Profile, attitudes and requests of UGT delegates and members

P o ile, A i udes and Reques s o UGT Delega es and Membe s FUNDACIÓN LARGO CABALLERO Wo king Pape n.11 Ba celona 1990 PRESENTATION The epo on he s udy "P o ile, a i udes and eques s o UGT delega es and membe s" is abo e all a ool o he ade union leade ship, no only o ake s ock o an al eady inished wo k bu especially as a ool o de ine a s a egy o he u u e, o ge acquain ed wi h he p esen s uc u es and o ans o m hem so ha ou labou mo emen can lea n how o welcome he new gene a ions which will ha e o ace a enewed pa e n o indus ial ela ions. And he momen chosen o his s udy is no casual; in i s gene al his o ical con ex UGT is inishing i s i s cen u y o expe ience and ac ion, and has also gone h ough he i s decade o eco e ed libe ies along which i has expe ienced di e en elec o al con on a ions, an impo an poli ical ansi ion, a ha d economic and indus ial c isis and he i s s eps o ge ou o i . Howe e , in spi e o he di icul ies men ioned, i we had o ema k any conclusion o his sociological s udy his would be ha UGT is an en i y in oduced and e eb a ed enough in ou coun y, al hough s ill su e ing om he consequences o a long illegali y s age and he lack o associa i e a i udes in ou popula ion. The need o s ablishing p io i ies among asks has implied he abandonmen o some o ganiza ion aspec s and hus some s uc u al weaknesses ha a e s a ed in his s udy, p ecisely so ha hey can be aised and sol ed. I seems pa icula ly impo an o pay a en ion o he message ha has o be sen o he younge gene a ions and women, o pu in i s place he ac ions add essed o wo ke s o he small and middle size en e p ises, and gene ally o achie e a bigge esponsibili y in he union's commi men o delega es and membe s. To end his p esen a ion I wan o say ha wha has been done un il oday would be o small alue i i is no con inued and s udied in dep h keeping da a and esul s up o da e h ough he igh ieldwo k and suppo ing quali a i e wo king g oups ha allow us o ace up new sec o ial and e i o ial s udies and also hei u he explo a ion and di usion. Much o he success o an o ganiza ion depends on i s abili y o know i sel and, wi hou any doub , on an adequa e in o ma i e basis suppo ing i s decisions. INTRODUCTION In he au umn o 1987 a esea ch on ade unions was launched a he F ancisco La go Caballe o Founda ion, hen chai ed by Manuel Ven u a. The aims o he p ojec we e connec ed o some ques ions ha ade unionis s and social scien is s had in mind: why do wo ke s abs ain om joining ade unions in g ea e numbe ? How a e ade unions in eali y? Wha do wo ke s eques om ade unions oday? And so on. The p esen epo is he esul o a long and ho ough wo k in which a la ge numbe o wo ke s, echnicians and sociologis s ha e been in ol ed. This epo con ains an unique in o ma ion on UGT, on ade unions in gene al and on he wage ea ne s who a e delega es and/o membe s o UGT. Ques ionnai es we e exhaus i ely hough and discussed and aim o sea ch o he opinion o wo ke s wi h an impo an mo i a ion owa ds answe ing (delega es, membe s); his explains i s leng h. Mos o he ques ions wen wi hou any p oblem and hose which posed any we e used only as a as hei lacks allowed. The s a is ical p ocessing applied o da a was simple and e ec i e. Maybe in he u u e a mo e complex p ocessing o some ques ions ( hose ha admi i o which would be in e es ing o deepen) will be pe inen . The wo king hypo heses o he quali a i e pa (11 discussion g oups) we e decisi e o es ablish he inqui ies s a egy. I is he eade who mus now e alua e hei co ec ness and alue he ex ao dina y ichness o da a ha we al eady ha e. In hese epo s we wan o gi e a sense o an in e p e a ion o hese da a, which al eady a e he mos comple e sou ce o know UGT and o unde s and some basic ques ions o p esen ade unions. I ha e had he honou o conduc o coo dina e a g oup o excellen esea che s (Almudena Asenjo, Mai e Va gas and F ancisco Bo ges) whose wo k is shown in he ich ma e ial we a e p esen ing. The echnicians o he "A ias y Asociados" eam collabo a ed in he quali a i e sec ion, con ibu ing also o he quan i a i e wi h some sugges ions. Luis Ga ido (IESA) is esponsible o he di icul and wonde ul samples design in collabo a ion wi h ou eam and wi h he sociologis s Miguel Requena and Juan Jesús González. O he pe sons who made possible his esea ch a e