On the Specification of Coronals

ON THE SPECIFICATION OF CORONALS Blanca Palmada and Pep Se a Uni e si a Au bnoma de Ba celona We p esen he ela ion be ween assimila o y asy nme ies in Cen al Ca alan and he unde speci ied cha ac e o Co onal. We accoun o di e ences in he assimila o y beha iou o co onals by placing La e al and S iden unde Co onal. We assume ha hese ea u es a e dependen s o Co onal and ha his jus i ies he p esence o he unma ked a icula o in he unde lying ep esen a ions o si iden and la e al co onals. The assimila o y possibili ies o cen alised consonan s in Algue ese Ca alan o ce us o a gue ha La e al and S iden a e double-linked ea u es. We conside an al ema i e analysis based on Con igu a ional Cons ain s and we demons a e ha his analysis ails o cap u e he gliding p ocesses which a ec some complex segmen s in Majo can Ca alan and Occi an. The o ganisa ion o ea u es allows us o p o ide a simple and uni a y accoun , in his way he en ich nen o he ep esen a ions de i es in a simpli ica ion de componen . Uni e sal G amma p o ides a ma kedness heo y which supplies in o na ion as o which ea u es a e unde speci iable. In hs way, he unma ked a icula o node seems o be he Co onal one and hus i mus be absen in unde lying ep esen a ions. The pu pose o his pape is o p o ide e idence in suppo o Unde speci ica ion heo y and o use hls model o in es iga e he way a ea u e p edic ed o be absen in unde lying ep esen a ions can be ac i e in he phonology o a language. In line wi h cu en phonological esea ch, ou p oposa1 is consis en wi h he claim ha he bu den o explana ion should be in he ep esen a ional componen a he han in he ule Ca alan Wo king Pape s in Linguis ics (CWPL), 1991 : 181 - 199 Uni e si a Au bnoma de Ba celona 1. Assimila o y Pa e ns in Cen al Ca alan I has been obse ed ha co onals beha e asymme ically wi h espec o o he consonan s in some languages and his is he case o he co onal nasal and he s op in Ca alan, which assimila e o all places o a icula ion. I is gene ally assumed ha his beha iou de i es om he gene al heo y o Unde speci ica ion. The asy nme ic pa e n o co onals can be illus a ed by he da a in (1) which co espond o an op ional p ocess o s op assimila ion in Cen al Ca alan. While he co onal s op assimila es o all places o a icula ion, as can be seen in (la), labial and ela s ops in (lb) and (lc) assimila e 182 componen . Ou a gumen a ion is based on p ocesses o assimila ion, cen alisa ion and gliding which can be ound in Ca alan and Occi an. This pape is o ganised as ollows. In Sec ion 1 we p esen he ela ion be ween assimila o y asymme ies in Cen al Ca alan and he unde speci íed cha ac e o Co onal and we hypo hesize ha hese asymme ies ha e hei o igin in he Fea u e Geome y. We conclude ha La e al and S iden a e dependen s o Co onal and ha his jus i ies he p esence o he unma ked a icula o in he unde lying ep esen a ions o la e al and s iden co onals. We also ske ch wo ea lie analyses o he way Co onal is in oduced in ep esen a ions: A e y-&ce (1989) and Pa adis-P une (1989). We a gue ha such analyses canno sol e he p oblem we p esen . Sec ion 2 deals wi h da a coming om Algue ese Ca alan. We a gue om he assimila o y possibili ies o cen alised consonan s ha La e al and S iden a e double-linked ea u es. We conside an al e na i e analysis based on Con igu a ional Cons ain s and in Sec ion 3 we demons a e ha his analysis ails o cap u e he gliding p ocesses ha a ec some complex segmen s in Majo can Ca alan and Occi an. We conclude ha he p ocesses conside ed mus be ea ed in a uni ied manne and no as acciden s. The o ganisa ion o ea u es allows us o p o ide a simple and uni a y accoun . In his way we ollow he usual s a egy o ob ain ha he en ichmen o he ep esen a ions de i es in a simpli ica ion ule componen . only wi hin hei p ima y con en node. This is exac ly he beha iou ha we p edic by unde speci yng he Co onal node. (1) a. se [ l se [m] mans se [P,] ocs se [I] línies se [ , S]ais se [Llilib es se [k] cases se [d] dones se [b bleus C. po [kl po [kl pa po Ikl oc po [kl sol po [k Slai po [k ai b e po [kl cas 'se en' 'se en hands' 'se en i es' 'se en lines' 'se en lambs' 'se en books' 'se en houses' 'se en women' 'se en oices' ' ew' ' ew b ead' ' ew i e' ' ew sun' ' ew lamb' ' ew book' ' ew case' b. ca [PI 'no' ca [m] mB 'no hand' ca [P,] oc 'no i e' ca [p] signe 'no sign' [P $]A 'no lamb' ca [p Llib e 'no book' ca [PI casa 'no house' Following