Stratigraphic distribution of Aphidfauna (Hom.) in Eastern Andalusian Mountains (South Spain)

Orsis, 9: 85-96 (1994) Stratigraphic distribution of Aphidfauna (Hom.) in Eastern Andalusian Mountains (South Spain) Asish K. Ghoshl and Juan M. Nieto Nafria2 1. Zoological Survey of India. New Alipur. Calcutta, 700053 (West Bengal, India) 2. Departamento de Biologia Animal. Universidad de León. 24071 León (Spain) Key words: Andalusian; Aphidoidea; frequency of occurrence; host associations; vertical distribution. Abstract. A total of 148 aphid species belonging to 69 genera and 7 subfamilies collected over last 40 years in Eastem Andalusian mountains has been analyzed with regard to their vertical distribution pattem, percentage composition at generic and specific level with regard to the total fauna at each altitudinal gradient, rarity and abundance and extent of floral association. Comparison has been made with Eastem Himalayan fauna in India showing some striking similarities and also characteristic differential features. Resumen. Distribución altitudinal de la afidofauna (Hom.) de las montañas orientales de Andalucía (sur de Espafia). Denominamos en el presente estudio Montañas orientales de Andalucía 10s macizos montañosos situados en el oriente andaluz con más de dos mil metros de altura máxima y que reciben una precipitación anual superior a 10s 400 mm. De la mayoría de ellos (Sierras: Nevada, Mágina y de Cazorla, en las provincias de Granada y Jaén) se poseen suficientes datos afidofaunísticos (ciento cuarenta y ocho especies pertenecientes a sesenta y nueve géneros y siete subfamilias) para analizar la distribución altitudinal de 10s distintos grupos taxonómicos, relacionándola con otros factores ambientales. Se han comparado 10s resultados obtenidos con 10s correspondientes de la parte oriental del Himalaya (India y Buth), obse~ándose notables semejanzas, junto a diferencias relacionada~ con el alejamiento biogeogrfl~co de ambas zonas de montaña. Introduction Andalusian is the most meridional Spanish region in the Iberian Peninsula (Figura 1). It lies from East to West and has extension of 87.268 km2. Eastern Andalusian is a very hilly region with severa1 mountains massifs that overpass 2000 m. Some of them (c.f Sierras de Baza, de 10s Filabres, de Mm'a) are particularly dry, with less than 400 mm rain per year. the other ones, though with some differences between them, received more than 600 mm (Bosque Maurel, 1991; Ortego Alba, 1991). 86 A.K. GHOSH & J.M. NIET0 We have already aphid-faunistic data from the last ones, particularly from: Sierra Nevada, Sierra de Cazorla y Sierra Mágina (Figura. 1). For simplicity reason, in this article we will refer to these ones as Eastern Andalusian Mountains. The aphid fauna of Eastern Andalusian Mountains have been surveyed by Mimeur (1936), Remaudibre (1959, collections made by H. Janetschek and W. Steiner in Sierra Nevada en 1954), Notario et al. (1984), Gutiérrez Alaiz et al. (1985), Nieto Nafría et al. (1986), Meliá (1986), Mier Durante & Nieto Nafría (1988) and 1. Sierra Nevada 2. Sierra Magina 3. Sierra de Cazorla ANDALUC~A 53 km O- Figure 1. Map showing Andalusian region with Eastern Andalusian Mountains (shaded); inset, map of Spain showing Andalusia (shaded). - - STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF APHiDS 87 Nieto Nafría et al. (1990), revealing a total of 148 species belonging to 69 genera and 7 subfamilies (Table 1); this represents approximately 30% of the total Spanish aphid-fauna. The distribution of these species obviously depend on climatic conditions, vegetation and local dispersal pattern. In the present work an effort has been made to analyze the available aphid records from different locales (a total of 41) of Eastern Andalusian Mountains region with regard to their vertical distribution pattern, percentage composition at generic and specific levels and rarity and abundance. Material and methods Aphid material collected