The Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2009 - additional laser Scintillometer measurement campaign 2009 at the Bayelva catchment on Svalbard: Technical documentation and visualization of the near surface measurements during the ARCTEX-2009 campaign, August, 10th to August, 20th 2009
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UNIVERSITY o BAYREUTH
Depa men o Mic ome eo ology
The A c ic Tu bulence Expe imen 2009
Long- e m measu emen s o nea -su ace u bulen luxes in
he A c ic en i onmen - addi ional lase Scin illome e
measu emen campaign 2009 a he Bayel a ca chmen on
S alba d (ARCTEX-2009)
Technical documen a ion and isualiza ion o he nea
su ace measu emen s du ing he
ARCTEX 2009 campaign
Augus , 10 h o Augus , 20 h 2009
Johannes Lüe s
Jö g Ba eiss
Ma in Wagne
Wo k Repo
No. 49
Bay eu h, Feb 2012
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A bei se gebnisse, Uni e si ä Bay eu h, Ab . Mik ome eo ologie
Wo k Repo Uni e si y o Bay eu h, Dep . o Mic ome eo ology
P in , ISSN 1614-8916, In e ne , ISSN 1614-8924
h p://www.baycee .uni-bay eu h.de/mm/
Eigen e lag: Uni e si ä Bay eu h, Ab . Mik ome eo ologie
Ve iel äl igung: D ucke ei de Uni e si ä Bay eu h
He ausgebe : P o . D . Thomas Foken
Uni e si ä Bay eu h, Ab eilung Mik ome eo ologie
D-95440 Bay eu h
Die Ve an wo ung übe den Inhal lieg beim Au o .
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Con en s
1 In oduc ion.......................................................................................................................4
2 Gene al In o ma ion..........................................................................................................5
2.1 Loca ion....................................................................................................................5
2.2 Su ace and wea he condi ions ...............................................................................7
3 O e iew o measu emen si es .......................................................................................8
3.1.1 Me eo ological owe AWI Ny-Ålesund (MT).....................................................9
3.1.2 Bayel a Eddy-Flux measu emen complex AWI (EF).....................................10
3.1.3 Uni e si y o Bay eu h Lase Scin illome e (SLS)..........................................11
3.1.4 Bayel a Pe ma os S a ion AWI (BPS)..........................................................12
4 De ailed desc ip ion o ins umen a ion ..........................................................................13
4.1 Me eo ological owe AWI (MT) ..............................................................................13
4.2 Eddy- lux measu emen s (EF)................................................................................13
4.3 Lase Scin illome e (SLS)......................................................................................13
4.4 Bayel a Pe ma os S a ion AWI (BPS)..................................................................14
5 Da a acquisi ion and eco ding.......................................................................................15
5.1 Lase Scin illome e (SLS)......................................................................................15
5.2 Eddy- lux da a (EF), Bayel a Pe ma os S a ion AWI da a (BPS) and
Me eo ological owe AWI da a (MT)..................................................................................15
6 Visualiza ion o s anda d me eo ological measu emen s ...............................................16
6.1 Synop ic si ua ion ...................................................................................................16
6.2 En i e obse a ion pe iod........................................................................................31
6.3 Daily cha s.............................................................................................................41
7 Visualiza ion o di ec ly measu ed u bulence luxes......................................................57
7.1 Calcula ion o u bulen luxes wi h he so wa e package TK21 ............................57
7.2 En i e obse a ion pe iod........................................................................................58
7.3 Daily cha s.............................................................................................................71
8 A chi ed Da a (CD, DVD, HDD).....................................................................................74
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1 In oduc ion
Accu a e quan i ica ion o u bulen luxes be ween he su ace and he a mosphe ic
bounda y laye in pola en i onmen s, cha ac e ized by equen change o wea he and
exchange condi ions (s able o e y s able o in e mi en ; apid, sho e m neu al o
uns able s a i ied condi ions) is a undamen al p oblem in soil-snow-ice- ege a ion-
a mosphe e in e ac ion p ocesses. The obse ed apid clima e wa ming in he A c ic equi es
imp o emen s in he pe ma os and ca bon cycle moni o ing. To add ess hese p oblems, i
is essen ial o imp o e he da abases wi h high-quali y in-si u measu emen s o u bulen
luxes abo e und a landscape su aces applying he Eddy-Co a iance me hod and he lase
scin illome y.
Resul s om he A c ic Tu bulence Expe imen 2006 on S alba d helped o be e
unde s and physical exchange p ocesses o ene gy and ma e anspo and o imp o e
ins umen a ion s anda ds as well as quali y assessmen echniques (Lüe s and Ba eiss
2010, 2011; h p://www.a c ex.uni-bay eu h.de).