men ioned in he pa ag aph o acknowledgemen s. The F. La go Caballe o Founda ion and UGT always encou aged us wi hou any misleading o obs acle. I is impo an o say so because he enqui ies a e essen ially enqui ies on lacks. The e is no concession o iumphan he o ics o o hei con a ies. The aims in ou mind we e o collabo a e o he ade union imp o emen om ou social scien is s pe spec i e. We hope so be i . When his esea ch inished he Founda ion had a new chai man, Sebas ián Reyna, who welcame ou wo k as much as Manuel Ven u a did. We a e all g a e ul o bo h. Fe min Bouza Mad id, ab il de 1989 SOME REMARKS ON THE METHODOLOGY The esea ch on "P o ile, a i udes and eques s o he UGT delega e and membe " was ca ied on in wo phases: a i s quali a i e one h ough ele en discussion g oups and a second quan i a i e phase h ough a na ional enqui y which was applied o wo samples ha we will call delega es sample and membe ship sample. Delega es sample The uni e se om which he delega es sample was d awn was o he 66.411 delega es ha UGT ob ained in he T ade Union Elec ions o 1986 acco ding o he o icial da a o he Labou O ice. I s size was ixed in 662 in e iews o which 597 we e ca ied ou . The sample e o is 4% o a sample dis ibu ion p=q o 50% wi h a con idence le el o 95%. C i e ia o s a i ying we e size o he place o wo k and g oups o Comunidades Au ónomas. Fo he i s case h ee sec ions we e se o he dis ibu ion: om 6 o 24 wo ke s, om 25 o 99 and 100 and mo e. The g oups o Comunidades Au ónomas we e: Andalucía, A agón-Rioja, As u ias-Can ab ia, Cana ias, Cas illa La Mancha-Ex emadu a, Cas illa-León, Ca aluña, Galicia, Mad id, País Vasco-Na a a y País Valenciano-Mu cia-Balea es. 97 sample poin s ha we e equi alen o municipali ies we e se and a selec ion o en e p ises whe e he enqui ies would ake place was made acco ding o UGT's in luence and ype o economic ac i i y. Thus h ee ypes o municipali ies we e es ablished on he basis o he numbe and class o en e p ises ha would be in e iewed. - Municipali y Type 1: i was assigned wo in e iews in en e p ises wi h 6-24 wo ke s; h ee in 25-99; and six in hose wi h 100 and mo e (a o al o ele en). - Municipali y Type 2: wo in e iews in en e p ises wi h 6-24 wo ke s and h ee in hose wi h 25-99 (a o al o i e). - Municipali y Type 3: ou in e iews in en e p ises wi h 6-24 wo ke s. Membe ship sample In his case he uni e se consis ed in he 700.000 membe s o UGT acco ding o he da a p o ided by he Con ede a e Adminis a i e Sec e a ia . C i e ia o s a i ying, selec ion o en e p ises and sample poin s we e he same as in he delega es sample, inc easing he numbe o in e iews p opo ionally o each ype o municipali y: 18 in e iews in Type 1, 65 in Type 2 and 4 in Type 3. The size o he heo e ical sample was se a 986 al hough only 522 in e iews we e ca ied ou ; his and he ac ha hey we e no dis ibu ed acco ding o he se c i e ia educes i s s a is ical signi icance, being impossible o ma k he e o limi s. Thus he esul s o his enqui y ha e jus an indica i e na u e. Use o he enqui y Once da a had been collec ed, abula ed and eco ded by he en e p ise ALEF i s u iliza ion began. I will be use ul o unde s and he esul s speci ied in his sec ion o ema k sho ly wo o he a iables ha we e cons uc ed. These a iables a e "posi ion owa ds membe ship" and "posi ion owa ds delega ion" which e e o he delega es and membe ship samples espec i ely. POSITION TOWARDS MEMBERSHIP o he delega es sample. All o hem a e delega es elec ed in he las ade union elec ions. I has he ollowing alues: Table1 POSITION TOWARDS DELEGATION o he membe ship sample. All o hem a e membe s o UGT. The alues a e: Table2 PROFILE OF UGT DELEGATE AND MEMBER In his chap e we ha e included some o he pe sonal cha ac e is ics, as well as some o he s e e ing o he ade union, labou and poli ical li e o UGT delega es and membe s. This p o ile is impo an no only o know who a e and whe e a e UGT delega es and membe s bu , much mo e, because i allows us o app oach some o he changes ha a e aking place in he human wea e o he ade union o ganiza ion and also how his g oup is inse ed in he Spanish socie y. S ill we will no aise hese ques ions he e. The esul s ha appea in i s place a e ela ed o he global o he delega es sample, agains which will be p esen ed he igu es conce ning membe delega es, no membe delega es and g ass- oo s membe s. Acco