during last 40 years from 41 localities located between c 500 m to 3500 m were identified by the authors of the respective articles. The most part of the collections were made by hand from the affected part of the host plant besides by sweeping net and unidentified host plant-parts were preserved in herbaria and later identified by scientist on the Botany, Department of Vegetal Biology of the University of León. All collections were preserved in 70% alcohol and numbered. No trap material has been used for the present study. These data were systematically collated and analyzed with regard to the subfamily positions, generic and specific taxonomy and host plant associations. The entire collections records were then analyzed with relation to the subfamilies Pemphiginae, Anoeciinae, Thelaxinae, Chaitophorinae, Drepanosiphinae and Lachnininae. Percentage composition of the total aphid-fauna with regard to altitudinal gradient, both for the genera and the species under each of the subfamilies has also been analyzed to determine the factors of dominance. The major host associations at subfamily level were analyzed to determine the correlation of this phytophagus group of insects with cultivated or natural vegetation at different gradient level. An alphabetical list of localities from the collection records and their altitude is given in table 2. It may be noted that majority of the collection localities come under Granada province (Sierra Nevada) except a few from Jaen province (Sierra de Cazorla and Sierra Mágina). Results The analysis shows that the Aphidinae forms the single largest group of taxa in the Eastern Andalusian Mountains represented by 40 genera and 97 species (Table l), with 58% of the total genera and 65.5% of the total species known in the region. When analyzed at different gradient level, the aphidine genera and species represent: 62.2% and 69% in gradient I (500 to 1000 m), 68.5% and 69.5% in gradient I1 (1000 to 1500 m), 73.7% and 64% in gradient m (1500 to 2000 m), 66.7% for both genera and species in gradient IV (2000 to 2500 m), 42.9% for both genera and 88 A.K. GHOSH & J.M. NIETO species in gradient V (2500 to 3000 m) and 7 1.4% for both genera and species in gradient VI (3000 to 3500 m), with regard to the total genera and species in each gradient respectively. Only 24 out of a total of 97 aphidine species have been recorded above c 2000 m. Of the total Aphidid taxa, the genus Aphis Linnaeus has a wide spectrum of species (29 out of 148) mostly recorded between c 500 m to 1500 m and only 4 of the 29 species have been recorded above c 1500 m; of these, Aphis fabae Scopoli seems to be abundant and to have exploited maximum altitudinal range and number of floral species while Aphis gossypii Glover has only been recorded once by a vagrant alate at the highest stratum (Remaudikre, 1959). Most of the aphidine genera is represented by one or two species while for Acyrthosiphon Mordvilko (3 species), Brachycaudus Van der Goot (3 species), Coloradoa Wilson (3 species), Macrosiphoniella Del Guercio (5 species), Macrosiphum Passerini (3 species) and Uroleucon Mordvilko (7 species) more species have been noted. Needless to mention that the aphidine taxa show the widest host plant spectrum in the entire region of study. The subfamily Pemphiginae (1 1 genera) shows more generic dominance than Drepanosiphinae (9 genera) and Lachninae (6 genera) but is represented by only 12 species of which two species have been recorded above c 2000 m by vagrants. Host association remain mostly restricted to Hordeum, Pistacia, Scirpus and Ulmus spp. Percentage composition of genera and species of Pemphiginae with relation to the total aphid taxa at each gradient level has been given in table 3. The subfamilies Anoeciinae and Thelaxinae each is obviously represented by a single genus and a species and as such form insignificant component of Eastern Andalusian Mountain fauna; it is however interesting to note that Anoecia