Contents. History of disease new topics and approaches

DYNAM I S Ac a Hispanica ad Medicinae Scien ia umque His o iam Illus andam Vol. 11  1991 C on en s HISTORY OF DISEASE NEW TOPICS AND APPROACHES (Edi ed by Jon A izabalaga) In oduc ion (Spanish) JON ARRIZABALAGA  17 T ans o ming plague: The labo a o y and he iden i y o in ec ious disease (Spanish) ANDREW CUNNINGHAM  27 Summa y 1.— In oduc ion. 2.—Iden i ying diseases. 3.—The old plague. 4.—T ans o - ming plague. 5.—The plague ans o mend. Abs ac In ec ious disease can be, and a e, iden i ied in many ways: by clinical p esen a- ion (signs, symp oms, pos mo ems), by epidemiological c i e ia (mode and na u e o sp ead), by labo a o y echniques which isola e he causal agen . I claim he e ha he p ac ice o iden i ying in ec ious diseases by using he labo a o y and la- bo a o y p ocedu es gi es o hose diseases iden i ies which a e di e en om he iden i ies ha hey ha e by using o he p ocedu es. The labo a o y gi es in- ec ious disease iden i ies in which he causal agen is he essen ial and undamen- al pa . His o ically, he e o e, when he «causal agen » o each in ec ious disease was disco e ed by using labo a o y echniques, he iden i y o ha disease was ans o med. I show how his happened in he case o plague, when i was gi en i s labo a o y iden i y in Hong Kong in 1894 by Ki asa o and Ye sin. I also a gue ha because o his ans o ma ion o he iden i y o in ec ious diseases by he la- bo a o y, i is no possible o his o ians o medicine o equa e p e-lab plague and mode n plague, o o assume ha he iden i y o pos -lab plague can be ap- plied o p e-lab plague. The Black Dea h o 1348: The O igins o he Cons uc ion o a Social Cala- mi y as a Disease-en i y (Spanish) JON ARRIZABALAGA   73 Summa y 1.—In oduc ion. 2.—The ue name and na u e o a new . calami y. 3.—Causes o he Black Dea h. 3.1.—The Black Dea h, God's punishmen ? 3.2.—Na u al causes: celes ial and e es ial. 3.3.—A i icial causes. 4.—The immedia e cause and sp ead o he plague. 5.—Signs o he plague. 6.—E ec s. 7.—Conclusions Abs ac This a icle explo es how La in Medi e anean uni e si y p ac i ione s pe cei ed he so-called Black Dea h o 1348, and o wha ex en he cons uc ion o his so- cial calami y as a disease-en i y hen began. Fo his pu pose six o he mos ele- an medical wo ks on he plague, w i en a he ime o his epidemic, we e s u- died: Jacme d'Ag amon , Gen ile da Foligno, Gio anni da Penna, Al onso de Có doba, an anonymous «p ac i ione o Mon pellien>, and he College o Mas- e s o he Medical Facul y o Pa is. The mal de simen in 16 h cen u y Valencia: Images o he mo bo gallico in a Me- di e anean Eu opean Ci y. (Spanish) MARÍA Luz LÓPEZ TERRADA  119 Summa y .—In oduc ion. 2.—The ea lies epo s o he p esence o he mal de simen in he ci y o Valencia. 3.—Inco po a ion by socie y. 4.—Mal de simen as a public heal h p oblem. Abs ac This a icle examines he iew o Valencian socie y a he end o he 15 h cen u y, and du ing he 16 h, o he mo bo gallico . o mal de simen . The i s epo s o he exis ence o he disease, and o i s inco po a ion in socie y, a e analyzed on he basis o he knowledge o di e en medical and nonmedical sec o s, hospi aliza- ion and ea men o a s eadily ising numbe o pacien s. Finally, he way in which mal de simen became a public heal h p oblem a he end o he 16 h cen- u y, h ough he measu es aken by ci y au ho i ies o hal he sp ead o he di- sease, is analyzed. A Medical Tes imony o he Li ing and Wo king Condi ions o he Almaden Mine s Du ing he Second Hal o he 18 h cen u y: P ologue o José Pa és y F anqués's Mo bi ic Ca as ophe o he Quicksil e Mines o he Village o Almaden (1778) (Spanish) ALFREDO MENÉNDEZ NAVARRO  147 Summa y 1.