ding o he sex and age dis ibu ions men delega es a e 88%; hus i can be said ha women ha e a small p esence in he ade union: jus 12%. The p edominan age g oup is ha o 30-39 yea s old, wi h 41%. The educa ion le el o UGT delega es is low: 13% o hem has below p ima y s udies and 36% p ima y. On he o he side some o hei labou and ade union cha ac e is ics ha e o do bo h wi h he size o he wo k place and wi h he ac i i y a ea whe e hey a e wo king: 57% o he delega es wo k in en e p ises wi h less han 50 employees; indus y is he ac i i y a ea mo e equen , especially he me al indus y (23%). Among hei labou ea u es, senio i y in he p esen job appea s o be he ou s anding one: 56% o hem began wo king in hei place be o e 1975. This can explain he high pe cen age o pe manen con ac s (90%). The a e age income o hese delega es, mos o which ha e an o icial le el (52%) being much mo e a e he p esence o echnicians (7%), is 100.000 p as/home and mon h. O he economic cha ac e is ics o hese delega es a e he ollowing: a high pe cen age o homeowne s (78%) and also o ca owne s (85%); 40% o homes ha e a ideo eco de and a eco d playe . O he equen elec ical household appliances a e he e ige a o , colou TV and washing machine. Toge he wi h his objec i e app oach o hei social posi ion we mus also s and ou he way hey pe cei e i . Thus when asked o place hemsel es in a social class ange, 75% choose he middle class, pe cen age ha alls o 69% when hey a e asked o say o which social class hey would like o belong. In his case, 14% p e e s he high class and 10% he e y high. The alues ha be e desc ibe hei ela ionship wi h he ade union a e he joining yea and hei senio i y as ep esen a i es in he en e p ise. In he i s case, 29% o delega es joined he ade union be ween 1975 and 1977, 33% did i be ween 1979 and 1982; he igu es go down du ing he pe iod 1983-1986 and each a 22% be ween 1986 and he i s hal o 1988. Delega es a ilia ed du ing hese las yea s belong o en e p ises wi h 25-99 wo ke s (44%) and wi h less han 25 (22%). On he o he hand senio i y as ep esen a i es in he en e p ise can gi e us an idea o he o ganiza ion mobili y and enewal. In his sense he esul s we e: 56% o he p esen UGT delega es we e elec ed o he i s ime in he las ade union elec ions and 15% a e delega es since he i s , held in 1978. 42% o he elec ed delega es in 1986 ha e joined he ade union be ween his elec ions yea and he i s mon hs o 1988, wha makes us hink ha in he momen o ade union elec ions UGT u ns o many mo e wo ke s no membe s han ou delega es sample would sugges . To inish wi h he delega es p o ile, we p esen some da a abou hei sociopoli ical and cul u al cha ac e is ics. I is a g oup whose in o ma ion sou ces a e no much di e en om he es o popula ion's a e age. Mos o hem look a ele ision: 90% does i daily p e e ably be ween 8 and 9 p.m. and being especially in e es ed in news bulle ins, TV ilms and spo s p og ammes. Less delega es lis en o he adio: 62%. The eading a es o hese delega es a e qui e low be i newspape s, magazines o books. In he i s case p e e ences a e, by o de , egional pape s, "El País" and spo s pape s. The p e e ed magazines a e "In e iu", "Cambio 16" and "Tiempo". When he enqui y was done a e y low pe cen age o delega es was eading a book: 70% was no eading any. The numbe o UGT delega es s a ing hey a e Ca holics is also ou s anding: 71%, 21% o which a e p ac ising. F om a poli ical poin o iew, i is a g oup placed in le posi ions, leaning owa ds he cen e -le , pa icula ly hose ecen ly en e ed delega es. The senio membe s o he ade union occupy posi ions mo e o he le and a e mo e a ilia ed o PSOE. The poli ical o e o UGT delega es is mainly socialis : 79% o ed o PSOE in he 1986 elec ions. Howe e he o e in en ion o his pa y a he ime o his enqui y had allen o 64%; he di e en ial o e wen mos ly o "Don' Know" a he han o o he pa ies. This was in sho he p o ile o UGT delega es. We mus ake in o accoun ha hese igu es, as has al eady been poin ed, a e he global o he delega es sample and hus hey don' show some o he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he no a ilia ed delega es o he g ass- oo s membe ship. I would no be mis aken o say ha he p o ile we ha e jus d awn i s especially wi h he one conce ning he a ilia ed delega e. The no a ilia ed delega e, which means 24% o he delega es sample, is a e y impo an