The e o e, he p ima y goal o his addi ional lase scin illome e measu emen campaign is
o es ima e he lux con ibu ions co e ing ypical und a su aces ac oss he Bayel a
ca chmen du ing a summe season sou h-wes o he Ny-Ålesund illage, Kongs jo d,
S alba d.
This e o makes i possible o de ine he spa ial con ex o he luxes, and o include land
use ea u es o he su ounding e ain in he quali y assessmen o all obse a ions in he
Bayel a ca chmen o e he las 10 yea s pe o med by he Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola
and Ma ine Resea ch (AWI).
The p ima y goals o his ARCTEX-campaign we e:
1. con inuous measu emen s o high- esolu ion (20 Hz) u bulen hea luxes nea he
und a su ace using an ul a sonic anemome e (eddy-co a iance me hod) and an open
pa h CO2/H2O in a ed gas analyze ,
2. con inuous measu emen s o he u bulen sensible hea lux nea he und a su ace
using he lase scin illome y,
3. measu emen s o s anda d me eo ological da a sampled a 1 minu e in e als using he
AWI me eo ological owe (2 m and 10 m) and 30 minu e in e als using he Bayel a
Pe ma os S a ion om he AWI,
4. p e- and pos - p ocessing o high-quali y da a se s o u bulen luxes using s a e o he
a lux da a quali y assessmen echniques,
5. unde s anding o exchange p ocesses and hei pa ame e iza ion o neu al and s able
condi ions.
Lüe s, J; Ba eiss, J: Di ec nea -su ace measu emen s o sensible hea luxes in he a c ic und a applying eddy-co a iance
and lase scin illome y - The A c ic Tu bulence Expe imen 2006 on S alba d (ARCTEX-2006), Theo e ical and Applied
Clima ology, 105, 387-402 (2011)
Lüe s, J; Ba eiss, J: The e ec o misleading su ace empe a u e es ima ions on he sensible hea luxes a a high A c ic si e –
he A c ic u bulence expe imen 2006 on S alba d (ARCTEX-2006), A mosphe ic Chemis y and Physics , 10(1), 157-168
(2010)
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2 Gene al In o ma ion
2.1 Loca ion
The Bayel a clima e and soil moni o ing si e is loca ed in he Kongs jo d egion a he wes
coas o he S alba d Island. The obse a ion si e is pa o he B øgge peninsula, and
loca ed in he Bayel a Ri e ca chmen , abou 3 km om he illage o Ny-Ålesund (78°55'N,
11°50’E).
The e ain o he Bayel a ca chmen is bo de ed eas wa d by hilly und a and in he
sou heas by he Zeppelin Moun ain (554 m). F om sou h o sou hwes he 655 m high
B øgge Moun ain and he wo lanks o he B øgge b een glacie ending in o mo aine ubble
and he Bayel a i e bed. The Bayel a Ri e is e en loca ed in he wes o he measu emen
place wi h i s bed mainly consis ing o sand and g a el. The sou hwes bo de is he 695 m
high Sche elig Moun ain. To he no h o he measu emen place he e ain is la ening and
a abou 1 km dis ance he Bayel a Ri e eaches he sho e line o he Kongs jo d (A c ic
Ocean).
In he ca chmen a ea spa se ege a ion al e na es wi h exposed soil and sand and ubble
ields. Typical pe ma os ea u es, such as mud boils and non-so ed ci cles, a e ound in
many pa s o he s udy a ea. The Bayel a pe ma os si e i sel is loca ed a 25 m abo e
mean sea le el, on op o he small Lei haugen hill and he eddy- lux complex is posi ioned
sou hwa d hal way down he sligh ly inclining (< 5°) slope (Wes e mann e al., 2009).
The dominan g ound pa e n a he s udy si e consis s o non-so ed soil ci cles which we e
o med a e he las glacial pe iod. The ba e soil ci cle cen e s a e abou 1 m in diame e and
a e su ounded by a ege a ed im consis ing o a mix u e o low ascula plan s o di e en
species o g ass (Ca ex spec., Deschampsia spec., E iopho um spec., Fes uca spec., Luzula
spec.), ca ch ly, saxi age, willow and some o he local common species (D yas oc ope ala,
Oxy ia digyna, Polegonum i ipa um) and unclassi ied species o mosses and lichens
(Oh suka e al., 2006). The ege a ion co e a he measu emen si e was es ima ed o be
app oxima ely 60%, he emainde being ba e soil wi h a small p opo ion o s ones (Lloyd e
al., 2001). The sil y clay soil has a high mine al con en , while he o ganic con en is low, wi h
olume ic o ganic ac ions below 10% (Boike e al., 2008).
