FAKULTÄT FÜR
ELEKTROTECHNIK,
INFORMATIK UND
MATHEMATIK
Resource-Efficient Multi-Antenna Designs
for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
— Focus on PHY, MAC and Cross-Layer
Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
DOKTORINGENIEUR (Dr.-Ing.)
der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik, Informatik und Mathematik
der Universität Paderborn
vorgelegte Dissertation
von
M. Sc. Feng Xu
aus Jiangsu Provinz, China
Referent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Rückert
Korreferent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Paul Walter Baier
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19. Mai 2008
Paderborn, den 06. Juni 2008
Diss. EIM-E/239
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ηB=number of links ·datarate (bit/s)
total bandwidth (Hz) =throughput (bit/s)
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OSI Reference Model
Bits carried by
radio signals
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
User
Network
MAC
Physical
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RF
front-end Baseband
Processor MAC
Controller
DATA bits DATA packets
Digital circuits
Analog circuits
Physical layer MAC layer Routing
& User
Baseband signals
)(),(qi txtx
Duplexer
Low Noise
Amplifier
(LNA)
Power
Amplifier
(PA)
090
Mixer
BPF
RF
Oscillator IF
Oscillator
Mixer
BPF
Bandpass
Filter
(BPF)
BPF
AD
Transmitter Gain Control (TGC)
Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
Q
I
I
Q
090
AD
AD
AD
RF/IF Converter
RX: 82.5 mW, TX: 135.3 mW IF I/Q Modulator / Demodulator
RX: 118.8 mW, TX: 105.6 mW
Baseband
Processor
RX/TX: 577.5 mW
)(
RF tx
)(
IIF, tx
)(
itx
)(
qtx−
[]
tff )(2cos2IFRF −
π
in RX
)(
RF tx in TX
)2cos(2IFtf
π
Host
Computer
AD
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5
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K$
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φκ
dN
e−x
y
...
...
Planar
wave-front
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- 30 dB
- 20 dB
- 10 dB
0 dB
120
300
150
330
180 0
210
30
240
60
270
90
∑
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5
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φ0
#
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n
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5 7 55
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5 # 2
2 > 7@ 5
Etotal =Esingle ·AF(φ,φ0),
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3
Esingle
7 5 #
5 5
Esingle =1
7
2 2 5
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2 )(' ?E? MH+N#
) 52 5 B2
2 # ) $
9 5 29# ? 3
MH+N# ) 7 5 5 3
3 5 5 > $
3@ 5 5 2 72 5
5 "# (, #3#)
# ) 5 92
#
! 2 : ,#*#, 5 3 2
32 7
s(t)
42 5 !
xRF(t)
#
B 3 2
2 ! 5
x(t)
!
# 83 2# ) 2 5
a(φ0)
9# >,#**@
5
n
$ 45
2
τn
3 5
ϕn
>"
τn
5 # ,#F@# )
ϕn=−2πfRFτn=κ(n−1)dcos φ0.
>,#*H@
5 2 !
xRF(t−τn)
3 2
τn
3$ > ?55 4 (@
xIF,I(t−τn)=xi(t−τn)cos[2π(fIFt−fRFτn)]−xq(t−τn) sin[2π(fIFt−fRFτn)],
>,#*.@
3 2
τn
5
5
ϕn=−2πfRFτn
# ) 3 $
2 5 >9# ,#**@
452 >9# ,#*1@ # 3$
5 >9# ,#*,@ 5 # ?
5 2 552 $
2 5# )
n
$ L 2 >
?55 4 (@
xBB(t−τn)=[xi(t−τn)+jxq(t−τn)]ejϕn,
>,#*+@
3 3 5
ϕn
!
5 2 2 2 #
( 2 32 5 5 3
6 3 5 ! #
83 72 6 5#
5 2 ! ! 55
2 5 9 3# (
! 5 B 9 5
5 # ) 32 2 55
! 3 3 2 542 5 #
5
9 # 2 !
2 !
- $ 5
# 5
2 55# 7
6 3 ! #
33 2
τn
5 2
5 5 > 3
92@# )
xi(t−τn)
xq(t−τn)
2
xi(t)
xq(t)
5 2#) 554 5 2
3 5#
τn
7
2 3 2
5 62 2# 83
2 5 9 2 >
τn,n=
0...N −1
@ 3 5
ϕn,n=0...N −1
3
#
2 2 2 3 3
5 "
) 3
w
R
) 323 2 > @R
? 3 3 5 " ! #
3 3 2 7 3
3 5 #
) 3 2
5$7# ) 5 9 2 542
5 5 2# ) 55
3"
K
3
wk,k=0,...,K−1
3 5 5 3 5
5 7 # 2
K
5 >5 @
##
360◦
2# 5 O6O
4 92 3
3# ) 3 #
' 2 5 3
$# 2 ! 3
2 3 5 ! $ 2# ? 2 5
3 2 3 5
5 "# (, #3#)
150
90
30
120
60
0
300
270
240
210
180
330
0 dB
-10 dB -20 dB -30 dB
-3.70 dB
crossover level
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Port 4
11.30 dB
Sidelobe
ratio (SLR)
4 5+
? $ ( 4 74 2
2 5 >3 3 5@ MF+N#
S* S, S1 SF 93
*
−45◦−180◦45◦−90◦w1=(e−jπ/4e−jπejπ/4e−jπ/2)T
,
0◦−45◦−90◦−135◦w2=(1 e−jπ/4e−jπ/2e−j3π/4)T
1
−135◦−90◦−45◦0◦w3=(e−j3π/4e−jπ/2e−jπ/41)
T
F
−90◦45◦−180◦−45◦w4=(e−jπ/2ejπ/4e−jπe−jπ/4)T
, 5
) 5 3
5 2 # ,#G MF+N#
9
K
45 2
$ > @# ) 3
: F#1#G#
2 3 2 $$
2 : 1#,#,#*# ) $
2 >2 5 @ 3 52
#
555 ' #;
5 2 ( *+/* ( 4 25 3 2# )
552 '3$I3 2
3 5 !
2 552 ! 5 82 5 5 #
: $ 5
'3$I3 2 ( 4 MGF ,1 F+N
#
# ,#G $ ( 4 3 2 !
5
90◦
2 5 3
45◦
5 #
)# ,#* 5 3
!=0)= 5 9 3 # 2 3
3 2
wH
iwj=0,for i=j, i,j =1,...,4,
>,#,-@
3
(·)H
5 8 5 # ) 55 2 4 2
2 2 5 # ,#G# ' 5
32 5 # ) 2
2 5 5 I? 3
3 5
d
$# ? 3
7 3 $ 22 3 2
5 MGF HN# ) 2 **#1- (
>:I!@ $1#H- ( M,1N# '3$I3 25
2 :I! 3 5 2 3 MGFN#
3 ( 4 $ 3
5 5 5 5
5#
5 3
2 0 5
5 # 3 3 7
25 > 3
@ 45 3 5 "
5 >! @#
3
7
w=(w0... w
N−1)H
>,#,*@
w=(w0... w
N−1)T
>: ,#,#* ,#,#,#*@
4 # 3 3 3
7 9# >,#,*@# ) 2 9# >,#*F@ 3
AF(φ,φ0)= |wH(φ0)a(φ)|
|wH(φ0)a(φ0)|.
>,#,,@
5 "# (, #3#)
555 /, , #3#
s1(t)
5 2 $$ >IE:@
φ1
Nm−1
5
φl
l=2,...,Nm
3
x(t)=α1a(φ1)s1(t)
direct path
+
Nm
l=2
αla(φl)s1(t)
multipath
=a1s1(t),
>,#,1@
3 54
αl
5 5 6 3
l
$
5 5 >3
α1
9 *@
a(φl)
2 5 $
φl
a1=Nm
l=1 αla(φl)
5
>::@ 3
s1(t)
M1,N# ) E?$
3
w
IE:
wHa(φ1)α1s1(t)
0 5 55# )
9
w
5 3
a(φ1)
0 3
a(φl)
l=2,...,Nm
#
) 7 E?$ E? > @ #
) 2 5 53
3 4 53
E? > 55 2 ? 5 :
1#,#*#,@# ) 2 5 6 3 # )
5 552 $5 2 4
4 E?# ) 5 5
: >5 7@ :!) > 5$
9@ M*+N # )2
$ E? 5
# 5 5 2 5 # ? 5$
2 M*+N# E 5 2
9 B M/N#
3
NDOA
N
$ 2#
NDOA <N
>## M11H,N@
3 MF.N 55 5 # 5
22 5 2
N
2 2 5 5
> M*+N @#
? E? $$ >:E 5 @
0 E? $$$ >:;E 5
$ @ 3 2
25 E?$ "
$ 5
) E? 55M1,N# ) 2 9 E? :E
φ1
# 8 2 5
a(φ1)
2
7# ) 3
w
A
a(φ1)
4
|wHa(φ1)|
# ) 2 # )
32 9# >,#*1@ 452 2 5
# ,#F#
) 5 E? 55 M1,N# 7
55 9 E? :;E >##
φ2
φ3
@ 2 5
>
a(φ2)
a(φ3)
@ 3# ) 5
2 5 55 7 3
w
w⊥a(φ2)
w⊥a(φ3)
# ) 55 :;E#
5 >J!@ M*+ /N# )
55 2 9 E? :E
φ1
#
5 5 3
E[|wHx(t)|2]
>T
wHRxxw
@ A 4
|wHa(φ1)|
>
*@# )
w=(R−1
xx a(φ1))/(aH(φ1)
R−1
xx a(φ1))
3
Rxx
5 4
E[x(t)xH(t)]
M/N# )
5 7 54 5#
53 :;E 2 53
3 5 53 :E#
5 3 5 >::@ 5$
5 M1,N 54 E? ::
>
a1
9# ,#,1@ 0 >##
a2
a3
@ 9# ::
2 5 >:J@ $
4
X=(x1,...,xN)
5 5 4
Rx=1
NXXH
M11N# ) 7 ::$ 55 54 A
:: 3
w=a∗
1
4 5 3# ?
3 2 552 5
5 #
555 #$ 3, , #3#
6 E?$ 5 $$ $
552 3 9 A 3
w
5 72 :E A :;E 5 # )
E? 9
5 P# ) 3 25 "
> 4 @ MF+ /GN# ) $
2
x(tq)
q=1,...,Q
3 9
Q
5 "# (, #3#)
# 4 2
R=E[x(tq)xH(tq)]
$ 3 $
5 9
p=E[d∗(tq)x(tq)]
#
) 9 >:@
E[|wHx(tq)−d(tq)|2]
3 5
w=R−1p
#
I: > 9@ M/ *+N 2
5 3 55 5 53
ε(tq)=d(tq+1)−wH(tq)x(tq+1)
# ) 5
w(tq+1)=w(tq)−2µx(tq+1)ε∗(tq)
q=0,...,Q −1
#
µ
$
> 5@ 2 2# ?
M*+N#
2 7 325 5 M*+ /GN#
I: 5 5 542
O(Q)
3 542
O(Q3)
72 M/GN#
555 ' , #3#
) 3 5 3$
9 3 2
5 $ 5 3
w
#
? 3 5 MF+N# 5
5 542
O(Q2)
3 I:
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9
5 3 2 3 I: M1HN#
555! "# , ,#
? 3 5
2 5 3
45 #
2
45 25 5 2 2 ! #
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5 2 2 3 74 >3 @#
5 2 552 2 5 ! 5 3
0 !
5 55 2 # ? 3
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5 2 M,1N# ) 6
2 2 5
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83 2 6 3 B2#
? $ >,- 0 552 (:& 3 +- 8 3
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A 5 5 2 #
5 2
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2 $ 2#
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5 ::$ >92
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5 5 6 3 M1F ** .,N
5 "$ 2 +
2 5 4
5 # ) >2 3
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5 # ) 4
2 5 ! $ $
2 9# ) : 2
3 B 5#
) 5 $$ ::? 55
$ 3 I: 3 55 3
5 # ) 5 ::?