elemen o he ade union. In he ollowing lines we will men ion quickly he cha ac e is ics ha di e en ia e him/he om he p eceding igu es: - They a e younge (22% is be ween 20 and 29 yea s old) and he e a e mo e women wi hin he g oup (17%); - They ha e occupied hei job o less ime and a e concen a ed in en e p ises wi h less han 25 wo ke s, especially hose ela ed o se ices and he cons uc ion indus y ( his las wi h 41% o i s delega es no being a ilia ed); - They s a e mo e equen ly belonging o he middle class and desi e o go up in he social ladde ; - Thei poli ical posi ions a e mainly a he cen e and almos none is a ilia ed o a poli ical pa y. They also di e si y mo e hei o e: almos 30% less han he a ilia ed delega es o e o PSOE. Las ly, jus a ew ema ks on he g ass- oo s membe ship speci ic ea u es: - Thei a e age age is sligh ly highe and he e a e also mo e women. Thei educa ion le el is lowe : 56% is in he p ima y o below p ima y g oups; - Thei joining he ade union is mo e ecen : 26% became membe be o e 1977; since 1982 41% en e s i - They a e concen a ed in en e p ises wi h mo e han 100 employees and belong especially o he indus ial sec o . ATTITUDES TOWARDS TRADE UNIONS MEMBERSHIP The enqui ies show a p og essi e ideologiza ion as we app oach he p esen , i we eason in e ms o yea o a ilia ion. This ac co esponds wi h opinions agains ade unions exp essed in he discussion g oups by he no a ilia ed who saw in ade unions an ideological o m ha did no in e es hem. The no a ilia ed delega es included in he delega es enqui y also exp essed simila opinions in hei answe s. These ecen membe s ( om 1980 un il oday) o m a wide majo i y in he ade union ha does no seem o ha e gi en a new image o i o he no a ilia ed, who keep a his o ical pe cep ion o labou and ade unions and ejec i . The pic u e ha he a ilia ed wo ke s ha e o he no a ilia ed does no co espond wi h he one hese las ha e o hemsel es, and wha he o me conside as lack o class consciousness is looked a by he la e as independence. This disag eemen was widely shown in he quali a i e phase o he s udy, which we will see a he end o his chap e . The e m "de-ideologiza ion" can be con using wi hou es ablishing "ideology" in he conc e con ex o a coun y whe e ade unions ha e played a decisi e poli ical/ ideological ole du ing he ci il wa and he unde g ound pe iod. Maybe i is his o e -ideology o ade unions imposed by he poli ical dynamics wha is ejec ed in a new his o ical si ua ion. T ade unions (UGT in his case) s ill ca y ha his o y, especially o he oldes a ilia es. The young membe s ha e looked mo e o a p o ec ion ade union al hough hey also sha e a nega i e poin o iew owa ds he no a ilia ed wo ke s. Reasons o membe ship The mos impo an is "p o ec ion" a abo e he es ha delega es and membe s s a e as de e minan s o hei a ilia ion o UGT (49 % o delega es and 67% o g ass oo s a ilia es), ollowed by "ideology" (26% o delega es and 17% o g ass- oo s a ilia es). As he size o he en e p ise ge s bigge , he impo ance o ideology inc eases and ha o p o ec ion dec eases. On he con a y, p o ec ion is mo e o en men ioned by he sec ions o lowes incomes and, gene ally, women. The de-ideologiza ion o a ilia ion inc eases wi h he nea ness o he yea o a ilia ion, especially since 1980. Reasons o no a ilia ion o class ade unions Wo ke s hemsel es a e esponsible o no a ilia ing o UGT and class ade unions (ei he because o apa hy o indi idualism, e c) acco ding o he opinions o he a ilia ed delega es (75%), no a ilia ed delega es (59%), ex-a ilia ed delega es (55%) and g ass- oo s a ilia es (64%). I seems clea ha his a ibu ion o he wo ke s hemsel es is highe be ween he a ilia ed (bo h delega es and no ) han be ween he no a ilia ed o ex-a ilia ed. The a ibu ion o a bad se ice om he pa o ade unions as a eason issues ha seem o a ec he demand and he o m o e alua ion o he o ma ion supply gi en by UGT: 1.- The sho his o y since he ade union legaliza ion. The s ep om a pe iod o high poli ical con en s o ano he o no maliza ion and g ea e social a icula ion. 2.- The p ac ice and pe spec i e o a ade union pa e n mo e ela ed o he manage 's poin o iew: i s as a con inua ion o wha i had mean in he p e ious poli ical egime and mo e no malized a e wa ds. 3.