The e ch a ea close o he eddy- lux complex is cha ac e ized by d y und a. The co e ing o
he soil wi h mud boils inc eases and he s uc u e o he ege a ion is changing sligh ly o a
sho e g ow h heigh wi h a maximum o 5 cm o 10 cm.
The Bayel a s a ion has p o ided a long- e m eco d o clima ological pa ame e s and
pe ma os empe a u es since 1998 and eddy- lux da a om 2008. A p esen , he
pe ma os a Lei haugen hill is ela i ely wa m, wi h a mean annual empe a u e a ound
−2 °C a 1.5 m dep h. The maximum ac i e laye dep h in summe 2008 was on he o de o
1.5 m.
Wes e mann S., J. Lüe s, M. Lange , K. Piel, and J. Boike (2009), The annual su ace ene gy budge o a high-a c ic pe ma os
si e on S alba d, No way, The C yosphe e, 3, 245-263.
Oh suka, T., M. Adachi, M. Uchida, and T. Naka subo (2006), Rela ionships be ween ege a ion ypes and soil p ope ies along
a opog aphical g adien on he no he n coas o he B øgge Peninsula, S alba d, Pola Bioscience, 19, 63-72.
Lloyd, C.R., R. J. Ha ding, T. F ibo g, and R. Au ela (2001), Su ace luxes o hea and wa e apou om si es in he Eu opean
A c ic, Theo . Appl. Clima ol., 70, 19-33.
Boike, J., O. Ippisch, P. O e duin, B. Hagedo n, and K. Ro h (2008), Wa e , hea and solu e dynamics o a mud boil,
Spi sbe gen, Geomo phology, 95, 61-73.
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De ailed geog aphic loca ions o he “A c ic Tu bulence Expe imen 2009” (ARCTEX-2009) a
he Bayel a ca chmen 3 km wes o Ny-Ålesund (S alba d, Kongs jo den); Augus 2009,
Uni e si y o Bay eu h, Ge many.
Gene al loca ion S alba d, Kongs jo den, Ny-Ålesund, Posi ion (Cen e o
se lemen ): 078° 55’ 24’’ N, 011° 55’ 15’’ E
Scin illome e UBT01 d y
Tund a (SLSd y), Bayel a:
Coo dina es: 078° 55’ 24’’ N, 011° 49’ 55’’ E (T ansmi e )
078° 55’ 22’’ N, 011° 49’ 42’’ E (Recei e )
Al i ude: 16 m a. s. l.
Land use: d y Tund a
Scin illome e UBT02 we
Tund a (SLSwe ) , Bayel a:
Coo dina es: 078° 55’ 27’’ N, 011° 49’ 53’’ E (T ansmi e )
078° 55’ 25’’ N, 011° 50’ 07’’ E (Recei e )
Al i ude: 14 m a. s. l.
Land use: we Tund a
Bayel a Eddy-Flux complex
AWI (EF):
Coo dina es: 078° 55’ 17’’ N, 011° 49’ 51’’ E
Al i ude: 18 m a. s. l.
Land use: d y Tund a
Bayel a Pe ma os S a ion
AWI, (BPS)
Coo dina es: 078° 55’ 15’’ N, 011° 49’ 59’’ E
Al i ude: 25 m a. s. l.
Land use: Tund a
Bayel a Me eo ological owe
AWI (BMT):
Coo dina es: 078° 55’ 18’’ N, 011° 50’ 12’’ E
Al i ude: 16 m a. s. l.
Land use: Tund a
Me eo ological owe AWI Ny-
Ålesund (MT):
Coo dina es: 078° 55’ 04’’ N, 011° 55’ 26’’ E
Al i ude: 14 m a. s. l.
Land use: Tund a
BSRN AWI Ny-Ålesund (BSRN): Coo dina es: 078° 56’ 05’’ N, 011° 56’ E
Al i ude: 11 m a. s. l.
Land use: Tund a
Time zone Cen al Eu opean Time: CET = GMT + 1 h (win e )
CEST = GMT + 2 h (summe ). Gi en imes and
ilenames e lec s a ing ime o in e als
UBT = Uni e si y o Bay eu h; AWI = Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola - and Ma ine Resea ch; BSRN
= Baseline Su ace Radia ion Ne wo k
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2.2 Su ace and wea he condi ions
Table 2.1 lis s he wea he condi ions du ing he ARCTEX-2009 campaign. The e was
midnigh sun du ing he whole campaign. The su ace condi ions we e cons an (excep he
sho p ecipi a ion e en s lis ed below).