—Medical es imonies . o occupa ional heal h in his o iog aphy. 2.— Biog aphical no e on José Pa és y F anqués (+1798). 3.—Pa és y F anqués's i- logy on he Almaden Mines (1772-1785). 4.—P ologue o Ca ds o e mo boso de las Minas Me cu iales de la Villa de Almadén del Azogue. 5.—Appendix: Anno a ed ans- c ip ion o he p ologue o Ca ds o e mo boso de las Minas Me cu iales de la Villa de Al- madén del Azogue. Abs ac Since ancien imes, me cu y mining and i s associa ed heal h p oblems ha e e- cei ed conside able a en ion om heal h wo ke s. The ma ked ha m ulness o he p ocess o ob aining quicksil e , and economic impo ance his me al has a - ained since he second hal o he 16 h cen u y, accoun o his a en ion. We p esen he es imony o one o he mos highly quali ied obse e s o he ac ual condi ions in he Almaden Mines —which had he wo ld's highes ou pu o me cu y— du ing he second hal o he 18 h cen u y: Doc o José Pa és y F an- qués. His ex ended ac i i y as a heal h ca e p o ide o Almaden mine s ga e him a close-up iew o he occupa ional isks o mine wo k, and he diseases cau- sed by me cu y. This knowledge ook shape in his unpublished wo k, Ca ds o e mo boso, he p ologue o which is ep oduced in his a icle. On he Mal de la Rosa and he En e medad de la Mise ia: The Social E iology o Pellag a in 18 h and 19 h cen u y As u ian Medical Repo s. (Spanish) DELFÍN GARCÍA GUERRA; VÍCTOR ÁLVAREZ ANTUIZIA   197 Summa y 1.—In oduc ion. 2.—Social e iology o pellag a. 2.1.—Pellag a and die . 2.2.- The ole o po e y. 2.3.—The he edi a y ac o . 3.—The igh agains pellag a and social medicine. 3.1.—The ins i u ional posi ion. 3.2.—Pellag a and social medicine. Abs ac Taking Gaspa Casal's desc ip ion o mal de la osa as a s a ing poin , his a icle examines di e en con ibu ions by As u ian doc o s who, du ing he 19 h cen- u y, conce ned hemsel es wi h he o igins o pellag a, pa icula ly hose aspec s which classi y i as a social disease. A emp s o e adica e pellag a ga e ise o wo ypes o esponses: agains hose who belie ed in he edi a y ansmission and , ad- oca ed eugenic measu es, he e a ose a g oup ha conside ed he disease a mal de la mise ia, he 'elimina ion o which would equi e imp o ed li ing condi ions o he u al popula ion. Vene eal Diseases in Spain du ing he las hi d o he 19 h cen u y. An App oach o he Mo al Bases o Public Heal h. (Spanish) RAM óN CASTEJ ó N Bo LEA  239 Summa y 1.—In oduc ion. 2.—Mo al na u e o he disease. 3.— Impac o ene eal disea- ses. 4.—Vene eal diseases and p os i u ion: hygienic supe ision. 5.— O ganiza ion o con ol. 5.1.— Hygienic inspec ions. 5.2.—Social wel a e ins i u- ions, Abs ac Vene eal disease was a pa o he conce ns and p ac ices o Public Heal h in Spain in he las hi d o he 19 h cen u y. I s social na u e was associa ed wi h a speci ic mo al iew o p e ailing sexual mo es, which inc eased i s impac . Hy- gienis s assumed ha he epidemiologic pa e n was ocused on p os i u ion, and di ided hemsel es in o p ohibi ionis s and egula ionis s. The egula ions which came in o e ec included mo al, police and sani a y su eillance. Social wel a e ins i u ions and hei pa onage by women also e lec ed he mo al iew. Alcoholism as a Social Disease in Res o a ion Spain: P oblems o De ini ion (Spanish) RICARDO CAMPOS MARÍN; RAFAEL HUERTAS GARCÍA-ALEJO  263 Summa y 1.