Índex. Contrastive perspectives on discourse markers

C ATALAN J OURNAL OF L INGUISTICS Volume 6 2007 Contrastive perspectives on Discourse Markers Edited by Maria Josep Cuenca J L C AT Servei de Publicacions Grup de Gramàtica Teòrica de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana Catalan Journal of Linguistics Editors Grup de Gramàtica Teòrica de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana Informació general i subscripcions Catalan Journal of Linguistics és una revista de lingüística teòrica, publicada pel Grup de Gramàtica Teòrica de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (format per lingüistes dels departaments de Filologia Catalana i de Filologia Espanyola) i per l’Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana (que integra lingüistes de les universitats de València, d’Alacant i Jaume I de Castelló). Catalan Journal of Linguistics publica articles d’investigació en lingüística teòrica que desenvolupin teories sobre l’estructura de les llengües particulars dins la perspectiva d’una teoria general del llenguatge humà. Els volums seran sovint monogràfics, editats per un especialista en el tema. El preu de subscripció anual és de 18 €. Les sol·licituds de subscripció i la correspondència sobre intercanvis s’han de dirigir a les adreces especificades al final d’aquesta plana. General information and subscriptions Catalan Journal of Linguistics is a journal of theoretical linguistics published by the Grup de Gramàtica Teòrica de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (comprising linguists from the departments of Catalan Philology and Spanish Philology) and by the Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana (which comprises linguists from the universities of València, Alacant and Jaume I at Castelló). Catalan Journal of Linguistics publishes research papers in theoretical linguistics developing theories on the structure of particular languages within the perspective of a general theory of the human language. Volumes will often be monographic, edited by a specialist in the topic. The yearly subscription price is 18 €. Subscription forms and exchange correspondence should be sent to the addresses below: Subscriptions Exchange Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Servei de Publicacions Servei de Biblioteques 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain Secció d’Intercanvi de Publicacions Phone: +34 93 581 10 22 Plaça Cívica (edifici N) Fax: +34 93 581 32 39 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +34 93 581 11 93 Fax: +34 93 581 32 19 E-mail: [email protected] Interior coberta 18/10/07 10:31 Página 2 Catalan Journal of Linguistics style sheet • Text processor. Both a hard copy and an electronic version of the paper are required. 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Paths and Categories. MIT, doctoral dissertation. Chomsky, Noam (1994). «Categories and Transformations». MIT, unpublished manuscript. Interior coberta 18/10/07 10:31 Página 3 Comitè assessor Josep Maria Brucart Marraco (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Maria Teresa Espinal Farré (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Maria Lluïsa Hernanz Carbó (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Sabine Iatridou (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Michael Kenstowicz (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Joan Mascaró Altimiras (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Gemma Rigau Oliver (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Henriette de Swart (Universiteit Utrecht) Rafaella Zanuttini (Université de Genève) Consell editor Teresa Cabré Monné (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Maria Josep Cuenca Ordinyana (Universitat de València) Anna Gavarró Algueró (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Josep Martines Peres (Universitat d’Alacant) Jaume Mateu Fontanals (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Manuel Pérez Saldanya (Universitat de València) Pilar Prieto Vives (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Jaume Solà Pujols (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Redacció Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Departament de Filologia Catalana 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain Phone: +34 93 581 23 71 +34 93 581 23 72 Fax: +34 93 581 27 82 E-mail: [email protected] Disseny de la coberta Loni Geest & Tone Høverstad Composició Binorama, SCP Edició i impressió Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Servei de Publicacions 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain Phone: +34 93 581 15 96. Fax: +34 93 581 32 39 E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 1695-6885 Dipòsit legal: B-4.112-2003 Imprès a Espanya. Printed in Spain Imprès en paper ecològic DADES CATALOGRÀFIQUES RECOMANADES PEL SERVEI DE BIBLIOTEQUES DE LA UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA Catalan Journal of Linguistics Catalan Journal of Linguistics = CatJL / Grup de Gramàtica Teòrica de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ; Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana. — Núm. 1 (2002)- . — Bellaterra (Barcelona) : Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions, 2003- . — 23 cm Anual. — Continuació de: Catalan Working Papers in Linguistics = ISSN 1132-256X ISSN 1695-6885 I. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Grup de Gramàtica Teòrica II. Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana III. CatJL 1. Filologia catalana — Revistes 2. Lingüística — Revistes 3. Català — Gramàtica generativa — Revistes 800.1(05) Bases de dades en què CATALAN JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS està referenciada — Dialnet (Unirioja) — Francis — Linguistics Working Papers Directory (http://www.lingref.com/lwpd/) — Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert (RACO) Cat.Jour.Ling. 6 001-172 18/10/07 10:35 Página 2 Articles 9-30 Bazzanella, Carla (Università di Torino); Bosco, Cristina (Università di Torino); Garcea, Alessandro (University of Toulouse 2); Gili Fivela, Barbara (Università del Salento-Lecce); Miecznikowski, Johanna (Università di Torino); Tini Brunozzi, Francesca (Loquendo, S.p.A) Italian allora, French allors: Functions, convergences and divergences. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 9-30. The functions, convergences, and divergences of Italian allora and French alors are analyzed in two Italian texts (the Novellino, in Old Italian, and Paso Doble, in Modern Italian) and their French translations. The discourse marker is used differently in the two languages, and the contrastive analysis allows us to better assess those differences, by explicitly quantifying the degree of correspondence, omissions, and non-literal translations. Furthermore, our work confirms the existence of functions which may be identified as more central or more peripheral within a certain configuration, and emphasizes the existence of crosslanguage preferences for a more/less rich set of forms for expressing a particular function. The polyfunctionality and context-boundness which characterize discourse markers in general are held responsible for differences in translation, thus motivating the several shades of meaning which distinguish Italian allora (with regard both to Old and Modern Italian) from French alors. Key words: discourse markers, translation, polyfunctionality, context, allora, alors, Italian, French. 31-59 Aijmer, Karin (Göteborg University) The meaning and functions of the Swedish discourse marker alltså— Evidence from translation corpora. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 31-59. The topic of this paper is to study to what extent a contrastive analysis can contribute to the analysis of discourse markers.Another issue which is explored is whether the contrastive analysis can be enriched by considering the gramSumari Catalan Journal of Linguistics = CatJL Volume 6, pp. 1-172, 2007, ISSN 1695-6885 http://ddd.uab.cat/record/8 Cat.Jour.Ling. 6 001-172 18/10/07 10:35 Página 3 4CatJL 6, 2007 Sumari maticalization and pragmaticalization of discourse markers. I have chosen to study the Swedish discourse marker alltså and its German cognate also with inferential meaning. It is shown that alltså (and German also) develops either into a question marker or a reformulation marker. By distinguishing two types of reformulation markers we can explain that the consecutive adverb develops meanings such as that is or in other words. It is also shown that there are differences between Swedish and German which can be explained by grammaticalization. Key words: discourse markers, translation, parallel corpus, grammaticalization, pragmaticalization, alltså, also, Swedish, German, English. 61-80 Waltereit, Richard (Newcastle University); Detges, Ulrich (University of Munich) Different functions, different histories. Modal particles and discourse markers from a diachronic point of view. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 61-80. One of the main concerns of recent research in discourse markers, modal particles and related elements has been the problem of a neat categorical delimitation between the major classes involved. Comparing the Spanish discourse particle bien and its French cognate modal particle bien, we show that the functional difference between discourse markers and modal particles can be accounted for in diachronic terms. In other words, discourse markers and modal particles arise in different diachronic pathways, and ultimately from different pragmatic strategies. Strategies which eventually yield discourse markers are related to the joint coordination of human interaction. In contrast, strategies which give rise to modal particles make reference to the status of a given proposition for the ensuing discourse. Our results suggest that there are levels of generalization on semantic change below the overarching tendencies of subjectification (Traugott and Dasher 2002). More importantly, we provide specific motivations for these levels of generalization, and ultimately for subjectification itself. Key words: discourse markers, modal particles, grammaticalization, subjectification, bien, Spanish, French. 81-94 Romero-Trillo, Jesús (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) Adaptive Management in Discourse: The case of involvement discourse markers in English and Spanish conversations. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 81-94. This article describes the process of adaptive management in discourse as the main tool used by speakers to reformulate ideas in speech, mainly via discourse markers. Discourse markers, therefore, present themselves as elements that by their operative or involvement specificity serve to reshape the cognitive stance of the speaker-listener in a given context. This capacity is especially important to be understood and fostered in the case of non-native learners of a language, as they need to master the pragmatic aspects of a new language and not only its syntactic and semantic components. The article will delve into the comparison Cat.Jour.Ling. 6 001-172 18/10/07 10:35 Página 4 Sumari CatJL 6, 2007 5 of involvement markers in English and Spanish to determine the functional differences in both languages. The results show the pragmatic asymmetry in the use of discourse markers in English and Spanish, a fact that indicates the importance of invigorating this research for the benefit of contrastive and pedagogic studies. Key words: discourse markers, contrastive pragmatics, involvement markers, adaptive management, English, Spanish. 95-115 Fernández-Villanueva, Marta (Universitat de Barcelona) Uses of also in oral semi-informal German. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 95-115. In recent grammars and dictionaries also (‘therefore, so, well’) continues to be preferably presented as an adverb with a conclusive-consecutive connective function that essentially corresponds to its use in formal written German. Its function as a modal particle is documented, however, since the beginnings of what is known as Partikelforschung, though not all its uses have been systematically investigated contrasting oral and written German, either in mode or concept. In this article we analyse the uses of also in semi-informal oral interactions on the basis of empirical data (from a sub-sample of the VARCOM corpus). Specifically, we will analyse the presence and frequency of also at the beginning of a sentence or sequence, the functions it serves as a logical-semantic connector or discourse and interaction marker and the interrelations between these functions, in order to contrast these results with the description of also provided by current reference works. Key words: discourse markers, modal particles, also, oral German. 117-136 Matamala, Anna (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) The translation of oh in a corpus of dubbed sitcoms. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 117-136. This article aims to study the functions of the interjection oh in a corpus of English sitcoms and their translation in the Catalan dubbed version. After defining the functions and patterns of this unit in the original English corpus and attempting a classification, the translation strategies used are analysed taking into account different factors such as frequency and specific constraints inherent to this type of audiovisual translation (i.e. lip synchronisation). This article will explore whether oh is translated by interjections, omitted or translated by noninterjective structures. Attention is also paid to combinations in which this unit appears. Key-words: interjections, audiovisual translation, orality, oh, Catalan, English. Cat.Jour.Ling. 6 001-172 18/10/07 10:35 Página 5 Discussion articles 139-157 Traugott, Elizabeth Closs (Stanford University) Discussion article: Discourse markers, modal particles, and contrastive analysis, synchronic and diachronic. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 139-157. I discuss three issues common to papers in the present issue of CatJL by Aijmer, Bazzanella et al., and Waltereit and Detges. One is modal uses of discourse markers and distinctions between discourse markers and modal particles. The second is evidence provided by the papers for diachronic changes that individual markers underwent; the distinction between grammaticalization and pragmaticalization is considered and challenged. Finally, I raise some issues regarding the methodology of data-selection in contrastive studies. Key words: modality, grammaticalization, pragmaticalization, subjectification, zero-correspondence in translation, writing. 159-168 Norrick, Neal R. (Universität Saarland) Discussion article: Pragmatic markers, interjections and discourse. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 2007, vol. 6, pp. 159-168. This article addresses a range of issues centering on pragmatic markers, interjections and the analysis of discourse in relation to three contributions in this volume of the journal. After an initial clarification of terminology in the area of pragmatic markers in general and discourse markers more specifically, I introduce an interactional sociolinguistic perspective on pragmatic markers by contrast with the Adaptive Management in Discourse approach of Romero. Then I take up the matter of written versus spoken data with relation to the articles by Fernández-Villanueva and Matamala. I go on to focus on interjections and their distribution, in particular the discourse marker functions of oh in English with relation to the article by Matamala. Finally, I broaden the discussion to a general consideration of interjections as pragmatic markers. Key words: pragmatic markers, discourse markers, interjections, oh. 169-172 Resums 6CatJL 6, 2007 Sumari Cat.Jour.Ling. 6 001-172 18/10/07 10:35 Página 6