Table 2.1: Wea he condi ions du ing he ARCTEX-2009 campaign, ime is CEST.
Augus 12 o e cas , p edominan ly ligh ai , pa ly ligh b eeze, empe a u e
ange: +4.2 °C o +6.8 °C
Augus 13 p edominan ly o e cas , pa ly ligh b eeze du ing he day, d izzle a
9 p.m., empe a u e ange: +3.7 °C o +7.2 °C
Augus 14 p edominan ly o e cas in he mo ning, la e pa ly cloudy (midday ill
a e noon), windy om 9 a.m. o 10 p.m. ( 5 o 6 m s1), empe a u e
ange: +3.1 °C o +6.2 °C
Augus 15 o e cas , pa ly windy up o gen le b eezes, empe a u e ange: +1.7
°C o +3.5 °C
Augus 16 og in he mo ning hou s and o e cas un il midday, la e
p edominan ly sunshine and pa ly cloudy (high clouds), p edominan ly
calm, pa ly ligh b eezes, empe a u e ange: 0.7 °C o +5.0 °C
Augus 17 sunshine un il a e noon, la e ew high clouds and inc easing wind,
om 5 p.m. s ong wind (7 o 8 m s1), empe a u e ange: +0.9 °C o
+7.5 °C
Augus 18 s ong Foehn wind (8 o 10 m s1) un il a e noon, d izzle a 4 p.m.
(app. 15min), ligh ain a 5:15 p.m. and 6:30 p.m. (app. 15min), la e
p edominan ly o e cas , empe a u e ange: +2.6 °C o +8.5 °C
Augus 19 p edominan ly cloudy un il midday, la e o e cas , windy un il 13 a.m.,
la e ligh b eeze, empe a u e ange: +3.9 °C o +7.1 °C
3 O e iew o measu emen si es
The sa elli e image below (Figu e 3.1) gi es an o e iew o he Bayel a ca chmen including
he ins alled ins umen si es. I is loca ed abou 3 km wes o he illage o Ny-Ålesund.
Figu e 3.1: C op o a high esolu ion sa elli e image o he Bayel a ca chmen wi h he ins alled
measu emen si es (EF = Bayel a Eddy- lux complex, BMT = Bayel a Me eo ological owe , BPS =
Bayel a Pe ma os S a ion, SLSd y = Scin illome e UBT01 d y Tund a, SLSwe = Scin illome e
UBT02 we Tund a). The o iginal image was p ocessed by E ns Haube om he DLR (High
Resolu ion S e eo Came a HRSC-AX; Resolu ion: 20 cm/pixel; P ojec ion: UTM (WGS44); cen al
me idian: 15 deg ee), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
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3.1.1 Me eo ological owe AWI Ny-Ålesund (MT)
The pe manen , 10 m all me eo ological owe (MT) o he AWI (Figu e 3.2) is loca ed abou
100 m sou h-eas o he Building o he a mosphe ic obse a o y (AWI-OBS) and sou h o he
illage o Ny-Ålesund in he p o ec ed moni o ing ins umen a ea (abou 5 m nex o he
d i eway owa ds he Co bel-S a ion). The measu emen s o his s a ion a e pa o he
ou ine me eo ological obse a ion p og am (su ace adia ion and mas measu emen s)
ope a ing since 1994 and headed by he AWI.
(h p://www.awi-po sdam.de/MET/NyAlesund/we e ab.h ml).
Figu e 3.2: Ten me e all me eo ological owe (MT) o he Al ed Wegene Ins i u e sou h o he
AWI Scien i ic Obse a o y. Rou ine me eo ological measu emen s AWI/IPEV s a ion Ny-Ålesund
(S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
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6 Visualiza ion o s anda d me eo ological measu emen s
6.1 Synop ic si ua ion
Synop ic wea he cha s (mean sea le el p essu e analysis = MSLP) we e p o ided by he
UK Me eo ological O ice (UKMO), showing he isoba s including on s and oughs. The
ollowing cha s ou line he synop ic si ua ion be ween Augus 12 and Augus 19, 2009, a 00
UTC, 06UTC, 12 UTC and 18 UTC. The cha o Augus 17, 2009, 12 UTC is missing.
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17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Figu e 6.2 Ai empe a u e be ween Augus 12 and Augus 20, 2009. Blue line: ai empe a u e in °C
a 2 m a. g. l., ed line: ai empe a u e in °C a 10 m a. g. l. (bo h Bayel a me eo ological owe BMT,
Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch). Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009
campaign.