corni (Fabricius) has only been recorded above c 2500 m from Reseda complicata (vagrants?) by Remaudihe (1959) but Thelaxes suberi (Del Guercio) has been recorded a number of times between c 500 m to 1500 m from Quercus spp. (Q. rotundifolia and Q. pyrenaica) and once each on an unidentified gramine at c 2960 m and 3380 m. The subfarnily Chaitophorinae is represented by two genera and 5 species of which the genus Chaitophorus Koch occupies predominant position; of the 5 species only one, C. gomesi Ilharco has being noted above c 1500 m, the usual hosts for Chaitophorinae being available below c 1500 m (Acer, Populus, Salix spp.). The percentage composition of Chaitophorids is shown in table 3 and the vertical distribution has been observed in table 2. The subfamilies Drepanosiphinae and Lachninae each is represented by 16 species (Table 2). While in Drepanosiphinae only 2 out of 16 species (9 genera) have been noted above c 2000 m, at least 50% of the Lachnids species (under 6 genera) occurred also above c 2000 m and in one case Eulachnus agilis (Kaltenbach) was recorded at c 2820 m on Pinus in Sierra Nevada. Percentage composition for group of genera and species for each of these to subfamilies have been given in table 3. The occurrence of Lachnids above c 2000 m can be correlated with the preponderance of appropriate conifer hosts at that level (Pinus spp.). STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF APHIDS Rarity and abundance Most of the species of aphids in the region seem to be rare in occurrence but all the year round survey may invariably yield a better result. On the basis on random sampling done during five major survey periods, Aphis fabae Scopoli, seems to be most frequent in occurence followed by Aphis craccivora Koch, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus) and Uroleucon sonchi (Linnaeus), all other species have been collected only once to four times. The preponderance of these six cornrnon aphid species can be attributed to their ability to feed on a number of host plants or easy availability of cultivated hosts (e.g. Rosa for Macrosiphum rosae) at different locations. Discussion Some of the species, such as Pemphigus spirothecae, Myzocallis castanicola, Chaithophorus leucomelas, C. salijaponicus niger, Brevicoryne brassicae, Diuraphis noxia, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Schizaphis graminum and Uroleucon (Uromelan) jaceae, have not been recorded at certain altitudinal levels, where their presence may be possible due to their relatively abundance in Spain and to the presence of their host plants. There may be a small presence of these species at different levels, which could be detected by a more detailed sampling. Either way, it is our opinion that these possible changes could not modify the general idea of the altitudinal distribution in the aphids subfamilies at Eastern Andalusian Mountains (Ghosh et. al. in press). The aphid fauna in Eastern Andalusian Mountains shows a positive assemblage at lower altitude between c 500 to c 2000 m; the vegetation cover being more favorable such occurrence appears rational. However, 148 species recorded hearing appear to be largely restricted to 125 species of flora, both cultivated and wild. Of these, 14 species of flora have so far been used by Aphis fabae Scopoli, while Aphis craccivora Koch follows with seven host species in the region. As regards frequency of distribution of aphid taxa, a similarity can be observed between Eastern Himalaya in India and Eastern Andalusian Mountains, where maximum concentration of aphidine species is noted between c 600 m to 2400 m (73 to 88%) [Ghosh & Raychaudhuri, 19771. In terms of percentage composition Aphidine species comprise 66.8% in Eastern Himalaya as against 65.5% in Eastem Andalusian Mountains. The Drepanosiphine fauna in Eastern Himalaya represent 8.6% of the total aphid genera and 13% of the total aphid species as against 10% and 10.8% in Eastern Andalusian