—In oduc ion. 2.—Alcoholism: ice o disease? 2.1.—Alcoholism as a ice. 2.2.—Alcoholism as a social disease. 2.3.—Rela ionship be ween alcoholism and ube culosis. 3.—P ophylac ic measu es. 4.—Conclusion. Abs ac This a icle examines he complexi ies in ol ed in de ining alcoholism du ing he Spanish Res o a ion. The peculia manne o coming down wi h he illness, by he olun a y consump ion o alcoholic be e ages, con ibu ed owa d a con- cep ualiza ion o alcoholism domina ed by he no ion o ice and olun a iness on he pa o he d inke . Mo aliza ion as a ype o igh agains alcohol was he no mal consequence o his discou se. Ne e heless, alcoholism was also de i- ned, albei implici ly, as a social disease. The nexus es ablished by Spanish w i- e s be ween alcoholism and he p ole a ia , oge he wi h ce ain social causes such as he ype o dwelling o poo die , e lec ed some awa eness o he ela- ionship be ween alcoholism and he o ganiza ion o capi alis socie y a he la e 19 h and ea ly 20 h cen u y. Lep osy and Spanish Socie y in he i s hal o he 20 h cen u y: The Fon i- lles Sana o ium (1908-1932) and i s Admiiiis a i e Takeo e by he Se- cond Republic (Spanish) JOSEP BERNABEU MESTRE; TERESA BALLESTER ARTIGUES  287 Summa y 1.—In oduc ion. 2.—Lep osy in Eu ope a he end o he 19 h cen u y and he ea ly decades o he 20 h cen u y: A new ou look on an old p oblem. 3.—The San F ancisco de Bo ja Lep osy Sana o ium, 1908-1932. 3.1.—Physical plan . 3.2.—Ins i u ional s uc u e. 3.3.—Aspec s o ca e and o ganiza ion a he Sana- o ium. 3.4.—Economic and adminis a i e aspec s o he ins i u ion. 4.— Adminis a i e akeo e o he Fon illes Sana o ium by he New S a e. 4.1.— B eakdown in ela ionships wi h heal h au ho i ies. 4.2.—Disbandmen o he Company o Jesus. 4.3.—Measu es o akeo e . 4.4.—Reac ions o he akeo e . 4.5.—Lep osy a he ime o he akeo e . 5.—Recapi ula ion. Abs ac This esea ch analyzes he p ocess o he adminis a i e akeo e o he Fon illes Lep osy Sana o ium in 1932, du ing he Second Republic. The i s pa desc i- bes he ea u es o ins i u ional o ganiza ion and heal h ca e ha cha ac e ized he Fon illes Sana o ium du ing i s i s s age o ope a ion (1908-1932), and exa- mines he easons ha led heal h o icials o he New S a e o ake o e he ins i- u ion. The scien i ic, social and poli ical consequences o and eac ions o his akeo e a e discussed. Examina ion o he Whi e Plague: New T ends in he His o iog aphy o Tu- be culosis. Essay e iew. (Spanish) JORGE MOLERO MESA  345 Bu Wha Was he Disease? The P esen S a e o Heal h and Healing in A i- can s udies. (Spanish) GWYN PRINS   361 Abs ac This a icle o e s an app oach o he his o y o medicine and he apeu ic p ac i- ce in mode n A ica. I a gues ha he adi ional bio-mcdical his o ies o he co- lonial e a a e necessa y bu no su icien o ul il his ask. Nei he a e he e hno- g aphic s udies o indigenous he apeu ic p ac ice. The mos impo an ecen de elopmen s in analysis a e espec i ely, mac o-epidemiological his o ies, o example on he Tse se ly, and he s udy o plu alis ic he apeu ic con ex s. They illus a e a cen al a gumen o he a icle which is ha he s udy o he apy is one o he mos e icien and eliable ways o in es iga e he cul u al complexi ies o a pos -colonial si ua ion. Such s udies also help o pie ce he cu ain o s e- eo ype and p ejudice