Figu e 6.3: Ve ical di e ence o ai empe a u e be ween Augus 12 and Augus 20, 2009. Blue do s:
T di e ence o ai empe a u e in K be ween 10 m and 2 m a. g. l (Bayel a me eo ological owe
BMT, Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch). Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009
campaign.
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Humidi y
The obse ed ela i e ai humidi y (Figu e 6.4) did no show much a ia ion be ween Augus
12 and Augus 20. Du ing Aug. 17 he le el d ops sligh ly om 90 o 80% o 70 o 60%
caused by o sho e ad ec ion o d y ai mass om he eas (inland).
Figu e 6.4: Humidi y be ween Augus 12 and Augus 20, 2009. Blue line: ela i e humidi y in % a 2
m a. g. l. (Bayel a pe ma os s a ion BPS, Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch).
Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
Wind speed and wind di ec ion
The ho izon al wind speed a di e en heigh s abo e g ound le el (2 m and 10 m) was
ob ained by he ou ine obse a ion o he me eo ological owe (MT) a Ny-Ålesund o he
Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch (Figu e 6.5). A second wind speed
and wind di ec ion measu emen a 2 m a. g. l. was e ie ed om he Bayel a pe ma os
s a ion o he AWI (BPS) in he Bayel a ca chmen i sel (Fig. 6.6).
Figu e 6.5: Wind speed be ween Augus 12 and Augus 20, 2009. Blue do s: wind speed in m s1 a 2
m a. g. l., ed do s: wind speed in m s1 a 10 m a. g. l. (bo h me eo ological owe MT, Al ed
Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch). Ny-Ålesund (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
33
Figu e 6.6: Wind speed and wind di ec ion be ween Augus 12 and Augus 20, 2009. Blue line: wind
speed in m s1 a 2 m a. g. l., ed do s: wind di ec ion in deg ee a 2 m a. g. l. (bo h Bayel a pe ma os
s a ion BPS, Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch). Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-
2009 campaign.
The wind di ec ion (a 2 m and 10 m a. g. l.) was ob ained by he me eo ological ou ine
obse a ion o he 10 m all me eo ological owe (MT) a Ny-Ålesund and di ec ly a Bayel a
by he eddy- lux complex EF (a 2.90 m a. g. l.) o he Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and
Ma ine Resea ch. The used wind senso om he MT is a combined cup-anemome e and
wind ane (Thies Clima, Ge many), he EF-S a ion used he Ul asonic CSAT3 anemome e .
The Figu e 6.7 shows he main wind di ec ion sec o s a Ny-Ålesund and a he Bayel a
ca chmen du ing he ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
This pa e n o ei he sou h-eas e ly o eas e ly di ec ions (mo e o less canalized ai low up
and down he Kongs jo d and he glacie s) is ypical mos o he ime du ing he yea . The
eddy- lux complex in he Bayel a ca chmen measu ed a sou he n o sou h-eas e n
componen which could be an ai low om he glacie loca ed in he sou h o he
measu emen si e.
34
35
Figu e 6.7: F equency dis ibu ion o wind di ec ion sepa a ed in 12 wind sec o s and classi ied in 4
wind speed classes, Augus 12 o Augus 19, 2009. Top: dis ibu ion o he wind di ec ions in deg ee
measu ed a 2 m heigh a. g. l. Middle: dis ibu ion o he wind di ec ion in deg ee measu ed a 10 m
a. g. l. (bo h AWI me eo ological owe (MT)). Bo om: dis ibu ion o he wind di ec ions in deg ee
measu ed a 2.90 m heigh a. g. l. (Bayel a eddy- lux complex AWI (EF)). Ny-Ålesund and Bayel a
(S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
36
Radia ion
The main adia ion measu emen s (1 min sampling) ook place a he ou ine BSRN s a ion o
he AWI in Ny-Ålesund (Figu e 6.8). An addi ional measu emen (30 min sampling) ook
place a he Bayel a pe ma os s a ion BPS o he AWI (Figu es 6.9 o 6.12), 3 km wes o
Ny-Ålesund, close o he Eddy- lux complex EF and he bo h Uni e si y o Bay eu h
Scin illome e pa hways.