he s a egy ha phonological p ocesses a e bes explained h ough a ocus on he ep esen a ional componen , we iew he assimila ion p ocess as a simple ope a ion o sp eading, which akes place om igh o le and only o an emp y posi ion. To make his clea , compa e (2a) and (2b). The Do sal con en node sp eads o he emp y Place node in (2a), bu sp eading is blocked in (2b) because he Place node o he i s consonan has he dependen Labial node and we don' allow cases o sp eading igge ing delinking. (No e ha , s ic ly speaking, he SL and Place nodes in he ep esen a ion o [ ] a e no p esen unde lyingly). (2) a. b. [ I [kl [P 1 [kl X X X I R 1 Place 1 Pke lke "SL. Place .L % -.. --. -k -'+- 'X, %% -- --% Do sal Lablal Do sal [b=kl [md I [bxkl se [ ] [klases -> se [kk] ases ca [p] Blasa -> ca [pklasa 'se en houses' 'no house' Conside now he nasal assimila ion da a. The co onal nasal, as does he co onal s op, pa e ns as i i has no speci ied Place o a icula ion (see he examples in 3a). The o he nasals assimila e only wi hin hei own p ima y con en nodes: he labial in (3b) can assimila e o a labioden al, and he ela and pala al nasals in (3c) do no assimila e a all. (3) a. s6 [n] ' hey a e s6 [m] pocs ' hey a e ew' s6 [q] eliqos ' hey a e happy' s6 [n] dos ' hey a e wo' s6 [n] since s ' hey a e since e' s6 [n] ics ' hey a e ich' s6 [n, 3le mans ' hey a e b o he s' s6 [n, Lliu es ' hey a e ee' s6 [IJ] g ans ' hey a e big' C. i 191 Pa 'I ha e b ead' a [F] elig 'happy yea ' b. so [ml so [ml pocs so [ lj] eli~os so [m] dos so [m] since s so [m] ics so [m 3le mans so [m oiu es so [m] g ans 'we a e 'we a e ew' The assimila ion o he co onal nasal is pa allel o ha o he co onal s op. I s a icula ion is o ally dependen on he ollowing consonan . We p edic his beha iou by unde speci ing he co onal node in he ep esen a ion o he nasal in (4). I Co onal is he unma ked speci ica ion o Place, hen we expec o ind a unique pa e ning o Co onals a leas in ela ion o assimila o y p ocesses. Bu his is no wha we ind i we look a he beha iou o he la e al and ica i e co onals. They pa e n as he o he consonan s do and hei assimila o y possibili ies a e es ic ed o hei own p ima y con en node. We will demons a e ha Co onal is p esen in he unde lying ep esen a ions o [I] and [s] and ha hls may be used o explain hei assimila o y pa e n. La e al assimila ion di e s om he assimila ion o s ops and nasals in ha la e als assimila e only i hey can p ese e hei co onal cha ac e , as can be seen in (5). (5) e @I e [ll pa e @I oc e @] dia e [l] sol e [I] ic e U, 31ema e [l, Llib e e 111 gos ' he' ' he b ead' ' he i e' ' he day' ' he sun' ' he ich' ' he b o he ' ' he book' ' he dog' (Masca ó (1976)) In he analysis o bo h he s op and he nasal co onals we ha e accoun ed o he assimila ion o all places o a icula ion by pos ula ing he absence o a speci ied Co onal node in hose segmen s. The gene al es ic ion o la e als o he Co onal a icula o , as a gued by Le in (1988) among o he s, can be exp essed in ea u e geome y by malung La e al a daugh e o he Co onal node. The ep esen a ion o he co onal la e al, wi h a speci ied Co onal node, gi en in (6) accoun s s aigh on a dly o i s assimila o y possibili ies. The e is phonological e idence o a signi ican associa ion be ween La e al and Co onal e en in he case o pala al and ela la e als. These Do sal la e als ha e also a Co onal node, consis en wi h he claim ha he ea u e la e al is a dependen o Co onal. Independen suppo o his posi ion can be ound in he al e na ion o he s op and ica i e allophones o he oiced obs uen s in Ca alan, Basque and Spanish. We ollow he s anda d analysis o he gene al p ocess. Basically, we assu ne Con inuan Sp eading om le o igh , i.e. om a segmen in a Rime o a segmen in he Onse o he ollowing syllable, and [- con ] as he unma ked alue. Ca alan has bo h pala al and ela la e als and in his language Con inuan Sp eading egula ly akes place om le o igh as can be seen in (7a). The s op appea s a e a [- con ] segmen and a e a pause. Ins ead he ica i e appea s when he oiced obs uen ollows a [+can ] segmen as in he las wo examples. I has been obse ed ha he [+con inuan ] alue does no sp ead in homo ganic sequences. In he exa nples o (7b) la e als assimila e o he ollowing den al, he homo ganici y equi emen is me and he sp eading o he con inui y alue is blocked. The same si ua ion holds in he case o he pala al la e al. Clea ly, i pala al and ela la e als assimila e o a den al hey ha e o ha e a Co onal node. (7) a. ambbja blá n3 13a bizl3a b. alkáída belCdía 'en y' 'whea ' 'new' ( em.) 