Mountains, respectively; the maximum number of the Drepanosiphine aphid occur between c 1200-c 2400 m in Eastern Himalaya while such concentration is noted at lower altitude between c 500 to 1500 m in Eastern Andalusian. The Pemphigine fauna shows preference to higher altitudes in Himalaya (c 1201 to 1800 m) in contrast to the fauna in Andalusian region (c 500 to 1000 m). Lachnid fauna has in general more representation in the Paleartic 90 A.K. GHOSH & J.M. NIETO Region and the occurrence of 16 species in Eastern Andalusian Mountains, with maximum concentration between c 1000 to 2000 m represent double the number of Lachnid species in Eastern Himalaya largely occurring between c 1800 to 2400 m. The edaphic factors and vegetation being different in these two widely separated geographical areas, the level of differences appears logical. The present study indicates that a proper management strategy for control of aphid pest both on cultivated plants and natural vegetation could be formulated keeping in view the vertical distribution pattern, availability of obligatory or alternate host plants and other related biological parameters. Table 1. Systematic list of aphid species from eastem Andalusian Mountains. Altitude in meters 500- 1000- 1500- 2000- 2500- 3000- Name of species 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Pemphiginae 1 Baizongia pistaciae (Linnaeus) X X 2 Colopha hispanica Nieto Nafria et Mier X X 3 Eriosoma lanuginosum (Hartig) X 4 Forda marginata Koch X 5 Geoica utricularia (Passerini) X 6 Kaltenbachiella pallida (Haliday) X 7 Paracletus cimiciformis Von Heyden X 8 Pemphigus groenlandicus crassicomis H.R.L. X 9 Pemphigus spirothecae Passerini X 10 Smynthurodes betae Westwood X 11 Tetraneura akinirae Sasaki X 12 Tetraneura ulmi (Linnaeus) X Anoeciinae 13 Anoecia corni (Fabricius) Thelaxinae 14 Thelaxes suberi (Del Guercio) X X Phyllaphidinae 15 Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) X X 16 Drepanosiphum platanoidis (Schrank) X 17 Hoplocallis pictus (Ferrari) X 18 Myzocallis castanicola (Baker) X 19 Myzocallis komareki (Pasek) X 20 Myzocallis occidentalis Remaudikre et Nieto Nafria X 21 Panaphis juglandis (Goeze) X X X X X 22 Saltusaphis scirpus Theobald X 23 Therioaphis alatina H.R.L. & Van den Bosch X X 24 Therioaphis brachytricha H.R.L. & Van den Bosch X 25 Therioaphis ononidis (Kaltenbach) X 26 Therioaphisriehmi (Bomer) X 27 Therioaphis trifolii Monel1 X X STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF APHIDS 9 1 Table I. Continuation. Name of species 28 Tinocallis platani (Kaltenbach) 29 Tinocallis saltans (Nevsky) 30 Tuberculatus remaudierei (Nieto Nafría) Chaitophorinae 3 1 Chaitophorus gomesi Ilharco 32 Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch 33 Chaitophorus populeti (Panzer) 34 Chaitophorus salijaponicus niger Mordvilko 35 Periphyllus acericola (Walker) Lachninae 36 Cedrobium laportei Remaudikre 37 Cinara acutirostris Hille Ris Lambers 38 Cinara cedri Mimeur 39 Cinara cupressi (Buckton) 40 Cinara juniperi De Geer 41 Cinara maritimae Dufour 42 Cinara pinea (Mordvilko) 43 Cinara pini (Linnaeus) 44 Cinara tujaphilina (Del Guercio) 45 Eulachnus agilis (Kaltenbach) 46 Eulachnus brevipilosus BBrner 47 Eulachnus mediterraneus Binazzi 48 Eulachnus rileyi Williams 49 Lachnus roboris (Linnaeus) 50 Schizolachnus pineti (Fabricius) 5 1 Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin) Aphidinae 52 Acyrthosiphon malvae (Mosley) 53 Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum (Harris) 54 Acyrthosiphon pisum ononis (Koch) 55 Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach) 56 Aphis balloticola Szelengiewicz 57 Aphis brotericola Mier 58 Aphis chloris Koch 59 Aphis clematidis Koch 60 Aphis craccivora Koch 61 Aphis cytisorum Hartig 62 Aphis fabae Scopoli 63 .Aphis farinosa Gmelin 64 Aphis frangulae Kaltenbach 65 Aphis gossypii Glover 66 Aphis hederae Kaltenbach 67 Aphis hillerislambersi Nieto Nafría et Mier 68 Aphis intybi