Figu e 6.8: Sho wa e adia ion be ween Augus 12 and Augus 20, 2009. Red do s: global adia ion in
W m2 measu ed wi h a CM11 (Kipp & Zonen) py anome e (BSRN s a ion, Al ed Wegene Ins i u e
o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch). Ny-Ålesund (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
Figu e 6.9: Sho wa e adia ion be ween Augus 12 and Augus 20, 2009. Blue line: global adia ion
in W m2 measu ed wi h a NR01 (Hukse lux) (Bayel a pe ma os s a ion BPS, Al ed Wegene
Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch). Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
37
Figu e 6.10: Ra io o e lec ed o global sho wa e adia ion (albedo) measu ed wi h a NR01
(Hukse lux) (Bayel a pe ma os s a ion BPS, Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine
Resea ch), Augus 12 o Augus 20, 2009. The Blue do s a e showing he a iance o he Albedo due
o di e en ele a ion angles o he sun and due o di e en ac ion o he hal space om wi ch
di use sky adia ion o he - om he su ace - e lec ed adia ion can each he senso s. Bayel a
(S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
Figu e 6.11: Longwa e adia ion measu ed wi h a NR01 (Hukse lux) (Bayel a pe ma os s a ion
BPS, Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch), Augus 12 o Augus 20, 2009. Red
do s: incoming longwa e adia ion in W m2. Blue do s: emi ed longwa e adia ion in W m2.
Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
38
Figu e 6.12: Su ace adia ion balance: adia ion was measu ed wi h a NR01 (Hukse lux) (Bayel a
pe ma os s a ion BPS, Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch), Augus 12 o
Augus 20, 2009. Cons i u ed by he mic ome eo ological con en ion, downwa d di ec ed luxes
(global sho wa e and incoming longwa e adia ion) a e nega i e and upwa d di ec ed luxes
( e lec ed sho wa e and emi ed longwa e adia ion) a e posi i e. Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-
2009 campaign.
Cloud Base heigh in me e
Fo cloud base heigh measu emen s a lase (LIDAR) based ceilog aph LD-40 is used since
1998 wi h a ceiling ange be ween 23 m and 12 650 m heigh and wi h a measu ing de ia ion
o ±23 m (a solid objec s). The ceilome e is pa o he BSRN measu ing ield a Ny-Ålesund
ope a ed by he Al ed Wegene Ins i u e.
Figu e 6.13: Cloud base heigh (cbh) in me e abo e g ound be ween Augus 12 and Augus 20, 2009.
Lase (LIDAR) based ceilog aph measu emen s o he BSRN (Baseline Su ace Radia ion Ne wo k)
s a ion Ny-Ålesund ope a ed by he Al ed Wegene Ins i u e. Ny-Ålesund (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009
campaign.
39
Accumula ed p ecipi a ion in mm
Fo p ecipi a ion measu emen s a ipping bucke ain gauge 52203 (RM Young) is used and
is ins alled in he Bayel a ca chmen since 1998. Figu e 6.14 shows no measu able
p ecipi a ion in he ime om Augus 12 o Augus 20 when he ACRTEX-2009 campaign
ook place. Ne e heless we no iced some d izzle on Augus 13 and Augus 18.
Figu e 6.14: Accumula ed p ecipi a ion om Augus 1 o Augus 31, 2009. The measu emen based on
60 minu e summed up measu emen s o he BPS (Bayel a pe ma os s a ion BPS, Al ed Wegene
Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch). Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
40
6.3 Daily cha s
Ai empe a u e
Du ing he ARCTEX-2009 campaign ai empe a u e was eco ded by di e en ins umen s in
he Bayel a ca chmen and di e en heigh s abo e g ound using en ila ed and adia ion-
shielded he mome e s (BPS and MT), a CSAT3 om he eddy- lux complex (EF) o ob ain
he sonic empe a u e, as well as a soil empe a u e p obe (4.5 cm dep h) a he Bayel a
Pe ma os s a ion (BPS). The heigh s a e gi en in each igu e. A sampling in eg al o
30 minu es was used a he Bayel a s a ions (BPS, EF) and o 1 minu e a he Ny-Ålesund
si e (MT).
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48
49
50
Sho wa e adia ion and cloud base heigh
The eco dings o sola adia ion and cloud base heigh we e ob ained om he in e na ional
s anda dized adia ion measu emen s o he Baseline Su ace Radia ion Ne wo k (BSRN),
he lase ceilome e (cloud base heigh ) and he Bayel a Pe ma os s a ion (BPS), all
main ained by he Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch. The igu es show
he global (incoming) and e lec ed (ou going) pa s o he sho wa e spec al ange and he
acco ding cloud heigh .
51
52
53
Longwa e adia ion and cloud base heigh
The eco dings o he e es ial adia ion and he cloud base heigh we e ob ained om he
in e na ional s anda dized adia ion measu emen s o he Baseline Su ace Radia ion
Ne wo k (BSRN), he lase ceilome e (cloud base heigh ) and he Bayel a Pe ma os
s a ion (BPS), all main ained by he Al ed Wegene Ins i u e o Pola and Ma ine Resea ch.
The igu es show he incoming and ou going luxes in he longwa e spec al ange and he
co esponding cloud heigh .