- The p esence and a ac ion o echnicians in he ade union, a icula ed in an ambi alen way in he g oups' discou se: - on one side, as knowledge ca ie s, - on he o he , as subjec s who, om ha knowledge, could in oduce new o ms o ade union p ac ice. 4.- The o ma ion as ade union in o ma ion. This in o ma ion is ela ed wi h di e en aspec s: - cla i ying ideology and being up o da e - pa icipa ion in he ade union o ganiza ion - u h ul knowledge o he decision making. FORMATION ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF THE ENQUIRY In he enqui y ha was answe ed by UGT delega es and a ilia es he e whe e ou ques ions di ec ly ela ed wi h he o ma ion: 1.- Numbe o cou ses a ended du ing he las wel e mon hs. 2.- Causes o no a ending any. 3.- Sa is ac ion deg ee abou he cou se u ili y. 4.- Which subjec s a e conside ed in e es ing o possible cou ses. The demand and pa icipa ion in hese cou ses a e no homogeneous being he p incipal cause ac o s as age, sex, a ilia ion yea , e c. Thus he i s ou s anding poin is he low pa icipa ion in he o ma ion cou ses, bo h among delega es and membe s: 64% o delega es and 88% o membe s ha e ne e a ended any o ma ion cou ses in he wel e mon hs be o e he enqui y. These pe cen ages o low pa icipa ion can be modi ied by a iables as a ilia ion/ non a ilia ion in he delega es sample: 54% o a ilia ed delega es and 89% o he no a ilia ed ha e ne e a ended a cou se. The same hing happens in he membe ship sample: 95% o he g ass- oo s a ilia es has ne e pa icipa ed in one. Ano he impo an change in he samples' means is ela ed wi h he size o he cen e: wo ke s in en e p ises wi h a hund ed and mo e employees a e he mos pa icipa i e (51% has a ended one o mo e cou ses in he las 12 mon hs). In he opposi e a e he delega es o small en e p ises (jus 25%). Women a end hese cou ses in a lowe deg ee han men: 27% and 37% espec i ely ha e a ended a o ma ion cou se du ing he las yea . Age is also an in luen ac o : delega es om 20 o 39 yea s old a e he mos pa icipa i e g oup (38%). We ind ha in bo h samples he causes o such a low pa icipa ion le el a e he ollowing, by impo ance o de : - an objec i e impossibili y (lack o ime, di icul y in he anspo a ion, e c); - lack o in o ma ion abou he cou ses; - lack o in e es on he cou ses' con en s. The i s cause is pa icula ly men ioned by he a ilia ed delega es; he second, by hose a ilia es who ha e ne e had a esponsibili y in he ade union; and he hi d by he no a ilia ed delega es. All hese da a we e ela ed o he answe gi en o he o ma ion supply in UGT; he da a e e ing o he demand a e also in e es ing. When asked abou he subjec hey would like o lea n in a cou se, UGT delega es and membe s answe he ollowing, by impo ance o de : - labou legisla ion; - ade union o ma ion and ac ion; - p o essional aining. Immedia ely a e hese, a high pe cen age o Don' know ou s ands wi h a 27% o he delega es sample and 31% o he membe ship one. I is necessa y o conside he esul s o he quali a i e phase o unde s and his high pe cen age. In ela ion o he sa is ac ion deg ee, he pe sons who pa icipa e mo e a e also he mo e sa is ied wi h he cou ses. Di ec ly ela ed wi h his, he demand o new cou ses goes oge he wi h he ade union o ma ion supply. Las ly, ano he a iable ha seems o condi ion he pa icipa ion in o ma ion cou ses is ha o occupying inne esponsibili ies in he ade union. In his sense, hose wi h esponsibili ies (especially in he ade unions' sec ion) no only pa icipa e mo e bu hey a e also much mo e likely o ha e a ended mo e cou ses in he las yea han he es o he delega es and membe s. TRADE UNION ACTION OF DELEGATES AND AFFILIATES In his sec ion we will see he ade union ac ion om h ee di e en poin s o iew acco ding o he ac ing subjec : - Fi s , abou he knowledge and use o he " ade union hou s" and he wo k done du ing his pe iod; he uni is he g oup o delega es. - Second, abou he "sp eading" a i ude o he UGT membe s. - Thi d, abou he las isi o he ade union p emises - which can gi e us an idea o he link be ween he o ganiza ion and i s social basis; he subjec mus be bo h g oups: delega es and membe s. (We mus no iden i y g oup wi h sample). Be o e s a ing wi h he i s pe spec i e i is impo an o see he easons ou lined by delega es as mo e likely chosen by he wo ke s. They would be he ollowing: - iendship wi h he companions (23% and 30%) - pe sonal ai ness (21% and 25%) - he knowledge o he en e p ise's p oblems (12% and 12%) The e a e no many di e ences be ween