A paratransit-inspired evolutionary process
for public transit network design
vorgelegt von
Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Neumann
aus Berlin
Von der Fakultät V – Verkehrs- und Maschinensysteme
der Technischen Universität Berlin
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften
– Dr.-Ing. –
genehmigte Dissertation
Berlin 2014
D 83
Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 24. April 2014
Promotionsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Volker Schindler (Vorsitzender)
Prof. Dr. Kai Nagel (Gutachter)
Prof. Dr. Johan W. Joubert (Gutachter)
Prof. Dr. Itzhak Benenson (Gutachter)
Contents
Contents III
List of Figures IX
List of Tables XIII
List of Algorithms XV
List of Listings XVII
Abstract XIX
Zusammenfassung XXIII
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation and problem definition ............... 1
1.2 A brief history of transit optimization ............. 3
1.3 Research direction and methodology ............. 6
1.4 Outline of the dissertation ................... 8
III
CONTENTS
2 Paratransit around the world 11
2.1 Definition and scope ...................... 11
2.2 Distinction from demand responsive transit ......... 12
2.3 Organisation of paratransit ................... 12
2.3.1 The marketplace .................... 13
2.3.2 The demand side .................... 13
2.4 The supply side ......................... 14
2.4.1 Types of paratransit operators ............. 14
2.4.2 Types of paratransit vehicles ............. 17
2.4.3 Price structure and working hours .......... 17
2.4.4 Performance figures .................. 19
2.4.5 Route choice ...................... 22
2.4.6 Boarding behavior ................... 24
2.5 Summary of paratransit systems ................ 24
3 Paratransit model 29
3.1 The quintessence of genetic algorithms ............ 31
3.2 Overview of the paratransit model ............... 32
3.2.1 Paratransit operators .................. 32
3.2.2 Passengers ........................ 35
3.2.3 Mobility simulation ................... 36
3.2.4 Discussion ........................ 36
3.3 Different types of operators ................... 38
3.3.1 Single route operator .................. 39
3.3.2 Multiple route operator ................ 40
3.3.3 Operators with fixed strategies ............ 41
3.4 Route modification strategies .................. 42
3.4.1 Extension of the time of operation .......... 42
3.4.2 Reduction of the time of operation .......... 44
3.4.3 Reduction of the stops served ............. 44
3.4.4 Extension of the route ................. 45
3.4.5 Further strategies .................... 46
3.5 Summary ............................. 48
4 Implementation 49
4.1 Choosing a simulation framework ............... 49
4.2 Integration in MATSim ..................... 50
IV
CONTENTS
4.3 Model implementation ..................... 54
4.3.1 Time provider ...................... 54
4.3.2 Minibus stop provider ................. 54
4.3.3 Strategy manager .................... 56
4.3.4 Operator provider ................... 59
4.3.5 Initial operators ..................... 64
4.3.6 Operator scoring .................... 65
4.3.7 Franchise system .................... 67
4.3.8 Boarding behavior of the transit agents ........ 68
4.4 Route modification strategies .................. 69
4.4.1 Extension of the time of operation .......... 69
4.4.2 Reduction of the time of operation .......... 69
4.4.3 Extension of the route at its end ............ 71
4.4.4 Extension of the route at its sides ........... 71
4.4.5 Reduction of the stops served ............. 72
4.5 Discussion ............................ 73
5 Sensitivity analysis 77
5.1 Tests within a corridor network ................ 77
5.1.1 Spatially distributed demand ............. 80
5.1.2 Temporally distributed demand ............ 87
5.2 Crossing scenario ........................ 96
5.3 Gridnet scenario ......................... 98
5.3.1 Scenario description .................. 98
5.3.2 Results and comparison ................ 100
5.4 Summary ............................. 106
6 Case Study I: The South African case 107
6.1 Scenario description ....................... 108
6.2 Results .............................. 109
6.3 Discussion ............................ 111
7 Case study II: The first transit authority case 113
7.1 Background ........................... 114
7.2 Scenario description ....................... 115
7.2.1 Configuration of the scenario ............. 118
7.2.2 Three different setups ................. 119
7.3 Results of the Corridor setup .................. 120
V
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