which, since ea ly Eu opean con ac , has hung o e he A ican con inen iewed om he Eu opean pe spec i e. ARTICLES An h opological Iden i ica ion and Paleopa hological S udy o a Skele on, P obably Pe aining o he Roman Doc o om he I-II Cen u y B.C. Ti- be ius Claudius Apollina is (Ta agona, Spain) (English) DOMINGO CAMPILLO; FRANCESC TARRATS   387 Summa y Aim o he s udy. His o ical in o ma ion. S udy o he emains in omb no. 2, Robe d'Aguilo S ee , Ta agona. An h opological s udy. An h opological sum- ma y. Pa hologic s udy. Pa hologic conclusions. Compa a i e s udy o he C a- nium and he head o he bus . Simila s udies. Re e ences. Abs ac The an h opological s udy o a skele on om a 1s -2nd cen u y B.C. Roman omb was ca ied ou o e i y whe he he mo phology o he c anium ma ched ha o à bus ound nea he omb. A numbe o a cheological indings sugges- ed ha he emains we e hose o a doc o o he Roman e a. An h opome ic, c aniog aphic and pa hological s udies led us o conclude ha he exhumed e- mains we e compa ible wi h he mo phological cha ac e is ics o he bus , in suppo o he assump ion, based on a cheological c i e ia, ha hey we e p o- bably hose o Tibe ius Claudius Appolina is, a Ta agonian doc o who li ed du ing he Roman e a. On Lea ing he Mine: His o iog aphic Resou ce Exhaus ion in An ibio ics His o y (English) DONALD J. MCGRAW  415 Summa y I.—Fi s Sugges ions o he Mining Ou Phenomenon. II.—La e Day Lessons: The Vancomycin His o y Redi i us. III.— On Lea ing he Mine. IV.—Beyond Penicillin. V.—Inspec ing he Mine. Abs ac The seconda y li e a u e on he his o y o an ibio ics has o e ed e y li le new conce ning penicillin o any o he majo an ibio ic o he pas wo decades. The a gumen is made ha he p ima y esou ces may ha e been «mined ou » o new in o ma ion. This may ac ually e lec he na u e o an ibio ics his o y i sel —one o sameness wi h ega d o bo h disco e y and de elopmen om one agen o he nex — wi h consequen lack o he possibili y o new his o iog ap- hic insigh s. DOCUMENTS Th ee Unpublished Manusc ip s by Ignacio Ma ia Ruiz de Luzu iaga (1763- 1822) on Na al Hygiene (Spanish) MIKEL ASTRAIN GALLART  437 Summa y 1.—In oduc ion. 2.—Na al hygiene in he w i ings o Ignacio Ma ia Ruiz de Lu- zu iaga. 3.—T ansla ion o he T a ado ace ca del esco bu o (T ea ise on scu y). 3.1.—The Royal Na ional Academy o Medicine manusc ip (15-4 Bib. 4). 3.2.- The Na al Museum manusc ip (Ms. 781). 4.—The w i ings on he conse a ion o he heal h o sea a ing people. 4.1.—The Royal Na ional Academy o Medici- ne manusc ip (1-5 S. Gobie no 6). Appendix I.—Ou line o he w i ings on he conse a ion o he heal h o sea a ing people. Appendix II.—Th ee le e s by I. M. Ruiz de Luzu iaga. Abs ac Many a icles on he eigh een h cen u y Basque physician Ignacio Ma ía Ruiz de Luzu iaga ha e been published by Spanish medical his o ians. Howe e , some gaps in his li e and wo k s ill need illing in. As a con ibu ion o his u u e en- e p ise, his no e p o ides in o ma ion on a ela i ely unknown ield o Luzu ia- ga's wo k: na al hygiene, a p io i a y conce n o he majo na al powe s du ing he Illus a ion. We desc ibe h ee unpublished manusc ip s and h ee le e s, in which Luzu iaga ga e accoun s o his wo k in his ield. The ac s ha Luzu ia- ga's au ho ship is no e iden a i s glance, and ha hese pape s we e ne e pu- blished, explain why hey ha e emained unknown o so long. ANNOUNCEMENTS XXXIII In e na ional Cong ess o he His o y o Medicine (G anada- Se ille, Spain, 7-11 sep emb e 1992)   465 35. 