a ilia ed and no a ilia ed delega es; howe e , he e is a g ea e di e si ica ion in he answe s o he i s , who also men ion o he easons as he ade union line o he UGT's ac onym. These aspec s a e p opo ionally mo e impo an in he bigge en e p ises. On he con a y, hose aspec s mo e ela ed wi h pe sonal ea u es a e mo e men ioned in he small and medium-sized en e p ises. Knowledge and use o he " ade union hou s" and wo k done in his ime pe iod E e y elec ed ade union delega e has he igh o use each mon h a numbe o hou s, depending on he size o he en e p ise whe e he has been elec ed, o his/he wo king day o exe cise he asks o his esponsibili y. An impo an pa o he delega es (23,5%) does no know abou his ime-c edi and he igu e is mo e ou s anding i we di e en ia e hose delega es a ilia ed o UGT (13%) om he no a ilia ed (52%). Ano he a iable ha in oduces some di e ences is he size o he wo king cen e: we can obse e ha in he big en e p ise he knowledge o his ime-c edi is highe and ha in he small and medium-sized en e p ise i is clea ly e y low (64,2% and 23,9% answe espec i ely "Don' know"). This di e ences ge sha pe when we s udy he use o his ime-c edi . 38,7% s a e no using he hou s which can legally be used. Again dis ances a e in oduced by he ac o s o a ilia ion and size o he en e p ise: 68% o he no a ilia ed delega es do no use i a all in on o 21% o he a ilia ed delega es. In he en e p ises wi h 6-30 employees, 57% o delega es do no use any hou s; his igu e ge s smalle as he numbe o employees inc eases: 31-49 employees, 44%; 50-100 emp., 32%; 101-200 emp., 10%; and so on, un il he 6% o delega es in en e p ises wi h mo e han 750 employees. The eason mo e equen ly adduced o jus i y his no-use is ha " hese hou s a e no necessa y" (67%), which is less adduced as he numbe o employees in he en e p ise is highe . In ela ion wi h he wo k implied in his ep esen a ion ac i i y, which in ol es a double link -wi h he en e p ise and wi h he ade union- we ind ha while he a ilia ed delega es suppo his double link, he no a ilia ed delega es concen a e mo e on hei wo k in he en e p ise. Social ac i i y. Decla ed a i ude and eal a i ude A good labou in social ac i i y and p opaganda is an essen ial elemen in he e ec i e de elopmen o e e y o ganiza ion and, al hough bo h a ilia ed and no a ilia ed delega es s a e o ha e some social ac i i y (74,2% and 51,3% espec i ely), he case o he g ass- oo s a ilia es is qui e di e en (45%). I is impo an o ema k ha e en hough abou hal o he delega es sample ha e no succeeded in he a ac ion o new a ilia es in he las wel e mon hs ano he 50% has a mean o almos ou new a ilia es pe pe son. Howe e he esul s ob ained in he sen ence: " hose wo ke s who wan o join UGT know al eady whe e hey mus add ess, i is no necessa y o ask hem o join he ade union"-which ope a es as a con ol o he eal ac i ism, especially in ela ion wi h he delega ion o he social ac i i y owa ds he appa a us o o ganiza ional s uc u e o he ade union ha i means- a e qui e di e en : 64% o he a ilia ed delega es, 73,6% o he a ilia es and 77% o he g ass oo s a ilia es s a e o ag ee " e y much o qui e a lo " wi h he sen ence. Thus i seems ha hey eel ha ac i ism does no co espond o hem and ha hey lea e o he o ganiza ion o he wo ke sel same he a ilia ion o he ade union. Besides, in he delega es sample he e a e a se ies o a iables ha ac posi i ely on he ac i ism; hese a e he size o he en e p ise, he yea o a ilia ion o he ade union and he mee ing places - hose cen es ha "a e used mo e equen ly o alk wi h o he people". Acco ding o he s a emen s o he componen s o he samples, o he ag eemen deg ee wi h he p e ious sen ence and also o he numbe o new a ilia es, he big en e p ise is he ame whe e mo e social ac i i y is de eloped. The senio a ilia es also s a e a bigge ac i ism han he ecen ly a ilia ed. And inally, he mee ing cen es mo e used a e he wo king cen e, public places and he ade union p emises, by o de . While among hose who s a e o use p e e ably he i s wo places men ioned he e a e no impo an di e ences in ela ion wi h ac i ism, we can obse e di e ences in he use s o he ade union p emises since hey appea as he mos ac i is s and a e also he g oup ha a ac s mo e new a ilia es. Reasons o he ac i ism The easoning no mally used in hei ac i is de e mina ion we e cen ed in h ee big blocks: he i s collec ed hose answe s Wi h an ins umen al cha ac e and in sea ch o secu i y -suppo , de ense, p o ec ion, a ilia ion necessi y, e c.