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55
56
57
7 Visualiza ion o di ec ly measu ed u bulence luxes
7.1 Calcula ion o u bulen luxes wi h he so wa e package TK21
The u bulen luxes we e p e- and pos -p ocessed wi h he in e na ionally s anda dized
QA/QC so wa e package TK21, de eloped by he Depa men o Mic ome eo ology,
Uni e si y o Bay eu h (Maude and Foken, 2004; Maude e al., 2008). The so wa e
package TK21 is based on 15 yea s o expe iences. I was de eloped o calcula e u bulen
luxes au oma ically o se e al in e na ional mic ome eo ological expe imen s since 1989.
TK21 is capable o pe o ming all o he pos p ocessing o u bulence measu emen s
p oducing quali y assu ed u bulen luxes o a s a ion au oma ically in one single un. I
includes all co ec ions and es s, which a e s a e o science (i.e. de ec ion o spikes,
applica ion o Plana Fi me hod o coo dina e ans o ma ion, de e mina ion o he ime
delay be ween senso s) and a quali y assessmen . The la e ollowing a p ocedu e p oposed
by Foken and Wichu a (1996) and u he de eloped by Foken e al. (2004).
Two quali y es s we e applied o he lux da a. The S eady S a e es is designed o de ec
non s eady s a e condi ions, which a e an assump ion o he eddy co a iance me hod. This
es compa es a 30-minu e co a iance wi h he a i hme ic mean o he six 5-minu e co-
a iances in his 30-minu e in e al. The ag eemen be ween bo h alues is a measu e o
s eady s a e condi ions. The second es is based on he lux- a iance simila i y, which
means ha he a io o he s anda d de ia ion o a u bulen pa ame e and i s u bulen lux
is nea ly cons an o a unc ion, e.g. o he s abili y. These no malized s anda d de ia ions
a e called In eg al Tu bulence Cha ac e is ics (ITC). This es compa es measu ed in eg al
u bulence cha ac e is ics wi h modeled ones. The ag eemen be ween bo h alues is a
measu e o well-de eloped u bulence.
Foken, T; Göckede, M; Maude , M; Mah , L; Ami o, BD; Munge , JW (2004): Pos - ield da a quali y con ol. in Lee
X., Massman W, Law B : Handbook o Mic ome eo ology: A Guide o Su ace Flux Measu emen and Analysis,
Kluwe , Do d ech , 181-208.
Foken, T; Wichu a, B (1996): Tools o quali y assessmen o su ace-based lux measu emen s. Ag ic Fo es
Me eo ology, 78, 83-105.
Maude , M; Foken, T (2004): Documen a ion and Ins uc ion Manual o he Eddy Co a iance So wa e Package
TK2. Wo k epo Uni e si y o Bay eu h, Dep o Mic ome eo ology, 26, ISSN 1614-8916.
Maude , M; Foken, T; Clemen , R; Elbe s, JA; Eugs e , W; G ünwald, T; Heusink eld, B; Kolle, O (2008): Quali y
con ol o Ca boEu ope lux da a – Pa 2: In e -compa ison o eddy-co a iance so wa e, Biogeosciences, 5,
451-462.
Figu e 7.9: Top: 5 min a e aged alues. Bo om: 30 min a e aged alues. Sensible hea lux QH a 2.9
m a. g. (g ey line) ob ained by he eddy- lux complex EF and he ela ed quali y lags o he S eady
S a e es (Foken & Wichu a, 1996; TK21-so wa e) o he co a iance o he luc ua ions o he sonic
empe a u e (Ts′) and e ical (w′) wind componen (s a lag_wTs). The classes 1 o 3 a e good
quali y, he classes 4 o 6 a e usable quali y, class 7 and 8 a e only o o ien a ion, 9 has o be
neglec ed, Augus 12 o Augus 20, 2009. Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
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Figu e 7.10: Top: 5 min a e aged alues. Bo om: 30 min a e aged alues. Sensible hea lux QH a
2.90 m a. g. (g ey line) ob ained by he eddy- lux complex EF and he ela ed quali y lags o he
In eg al Tu bulence Cha ac e is ic es (ITC- es , Foken & Wichu a, 1996; TK21-so wa e) o he
s anda d de ia ion (Ts) no malized by i s dynamical pa ame e T (i c lag_Ts). The classes 1 o 3 a e
good quali y, he classes 4 o 6 a e usable quali y, class 7 and 8 a e only o o ien a ion, 9 has o be
neglec ed, Augus 12 o Augus 20, 2009. Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
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Figu e 7.11: Quali y con ol using he quali y lag sys em a e Foken & Wichu a (1996) by applying
he TK21-so wa e. Top: 5 min a e aged alues. Bo om: 30 min a e aged alues. Le : S eady S a e