0 Cong ess o he I alian Socie y o he His o y o Medicine (Fe a a, 10-13 oc obe 1991)   467 Simposium on he eaching o he His o y o Medicine in Eu ope (Siena, 22- 24 oc obe 1991)   468 4. 0 In e na ional Symposium Ancien Medical Tex s. Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela (Galicia, Spain), 17-19 sep emb e 1992   468 XIX h In e na ional Cong ess o His o y o Science. XIXème. Cong és In e - na ional d'His oi e des Sciences. XIX Cong eso In e nacional de His o- ia de la Ciencia. Za agoza, 22-29 Augus /Aóu /Agos o 1993   469 The Eu opean Associa ion o he His o y o Psychia y. Call o membe ship  471 NEWS P ime Cong eso Eu opeo de His o ia de la Psiquia ía y la Asis encia Psi- quià ica, oc ub e 1990. RAQUEL ALVAREZ PELAEZ  473 Semina io in e disciplina sob e iloso ia y ciencia en la ob a de Ped o Laín En algo. Mad id, 10 y 11 de diciemb e de 1990. Lu s MONTIEL  474 New Di ec ions o he His o y o Medicine and Heal h. Repo om a Con e- ence in S ockholm and he Founda ion o he Eu opean Associa ion o he His o y o Medicine and Heal h in S asbou g (sep embe 1991)  JAN SUNDIN  476 La Con é ence de S ockholm su l'His oi e de la Saiúé Publique , e de la P é en ion. CLAUDE DEBRU  477 Medicina Social y Mo imien o Ob e o ENRIQUE PERDIGUERO  482 BOOK REVIEWS PRIMERAS Jo nadas de His o ia de la Medicina Hispanoame icana (Cddiz, 1980. (1989). Excma. Dipu ación P o incial de MIKEL ASTRAIN GALLART  487 Josep Lluís Ba ona (1990). In oducció a la Medicina. Uni e si a de València. GUILLERMO OLAGÜE DE Ros  488 Juan Val e de de Hamusco. His o ia de la composición del cue po humano; Ped o Benedic o Ma eo. Examen apo heca io um. (1991). Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud-Sociedad Es a al del Quin o Cen ena io. GUILLERMO OLAGÜE DE Ros  490 Ignacio González Tascón y Joaquín Fe nández Pé ez (eds.) (1990). Memo ias de las Reales Minas de Almadén (1783) de Agus i'n de Be ancou y Molina. Co- misión In e minis e ial de Ciencia y Tecnología. ALFREDO MENÉNDEZ NAVARRO  492 A naldo Che ubini (1990). Medici Sc i o i d'Eu opa e d'Ame ica. An onio Dél i- no Edi o e. GUILLERMO OLAGÜE DE Ros  494 Felipe Hause (1990). Memo ias au obiog d icas. In oducción y no as po Juan L. Ca illo, Enca nación Be nal e Inés Bonilla. Uni e sidad de Se illa  ESTEBAN RODRÍGUEZ OCAÑA  497 Jo ge Na a o (1990). La imagen de Ul ama en la Medicina Valenciana del siglo XIX. Gene ali a Valenciana-Commisiò pe al Ve. Cen ena i del Desco- b imen d'Ame ica. GUILERMO OLAGÜE DE Ros  498 An onio Rey Gonzalez (1990). Es udios médico-sociales sob e ma ginados en la Es- pana del siglo XIX. Minis e io de Sanidad y Consumo (Tex os Clasicos es- pailoles de Salud Pública). MARIANO PESET  500 Fe nando Salmón; Jon A izabalaga; Luis Ga cía Balles e (1990). El Hospi al Ma qués de Valdecilla. Uni e sidad de Can ab ia. TERESA ORTIZ GÓMEZ  502 An oni Roca i Rosell (Coo dinado ) (1991). 1891-1991. Cen anys de Salu Pú- blica a Ba celona. Ins i u Municipal de la Salu . Ajun amen de Ba celona  JOSEP BERNABEU I MESTRE  504 Sydney Ann Halpe n (1988). Ame ican Pedia ics. The Social Dynamics o P o essio- nalism, 1880-1980. Uni e si y o Cali o nia P ess. ROSA MARIA MEDINA DOMÉNECH  508  Mi ko D. G mek (1990). His oi e du SIDA. Débu e o igine d'une epidemie ac uelle  Édi ions Payo . ILDEFONSO HERNANDEZ  511 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS  513