- and is he mos used (60%); he second a ec ed compa a i e aspec s wi h ega d o o he ade unions -UGT be e han he o he s- , and he hi d, cen ed in he ideological cha ac e , being almos unused excep by membe s wi h esponsibili ies in he ade union. The secu i y, unde s ood as suppo , de ense, p o ec ion, and so on, is always he idea a ound which hei easoning u ns, and i coincides wi h hei own eason o joining he ade union. In hei answe s o he "mo e p ojec i e" o symbolic ques ions - he idea o a ac new a ilia es, he slogan de ining wha is UGT and he objec s o he ealisa ion o a pos e - i is also clea ha , al hough he e is a high deg ee o "No answe ", he sense o he answe s always ollows his same di ec ion. Las ly, when hose who decla ed no ha ing ied o pe suade anyone a e asked abou hei easons, he answe s mo e equen a e: " he espec o he ideology o ideas o o he s" (37% o delega es and 40% o a ilia es) and " he lack o mo i a ion" (25% o delega es and 30% o a ilia es). The i s eason is mo e equen in he small en e p ise and he second in he medium-sized and big en e p ise. O he ypes o ade union ac ion: isi s o he p emises I we ake he las isi o he ade union p emises as an indica o o he bigge o smalle link wi h he ade union, he da a show again he di e ences be ween delega es and a ilia es -46,4% o he i s s a e o ha e isi ed i in he las mon h, while jus 38% o a ilia es ha e- which ge sha pe when we in oduce he a ilia ion ac o (61% o a ilia ed and 11,5% o no a ilia ed delega es) o he delega ion ac o , in his case he lack o i (28,9% o he g ass- oo s a ilia es). Also impo an a e he igu es ha show he no- isi o he p emises: while jus 2% o he a ilia ed delega es decla e i in he case o he no a ilia ed delega es i goes up o 36%. In his con ex i is also impo an o know he equency o " he las isi o a leade o ep esen a i e o he o ganiza ion o he en e p ise" as ano he case o he link p e iously men ioned, al hough in his case he di ec ion would be he opposi e. In he delega es sample he e exis s a highe equency o he nea ness o his las isi : 17,3% o delega es pu i in he las mon h a id 38,5% be ween one a id wo mon hs ago ( he majo i y pa in he i s six mon hs) while 66,5% o he a ilia es "Don' . know" when his isi was made, pu i in "mo e han one yea ago" o hink ha i "ne e " ook place; his igu e eaches 72,3% among he g ass- oo s a ilia es. Among he easons o his isi , delega es ou s and in i s place " he in e es o he en e p ise's p og ess" (21,8%), and secondly " he elec o al campaigns" (19,9%) and " he discussion o he collec i e ag eemen " (17,7%), while a ilia es p e e his las one as he mos ema kable (19,6%) al hough he highes equency co esponds o "Don' know/Don' answe " wi h 30% o he answe s. Las ly we mus obse e ha while he easons o he isi in he big en e p ise a e e y a ied and sca e ed, in he small one hey a e ela ed pa icula ly wi h he elec o al campaign o he in e es o he en e p ise's p og ess. RELATIONS WITH OTHER SOCIAL AGENTS Rela ions UGT-PSOE The p esen na u e o he ela ion be ween UGT a id PSOE, especially when bo h o ganiza ions sha e a common pas and a poli ical and social p ojec ha has his o ically been he same one, implies ha he cu en c isis is seen in a qui e ambi alen way by an impo an pa o he ade union's social g ass- oo s, p ecisely he senio a ilia es. Tha is he eason why some imes a numbe o answe s a e con adic o y and, i we conside ha in qui e a lo o cases hey sha e he same p emises (21,8% o delega es and 24,6% o a ilia es), his appea s mo e e iden . The i s ac o o ela e bo h o ganiza ions is he "poli ical a ilia ion", and he mos ou s anding ac is he low le el i shows: mo e han 84% o delega es and 88% o a ilia es decla e no o be a ilia ed o a poli ical pa y. Howe e when a ilia ion exis s, PSOE is always he chosen pa y, being he big en e p ise he mos a ou able ame. The e is a majo i y suppo o he c i icism o UGT owa ds he go e nmen al economic policy: be ween 70% and 75% s a e o ag ee "a lo o qui e a lo ". Howe e , and al hough 70% decla es o ag ee "a li le o no a all" wi h he go e nmen al economic policy, he mo e senio a ilia es (be ween 1977-79) a e he g oup ha s a es a la ge ag eemen and he mos ecen a ilia es a la ge disag eemen wi h ha policy. This does no p e