5 I: 9 # )
$ 3 9 3 G---$ > G- @
# ) 9 3 G-- &0
):1,- /H-* : 5 55 4
# *-- 9 3 -#,
9# 83 1,#G/F 3
: 4 4
5 2# ) 5 9 */1.#,
5 $ 3 *-
> : @#
) 3 7
>## : -#GHH 2 5 1#H
µ
R
:$GF /#// 2 5 F*#/
µ
MG+N@#
() $! *
' 2 5
2 5 3 5 :E >$$@
:;E >$$$@# 8 2
55 > @ #
83 3
>##
360◦
@ 5 53 2
> L M*1 1*N@
> @ 2 3 62 555
5 5 # ) 32
6 6 MG.N 3 2
. $ 5
!2 IE: > @ 4 MG+N#
2 $ 9 5 29 55
(! > @
2 # ? 5 2 2 2 2
5 3
92 # 3
3 5 2"
5 5
5 5 5
MG+N# 2 25 5
360◦
120◦
5 2 MG.N# )
45 M11N3 !: > 9@ 5
2
3 IE:
10.03◦
24.88◦
5 2#?
E?$ 9 22 6
3# 83 45 5
5 2 2 2 3
# ?23 5 A#
5 3 3 $
5 3
d
# ) 5 2 3"
5 $2 2 $
5 3 5 5 3 4 5
52 3 45
5 2 # ) 9 3
5 # E 2 9
3 5 2 : ,#,#*# #
,#/ 5
J2
0(2πd/λ)
3 3 3
d/λ
>3
J0
7 (
λ
3@#
2 L > 5542 $
!2 @# # ,#/ 3
λ/2
5
2 2 > -#*@# ?
5 M1/N# $ 5
9 53 3
2 # ? -#H 5 MG.N#
5 MG*N#
5 3 2 5 2 4 $
5 2 3 55 92
5 "$ 2
00.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 11.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
d/λ
Signal envelope correlation
4 5.
5 5 L M*1 1*N#
# 2 5 2
7 3 5 2 2 9 3 3 #
M.*N $ E 2 2 55 5
54 5 2 5 2 $
2# ) 5 2 2# !2 5
55 3 55 3 3 5 2
55 3$03 55 5 # 83 $
5 2 2 $
>## M/GN@ MFN#
3$ 5 2 9 2
55 2 5 #
MHN 5 I: !2
I: 5 $$ L 2
E? : ,#,#1#,# 5
2 A2 55 3#
5 2 $
2 2 2 2 5
5 5 2 M/- F+N > 2 @#
( 5
2 5 552 2 92 5 $
M1*N# 3 2 5 2#
32 3 $
2# 3 2
2 3 #
- $ 5
!
J 5 2 9 5 3$2
M1*N 5 *+HF# 3 3 3
N
$ 3 :E >$5
5$5@ # ? OO 5
5#
γn
:;!
n
$
Γ=γn
:;!# 5 9 53
# )
γ1=...=γN=Γ
# ? M1*N
5 2 #
" 2 (")
) 5 25 #
N
:;! 9
5 # ) 5 :;! 2
γ
=
N
n=1
γn
n=Γ
N
n=1
1
n.
>,#,F@
5 3 5 53 2
B :;! M1*N#
;# 6 #, (6)
) 5
3 5 #
N
5
3 >57@ 55 2 5
# ) 5 3
3 3 5# ) :;!
γ
=
N
n=1
γn=NΓ.
>,#,G@
5 3 5 9
3 5 " 7
> :@
hn=αnejφn
2 54
3 3 B
h∗
n
M*N#
s0
2
3$ 5 !
r0=(α2
0+α2
1)s0+h∗
0n0+h∗
1n1,
>,#,/@
3
n0
n1
5 - * 5 $
2#
5 "$ 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Number of branches N
Diversity gain / dB
SD (1 out of N)
MRC
EGC
GSC (2 out of N)
SSB (2 out of 6, measured) 7.78 dB
6.93 dB
5.91 dB
3.89 dB
4.23 dB
4 5
2 6 > ::( : G#F#F#,@#
8 < #, (8<)
5 !
5422 55 3 5#
N
5
2# 5 :;!
γ
=Γ[1+(N−1)π
4].
>,#,H@
# ,#H 2 :;! >
10log(γoutput/Γ)
0(@ 3 5 :;!
# ' 2
5 ! >5 * ( 3 7
N
@ 3
: 72 3
N
# ! 5
9 3 542 2 9
N
! $#
: 2 ! $ 3 5 2# 8
55 6 3 3 542 5 # )
2 2
>: @ M1+N 2 04 >8$:0! @ M.-N# )2
3 5 O: O #
<= 2 " #, (<")
)
L
3 :;!
N
2
! # ) ! $
N
L
# ) 45 :;! M1+N
M.-N 5 2# )
γ
=ΓL(1 + N
n=L+1
1
n),N⩾L, L ⩾2.
>,#,.@
? M/.N 5 45
L
2 # ) :;! 2 : >
L=2
@ # ,#H#
: $ 5
" ! # "$
? 55 2:E 2:E>5$
5 $5@ 3
N
$
# ! !
:
hn
5 3
3
h∗
n
2
! M,HN# E
$ 5
:
N
5 #
? 55 5 2 L 9 2 :
M*N#
2×1
:E 3
s0
s1
3 32 > )# ,#,@" 7 2 5
s0
s1
4 2 5
−s∗
1
s∗
0
23 5 2#
)
r0
r1=s0s1
−s∗
1s∗
0
(s0s1)
h0
h1+n0
n1.
>,#,+@
? 5 :
h0
h1
s0
s1=h∗
0h1
h∗
1−h0
(d0d1)
r0
r∗
1=Dr0
r∗
1,
>,#1-@
3
D
4# 9# >,#1-@ 3
s0=(α2
0+α2
1)s0+h∗
0n0+h1n∗
1
s1=(α2
0+α2
1)s1−h0n∗
1+h∗
1n0.
>,#1*@
) 5 9# >,#1*@ 9 3$
! 9# >,#,/@ 3 5 2 #
) 3
h0
h1
5 2 23
5 2 2 2#
3 : 3
2 # ' 3
s0
s1
9# >,#,+@ $
>
sH
0s1=0
@ 3
d0
d1
9# >,#1-@
# ) ? 3 2 2
5 "$ 2
, 5
? 2 M*N#
- *
2 5 -
s0s1
2 5 *
−s∗
1s∗
0
2 5$
>:)( @ 2) # MH/ HGN# I ) #
5 5$ >:)) @
MHHN# ) 3 :) : 9
2 #
"'
) ? 5 :)( 55# ?
:)( 2 > 54@
2 5 MHGN
# 2 54
>## K:& .:& */K? ###@ 2 55
5 B2# 83 3 * :)(
2 54 3 3
MH/N# ) ? 9 54
:)( 3 2 > @ 5 3#
"
3 5 ? MHHN 5$
2 55 2 2 5 :)) # ? 45 3
$ K:& :)) 3 # :))
2 5 5 > # ,#.@"
bkak
2 9 2
xk
k
$
2 5 #
xk,TX1
xk,TX2
2
2 *, 5 23 "
(xk,TX1 xk,TX2 )=(bkakbk−1ak−1)⎛
⎜
⎜
⎜
⎝
20
10
02
01
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎟
⎠=(2bk+ak2bk−1+ak−1),
>,#1,@
3
bk−1ak−1
5 5 2# ) # ,#. 3
2 >, * - 1@ 92 2 $
2 5 23 3#
3 2 5 9
3 2 # ) 3
2 #
$ 5
k
ak
b
1
2
1−k
a1−k
b
Symbol
period
1
2
∑
∑
TX1
TX2
1,TXk
x
2,TXk
x
Four-state QPSK
STTC encoding
with 2 b/s/Hz
Binary source data (1 block) )11000110(}{ =
kkab
Corresponding input 2-bit symbols
)030120(
Zero symbol is
inserted at each side
1,TXk
x
2,TXk
x
Input 0231
0231
0231
0
0
Zero symbol
inserted at head
Zero symbol
inserted at tail
Constellation
mapper
4 5-
9 $ K:& 5$
3 3 #
E2 :)) 45 42 22
5 # : $ $2
:)) 6 6 3
5 MHHN# 83 74
542 :)) 45 2 3 >
55 008@ MHHN# 52 :)( 5
542 MH/N#
" )+) ),) +,
?2 2 55 5 )= !=
E 2 55 $
5 # 83 2 5$ 5 9 45
5 5 $ E
9 3 2 (I?:)$2 > 2 5$
@ 9 54 54
2 5$ 9 2
3 5 5$ 9#
)
452 7 54 2 7 45
52 3 5 B2# ) 3$3 :
55 ::E 52
log2(1 + SNR)
3
008# 52 2 5$$5
3 6 3 52 > 2
5@# ) E 52 MH.N M*HN#
5! $$ $/$ (/)
3 5
MT∗MR
5
52 3 2 3
MT
MR
9
MT
#
55
9
MT
# ? 55 2
3 2 5 5 >
5 0 @ 54
MT
5 2 2
MT
3 5 7 92 # :
7 54 2 M.GN#
5 3 4 54
{MT,MR}
# $ E 9 7
"
6 / >'"
) 25 E 5
4 54
MT
>3
MT≤MR
@ 3 4 2
# ) 25 45 $(I?:) M.*N 2 5 2 (
I# 2 5
> 2@ 2
MT
5
92 # ? 2 7 4 2
3 2 > 9
@ # )
3 : 2 3
3# ? 2
2 #
2 / $#
:)) :)( 2 5
2 3 54 # ?
2 2 5$ 5
MHHN MHGN * >## ? 9
54 :)( *@# !2 3 5$
55 7 2 > MHFN
@#
62 /
)5 $(I?:)
M*/N 7 54 3 7 $
2 # 54 2 2
P# MHHN
2
MTMR
4 5 B2 > 52@ 2 $
>## K:& .$:& */$K? 6 , 1 F 008
5 2@# 54 # ? M.GN
6 3 3 3 54
! $ 5
>
{MT,MR}
@ 2 >
MTMR
@ $
2# ? M,GN 3
2 54 5 # (2
3$ 5
5 2 54 2
# : 3 5$ 9 55 52
2 54 2# MHFN
#
& ! *
)-! ) )
3 5 53 2 52
5 # $ 9
5# 83
3 542 2 52
2 6 3 5 2
2 $B2# 3
2 53 3 542 5 2 6
$
9 5 $5 $ # ' 2 $
$ 552 : ? 2 2 5
2 2#
) 7 J$(I?:) 2 3 5 2 ( I M.*N# )
8×12
$ >.$
*,$ @ 5 *#+ 8 92
3 1- &8 3# ) 3 */$K?
55 3 ,-V 9 # )
,G#+ 008 5 B2 2 52
5 B2 ,-#H 008 9#
) $ /,* &0 3 1- &8
3 3 7 5 5 #
83
3 542 53 5 M.*N#
5 2 $ 5 #
# ? $ J$(I?:) 5 MF1N 3
5 # )
4×4
$ 5 *.*- 8 92
3 ,-- &8 3# ) (:& 3
55# /#GG -#+1 9
*#/+ 52 >*-,F @ 1#+1 > 2
5 5 @# ) 5 B2 1#-1 008
5+ # , &
#$; $& #$ +
2 52 *#+G 008 52 3 9
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$ *G/#1 &0 ,-- &8 3
3 2 5 2# ) : 5 ?:$(G1G
? 2 5 5
3 6 5 52 /-- ? > 52$
5 @# ) 5 * '53 2#
? $ $ 5 MH*N 3
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4 3 5 11F ? 5 5$
2 3 , ' 5 3 5 2# 83 5
$ 9 */1.#, 5 3 2 5
# ? $ 3 5
2 33 P2 MGFN# )
$ ,* ) F- P 5:
5 #
45 3 2 5 5
2 5 7 $ 9 # )2 52 7
5 2 2 42
5 >## 5 2 : 5@# E3
3 5 5 : M 5 5
* ? > 52$ 5 @ 5 52N
7 $ 9# ?