Koch Altitude in meters 500- 1000- 1500- 2000- 2500- 3000- 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XXX X X X X X X X 92 A.K. GHOSH & J.M. NIETO Table 1. Continuation. Name of species 69 Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach 70 Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe 7 1 Aphis parietariae Theobald 72 Aphis passeriniana (Del Guercio) 73 Aphis pomi De Geer 74 Aphis ruborum Borner 75 Aphis sambuci Linnaeus 76 Aphis sanguisorbae Schrank 77 Aphis sedi Kaltenbach 78 Aphis serpylli Koch 79 Aphis spiraecola Patch 80 Aphis thomasi (Borner) 81 4phis hrucallis Hille Ris Lambers 82 Aphis ulicis Walker 83 4phis urticata Gmelin 84 Aphis vallei Hille Ris Lambers et Stroyan 85 Brachycaudus (B ) helichrysi (Kaltenbach) 86 Brachycaudus (A.) cardui (Linnaeus) 87 Brachycaudus (A.) populi (Del Guercio) 88 Brachycaudus (T) rumexicolens (Patch) 89 Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) 90 Capitophorus hippophaes (Walker) 91 Cavariella aegopodii (Del Guercio) 92 Cavariella theobaldi (Gillette et Bragg) 93 Chaetosiphon tetrarhodus (Walker) 94 Chondrillobium blatnyi (Pintera) 95 Coloradoa bournieri bournieri Remaudibre et Leclant 96 Colorodoa bournieri iberica Remaudibre et Leclant 97 Coloradoa moralesi Remaudibre et Leclant 98 Cryptomyzus ballotae Hille Ris Lambers 99 Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 100 Dysaphis (D) apiifoliae (Borner) 101 Dysaphis (D ) foeniculus (Theobald) 102 Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) 103 Hydaphis foeniculi (Passerini) 104 Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy 105 Hyperomyzus lactucae (Linnaeus) 106 Liosomaphis berberidis (Kaltenbach) 107 Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) 108 Longicaudus trirhodus (Walker) 109 Macrosiphoniella dimidiata Borner 110 Macrosiphoniella helichrysi Remaudibre 11 1 Macrosiphoniella obtecta (Borner) Altitude in meters 500- 1000- 1500- 2000- 2500- 3000- 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XXX X X X X X X X X STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF APHIDS 93 Table 1. Continuation. Altitude in meters 500- 1000- 1500- 2000- 2500- 3000- Name of species 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 112 Macrosiphoniella subequalis Borner X 113 Macrosiphoniella tapuskae (Hottes et Frisson) X X 114 Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) X 115 Macrosiphum hellebori Theobald et Walton XXX 116 Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus) XXX 117 Megoura viciae Buckton X X 1 18 Melanaphis pyraria (Passerini) X 119 Metopolophium albidum Hille Ris Lambers 120 Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) X 121 Metopolophium fasciatum Stroyan X 122 Microlophium carnosum (Buckton) X 123 Myzaphis bucktoni Jacob X 124 Myzaphis rosarum (Kaltenbach) X 125 Myzus (M.) varians Davidson X 126 Myzus (N.) persicae (Sulzer) X X 127 Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) X 128 Nearctaphis bakeri (Cowen) X X X 129 Ovatus crataegarius (Walker) X 130 Pleotrichophorus persimilis Borner X X X 13 1 Pterocomma pilosum konoi Hori X 132 Pterocomma populeum (Kaltenbach) X 133 Rhodobium porosum (Sanderson) X 134 Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walker) X 135 Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) X X X 136 Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) X 137 Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) X X 138 Sitobion fragariae (Walker) X X X 139 Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) X 140 Uroleucon (U.) chondrillae (Nevsky) X 141 Uroleucon (U.) hypochoeridis (Fabricius)* 142 Uroleucon (U.) inulicola (Hille Ris Lambers) X 143 Uroleucon (U.) sonchi (Linnaeus) X X X 144 Uroleucon (B.) inulae (Ferrari) X 145 Uroleucon (U.) jaceae (Linnaeus) X 146 Uroleucon (U.) carthami (Hille Ris Lambers) X 147 Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillette) X 148 Wahlgreniella arbuti (Davidson) X * No altitude record