealis ic s yle. The ac ha he s a ue was a me a1 a he han a s one one se es o s eng hen his objec ion. I is unlikely ha he Romans would ha e gone o he ouble o e ec ing a new s a ue on he monumen , especially i he s uc u e was solid as ou A abic sou ces epo . Indeed al-Maqqa i no es ha i was only wi h ccg ea di icul yn ha he s a ue was emo ed in he wel h cen u y. The silence o ou main ancien sou ces on Cadiz. S abo and Plin . is also <, sugges i e. The monumen would ha e been a majo ea u e o he own in he i s cen u y BC o he i s cen u y AD and i would be seen unlikely ha hese au ho s, o hei sou ces, would omi i . I , on he l5 These calcula ions a e based on he s anda d Andalusian cubi o 54.04 cm. see MART~NEZ MONTAVEZ, p.83 Bu Himya i's e e ence o g ea cubi s, i no jus emb oide y, may make bo h measu emen s la ge . The heigh has been aken om Yaqu 's 70 cubi s. A heigh o 100 cubi s is 175 ee . l6 Essai su la p o ince omaine de Bé ique, p. 527. l7 OP. ci ., p. 114. '* This is implici ly assumed by DE CASTRO who desc ibes he s uc u e in he chap e on Phoenician and Ca haginian Cadiz in his His o ia de Cádiz, and explici ly s a ed by C. SANCHEZ-ALBORNOZ, El Islam de España y el occiden e, p.82, h~6N So~is, Bole in de la Sociedad española de Excu siones, 58, 1954, p.151-162, and J. DE LA LASTRA Y TERRY, Cádiz T imilena io, p. 24. o he hand, i was e ec ed in he second cen u y AD o beyond, ou sou ces silence is easily explained. Bo h he shape o he s uc u e and i s desc ip ion as being buil o la ge well d essed blocks o s one joined oge he wi h me a1 c amps i pe ec ly wi h a Roman da e and ally well wi h he depic ions o ligh houses we possess om his pe iodI9. The second ques ion, he pu pose o he s uc u e is a mo e p oblema ic. A i s , Thou eno 's solu ion o a ligh house seems co ec , Roman ligh houses, modelled on he Pha os o Alexand ia, we e no mally s agge ed buildings and no in equen ly su moun ed by s a ues20. Suppo is gained oo om he ac ha he A abic sou ces compa e he building o he ligh house a Co unna and he Pha os o Alexand ia. None heless he e is a majo p oblem wi h his heo y, namely ha acco ding o he same A abic sou ces he s uc u e was buil o solid mason y and lacked a doo . Doo s and windows a e common ea u es o he iconog aphy o Roman ligh houses2', and in e na1 access would ob iously be needed o se ice a lan e n. Such access is a ea u e o bo h he ligh house a Co unna and o Pha os o Alexand ia. A Alexand ia a mosque was c ea ed in he op s o ey o he Pha os and, gi en he leng h o Islamic occupa ion o Cadiz, i would seem likely ha a mosque would ha e been ins alled a he op o he owe he e had his been possible. This in u n ends o bea ou he A abic sou ces' iew ha he s uc u e was solid and did no me ely ha e a doo way ha was blocked up, which could ha e been eopened o he pu pose men ioned abo e, o o allow he building as an excellen wa ch owe . The ac ha ou only guide o he loca ion o he building places i well away om he si e o he Roman own (a leas six miles dis an ) also mili a es agains he ligh house heo y, as all he ancien ligh houses we know o we e loca ed a he en ances o ha bou s. I seems unlikely he e o e ha he s uc u e was a ligh house p ope . Ga cia y Bellido's solu ion o a commemo a i e s a ue also has some poin s in i s a ou , al hough his p e e ed da e o 100-125 AD, seems mo e p oblema ic. A monumen o such size would seem o indica e an e en o majo impo ance was being commemo a ed, a he han jus some hing o municipal signi icance. The bes e en in a Spanish con ex seems o be he de ea o he Moo ish in asion o he p o ince in c. 171 ADZ2. The monumen could hen be seen as analogous o he T opaeum l9 See M. REDDB, ((La ep ésen a ion des pha es h I'époque omaine)), MEFRA 1979, p. 845-872. 