: 2 5 >## ?:$):,-* 5 F#.
? 5 523 F ' 5 3 5 25
2@ 2 5 9# MF*N
5 9
8×8
E 2 2 2
2 4 *- ? # E 5
5 ! $ 9
2 >45 5 MH*N M*.N@
$ E 2# 53
5 3 5 G-- ' 53 9 2
: 2 53 2 5
! $#
( 2 3 2 $
E 9 5 3 $$
$ 9 42 9 3 542
5 52 53 5# ) 3 22
. $ 5
3 5 29 3
5 9 3 53 5 #
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B
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ACK
Receiving DATA
t-1 t0t1
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(
.
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Gt
Gr
5
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Lnom,in
42
Lnom,out
3 5
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A
B
Ct
STAY
AWAKE RTS CTS DATA ACK
RECEIVER IS
ON
CONTACT
WINDOW RECEIVER IS
OFF
ACK RTS CTS DATA ACK
TaTd
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N={20,35,50}
tslot =20µs
G={1,5,10}
#p= 750
K={1,4,6,8}
W=5
pdata = 578 bytes
w=h=443m
!"
d=627.61 m
#
Ps=Pr=−76 dBm
Pe,nom =−75.9dBm
$$
SIRmin =10dB
%&
f=2.4GHz
PRX =0.78 W
PSX =0.66 W
PTX =0.82 W
'&
TND =0.5s
' (
∆tND =±0.05 s
#
pRTS =64bytes
"
CWSmin =32slots
!"
CWSmax =1024slots
!"
RCs=4
)
RCl=7
#awake =1
Ta=50ms
!" *
Pt,max ={20,12.6,6,0.4}dBm
+
tIFS =40µs
G{t,r}={0,6.7,10,12.8}dBic
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Resource-
efficiency
• 6 RF transceivers
• 6 baseband units
• 1 multi-processor MAC
controller
six-sector MDA system
+ MDA-MAC, PM
• 6 RF transceivers
• 1 array signal pross. unit
• 1 baseband unit
• 1 MAC controller
six-antenna DBF smart
antennas system +
Dir-MAC
• 1RF transceiver
• 1 baseband unit
• 1MAC controller
Single antenna omni-
directional system +
CSMA/CA
Hardware complexity
Average
power
consumption
Network
throughput
PHY+MAC designs -
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
omni
Somni
P
omni
P
>>
omni
~P
omni
3S
omni
3S<
omni, E
η
omni, B
η
omni, E
η
<<
omni, B
3
η
<
omni, E
3~
η
omni, B
3
η
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3ηomni,B
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0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
/2λ
4 !5
)3$ 3 5 ? 5" $
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9# ,#*F@ 2 $7
2
AFbroadside =|cos[π
2·sin θ·cos φ]|
AFendfire =|sin[π
2·sin θ·cos φ]|,
>F#*@
3
θ
φ
>
0◦
180◦
@ >
0◦
360◦
@ 5 2# 3 5
2 2 9
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D=4π
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Dbroadside =Dendfire =2=3dB,
>F#1@
3 3 5 # 83 #
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-30 dB
-20 dB
-10 dB
0 dB
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
-3 dB
corssover level
13.6 dB
sidelobe ratio
(SLR)
/2λ
4 !5!
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300◦
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RF
transceiver
RSSI
Antenna element
RF switch
RF combiner
& divider Baseband Processor
&
MAC controller
Host
A/D
&
Judging unit READY
300
120
30
210
S0
S0
S1
S1 S2
S2
4 !5+
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BUSY CW RTS
DIFS
BUSY CW CTS
SIFS SIFS SIFS
DATA
ACK
Source
Destination
BUSY CW Set NAV according to RTS
Neighbors
Pre
Pre
ORSS Receiving
RTS
ORSS Receiving
CTS
ORSS
Reset NAV according to CTS
ORSS
receiving
ACK
The time for one 4-way handshaking procedure
4 !5.
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2 E!: 3 F$32 5
9 2 ::($? F$32 5$
> # F#/@ 4
τc
# ? 5 5
M/1N
τc=1
fd9
16π=0.423
fd
,
>F#H@
3
fd
4 55 92# 2
fd=f0|−→
v|
c0
,
>F#.@
3
f0
92
c0
5
−→
v
5 3 #
00 , !
? 5 , $ 9 25 "
2 5 54 # ) 7
53 55 #
)
>(!@# ? 5 5 $$5 52 > 5
B2@# 5 1 5
5 $$5 3
3 ($? 5 # ::( 3 2
3 522
3 3 ::( 2 5 3 $
2 2
# 83 2 3 7 ::( 5
!5 3 ""' -
RF transceiver &
Baseband processing
Criterion
signal
RF combiner
& divider
Host
Quality acquisition
&
Judging unit
READY DATA
Antenna element
RF switch
300
120
30
210
S0
S0
S1
S1 S2
S2
4 !5
) ::( :#
2 3 2
>: @ M1+N 2 04$ >8$:0! @ M.-N#
( : ,#1#* 2 $
5 3 5 2 9# ( $
3$ 3 5 4
5 3 2 $ >## !2 @
3 5 3
6 $5 55# ( 9
5 4
5 3$ 2 2 5 6 3
6 3 2 9 B2
45 5 # ::(
2 3 3 5 3 6
$ >## 3 2 @ M1/N
3$ >##
@ MF,N# )
::( 2 5
5 3 55# $ 3 ::(L 5 2
55 2 52 E):
2 #
02 ( ( 3
) ::( > : F#1#*@
6"",
# ? 5 2 3 2 $
2 $
> @# E!:: 5
!:: $
-!
$ !5 "#$% "& '# (""') *
"#
5 3 # ) 3 3
5 # ) 55
>:@ 9 5# ) 2 7 32 3
E!:: 2 5
# 83 2
!:: 2# ) 3 #
'86,
E 74 5$3
>(!@ # (2 5 (! E!:
2 (! 4
(! 52 5 3
:;! > 5 53 @# 83
3 3# (!
52 (! 2
E!: # E B
(! 52 2
# ? 3 9
5
τc
# MGFN $ (
4 3 2 55 F.
(! 3 2 (! #
B,
) IK > 92 @ 2
# ) 5 3 5" !:: # )
! 2 !:: 5
2 55 3 5 IK#
) IK$ 3 !::$
2 2 !:: 2
# ) B2 2 $
5 2 9 5
> 5 5 9 @# ?
5 ! 5 >## ( 5 ,F,- 5 @ 5
5 5 >3 @#
83 $ 2 E!::# 3
3 > : G#1#,#/@ $ 55 9$IK$
B2 2 ! 5#
6 3
3 6 $
>## J :$GF :?) ?:@
MG+N# # F#H ::(#
!5! ?&0 # -+
""
3 5 ::( X ::($? $2 $
?;) 3 # )
5 2 5 > # F#F@ 3
$ # ) 5
55 3# 83 7
2 2 >3 ::(
@ 52 2 #
00
' 5 :?0 ? 5 3 7 ::(
5 5 2 >I@# ) I 3 5 5
3 5 # 3 2 3
5 6 ## 3
2 M,-N# ' 3 :?8; M/HN
2 2 5# ) 2
:?8;# ) 7 2 0
$2# ) 55 ::( 2 3
3 5 ,#*G (
2 >3 5 @ MF,N# 0
42#) 2 4$ ?
> : 1#,#,#*@# :4 4 >
60◦
8(' *- ( 2@ 55 2
92 >2@
5# ) 5 4 #
4 5# ' 552 7
3 55 55 ::( 2 5 2# 5
2 :?0 ? ::($? ?$? #
) 55 5 # ) :?8;
5 5 # '
5 I 3
3 5 3 7 2
5 5 5#
? 5 )# F#,# ) 5 $
2 3 A .-,#**
5 7 MF/N# )
n
2
5 9 # ?
g
B 2
-.
$ !5 "#$% "& '# (""') *
"#
, !5
: #
" & - $&
N
./0
g=20
w=h= 443
" &%" $&
N
./0
g=10
w=h= 443
%" & - $&
N
./0
g=20
w=h= 1000
%" &%" $&
N
./0
g=10
w=h= 1000
, !5
#
N={50}
tslot =20µs
G={10,20}
#p=260
K={1,3,6}
W=3
/&0
G{t,r}={0,5.15,10}
1
TTR ={0,1}
pdata =578bytes
w=h={443,1000}
!"
d=627.61 m
#
Ps=Pr=−85 dBm
+
SIRmin =12dB
%&
f=2.4GHz
'&
TND =0.5s
' (
∆tND =±0.05 s
$
T
=1s
&
lslot =28bytes
#
pRTS =64bytes
"
CWSmin =32slots
!"
CWSmax = 1024 slots
!"
RCs=4
)
RCl=7
Pt={11,6.7,−3}dBm
+
tIFS =40µs
?)? 5
g
2 B # )B
B # 2 B
#p
?)? 5
5 #
)# F#*# ) 5 3
Pt
A
2 2 5
2 # ) 4
d
6 $
)# F#,# 2 3
W
6 6 #
) 5 3 5 # )
2 ;1 > : 1#,#,#G@
5# 2 5 8IIE
5 -#G #
00
# F#. >@ 5 2 )#
F#*# ! 3 ::( 2 5 3 5
$ 2# ) 5 4
2# 5
4 2 >
g
T,-@ 2 >
g
T*-@#
) 2 3
2 > 2 # : # F#. >@@#
) 4$ 2 5 ::( 45
$ # 83 3
!5! ?&0 # -
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
17
t / s
throughput / Mbps
g = 20, 6 sectors
g = 20, SSB
g = 20, omni
g = 10, SSB
g = 10, omni
0 1 2 3 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
t / s
throughput / Mbps
g = 20, 6 sectors
g = 20, SSB
g = 20, SSB, 1 slot TR
g = 20, omni
g = 10, SSB
g = 10, omni
4 !5-
)5 2 >
n=50,w=h= 443
@ >@
2 >
n=50,W=h= 1000
@ >@
#
L 32 3 7 45 # ?
2 3 2 5
5 323 55# 5
55 5
W
7# 83
3 7 > @ # 2
3 6 7 6
3 #
7 3 2
5 # ) 5
5 62
5 5 2 #
# F#. >@ 5 2 #
5 #
5
2 4 2 2
# 2 5 5 5
2 $
$5
d
# ) 6
2 5 3 5 # )
5 6 3 4$ 2 ::( 2
2# ) 45 2 #
? A 5 55 ::(
5 - #
TTR
* >,-
µ
@ 2 # F#. >@#
--
$ !5 "#$% "& '# (""') *
"#
5 3 55 45 3 5
3 5 $ 2# 5 3
5 4$ ? 2 2 5
# 83 3 542 9 2 ::( 72 3#
"& ! )
: : 1#. 5 6
52 ? 2 )# F#1# ) 7 5
)# 1#F ::( X ::($? # ?