en hem, howe e , o suppo ing hei o e mainly add essed o he PSOE; abou 80% decla e o ha e o ed o he PSOE in he las gene al elec ions (1986 in he momen o he enqui y). And al hough he end is sligh ly below o he decla ed in p e ious summons - he o e expec ancy is app oxima ely 65% - he e is no a shi owa ds o he poli ical o ma ions and he numbe o undecided g ows. We can see again ha he senio a ilia es a e he mos ai h ul in hei o e, while he g oups o he younges and o he no a ilia ed delega es a e he ones han compa a i ely change mo e hei o e expec ancy. Rela ions wi h manage s and wo ke s Rela ions main ained be ween delega es and wo ke s and manage s a e gene ally qui e sa is ac o y; di e ences only depend o he size o he en e p ise. The ela ions wi h manage s a e p edominan ly quali ied as " e y o much sa is ac o y" (21% and 56% espec i ely) in he small en e p ise while in he bigge sized hey a e p opo ionally mo e quali ied as "li le o no a all sa is ac o y" (32% and 6%). The younges a e he ones who s a e o main ain he wo se ela ions. The ela ion wi h employees a e also sligh ly be e in he smalle en e p ises (93%) han in he bigge ones (88%). In gene al, hose delega es wi h lowe incomes and he g oup o no a ilia ed delega es a e he ones who keep be e ela ions wi h bo h manage s and wo ke s. Rela ions wi h o he ade unions Bo h delega es and a ilia es de ine hei ela ions wi h o he ade unions, and wi h CC.OO. pa icula ly, as posi i e o sa is ac o y; s ill i seems ha in ela ion wi h CC.OO. he ela ions a e be e wi h a ilia es han delega es. We can also see ha as he size o he en e p ise g ows he labels o " e y and qui e sa is ac o y" among delega es a e less impo an . Las ly when asked abou he exis ence o a change in he ac ua ion line o CC.OO. a e he nomina ion o An onio Gu ié ez as Sec e a y Gene al, 32,2% o delega es and 29,7% o a ilia es answe "yes" while 36,2% o delega es and 34,5% o a ilia es answe "no". Acco ding o he i s he di ec ion o his change would go owa ds "be e ela ions wi h UGT" in i s place, "a mo e mode n ade union" in second, and "a less adical ade union". Powe and in luence o he class ade unions Bo h delega es and a ilia es hink ha he powe and in luence o he class ade unions has gene ally g own in ela ion o he Go e nmen (41,1% o delega es and 41,7% o a ilia es), o he manage s (42,8% and 35,8%) and o he wo ke s (37,6% and 34,9% espec i ely). The younges and he no a ilia ed delega es a e he g oups ha p opo ionally belie e ha his powe and in luence has inc eased mo e. And he g oup o delega es ha ag ee wi h he c i icism o UGT owa ds he go e nmen al economic policy is mo e op imis ic owa ds manage s and wo ke s. They a e also op imis ic in ela ion wi h he u u e, as hey gene ally hink ha he powe and in luence o he class ade unions will inc ease owa ds Go e nmen , manage s and wo ke s. The g oup o delega es ha ag ees mo e wi h he c i icism o he go e nmen al economic policy is he one ha appea s mo e op imis ic. KNOWLEDGE OF UGT'S SERVICES AND DEMAND OF NEW ONES We can obse e ha he e does no exis a su icien knowledge o he se ices ha UGT pu s a he disposal o delega es and a ilia es, and also o he es o he wo ke s. And e en some ha would ha e ha cha ac e a e no conside ed as se ices: w i e communica ion, bulle ins, pe iodical in o ma ion in gene al and ade union in o ma ion, o example. The enqui ies o he delega es and he a ilia es con ain some ques ions ela ed, di ec ly o indi ec ly, wi h he se ices o he o ganiza ion. The i s o hem ies o know which se ices a e mo e equen ly used. In his case we can see ha he labou se ices a e he mos used, by 52% o delega es and 46% o a ilia es. The se ices o e ed by he ade union a e p opo ionally less used by he no a ilia ed delega es, g ass- oo s a ilia es, women and men a ilia ed delega es olde han 50. The e a e also some impo an aspec s ela ed wi h he demand o new se ices ei he o a gene al cha ac e o mo e cen ed in he local bounda ies. Compa a i ely o men, women seem o ha e no a clea idea o wha new se ices could be o e ed by he ade union. In bo h enqui ies he p opo ion ha answe s "none" o he ques ion o which se ices could be o e ed by he ade union inc eases wi h he age. The no a ilia ed delega es and he g ass- oo s a ilia es a e he g oups ha in a highe p opo ion can' speci y which se ice would hey like o ecei e om he ade union. Table1