20 See REDDB, op. ci . 21 See REDD~, OP. ci . 22 See N. SANTOS YANGUAS, ((Las in asiones de Mo os en la Bé ica del siglo IID, DNE, Gades, 5, 1980, p. 5 1-62. Augus i in he Alps o he T opaeum T aiani a Adamklissi. Bo h hese monumen s a e s agge ed and ended wi h a ape ing s age suppo ing s a ua y. This s a ua y has in bo h cases been los , bu appea s o ha e di e ed om ha desc ibed as exis ing a Cadiz. The T opaeum Augus i appea s o ha e been su moun ed by a s a ue o Augus us s anding be ween wo Gallic cap i es23, whe eas ha a Adamklissi appea s o ha e been c owned wi h a ophy o a ms. Bo h hese s yles o s a ua y would be mo e sui able o a opaeum han ha desc ibed a Cadiz. I could be a gued ha a s a ue o an empe o in mili a y d ess would make an ideal inial o a opaeum, bu , no wi hs anding Ga cia y Bellido's insis ance o he con a y, he s a ue appea s o be o a god and no an empe o . Ga cia y Bellido's main objec ion o he s a ue being ha o a god is ha gods we e no depic ed wi h cloaks unning om hei shoulde s o hei ee , as he s a ue is desc ibed. This howe e seems a e y weak a gumen and i appea s ha a dei y is so depic ed on ep esen a ions o ligh house a La~dicea~~. The desc ip ion o he hai o he s a ue as dishe eled, gi en ha his is a desc ip ion om g ound le el, some hund ed o mo e ee below, indica es ha wha is being desc ibed is some hing mo e ha he s ylized cu ls o Roman po ai s and would be a mo e app opia e o a depic ion o a god han an empe o , o indeed any ac ual pe son. This is bo n ou by he wo d used by al-Ga na i, o desc ibe ype o man po ayed by he s a ue: cczingi)). This wo d is he A abic o he neg o inhabi an s o he Sudan, no o ious o hei dishe eled hai ( he Fuzzy Wuzzies o Vic o ian England). These poin s also bea on he desc ip ion o he s a ue's bea d as long. Al hough bea ds came in o ashion in he Roman Empi e in he second cen u y AD, hey we e always o he close clipped a ie y; he desc ip ion he e o a long bea d, again bea ing in mind once mo e ha his desc ip ion would ha e been om g ound le el, seems o indica e some comple ely di e en o he impe ial s yle bea d was being depic ed. I is also di icul o econcile he s ick as desc ibed by ou A abic sou ces wi h Impe ial iconog aphy. A s ick wi hou appendages would p esen no p oblems, as such ba ons a e clea ly pa o he impe ial iconog aphy (c , abo e all, he P ima Po a s a ue o Augus us). The ccappendages)) howe e p esen conside able di icul ies i he s a ue is o be in e p e ed as an impe ial po ai , p oblems which seem insu moun able. Al hough he wo opaea men ioned abo e we e o simila size o he monumen a Cadiz, he e a e some no iceable di e ences. The i s is he amoun o in eg al deco a ion on hese s uc u es. The T opaeum Alpium 23 The idol o Apollo and he wo si ing demons o he medie al F ench poem, La Vida de San Hono a . 