: F#F : F#1#* 5 2 3 5
5
2Somni
53 5
1.1Pomni
# )
5 2$B2 5 $B2 $
7 : *#1# )# F#1 3
2 5 B ::( 3 $
4$ ? # 5
5 B2 3 5 R
5 5 B2 3 3$
7 3 542 # )
55 6 3 5 3 9 2
::( #
, !5
!$B2 5#
Resource
efficiency
• 6 RF transceivers
• 6 baseband units
• 1 multi-processor MAC
controller
six-sector MDA system
+ MDA- MAC, PM
• 1 RF transceivers
• 1 baseband unit
• 1 MAC controller
• Few additional components
SSB system +
SSB-MAC
• 1 RF transceiver
• 1 baseband unit
• 1 MAC controller
Single antenna omni
directional system +
CSMA/CA
Hardware complexity
Average
power
consumption
Network
throughput
• 6 RF transceivers
• 6 baseband units
•
-
• 1 RF transceivers
• 1 baseband unit
• 1 MAC controller
•
•
•
•
omni-
Hardware complexity
omni
Somni
P
omni
1.1 P
omni
~P
omni
3S
omni
2S
Eomni,
η
Bomni,
η
Eomni,
82.1
η
Bomni,
2
η
Eomni,
3~
η
Bomni,
3
η
5 G
! %
) 5 2 ::( $ 5
45 # ) 5 ::( 52 2 2
45 5 B # ) 2
::( $ 5 55
53 92
(!# :;! ? >
@ 2 55 5#
& . %*!
: 55 $ 5 ::(
5 7 55 92
# ) 2 2 ! $ $
5 ! 3 ! D ! #
53 5 5
# ) 3 :
> 7 @ " +-- 8 ,#F 8 G8# 23
,#F 8 92 3 "
+-- 8
2# ? : F#1
::( 2 3 3 */#/H /#,G
1 +-- 8 ,#F 8 G 8 5 2# : ::( 45
5 */#/H 5#
G 8 5 ,#F 8 3 5 9
53# ? 5 55 G 8
,#F 8 # 8 92
3 # 83 > 55 4@
: $ +5 ""' , #$# #
! $ 5 5 G 8 B
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552 E 9 3 5
$ 4 542 53 5 5 #
? 55 5 ,#F 8 52 ##
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5 # ) 2 5 $
,#F 8 5 5 # )
4 55 2 5$
5 $ #
& 5 )
) ::( $ 5 ! 5 # 2 3
5 ! ( 2 5 2
# ? ! ( 2 2 !
5 5 5 92# )
7 3 5
::( 3 ! 5 ! 4
# ) ! 5 55 2 5
505 5
:? >: ?@ ! 2# ) !
3 ! 5 5
5 # 83 ! 53
2
5 #
# G#* 2 ::( $ #
:? 3 # ) 2
3 # F#G 4 ! 55 5 4$
2 2 5
5 ! 3 # ) 5 4$ 2
# G#/# J 3 ! 3 ! 3 !
D # ) 3 ! 5
5 ! 5 ::( 2 3
2#
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3 5 ! 5 # '
5 2 525 # )
+5 & #$#
SP3T RF switch Evaluation Board
In-phase RF
Combiner / Divider
Evaluation Board
upper-layer
software
RF transceiver
Development Kit
RF
switching command
(SWCMD)
CC2400
4-wire SPI, for
control logic and data
via PCI slot
USB cable, only used to load the FPGA firmware for CC2400 kit
CC2400DK
RAPTOR2000
SSB Processing Unit
SMA
connector
(male) RF
cable
SMA
connector
(fmale)
single antenna
or SSB
other control signals
4 +5
) 5 ::(#
5 # ? ? 7 >73@
:( 5 2 : > 5 5 @ 5
5# ) 5
! 5 2 5 )= != I #
) !?)E!,--- M1GN ? 525 2# )
5 2# ) 7 3
: 5 ,F-- > @
5 : 5 >
: ?#*@# ) 52 > :@
5 5 >E!::@ 5 # )2 3 :$
G#1#,#, G#1#,#1 5 2# ) 55
>:@ 3 3 : G#1#,#/ #
::( $ 2 5 3 55 $2 3
52 5 # ? != )= I ,F--
2 # 5 2 4
2 ? 5#
2 &
) >;8?@ 5
,#F 8 # ) 2 5 ;8? 2
$ +5 ""' , #$# #
5 32 3 5 3 $
5 O
∞
O5 5 MF,N M
# F#1 >@N# 3 5
B2# ) 2
)= != ::( !=
45 > : G#F@# ? 53
$ 5 3 2 P
5 $ #
2
) ! 3 52 2
! P3 0 !
# ( 55 !=0)= 3 32
3 2 >## ( 4 MGFN@ $5
>## .-,#** 00 @# ::( $ 3 :1) > 5
3@ 3 9 5 #
G#*#
) 5 5 5 ! 3
5 5 7 92 # I3
5 # ? 2 M*GN
$$$ ! 3 5 2 5 3 >Q
,- (@ 3 >Z -#* (@ 42 5 >
@ $3 3 >Q *-- 8@# ?
2 5 9 232
5 2 5 5 ::( 5#
) ! 3 $ :F) ) ?:,-F$.- :23#
E ,#F 8 92 252 5 -#/ (
1, ( 5 ,-- # 53 5
55 3 2 53 ,#G '#
3 ! 5 3 5 -#. '# 3
5 ! 5
5 5 # ? 55 5 2 9
$ # 2 3 # G#, 3
2 525 #
2 #
? 3 # G#* ! D 3 !
!= 5 ! 3P3 )= 5
+5 & #$#
power line
control input
(switching command) AS204-80
single pole
AS204-80
evaluation board
4 +5
) ! 3 ?:,-F$.-
# 5 $5 9
2 ::(# ) 5 3 3 3 55 " !=
5 3 ! 5 5
5 1 ( 2 45 5 5
R )= 5
3P3 3 1 ( 5 # ) 55
1( ' 5 3 MG-N #
) F?*1-G ,$32 ' 5 ?
! $5 D $ # 5 5 3
5 -#F ( *, ( ,#F 8 92
# 3 ! 53 5 G '# ) -#F (
5 != 5 42 ,#/ (
> 2 2 $5 9 5@ )=
5 5 45 1#, ( >5 5
@# ) 3 5 )= 5 2 5
5 3 3 != 5 2 $
5 0 5# F?*1-G 3
53 3 5
3 # ) 6 3
2 # # G#1 2 $ #
20
# G#* 3 3 25 ! 2 5
25 :? 25
:? 5 2# ) !
5 *, 9 5 # 45
! $ +5 ""' , #$# #
4A1305
4 +5
) ! D F?*1-G
5 2 5
5 5 $ # 45 :$5
! 3 2#
1
a
1
b
2
a
2
b
⎟
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎜
⎝
⎛
⎟
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎜
⎝
⎛
=
⎟
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎜
⎝
⎛
2
1
2221
1211
2
1
a
a
SS
SS
b
b
4 +5!
:$5 ! #
:$5 32 5
! 5 MG-N# ) 7 2 9 # G#F#
3 2
b2=S21 ·a1+S22 ·a2,
>G#*@
b1=S11 ·a1+S12 ·a2.
>G#,@
a
b
P #
a2
3
b2=S21 ·a1
>G#1@
b1=S11 ·a1
>G#F@
+5 & #$# +
, +5
:$5 ,#1+,F 8#
!
S11
0(
S12
0(
S21
0(
S22
0(
$ * $1+#/*+ $-#*.,G $-#*F-H $1H#-./
$ , $1F#F,/ $-#,-11 $-#*G*1 $1F#.1.
$ * $,1#*.H $-#,F1F $-#*+.- $,F#+-.
$ , $,1#1+1 $-#,-GH $-#*/,, $,1#G,1
, +5
:$5 ,#FF,1 8#
!
S11
0(
S12
0(
S21
0(
S22
0(
$ * $,F#G+. $-#,--* $-#*/.F $,,#/FG
$ , $,1#FH+ $-#,*.- $-#*.G- $,,#--*
$ * $,1#H.1 $-#,1,H $-#*++/ $,+#F+-
$ , $,1#FGH $-#*+-, $-#*/1+ $,/#.F+
# 2
a2
5 3 4
5 5 3 3
2# ) 9# >G#1@ >G#F@
|S21|
>3@ > 5@
|S11|
>@ P > @# )
L=Pin/
(
−Pout/
(
=−20 lg |S21|=−S21/
( >G#G@
)# G#* G#, :$5 9 2
55 ,F-- 8 ,F11 8 5 2# 25 3
# )3 )# G#* G#,"
2 32 -#, (R 2 5
P 2 23
S11
S22
3
S12
S21
#
3 :$5 45 >##
S21
0(@ 5
S21
54 #
22 #
) 2 5 3 2 !
5 3 2 52 5# ;32
2 5 53 # ) !
! $ !
3 2 5$ 53 57 )=
3$
3$ 57 != 42
. $ +5 ""' , #$# #
7 # ,#*# ) 5 2
)=
!=# ) ! 5
3 ?0 != 0? )=
5 3 2 # M/FN
! 5 #
2 ! D ( 5 52 2
3 2# )= 5
? 2 5 ? 2 55 52 2
0 ! #
!= 5 ! 5
52 2 0 2
? #
3 MGFN 7 6 5 5
! D 5 3$
2# ? $ 2 2 5 9
! D 5 2 5
52# ) 5 3
5 ! D 5 5
92 # ) 5 5
2 $5 ! D 5
2 3# E $5 3$5
# ::( $ 9
3"
*# E5 : ,#F 8 92 R
,# 5 ! 5 R
1# :55 !:: 5
2 5 !:: R
F#
3 P4 5
55 5 2 45 #
9 45 5
6 4 ! $
5 ## # E 9
2 !:: 5 )= 53
5 5 3 5 52 2
#
+5 & #$#
% $
3 ?=,.,, ?=# ) 3$5
?=,.,, 2 ! 9 $
5 5 # ) 2 ?=,.,,
,#F 8 .-,#** 8C 5 5 3 57 )=0!=
3 ? 2 5 .-,#** 5 $
7# 83 3 555# L 55
!:: 23 B 5 5 $
>E!::@ 5 3 E!:: 2 5 ::( > :
F#1@# ) 2 552 !=Y? !Y?; 3
5 5 5 2 ?=,.,, $
>? @ 55 # )
5 5 5 ;,*,- .-,#**
0? 5 ? 92
#
$
3 ?)!,F-/ ? 3
9 * 1 2 5 !:: # :23
555 ::( $ # !:: $
5 9 ?0 3 542
53 5# ) 3 ?)!,F-/
9 # ?2 55 ?0 5 ?=***H
?= 55 # 83 5 $
9 3 5
2 5 # )
5 #
% $
,F-- 5 3 6 $5 $
5 2 9# ,F-- 5
52 ::( $ "
55 > :@ #
,F-- 5 :Y;
55 # ) : !:: #
!:: !::Y :Y)8!:MG"-N 3
7 :Y; #
) 5 5# ) 5 2
2 ,F-- 7 P42
* 1, (2# ? 3 2 : G#1#,#1 1, (2 5
E!:: 5 3 #
55 2 3 # ) 55
5 5
- $ +5 ""' , #$# #
antenna with SMA
connector, can be
replaced by the
SSB module
CC2400EM, daughter
evaluation module
CC2400 chip
power lines
USB port
CC2400EB, mother
evaluation board
test port 1,
connecting to
RAPTOR2000 test port 2, duplicating
test port 1, only for
signal measurements
4 +5+
) ,F-- 5 ,F--
,F--( #
E ,F--# 83 3 :
G#1#,#/ 2 $ 3 $
# ) 55
$ 3 2 3 2 45
: G#F#F#
55 $ 5 # .F 92
,F-- ,F.1 8 3 * 8 3# ) ,#F 8
:
2 2 55# 8 552
92 55 5 5 >8::@ $
$ # ? ::( $ L 552
B2 55 5 55 2
5 $ # ?23 $
5 6 92 3 3
55 3 : G#F#F#
? 55 2 ,F-- 5 3 5 $
3 3# # G#G 5 5
,F--( ,F--#
? 4 ! ,F-- 5 ,F--
+5 & #$#
The 6-element
antenna array
PCI-based
RAPTOR2000
SPI cable
Evaluation board
for RF switch
CC2400 kit
Two control lines
for the switching
command
The USB cable only for
loading the firmware
4 +5.