es o he co a iance o he luc ua ions o a) he ho izon al wind componen s (u′, ′) and b) he sonic
empe a u e (Ts′) and he e ical (w′) wind componen (s a lag_us a and s a lag_wTs). Righ :
In eg al Tu bulence Cha ac e is ic es (ITC- es ) o he s anda d de ia ions (w and Ts) no malized
by hei dynamical pa ame e s u and T (i c lag_w and i c lag_Ts). The classes 1 o 3 a e good
quali y, he classes 4 o 6 a e usable quali y, class 7 and 8 a e only o o ien a ion, 9 has o be
neglec ed, Augus 12 o Augus 20, 2009. Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
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Figu e 7.12: Quali y con ol o he u bulen luxes ob ained by he eddy- lux complex EF applying he
Plana Fi coo dina e o a ion me hod a e Wilczak e al. (2001) ideally esul ing in a w- alue o ze o
a e aged ac oss he ull da a se Augus 12 o Augus 20, 2009. The plo s show he co ec ion e ec
(le wi h un o a ed, igh wi h o a ed coo dina e ma ix) ega ding he e ical wind componen w in
ela ion o he acco ding wind di ec ion ( op) and ega ding he e ical wind componen w in ela ion
o he acco ding ho izon al wind speed h (bo om). Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
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Figu e 7.13: Top: 5 min a e aged alues. Bo om: 30 min a e aged alues. Sensible hea lux QH a
2.90 m a. g. (g ey line) and he ela ed a mosphe ic s abili y pa ame e (z/L), whe eas L is he
Obukho -leng h and z is he measu emen heigh (2.90 m), bo h ob ained by he eddy- lux complex
EF. Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
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Figu e 7.14: Compa ison o he sensible hea lux ob ained by wo independen measu emen sys ems
du ing Augus 12 o Augus 20, 2009, in he Bayel a ca chmen nea Ny-Ålesund (S alba d). The da k
blue line (Qh EF) indica es he sensible hea lux QH and he b own line (Qe EF) indica es he la en
hea lux QE a 2.90 m a. g. ob ained by he eddy- lux complex EF using a Campbell CSAT3. The
o ange do s (Qh SLS d y) a e indica ing he sensible hea lux along a 100 m long lase scin illome e
pa hway (Scin ec SLS 20) 1.21 m abo e d y g ound nea he e ch o he eddy- lux complex EF. The
blue do s (Qh SLS we ) a e indica ing he sensible hea lux along a 100 m long lase scin illome e
pa hway (Scin ec SLS 20) 1.22 m abo e we g ound nea he e ch o he eddy- lux complex EF. Fo
QH o he scin illome e s he s abili y z/L was used o decide he app op ia e lux di ec ions. Bayel a
(S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
Figu e 7.15: Reco ded wind di ec ion ( ed do s) and ic ion eloci y u (blue line), and he ela ed
a mosphe ic s abili y pa ame e (z/L, da k g ey line, pos. alues = s able, neg. alues = uns able),
whe eas L is he Obukho -leng h and z is he measu emen heigh (2.90 m), all ob ained by he eddy
co a iance complex EF, Augus 16 and Augus 17, 2009. Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009
campaign.
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Figu e 7.16: Reco ded wind di ec ion ( ed do s) and ic ion eloci y u (blue line), and he ela ed
a mosphe ic s abili y pa ame e (z/L, da k g ey line, pos. alues = s able, neg. alues = uns able),
whe eas L is he Obukho -leng h and z is he measu emen heigh (2.90 m), all ob ained by he eddy
co a iance complex EF, Augus 12 o Augus 20 2009. Bayel a (S alba d), ARCTEX-2009 campaign.
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7.3 Daily cha s
The igu es in his chap e p esen he wo independen ly measu ed sensible hea luxes
ob ained om he eddy- lux complex EF and he lase scin illome e SLS du ing he
ARCTEX-2009 campaign, Augus 12 o Augus 20. The g aphs include in o ma ion abou a)
he a mosphe ic s abili y pa ame e (z/L), he sensible (Qh EF) and la en hea lux (Qe EF)
all ob ained by he eddy- lux complex (CSAT3, LI-7500) and b) he wo lase -scin illome e
sec ion (Qh SLS we und a and Qh SLS d y und a). Fo he analysis o he scin illome e
measu emen s he s abili y z/L was used o decide he app op ia e lux di ec ions ins ead he
usual e ical g adien o ai empe a u e. All alues a e 5 minu e a e aged alues.
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