24 H. SEYRIG, c Le pha e de Laodicée)), Sy ia, 52. had as i s second s age a d um wi h engaged pillas e s, while he main body o he opaeum a Adamklissi was a mason y d um deco a ed wi h a se ies o me opes. Only one la e sou ce e e s o any o m o deco a ion on he monumen o Cadiz; in i he monumen is desc ibed as being co e ed wi h insc ip ions bu may well be emb ~ide ~~~. Gi en he e e ences o he ine s onewo k o he monumen a Cadiz, i is unlikely ha his monumen had such deco a ion which was emo ed a a la e pe iod, as hen only he conc e e co e o he monumen would ha e been le o ou A abic sou ces o desc ibe. A u he and la ge s uc u al di e ence is ha he opaea a e mainly ound in plan; he T opaeum Alpium, ha ing a ound d um and cone p eceded by a squa e base and he T opaeum T aiani being en i ely ound in plan. A ound plan in ac seems o ha e been he nom o opaea. This is ue o ha e ec ed by D usus in Ge many26 and hose desc ibed by Pausanias in G ee~e~~. The e appea s in ac o be a s ong connec ion be ween his ype o monumen and he la ge d um ombs a ou ed by he Roman nobili y wi h he o me being modelled on he la e . This s ongly sugges s ha he building a Cadiz, being en i ely squa e in plan, was no a opaeum. Finally i appea s unlikely ha Gades was in ac a ec ed by he Moo ish in asions. The Moo s appea o ha e en e ed Bae ica nea ~alaga~~ and c ossed in o he Bae is alley ia Singilia Ba ba29. Such a la ge monumen a Cadiz migh well, he e o e, seem ou o place. Again he posi ion o he s uc u e, i i was in he cen e o he island, aises he ques ion o why, i he edi ice was a om o commemo a i e monumen , i was e ec ed so a om he ci y p ope . A ques ion o which he e does no seem o be an adequa e answe . I appea s hen ha he monumen a Cadiz is no a opaeum, di e ing as i does subs an ially in o n and being inapp op ia e in loca ion. The size o he s uc u e would seem ealis ically ule ou he s uc u e being any o he o m o commemo a i e monumen . A hi d solu ion mus be b ie ly discussed, namely ha he monumen is in ac a omb. In suppo o his heo y is ha ac ha Cadiz was a Punic ci y and so i would no be su p izing o ind a owe omb, a ypically Phoenician monumen , he e. Mo eo e he ac ha i may well ha e been a subs an ial dis ance om he own is in his case, unlike in he wo p eceeding ones, an a gumen in a ou o he heo y, as an ique 25 AL-MAS'OUDI, P ai ies d'o , ed. and ans. BARBIER DE MEYNARD and PAVET, 1965 ed., ol. 2, ch. 12, s. 273. 26 TACITUS, Ann. 11.18 27 PAUSANIAS 2.25.6,5.27.11. 28 Whe e possible aces o a iumphal a ch da ing o his pe iod ha e been ound, see GARC~A y BELLIDO, Escul u as omanas de Espaiía y Po ugal, p. 166, pl. 136. 29 See SANTOS YANGUAS, OP. ci . -204- bu ials we e legally compelled o be wi hou he ci y walls. The ac ha he monumen was a omb need no ha e uled ou any na al applica ion howe e . As ea ly as he Iliad we ind ombs being alked o as use ul landma ks30 and se e a1 o he such monumen s a e a es ed la e in an iqui y3'. None heless he e a e s ill majo p oblems wi h his heo y oo. The i s is ha al hough we do no know exac ly whe e he Roman o Punic nec opoleis o Cadiz we e, hey appea , on ou exis ing e idence, o ha e been much u he o he no h o he island han al- Himya i places he monumen . The size o he building mus be ega ded as a d awback o his heo y as he amoun o weal h equi ed o build such a monumen would ha e been eno mous. This howe e canno be ega ded as a majo objec ion in he imoc a ic socie y o he Roman empi e and gi en he weal h o he ci y o Cadiz. The s uc u e o he monumen does no howe e appea o coincide wi h he ypical s uc u e o he owe omb. This a ely e mina ed in a s a ue, was no no mally s agge ed o he same e y ma ked deg ee as he monumen a Cadiz and no mally ca ied some ex e na1 deco a ion which appea s no o ha e been he case a Cadiz. The lack o a men ion o an insc ip ion, sa e in one la e A abic sou