) 5 ::( $ #
:? 2 5
2 ::( 2 # G#*# ) :( 5
3 5 ,F--(
2 2 :! 3 M+N# )
$ #
# :( 5 73
? ,F--( 5 * 0E
5 ,F--
5# J 5 * ,F-- 2 2
>## 5 @# )
$
#
# :( 2 2
5 73 # ) 5 , 2
5 3 3# ) 5 #
45 : G#F )= 5 *
!= 5 ,# ' 5 , 5 ,
,F--( 5 5 * ?
55 5 * 2 5 #
) 7 : ?#G 5 ,# # G#/ 3
5 ::( $ 3 ! D 2
2# 3 2
2 :? 5 ,F--# ? 5
3 5 >: G#,#G#* G#,#G#,@ 3 2
,F-- ::( $ #
:: $ +5 ""' , #$# #
monotonic dynamic range
such abnormal points may lead to
incorrect comparison results
4 +5
)25 !:: # 5 5 3 M+N#
+55+5 6"" # $ 3#
) !:: > @ 2
! # 42
92 52 # 83 !::
::( $ 2 5 2
P 5 5
7 5 ::( 2# ) !::
5 5 3 3 5"
#
4 5 3
5 ! 3 !:: 5 2#
3 2 3 ! 3 !::
5 ! 3 !::
$
5 # ) MGFN 5 5
2 2 3 2# 83
2 5 2 2
!:: 2 5 5 !
2# ? 2 32
2L 52 3 3 3 #
::( 2 6 25 ,- ( 6 !::
+5 & #$# :
5# ) 72 9 2 # #
G#H 3 !:: 5 !
6 5" * 0 ,G- &0 *- &0
# 3 * 0 ,F-- 5
!:: 3 554 .- ( 9$ 2 # )
5 7 2 5 #
83 2 3 2 P 5 2$
55 2 5 2 * 0
5 2 $ #
±4
( !:: 2
,F-- 2 # ) 5
5 2 5 9 2 ::( $ #
6"" $ #
!:: 5
55 ! !::
5 # ) 5 52 5 ::(
3 E!:: 5 9# ) !::
5 E!:: 5
52 # 5 32 !::#
) 3 32 !:: "
:2 ! 3 5 3$$ #
) 5 # ) 52
3 5 # ) 5 2 5
>## I) GG1/ I )2 5 @ ,- #
!:: 9 2
?0 3 ,
µ
G-- 5 5
>## ?=L 5 ?=*,-@# 83 4
3 2 3 2 G- (#
:2 ! 3 3
53 # ) 25 2 $1- ( 3
5 5$$ ! 2 2
2 $+- ( >## ?=,.,, ,F-- ,G-- ?)!,F-/@#
? 9 2 52 2 >? @
5 5# E ! 3$
7 72 ?0 5
# ! 53 > 2
2 @ ?0
5 2 # 83 ?0
B 53 # ) ? 5 5
: $ +5 ""' , #$# #
! 2 9 ?0
4# E ? 5 2
# ? M,N
M*,N# ) 55 9 7
53 K 3$
P
+
=y2
I+y2
Q
2
>G#/@
3 5 7
P
+
53
M,N # ) 5 L
cos2θ+sin
2θ=1
# ) 5 2
5 3 3
5 5 # 2 5 P
5 3 35 7 3 6 3
5 5 M,N# ?2 3 3 3
5 3 > 5 @ 3 3 3
2 5 3 > 5 3 !:: 2@#
? 5 !::
? 5 3# ) !:: 5
3 ! 5 5 #
,F-- ,-
µ
!:: 5 F !::
7 # ? 5 1-
µ
E!:: 5 : G#1#,#1#
+55+5 < 25 ><
) J? > 57@ 2 5 ? 5 ,F--#
83 ,F-- 7 32 ?
J? 2 # 3 !=
,F-- 232 J? 3 2 ? ?
3 2 # ?
J? 2 !:: >
5 J? 2@# ?
J? 5 J?
!:: 5 3#
? : G#,#G#* ? 2
!:: 3 5 5 # )
2 3 ? !:: #
55 3 45 )# G#1 G#F#
+5 & #$# :
, +5
45 * !:: >G
J?Y?; )# G#F @ ? #
Pt
0( !::*0( !::,0( !::10( !::F0( !::G0(
-$FF $1H $FG $1/ $/-
$G#, $FF $F/ $FG $F, $/-
$*- $FF $G/ $F+ $FH $/-
$*G $FF $G/ $G1 $GF $/-
$,G $FF $G/ $/G $H- $/1
, +5!
I" ) J?Y?; 45 *R !" 45 ,
!:: ? #
!:: 9 J?Y?;
!::* -4-.
!::, -4-*
!::1 -4+*
!::F -4**
!::G -4*
Pt
0( !::0( J?Y?;
- $1/ -4*,
$G#, $F- -4-G
$*- $F. -4+*
$*G $G1 -4+1
$,G $/1 -4,
45 ,F-- )= != 5 *
# ? 7 :! 3
# ) 3 )= !=
5 5 3
Pt
)= 2
45 # 45 * ? ,F-- !=
J? 2 3 )# G#F >@# 45
, ? 5 J? 2 ?
3 )# G#F >@# 45 ? J?
7 45 # )# G#1 )# G#F
>@ 3 ? 5 !::
5 53
Pt
R3 ?
Pt
!::
5 2# ) 5 2 !::
5 ::( $ ? # )
< 3 # , ,
E!:: 5 #
(2 32 J?Y?;MH"-N
? )!I ,F-- 5 M+N# ?
2 45 J? ,F-- 6
3 // ( 2 2 5 , (# ) 5
J?Y?;MH"-N > 4 @ " -4-.$-4-
-4-*$-4-H -4**$-4*H -4+*$-4+H -4*$-4H#
:! $ +5 ""' , #$# #
& (%
) 3 $ 3 5 55 $2 3
>I:@ ::( 5 >:@# ) 2 XX
I4$ 5 5 2 J8I 4
? 525 2 !?)E!,---#
? : *#F 3
2 3 2 >@ ? 2 52 2#
2 5 55 3 5
? 5 4 2 5 5
: ? ?: 52 2
2 !
D 5 # 3 2 5
$ # ? 5 2
2 I:# : $ 2 5 $$5
2 2 5 ? >##
2 @ 9 3 $
5 2 5 3 I: :# ? 52 2
2 ,F-- 5# ) : 5 3 5 $
" 3 ,F-- 5 > : @
::( # G#+#
2 4 ! 45
? $ 2 6
::( 52 2 3 2 3 5
2 5 (! > @
? > @# ) 2 5 2 2
I:# # G#. P3 # ' $
5 5 5 5 5 5
5 3 5 5 # 5 5
7 != ,F-- :# ,F-- 2 5
2 3 # ) 5 5
2 2 5 3 ,F-- :# )
9$ :E; > M+N@ ,F-- 3 5 5
7 5 != E :# !::
:# )
2 5# 5
5 2 5 5 5
5 5 2 >
+5 "3& 0 :+
write the whole
packet to the SSB
processing unit
start
TX, RX
or end?
write TX command
to CC2400
write RX command
to CC2400
write OTS switching
command (SWCMD)
to the SSB
processing unit
read the whole
packet from the SSB
processing unit
TX RX
all data
received?
no
calculate BER
save all the
received data and
the measured
RSSI values
end
yes
end
end
4 +5-
) 55 $2 3 >I:@#
5 @# ) 32 5
2 5# ) 5 9
2 5 # 5
I: 3 2 #
$ ?
55 5 >E):@ # ?
? 5 : F#1#1# 83 5
2 5 $ # E): 3 5
3 >:' @ : 3 E):
3 5 3 )= E 2 ,F--# '
)= 3 ,F-- 5 3
2 ,F-- 5 3 :#
!= E )= E 52
3 5#
2 .4
# G#+ ::( 5 >:@ 3 2
3 5 # ) 7 5
" #
3 $
5 5 5 3
: 5
:. $ +5 ""' , #$# #
SPI Master
RX FIFO SER Receiver
TX FIFO SER Transmitter
SPI Controller Unit
LocalBus_Slave_Simple
CSn
SCLK
FIFO_FULL
FIFO_EMPTY
SO
SI
PCS
ORSS
IS
PCS_N
SWCMD0
SWCMD1
PKT
SSB Controller
Internal
Interface
Local-Bus
Interface
SSB Processing Unit
8
8
4 +5
::( 5 > J8I !?)E!,---@
,F--# : I& 5 :
2 5 # ) 5
""'
3 : >52 @ E!:: >5 5
@ : > 55@# ? 5
I (Y:Y:5 : 3
3 # ) !?)E!,--- 55
5 I= +-GF 3 3
#
# G#*- :# ( != )=
I: : 2 3 ,F-- 2
:E; 3 9$ M+N# I: !=
: : 3 52
# : 2
2 E!:: 3 5 5
>E!:@ # 83 55 >:@
55 2 E!:: 3 3
# E!::
2 : : E!::
: # E3 : != 5 # ?
+5 "3& 0 :
IDLE
FSON state of
CC2400
Carrier Detected
Switch on OTS
start
TX
write CC2400
FIFO
TX command
ORSS
RX
read CC2400
FIFO
ORS determined
PCS
directional
physical carrier
sense
RX command if interference
4 +5:
) :#
3 I # $
5 >E):@ 3
# I : E): 3
I: 2 5 5 3 >:' @
)= 3 3 3 )=
E# ? )= I:
,F-- : I # 3 3
5 5 #
+555 8 $
I : ,F-- 2 9$ :E; 3
II 3
5
# :Y; ,F--
# 2 ,F--
!= != # ) :
5 3 : # ) 2 !::
2 5 # 2 !
D 5 45 # 83
5 2 53
5# ?3 3
2 : 5 # ) 2
3 53 5 3 3 53 5
: 53 ! D 5
72 # ) 5 5
> 5 @ 9 !:: #
:- $ +5 ""' , #$# #
PCS
Sector 0
Update SWCMD
monitor carrier
maximally 30µs
Sector 1
Update SWCMD
monitor carrier
maximally 30µs
Sector 2
Update SWCMD
monitor carrier
maximally 30µs
No carrier detected
No carrier detected
No carrier detected Carrier detected
Carrier detected ORSS
Carrier detected
t
0
4 +5
) : :
+555 " $
# G#** 3 : 5 52
: # ,F-- 55
5 :Y; 3 55 >
3 !:: @#
3 >:' @ :Y; 2
: # :Y; 55 3 1-
µ
:
E!:: 2# E3 5 :' 5
5 # ) 4 3 1-
µ
,F--
!:: ,-
µ
55
> 3 7 M+N@# :Y;
2 5 3 !:: 5 #
) *-
µ
# ? 3 # G#**
: : E!::
t0
#
+555 /6"" $
# G#*, 3 5 2 ::( $ # 5
1,$(2 5 F$(2 2 3 ,,G$(2 #
) 7 ,. (2 5 E!:: 5 2
: F (2 5 2 ,F-- 5
> @ 2 3 ,F-- 4
+5 "3& 0 :
Preamble
28 Bytes Preamble
4 Bytes Sync
4 Bytes
Read
FIFO interval
224µs32µs32µs1.8ms25µs ~ 48ms
over-the-air @ 1Mbps
over SPI @ 8.33Mbps
Interval between packets
Data
225 Bytes
RX
ORSS PCS
4 +5
5
5 M+N# ) **V 5
E!::# # G#*,
3 5 3 2 F. # )
2 )= 3 ,F-- 2 :! 3
:( # E 3 4 5 ,-
50 > # G#*F@#
) ,. (2 5 ,,F
µ
* 0 #
# G#*1 3 5 E!:: 5 #
!:: 1-
µ
3 ,F-- 3 !:: #
? ,F-- !:: : 3
: 2 ,
µ
>, (2 [ .#11 0@# !::
:' 5 !:: 4 #
? !:: E!:: 5 5
>E!:@ 5 :' # ? :
!= # ) E!: :' 3 32 5 != #
E!::
4∗32 µ
>!:: @#
83 2 72 3 # ) 45
3 # F#G : F#1# $
,,F
µ
E!:: 5 3
#
' /6""
?