'bishop' 'mayo ' 'nice day' We ha e accoun ed o he pa e n o la e als wi h espec o assimila o y p ocesses by speci ying he Co onal a icula o which is p edic ed o be absen in unde lying ep esen a ions. The conside a ion o La e al as a dependen o Co onal jus i ies he p esence o his unma ked a icula o . We assume ha bo h pala al and ela la e als a e complex segmen s which b anch a he Place node. We will e u n la e o he ep esen a ion o pala als and he ela la e al as complex segmen s in ela ion o gliding p ocesses in Sec ion 3. Le 's desc ibe now he assimila o y possibili ies o he co onal ica i e. As can be seen in (8a) [s] does no assimila e o a labial o ela segmen . In some dialec s a p og essi e assimila o y e ec can be obse ed when he co onal ica i e ollows a sono an pala al in (8b). The co onal ica i e also assimila es o [ ] in he example in (&) and he esul ing segmen has been cha ac e ised as a ica i e un illed in Masca 6 (1976). (8) a. mé [S] pa 'mo e b ead' mé [s] camps 'mo e ields' m [s Jlo s 'mo e lowe s' b. S as 'yea s' 'g ains o ga lic' (8) c. mé [z] [ loba +me [J loba 'mo e clo hes' The beha iou o he co onal ica i e which assimila es only wi hin i s p ima y con en node and o pala als can be de i ed s aigh o wa d om he p esence o Co onal in he ep esen a ion o [s] in (9). S iden is ele an only o co onals and we exp ess hls by malung he ea u e S iden a dependen o he Co onal node. As in he case o [l] in ela ion o La e al, he speci ica ion on he unma ked a icula o in he ep esen a ion o [s] is jus i ied by malung S iden a dependen o Co onal. I La e al o S iden a e speci ied o some segmen , hen he Node Gene a ion con en ion gi en in (10) will c ea e au oma ically a Co onal node. Assuming his we can main ain he unma ked cha ac e o Co onal. (16) b. més És 'mo e' ' h ee' mes Éns sspáls 'mo e ains' ' h ee poles' A e delinlung o S iden he e is no jus i ica ion o he p esence o Co ona1 and i dele es because, as he unma ked a icula o , i mus be absen om unde lying ep esen a ions. The Seconda y A icula o , i.e. Do sal, becomes Pnma y and S iden canno eassocia e. I he a ec ed s iden is no a complex segmen , he delinked ea u e can eassocia e and his esul s in no change in he ep esen a ions. The gliding p ocess a ec ing a pala al s iden is illus a ed in (17). Manne Place [con ] A pa allel p ocess o dela e alisa ion in Occi an has been desc ibed by Sauze (1982) as labialisa ion. As can be seen in (18) a la e al in syllable inal posi ion loses i s co ona1 and la e al p ope ies when i is ollowed by ano he consonan . (18) [ al 'i COS~S' [ ow 31 'i will cos ' Ea] 'i is necessa y' [kow j] 'i will be necessa y' The la e al in Occi an, as in Ca alan, is a ela one and we ep esen hem as complex segmen s wi h bo h Co onal and Do sal a icula o s. The gliding p ocess consis s in an ope a ion which delinks La e al and he loss o Co onal is a consequence o i . In his way he emaining Do sal. a icula o is in e p e ed as Pnma y, as ep esen ed in (19). I Co ond Do sal 4. Conclusion To summa ize, we ha e accoun ed o asymme ies in he assimila o y beha iou o co onals by placing La e al and S iden unde Co onal. The obse a ion o dialec s which p esen cen disa ion o place p io o he assimila ion o ces us o ecognise he double-dependency o hese wo ea u es. Finally, we examine gliding p ocesses a ec ing s iden s and la e als o show ha Con igu a ional Cons ain s do no su ice and a solu ion based on Fea u e Geome y is equi ed. *A i s e sion o his pape was p esen ed a he 1990 GISELLE, Gi ona. We would like o hank M. Hega y , J.I. Hualde, J. Masca ó and D. Pulleyblank o hei use ul commen s. This esea ch has been suppo ed by a DGICYT g an PB 89-0324. Re e ences A changeli, D. - D. Pulleyblank (1986) "The Con en and S uc u e o Phonological Rep esen a ions", ms., Uni e si y o A izona & Uni e si y o Sou he n Cali o nia. A e y, P.-K. &ce (1989) "Segmen S uc u e and Co onal Unde speci ica ion" , Phonology , 6, 179-200. Cho, Y .Y. (1990) Pa ame e s o Consonan al Assimilu ion, Doc o al disse a ion, S an o d Uni e si y. Huaide, J.I. (1988) A Lexical Phonology o Basque, Doc o al disse a ion, Uni e si y o Sou he n Cali o nia. Kuen, H. 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UAB-Depa amenl de Filologia Ca alana Edi ici B 081 93 Bella e a (Ba celona) E-mai1 [email p o ec ed]