ce, also ells agains he heo y, as does he ac ha no sou ce men ions any ace o a une a y chambe benea h he monumen , which, gi en he A abic obsession wi h hidden easu e benea h Roman monumen s, an obsession which may well ha e lead o he monumen 's demoli ion, is ex emely odd i he monumen was a omb32. The ac ha he a abs, h ough hei conques s, would ha e been amilia wi h owe ombs ye ne e hough he owe a Cadiz was one also ells agains he heo y. None o he abo e heo ies seems o be a sa is ac o y explana ion o he owe . Be o e p op osing a di e en solu ion howe e i would be bes o conside he las wo ques ions, namely wha he s a ue ep esen s and whe e he monumen was loca ed as hese ha e a signi ican bea ing on i s pu pose. As discussed abo e, he desc ip ion o he s a ue as o a black man wi h a long bea d and long, dishe eled hai appea s, no wi hs anding Ga cia y Bellido o he con a y, o e eal ha he s a ue is ha o a god. I migh 'O HOMER, Iliad, 7.86-9. " The omb a Ace a os, I.G. xiii 8 add.683, he monumen o Themis ocles a A hens PLUT. Them. 32.5, The omb o Neop olemus a Ty as, STRABO 13, 884C, and he omb o Loc ian Ajax in he No h Eas o Delos, TZETZES ad Lycoph on 387,402, 1141. 32 Acco ding o ou sou ces he owe was des oyed by he ebel Emi , Abu '1-Hasan Ali ben Maimun on hea ing ha i was buil on a huge s o e o easu e o o ob ain he gold he hough he s a ue was made o . Fo he Andalucian obsession wi h easu e hidden benea h ancien monumen s see W. IRVING, Tales o he Alhamb a, passim. be hough ha he mos app opia e god would be He cules gi en his connec ion in my h wi h Cadiz. Pa s o he iconog aphy o he s a ue do con o m o ha o He cules. The long bea d and he wild hai would ce ainly be app opia e. The e is a majo p oblem howe e wi h he long si ck which he s a ue is said o ha e ca ied. I s leng h, wel e spans, appea s o ule ou any con usion wi h he club o He cules and no o he weapon is known o be associa ed wi h him. The ((appendages)) a he end o he s ick also make and iden i ica ion wi h He cules' club unlikely. Un o una ely ou sole A abic sou ce appea s o be co up a his poin , howe e i seems clea ha hese appendages p ojec ed om he end o he s ick and we e in some way inden ed. The bes solu ion o his p oblem is o assume ha he s ick in ques ion was in ac a iden . This would i wi h he a ious in e p e a ions o he ((appendages)) and would u he help o explain he con inua1 e e ences o a key in ou la e A abic sou ces as he ancien key was long wi h ex ended p ojec ions a he end. F om such a misunde s anding and he loca ion o he s a ue i is easy o see how he my h ha he s a ue was closing he way beyond he S ai s o Gib al a a ose. I his in e p e a ion is co ec , he s a ue would ha e been a s a ue o he god Nep une. The desc ip ion o he hai and bea d would i he iconog aphy o his god pe ec ly (see, o example, he Nep une mosaic a nea by I alica). The loca ion o he s a ue would also be ideal on his in e p e a ion, he s a ue was a he end o he known wo ld and a he begining o he Ocean s eam, Nep une's ealm pa excellance. Mo eo e wha o he god would be mo e app opia e o showing he way o e he sea han he god o he sea himsel ? The s a ue appea s o ha e poin ed he way wi h one hand while d ama ically holding back his cloak in he o he wi h which he also held his iden . Again he e is some simila i y o he depic ion o Nep une on he Nep une mosaic a I alica. Al-Himya i's desc ip ion o a gold pilla which was be ween he god's legs and was alle han his head is mys e