: 2 : 3 5 3 # G#**# ?
t−1
5 $
- >:-@ 42
t−1
: 5 :'
3 -# : 3 42
30 µ
t−1
2 E!::
t0
> # G#**@# ) 25 45 3
t0
2 5
Tpre
# G#*1
> 6 3
t−1
t0
@ 1-
µ
#
: $ +5 ""' , #$# #
C /6""
3 3
t−1
5 $ :-# 83
: 5 :' 3 :- 2
t−1
#
? !:: 3 > :Y; L
55 @ 4 3# ) 3 2
30 µ
#
? 5 :* :, 3 92# :
2 5 5 ,F-- 2
!:: # ) 3 /-
µ
# 2 :- 3
: E!:: > 2
1-
µ
@#
1-
µ
3 3 45#
Tpre
# G#*1
*,-
µ
#
)3 3 : E!:: :
3 # G#*-"
) : E!::
t0
:Y;
:# ? 3 # G#*1
t0
E!:: 3 7 3
1-
µ
!:: 3 2 ,F--# :Y;
2 # :Y; 55
: 2 : # ( 55
:Y; 5 3 2 #
) 55 >:@ E!::
# )$
E!: 33 2
5# : : # ) :
3 : G#1#,#/ #
2 : DE!:: 5 42 $
$ 7 3 55
3 5 L 4 ,. (2 5# E3
: ,F-- != 45 3
5
# ) : D E!:: 5
55 $2 3 >I:@# ?2 5
: D E!:: I:# )3 3
2 I: 2 : 5
2 :Y; 5 2 ,F--
3 3 )= E : 52# :
I: 22 5 5 #
) 7 5 I: :Y; ,F--
+5 "3& 0
Preamble
28 Bytes
224µs
RSSI
settling read
RSSI
30µs2µs
RSSI
settling read
RSSI
30µs2µs
RSSI
settling read
RSSI
30µs2µs
…...…...
over SPI @ 8.33Mbps
ORSS
update
SWCMD update
SWCMD set ORS
SWCMD
Tpre
t0t-1
4 +5
E!::
5 1-
µ
> 3
: ?#F#*@# ? != ,F-- > :@
I: 32 7 5 :' 3
1-
µ
:Y; 55 #
2 I: 2 E!:: 5 #
: D E!:: 2 5 2 I: # 83
2 9 5 45 # )
I: 5 5 3
I: 5 2 XX I4$ 3
$ 2# : 5 :Y;
2 2 I: A 5 2 5 #
:2 )= E : 2 2
I: 55 1-
µ
3 5# ) 3
52 9 E!:: 5 4
,. (2 5#
+555! 6D $
) != 5 : E ,F--#
) 2 5 2 7 E
,F--#
,F-- 6 $6 M+N# ) 6
5 5
3 55 5 ## 5 D
! 3 5 )= 4 !=#
8 6 ,F-- 55 2 ::( $ # 6
.$ 3 1,$2 $ $E >E@ 6
)= !=# ) E 2
5 5#
$ +5 ""' , #$# #
!= 5 ,F-- 5
1, (2 3 5 E ,F--
: 2 5 E != 5 # 83
5 1, (2 32 5$$
5 $
E 2 : 3 ,F--
3 E# : 55 2 3 ,F--
5 E 9 ,F--L 3 5
E# : E
52# E 2 : 3 E 3
,F-- > !=
:E; @# ) 5 3 $ $
#
) : E ,F-- : 3 5 5 .#11
0# 83 ,F-- 3 5 * 0
3 E 3 5 # ) 5
5 2 5# ) 5
: ?#1#,# != 5 $
: 2 3 5 > 1, (2@
,F-- != E# ) I: 2
5 3 5 != E : 3#
+555+ D $
: != 5 5
1, (2 : 3 E ,F-- 3 ,F--
# ) : 3 ,F-- 55 2
3 5 9 5 ,F--#
: 3 E ,F-- 3
9 ,F-- )= :E; 2#
E 2 : 3 3 E 52
3 ,F-- 5#
,F-- 7 )= 5 :E; # (
,F-- 9 2 5 5
5 5 3 5
5#
:2 : 5 5 $
2 I: 2 3 3 5 )= E
: # ) 2 6 != 5 )=
+5 "3& 0
interval packet
48 ms2 ms
interval packet
48 ms2 ms…...
…...
PCS_N
in an interference
free environment
PCS_N
in an environment
with interference
ORSS would
incorrectly start here
due to interference
ORSS should
start here
4 +5!
:Y; 3 3 #
5 : 7 3 5 5 > 1, (2@
E ,F-- )= # ? ,F--
: 5 # )
2 ,F-- )= E
#
+555. 3 $$ (") # $$ , , E
, $#
? : F#1#G 2
E!:# E!:: 5 5
E!: >
@ 3 3 3 5
2# ) 9 52
> :@ ,F-- !:: #
!:: 2
,F-- 5 3 :Y; # ?
: G#1#,#, G#1#,#1 :Y; 2 3
1-
µ
: 55 5
E!:: 5 3# 83
30 µ
5 # ) 5 5 IK >
92 @ 5 !:: > : F#1#G
@# IK 5 3 5" !:: # 83 ,F--
5 5# 5
55 >:@ 3 # ) ,F--
#
! $ +5 ""' , #$# #
Preamble
28 Bytes Preamble
4 Bytes Sync
4 Bytes
Read
FIFO interval
224 µs 32 µs 32 µs 1.8 ms 25 µs ~ 48 ms
over-the-air @ 1 Mbps
over SPI @ 8.33 Mbps
Data
225 Bytes
RX
ORSS PCS
RSSI
settling read
RSSI
30 µs 2 µs
RSSI
settling read
RSSI
30 µs 2 µs
RSSI
settling read
RSSI
30 µs 2 µs
…...…...
PCS_N
PKT t0 should appear
within this duration
incorrect t0 appears in this
duration due to interference
Interval between packets
4 +5+
55 $ #
' ,F11 8 92
.-,#**0 'I?; #
55 2 2 53 !=
$/G ( 3 55 3 2 $H,
(# : 53 2
2 55 3 55 3
G-V# ? 452 3 :Y; 3 3
# G#*F# ? 5
3 3 32 6
53 # 8
2 ::( #
? 6 &) 2 ,F--# &) 2$
3 55 3
2 3# 2 5 >##
5 @ # $ 2
3
2 3 &) 3
55 # ) $ 5 : 3# ? E!:: 5$
7 E!::
:Y; &)# )3 3 : I "
:Y; > @ &) L 55
4 *+,
µ
>T,,FX/F
−32 ∗3
@# ) 5
55 3 5 $
52# ) 2 3
E!:: 5 5 >
@# : !=
&) # &)
E!:: 5 # 55 5 :
+5 "3& 0 +
, +5+
2 ?#
1= 1 2, 1=
; : 5 5" *HH 1.F-- *V
; F 5 I)" ,F+ 1.F-- *V
,
"
; 5 :" *H. *+,-- *V
; : 2 " *H. *H. *--V
; : " - *H. -V
?#, ! $ 1
1-G 1.F-- *V
; " ,F+
; $" G/
; E(" .1 F-F ,-V
; ( !?" , */- *V
; I&" * F ,GV
; I&E(" * F ,GV
E!: 4 !:: !=
3 7 E!:: 3 &) # )
2 55 3 E!:: 5 >52 32@ 5
#
? 5 9$IK$
&) 2 55 2 3# E 3
5 62 6
$ E!:
3 3 3 : G#F #
+555 2 = ## 3 "1
) ? 2 $ : J4 = J,---
=4# ? 5 7 =4
: JH#- 2 5 3 )#
G#G# ) 5 5
#
$ %
&
" '
3 5 5
" (
5 # 5 3 2 3
2 : 3 5 $B >
: ?#1#1#,@ 3 : 6#
. $ +5 ""' , #$# #
3 m
2 m RX station
(fixed)
TX station
(mobile)
4 +5.
#
&" !
20
G#*/ 45 # ) )= 955 3
$ > @ 3
3 3 554 5 -#G 0# ) != 74
::( 2 $ 2# )
5 B 3 25 # ) 6 P
2 2 3 A B >##
95 5 5@ 2 0
3 )=
!= # ) $5 55 2 )=
3 6 2
3 # $
2 5 != 3
59 7 > :
,#1#*@# ) 6 ::( 2
7 5 # ' 2 5
2 # ) 2 2
: G#F#F#
20
' 2 3 $
5 5 6 55 6# ?554$
+5! , ##
2 5 5 5 45
5 3 2 >'::@
5 3 2 3 5
5 2 5 6 #
) $
5 5 # ) 5 3
Pr
5542
':: 5 #
) 5 55 3 5 3 $
5 3
Pt
53
Pr
M1*N"
Pr=Pt·(λ
4πd)2·Gt·Gr,
>G#H@
3
λ
d
Gt
Gr
3
5 2# ) 55
7 "
α/
(
=10lg(Pt/Pr).
>G#.@
9# >G#H@ >G#.@ 3
α/
(
=20lg(
4πd
λ)−10 lg(Gt·Gr).
>G#+@
9# >G#+@ 55
d
3 )= != # # G#*/ 3
2 4 1#*/
1 )= # ? 9# >G#+@
92 ,#F 8 2 > -#F/
(@ 5 3#
)= 2 *--- 3
5 3 >4@ 53 - (
554 5 ,- 50 * 0# 5
1, (2 5 F (2 2 3 ,,G (2 # ) !=
!:: 5 >(!@
*--- 5# ) 45 *#.
(! # ::( 2 2 !=
5 !:: 5 2# ?552
'86 % #
5 5 3
::( #
? 3 45 5 3
Pr
5 6 2
>5
- $ +5 ""' , #$# #
2 @# ) *--- !::
"
Pave/
(
=E{Pr}=10lg( 1
1000
1000
i=1
Pr,i/mW)
>G#*-@
#
# ) 5
$ ::( 2#
#
>?@ 3 7
M.N
?
=
J
{Pr}
E2{Pr}=E{P2
r}
E2{Pr}−1.
>G#**@
? 92 2 45 2 #
Pr
9# >G#**@ 5 2 :;! > 53 @
3 7 5 53 # )
9 ? 55 M.-N 6 8$:0!
>2 04 @ 3
5 :;!# "
σL/N,
=√
?
=1+N
n=L+1
1
n2
√L(1 + N
n=L+1
1
n),N⩾L, L ⩾2.
>G#*,@
8 3 : > 2 @ 8$:0!
52 >5 : ,#1#, : 8$:0! @#
9# >G#*,@ ? 33 5 3
> )# G#**@ ::( 5
: # 2 !::
2 7
#
20 )
) 45 5 #
)2 45 5 2 5 #
8
25 45
)# G#/ 3 25 * F 5
5 2# 45 * , 5 92
,F-* 8 3 # ) 3 45 4$
5 5 5 3 ::(
3 #
+5! , ##
, +5.
45 7
)25 92 )= != >74@ : >5 @
*,F-* 8
,,F-* 8 ::(
1,F11 8
F,F11 8 ::(
G,F-* 8 74 74
/,F-* 8 74 ::( 74
H,F-* 8 74
.,F-* 8 74 ::(
' 45 3 5 ,F11 8 3 ::( $
3 55 >:@ L 3 $
3 5 3 5
(!# ) 92 E!:: 3 32 5
55 2 >
t0
#
G#*G@ ,. (2 5 >
t0
# G#*G@# ) E!:
3 :;! > 5 53 @#
? : G#1#,#/ 5 55
55 3 5 ::(
5 # 45 1 F 3 3 3
::( #
45 G . )= != 74#
2 2 # )
A B 3 45 >* 5 @# )
52 # 45 G
/ 5 5 # 45 H .
3# E2 55
3
)= != # ' 45 3 6 !=
955 3 ::( 5 2#
: $ +5 ""' , #$# #
200 % !
+5!5!5 8;#$ % # ;$ # $ !
: 45 * F 5 # G#*H G#,-
5 45 25 * F 5 2#
*--- !:: >
5@ 5 # ::( !::
5 !:: E!:
> 4 !::@ 3 #
5 3 >:' - 0 * 0 ,@ 5 5
4# 7 >
Pave
?
(!@ #
# G#*H # G#*. ,F-*
8 92 # (2 3 2
53 P 2
::( > ::( 2 !:: E!: @# )
2 ? *#-1 -#1# )
7 ? 92
# (2 5 3 3 ::( L
53 (! 3
52 ::( 4 5 #
# G#*+ # G#,- ,F11 8 92
# (2 5 ,F-* 8
3# ? 3 5
(! ,F11 8 552 ,F-* 8 >-#,/+,V
# -#--.HV@ 3 2 53 ,F11 8
92 # 83 92 3
::( 5 (! >-#---V@# ) 5 $
5 55 > : G#1#,#/@ 2
$ 3# 45 2
>*#. @ (!
5 (! # ) -V 2 5 (!
2 42 #
+5!5!5 3 - 3
$ ! ;$ #
2 2
) 45 25 * F
)# G#H G#*- 5 2# )
Pave
?
+5! , ##
(! )#
G#**# )2 5 5 3
::( #
)# G#** 3 7 ,F-* 8 ,F11 8 92
::( 5
53 (! 3
# ) 3 2 45
# (2 )# G#H G#*- 3 7 45
::( # )
::( 5
""' # $ $$ 3
#
5 ,F-* 8 ,F11 8 )# G#**
3 (! 72
-#-*/V -#,FGV 3 (! ::( 32
5 5 -#---V# ) 5
""' #
$ $$ 3
:! >
53 @#
53 )# G#** 3 ::(
32 *#H, (
,F-* 8 *#+1 ( ,F11 8# )2 ::( 1
( 2 > 5@ 5 # 83
: G#, ! 5 ::( 2 2
! 4 3 # $
! 3 ! D
# (2 :$5 ! > : G#,#F@
5 5
! 5 2 ,#1 (
# ) :;! ::( F#,1 (# )
53 ::( 45 2
> @ 2
$ 2
#
) 3 2 : G#F#* $
B 6 ::( 2
5 2 # # ,#H 2
6
3 45 ::(#
3 ::( $ 4 *#/. ( 5
55 > , / : @ 2
4 * / 2>:@#
) 5 7 5 * / : 2#
$ +5 ""' , #$# #
) )# G#** 5 ? 3
2M.N 2M.-N , / : > 9#
G#*,@# 2 3 ? $ 2
55 5 5#
+5!5!5 3 ;$ # $ + -
# G#,* G#,F 45 25 G . 5 2
3 2 5 # ) 45 3
6 ::(
# 25 G / A
# ) 5 # G#,* G#,, 45
3 4 2 !:: # ( ? -#-*H1
-#-,G. ::( # # G#,,
5 3 , L
55 # ) , 5 3 E!:
, 32 E!: 3 2 :'
5#
# G#,1 3 3 !::
? -#-/F 7 # ? !:: > E!:@
# G#,F 4 ? -#-FG+
-#-/F # G#,1 45 # )
""' 2 F
3# 3 3
2 #
# G#,F 3 !:: 3 $5
2 3 5 7 E!:: 2
3$ 2#
+5! , ##
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
−100
−90
−80
−70
−60
−50
−40
−30 Received power vs. Time
t /s
/dBm
Pave = −54.5 dBm, AoF = 1.03, BER = 0.0087%
Pr
4 +5
: != 3 )=
@
,F-* 8 >25 *
,@#
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
−100
−90
−80
−70
−60
−50
−40
−30 Received power vs. Time
t /s
/dBm
Pave = −52.5 dBm, AoF = 0.30, BER = 0%
Sector 0
Sector 1
Sector 2
ORS
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
0
1
2
Switching command (SWCMD) vs. Time
t /s
Sector number (0 / 1 / 2)
SWCMD
Pr
4 +5-
::( != 3 )=
@
,F-* 8 >25 , F@#
! $ +5 ""' , #$# #
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
−100
−90
−80
−70
−60
−50
−40
−30 Received power vs. Time
t /s
/dBm
Pave = −55.9 dBm, AoF = 1.14, BER = 0.2692%
Pr
4 +5
: != 3 )=
@
,F11 8 >25 1
F@#
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
−100
−90
−80
−70
−60
−50
−40
−30 Received power vs. Time
t /s
/dBm
Pave = −53.6 dBm, AoF = 0.32, BER = 0%
Sector 0
Sector 1
Sector 2
ORS
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
0
1
2
Switching command (SWCMD) vs. Time
t /s
Sector number (0 / 1 / 2)
SWCMD
Pr
4 +5:
::( != 3 )=
@
,F11 8 >25 F .@#
+5! , ## +
, +5
: != 3 )=
@
,F-* 8 >25 *@#
*
1FG/H.
2
Pave/
( $GG#* $GF#G $G/#, $GG#- $G,#+ $G1#, $GF#. $G1#1
+!5
? -#H-, *#-1* -#+-+ -#./, -#+++ -#+-G *#-*- -#+++
:5
(!0V -#-*G -#--+ -#-*F -#-G1 -#--* -#--* -#--+ -#-,F
:5:.
, +5-
::( != 3 )=
@
,F-* 8 >25 ,@#
*,1
!
G/H.
2
Pave/
( $G,#- $G,#- $G,#H $G,#G $G,#. $G,#. $G,#H $G,#H
+5+
? -#F/G -#F,1 -#1+F -#1-- -#G1* -#,/, -#1H. -#11G
:5-.
(!0V -#--- -#--- -#--- -#--- -#--- -#--- -#--- -#---
:5:::
, +5
: != 3 )=
@
,F11 8 >25 1@#
*,1
!
G/H.
2
Pave/
( $GG#F $G/#F $G/#. $GG#+ $GG#G $G/#G $GG#/ $GF#+
++5-
? -#.1G -#/1H *#G+- *#*FF -#.F. -#./G -#+1* -#.++
:5.
(!0V -#*., -#1,+ -#F*1 -#,/+ -#*HG -#*G- -#-.G -#1GH
:5!+
, +5:
::( != 3 )=
@
,F11 8 >25 F@#
*,1FG/H
- 2
Pave/
( $G1#1 $G1#G $GF#H $GG#G $G1#, $GF#H $G1#1 $G1#/
+5
? -#1H+ -#/*G -#1/+ -#1/+ -#GH+ -#G.1 -#/*F -#1*.
:5! -
(!0V -#--- -#--- -#--- -#--- -#--- -#--- -#--- -#---
:5:::
, +5
E $ 45 > )# G#/
25 @#
)25
E{
(!
}/%E{Pave}/
(
E{
?
}
?
* -#-*/ $GF#,1F -#+,H *#-
, -#--- $G,#G** -#1./ -#,-,G
1 -#,FG $GG#.,/ -#+/+ *#-
F -#--- $G1#.+H -#FH. -#,-,G
. $ +5 ""' , #$# #
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
−100
−90
−80
−70
−60
−50
−40
−30 Received power vs. Time
t /s
/dBm
Pave = −41.7 dBm, AoF = 0.0173, BER = 0%
Pr
4 +5
: != 3 74
@
,F-* 8 >25 G@#
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
−100
−90
−80
−70
−60
−50
−40
−30 Received power vs. Time
t /s
/dBm
Pave = −40.2 dBm, AoF = 0.0258, BER = 0%
Sector 0
Sector 1
Sector 2
ORS
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
0
1
2
Switching command (SWCMD) vs. Time
t /s
Sector number (0 / 1 / 2)
SWCMD
Pr
4 +5
::( != 3 74
@
,F-* 8 >25 /@#
+5! , ##
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
−100
−90
−80
−70
−60
−50
−40
−30 Received power vs. Time
t /s
/dBm
Pave = −41.9 dBm, AoF = 0.0640, BER = 0%
Pr
4 +5
: != 3
@
,F-* 8 >25 H@#
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
−100
−90
−80
−70
−60
−50
−40
−30 Received power vs. Time
t /s
/dBm
Pave = −40.6 dBm, AoF = 0.0459, BER = 0%
Sector 0
Sector 1
Sector 2
ORS
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5
0
0
1
2
Switching command (SWCMD) vs. Time
t /s
Sector number (0 / 1 / 2)
SWCMD
Pr
4 +5!
::( != 3
@
,F-* 8 >25 .@#
5 /
& '
2 .
) $B 3
52 2 ? 2 $2 5# )
5 55 5# ) 2
3 542 4$ 57
3 >::(@ 7 2 $ #
5 $B2 2$B2 452 7
3 5 5 3 6 5 7
5$$5 # 3 542
5 5 # ) 5
5 2 2 #
) 3 52 2 $ 9# ?
2$ 9 3 2 2
2 55 3 5 5 5 # ? 2
4 $ 3 5 5
3 5 2 9 3
# 54 E 9
7 5 5 2 42
3 542 53 5 3
5 3 $$$ #
' 3 52 2 55 ? 5
5 2 3 5 $
3 5 # )3 25 ? 5
>(@ ($? 5 2 >:@
:$?
# ) 5
# ( $$ >?@
3 5 ? ?$? 53
> @ 5 3 >@ 55 # ) 5 $
3 3 5 $ 2$B
: $ .5 / 0
2 ?$? 3 5
# ) L 5$
5 5 5 2 # 83 ?$
4 42 3 542#
) 4$ ::( 2 # 5 3
2 ::( 2 9 5 *-V 5 3 5 2
3 5 5 2 ! $ 9# )
::( 5 55# )= !=
# ? 5 ::( 52 ? 2 >::( X::($
? @ 5 $2 5 5#
5 2 55 9 3 62
3# ::( 3 3$ $
# 2 52 3
5 2 52 # ) 5
3 3 5 $ 2$B
2 ::( 5
2 3 B ?$ # 83 7
3 542 # ) 55 3
5 3 542 2 ::(#
) 2 5 ::( $ 5#
' 6$$ ! 5
2
? 5 525 2 !?)E!,--- 2 2 5 #
45 3
7 3 ::( 2 2 # ) 2
3 ::( 5 55
53# 5
(!# ) :;! ? >
@ 2 55 5#
.5 / 0
2 ,
) 5 5 $ # 3
5 ( R 3
7 2 ::( 3 != )=R 723
::( ::($? 3 # '
5 ?;) #
!2 3 $ 9 >## E?@ 5 54
9 > ,#F@ 2 55# ?
52 5 7 5
2 9 5 ? 5
5 3 5 #
?55 4 ?
! ( "(#
,) ' ) % .."66 (1+
? 7 2 : 5 7 ,F-- P2 2
M+N# ,F-- 7 5 F$3 :$5 >: :E
: I& :@ # ) : : I&
2 5 : # 3
3 32 : 2 3 : 5 >3@#
) ,F-- 4 2 55 $2 3 >I:@
5 2 3 : 5
,F--# ) : 6
E ,F-- #
,F-- 25 7 > !@
> :!@ E# ! E 3 3 :!