ious. The bes explana ion is ha his is possibly a ga bled misunde s anding o he small suppo ing elemen many classical s a ues ha e by he side o one leg. The inal ques ion o be deal wi h is whe e he s a ue was loca ed. As men ioned abo e, he only A abic sou ce which gi es a i m clue o his is he la e w i e al-Himya i, who places he s uc u e six miles o he No h o he chu ch o San Pablo, which would place he building in he cen e o he island. Howe e he e a e possibili ies ha he owe was nea e ei he he No h o he Sou h o he island. The e idence ela ing o he Sou h o he island is con ained in P~ ph~ y~~. Po phy y ells a s o y o how a sac i ice was mi aculously p o ided o a he He acleum when 33 PORPHYRY, De Abs inen ia, 1.25. i was besieged by he Be be king, Bogud, a he end o he i s cen u y BC. In he s o y a p ies d eams ha while he was s anding be ween he pilla s o He acles (p esumably he e he wo pilla s in he emple enclosu e), he saw a bi d si ing opposi e he al a and ying o ly. He p oceeded o ca ch his bi d and sac i ice i . The ollowing day, s anding in he same place he looked owa ds he núpyos and saw a bi d like ccin his d eam))- ying o ly away, which he consequen ly caugh and sac i iced. I he núpyos he e is he same as he owe we a e discussing, i was clea ly an in eg al pa o he emple complex a he sou he n end o he island and he ques ion o a Phoenician o igin o he s uc u e esu ec s i sel . Howe e i is likely ha a sepa a e owe is in ol ed. Towe s we e a equen ea u e o Phoenician emples34 and again, al hough ou sou ces a e ew, i seems ha hese owe s allowed access o hei su nmi s o he pe o mance o eligious which would again clash wi h ou A abic sou ces insis ance ha he Towe o Cadiz was solid. Such a owe , i o o dina y size, would no a ac commen om he nume ous isi o s o he emple and does no igu e in ou ancien accoun s o i . On he o he hand a s uc u e as la ge as he owe o Cadiz p obably would ha e a ac ed such a en ion, especially in he ex ensi e poe ic accoun o Silius I alicus. A majo p oblem o he loca ion o ou owe he e is he s a ue. On such a la ge monumen i would seem ' easonable o assume ha he s a ue ha c owned i was a s a ue o he god o he sh ine, i.e. he Phoenician god Melqa , bu all ou sou ces sugges s ongly ha he e was no image o he god in he emple36. Mo eo e al hough al-Himya i may be con used in his accoun o he owe i sel , his knowledge o he geog aphy o island o Cadiz is good. He knows ha a la ge numbe o an iqui ies ha e been ound in he Sanc i Pe i a ea, calling i he a ea o idols, ye speci ically places he owe away om his a ea. The a ea o he idols is a common name o he a ea in ou A abic sou ces and his in i sel sugges s ha he idol and he a ea o idols we e no in ac con used. A case has also been made o he owe o ha e been si ua ed a he No h o he island, especially on he isle o San Sebas ian, he p obable si e o Cadiz' o he majo Punic emple he C onion3'. Al hough he loca ion o he owe he e would ha e made sense in nau ical ems, as 34 This, o example, appea s o ha e been he case a he sanc ua y a Paphos, see HILL, B.M. Ca . o Gk. coins: Phoenicia (1910), n. 38. Lam. XII, 13. 35 See C. VIROLLEAUD, ccLe Roi Ké e e son ils)), Sy ia, 22, 1941. i hese owe s a e e- la ed o he ziggu a s o Nea Eas em eligion, as is possible, access o he op o hem mus ha e been possible. 36 See SILNS ITALICUS, 3.30-1. 37 This is he iew o RAMON SOL~S and DE LA LASTRE y TERRY OP. ci . and ha o THOU- VENOT, L 'essai su la p o ince omaine de Bé ique, p. 527.