2 # ! ,$2 E 52 1, (2#
) 32 3"
6
) ,$2 7 3
! 5 H$ > ! 2
@# ) ! 7 2 : :
>3@ !0' H$ 3 !0'
:( > 7 @# ) !0'
3 >-@ >*@# 3 4 3 2
: 3 3 R 3 : L
,$2 3 5 2 ,F--
:E # ?#*# : 2 > .:(
2@ 3 5 #
7 : .:(
# 83 .I:( > 3 2@
! $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
Write operation:
signals here don’t make sense
Read operation:
signals here don’t make sense
4 5
: M+N#
3 # 5
92 >2 9@ 7 2
: !0' 7 # )
7
#
44/
5 !
# ) 6 E 3 H$ #
"6
) 32
03 5 # ) 2 !0'
: : # )
!0' L :! 3
: 2 2 2# (2 :!
9 ,F-- 3 # ) 92
!= )= 45#
,F-- 2 :E
5 P ## 1 ! YE& 3 4
3
2 E ! 5 M+N #
: ! YE& 55 5 5#
) 4 5 5 : ,F-- ,- 8# 83 2
.#11 8 >G-0/ 8@ : 3 .#11 5 #
?23 $$ 5 ,F-- >* 5@# E
5 7 # ?#* M+N#
5 $2 # # 3 "1 +
)$ ' % (17
# G#+ : G#1#, : 3 5
5 " : ::( I (Y:Y:5#
"
5 : : I&
I: :E 5 $
: I:#
:E 5 : : 5 ,F--
: 5 : :E 5 ,F--# ) 3
: :E 2 2 3 #
""'
5 $5 5
: >52 @ E!:: >5 5 @
: > 55@#
'G"2G"#$
3
# ) !?)E!,--- 55 5
I= +-GF 3 3
5#
# ?#, 5$ :# ) 5
5 3 : ?#1# )# ?#* 2 5
5 # G#+ # ?#,#
, 5
5 5 #
5 # G#+ 5 # ?#,
: EY: EY:Y )!I :!?IY:;!
EY! EY!Y )!I :!?IY! J!
:Y!Y )!I :1)Y= ?!Y E!
!Y?!Y;YE = :)?)Y!
::( :Y;: =Y* :YE!::
I (Y:Y:5 I (Y:Y:5 >;" )
7#@
)# ?#, : 45 # 5
!?)E!,---#
. $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
I_CLK
I_RESET_N
I_ADR
I_DATA_OUT
I_DATA_IN
I_READY_N
I_VALID_N
I_WR_N
8
32
3
LocalBus_Slave
_Simple
EN_IN_N
ADR
ADR_DECODER
EN1
EN2
EN3
SINIT
CLK
WR_EN
DIN
8
FIFO_SE
RD_EN
DOUT
FULL
EMPTY
SINIT
CLK
RD_EN
DOUT
8
FIFO_RE
WR_EN
DIN 8
FULL
EMPTY
CLK
RESET_N
SEND
D
8
SERIAL_SENDER
BUSY
TX
VOR_LAST_BIT
CLK
EMPTY_S
FIFO_S_CTRL
VOR_LAST_BIT
SEND
CLK
RESET_N
D
SERIAL_RECEIVER
BUSY(not used)
RX
LAST_BIT
WR_EN_R
FIFO_R_CTRL
LAST_BIT
RD_EN_S
CSn
SCLK
SO
SI
BUSY_S
CLK
CLK_OUT
CSn
SPI_RF_CTRL
EN
SEND
RESET_N
RESET_N
RESET_EN
CLK
STATE
STATE_REG
EMPTY_S
CSn
FULL_S
FULL_R
D
MUX
DIN1
SEL1
DIN2
SEL2
32 EMPTY_R
SWCMD
FIFO_FULL
’0’
I_BE_N
EN4
FIFO
SEL SP3T_MUX
DIN1
DIN2
FIFO
FIFO_EMPTY / PCS_N
FIFO_FULL
EN5
RESET_N Q
CLK
ENABLE0
D
DREG_AR_EN_FIFO
EN5
lowest 2
2
DIN3 ’1’
SWCMD1
SWCMD0
RSSI_R
PCS_ORSS
PCS_N
READ
RSSI
8
SWCMD 2
START
ENABLE1
EN4
START
CLK
RESET_N
FIFO_EMPTY / PCS_N
CSn
FIFO_FULL
ORSSPCS_NS
RSSI_R
READ
D
SWITCH D0 MUX_1
SEL
DIN DOUT
CLK
RESET_N
ENB
SEN0
SEN1
RSSI012
RSSI012
24
EM0
EM1
PKT PKT
ORSS
VOR_LAST_BIT
4 5
)5$ ::( 5 >:@#
5 " # $ 3 #$ 3 "1
, 5
) : 5 > $ @#
: 5
: I& E5 2 : .#11 8
::( $
: E5 5 2 :
:E E5 5 : 5
,F--
: 5 5 :E 5
,F--
:Y; 0
EY)C
5 ? $55 5# 3 2 $
7 ,F--# :Y; 3
,F-- R EY)C
E 3
3 E 2 52 M+N#
&) 5 :2 3 2
,F--# 3 ,F--
5 :2 3#
EYII 5 ,F-- E $
E2 > M+N @
:' M*"-N E5 3 2 : $
2
( ) % )
% (17
& .(
555 44/G"8
EY: > 5 2@ 2 =4 E!
# 2 E 3 .$ 3 ,G/$(2 5 >52@#
) :2 E $$$E 2 9 3
3 5 >!Y; '!Y;@
P >II )C@# 2 E =4L
3# EY: 6
,F-- :#
- $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
, 5
EY:Y )!I 5#
: 5
I& 5 2
!:!Y; 5 3
)CY: 5 )C 5 EY: $
!Y;Y: E5 !Y; 5 EY: $
3
:; E5 :!?IY:;!
4 2
E 5
JE!YI?:)Y() 5
2 :E
555 44/G"G6
EY:Y )!I EY:#
!Y; EY: :; :!?IY:;!
:Y!Y )!I 5 EY:
52# 3 3 "
*" 55 5 ,F--# ) 3
45 : ?#1#,#
," 2 E # # ?#1 3
E5 3 32 2 I #
) 5 2 5 5 55
: 3 : ?#1#,#
555 "86G"8?86
) :!?IY:;! 5 >.$
3@ )= 5 2 3 2 > :; $
EY:Y )!I@ 5 (:C JE!YI?:)Y() $
# # ?#F # ?#G 5
:!?IY:;! 5 2#
5 E;)!EII! :8)Y! E;)Y():# E;)!EII! $
:8)Y! 2 2 )= 5
E;)Y():
JE!YI?:)Y() I?:)Y() 2#
5 " # $ 3 #$ 3 "1
RD_EN_S
EMPTY_S
FIFO_S_CTRL
VOR_LAST_BIT
SEND
CLK
RESET_N
IDLE
EMPTY_S = '0'
& FIFO = '1'
EMPTY_S = '1'
|| FIFO = '0'
COUNTER /= 26
& VOR_LAST_BIT = '1'
& EMPTY_S = '1'
RESET_N = '0'
SENDING
SEND <= '0'
RD_EN_S <= '0'
(default velues)
NEXT_COUNTER
<= COUNTER +1
COUNTER /= 26
& VOR_LAST_BIT = '1'
& EMPTY_S = '0'
ED_EN_S <= ’1’
VOR_LAST_BIT = '0'
ENABLE
RD_EN_S <= '1'
COUNTER <= 0
LOAD
SEND <= '1'
FIFO
COUNTER = 26
& VOR_LAST_BIT = '1'
4 5
: 5 EY:Y )!I#
555! 44/G 68
) EY: EY! 2 =4 E!
# 2 E 3 .$ 3 ,G/$(2 5 >52@#
) 6 EY! 6 2 ,F-- :#
555+ 44/G 6G6
EY!Y )!I EY!# 5
EY:Y )!I# 2 2#
' 3 '!Y;
EY! 3 2 2 5 5 ;#
555. "86G688>86
) :!?IY! J! != 5
2 5 3 2# ) 7 :(#
# ?#H # ?#. 5 :$
!?IY! J! 5 2#
5 E;)!EII! :8)Y! E;)Y():# E;)!EII!
!: $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
, 5!
:!?IY:;! 5#
: 5
I& 5 2
!:!Y; 5 3
:; 5 4 2 2 5
MH"-N 5 2
)= E5 5
(:C E5 2
JE!YI?:)Y() E5
2 )= 5
RESET_N
CLK
TX<= 'Q(7)'
RESET_N Q
CLK
SHIFT
LOAD
D
SHIFT_REG
SEND
D
TX
BUSY
Q(7)
WIDTH
DATA_PATH
RESET_N LAST_BIT
CLK
START
COUNT_BITS
&
VOR_LAST_BIT
VOR_LAST_BIT
EN_R
CSn FIRST_BIT
RESET_N BUSY
CLK
SEND SHIFT
LOAD
LAST_BIT START
CONTROLLER
4 5!
: :!?IY:;!#
DATA
SHIFT <= '1'
BUSY <= '1'
START <= '0'
LOAD <= '0'
IDLE
SHIFT <= '0'
BUSY <= '0'
START <= '0'
LOAD <= '0'
SEND='1'
LOAD <= '1'
START <= '1'
SEND='0'
LAST_BIT='0'
LAST_BIT='1'
& SEND='0'
RESET_N='0'
LAST_BIT='1'
& SEND='1'
LOAD <= '1'
START <= '1'
4 5+
: 5 :!?IY:;!#
5 " # $ 3 #$ 3 "1 !
, 5+
EY!Y )!I 5#
: 5
I& 5 2
!:!Y; 5 3
'!Y;Y! E5 3 EY:
I?:)Y() 5 ) 2
3 5 2 $
2 3 2 5 5
; EY!
WR_EN_R
FIFO_R_CTRL
LAST_BIT
CLK
WRITE
WR_EN_R <= '1'
IDLE
WR_EN_R <= '0'
LAST_BIT = '1'
LAST_BIT = '0'
RESET_N = '0'
RESET_N
WAIT_1
4 5.
: 5 EY!Y )!I#
:8)Y! 2 != 5 .$
E;)Y(): I?:)Y()
2# ) I?:)Y() EY!Y )!I
2 2 5 5 MH"-N :!?IY! J!
2 3 5 4 2 #
555 "G64G6
:Y!Y )!I 5 : I& : 52
3 : 5 7 ,F--# ? ?#*
5 : : 2 3 3 : 3# )
55 2 5 2
5 # ?#+# ) : 5 I :Y!Y )!I
5 3 : 3 :;
! $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
, 5.
:!?IY! J! 5#
: 5
I& 5 2
!:!Y; 5 3
; 5 !5
MH"-N E5 2
!= 5 5
(:C E5 2
I?:)Y() E5 2
!= 5
RESET_N BUSY
CLK
ENABLE SHIFT
ABORT LOAD
LAST_BIT START
CONTROLLER
RESET_N
CLK
RESET_N Q
CLK
SHIFT
LOAD
D
SHIFT_REG
EN
ABORT
D
RX
BUSY
WIDTH
DATA_PATH
RESET_N LAST_BIT
CLK
START
COUNT_BITS
&
LAST_BIT
4 5
: :!?IY! J!#
DATA
SHIFT <= '1'
BUSY <= '1'
START <= '0'
LOAD <= '0'
IDLE
SHIFT <= '0'
BUSY <= '0'
START <= '0'
LOAD <= '0'
ENABLE='1'
START <= '1'
SHIFT <=’1’
ENABLE='0'
LAST_BIT='0'
LAST_BIT='1'
& ENABLE='0'
LOAD<=’1’
RESET_N='0'
LAST_BIT='1'
& ENABLE='1'
LOAD <= '1'
START <= '1'
4 5-
: 5 :!?IY! J!#
5 " # $ 3 #$ 3 "1 !
EY:Y )!I# ) 3 : 5 3 5 (:CY:
3 5 :!?IY:;! 2# E : 2 7
2 55 (:CY: # ? : I&
I& 42 (:CY:#
) 5
,H 2 ,
#
: I& 5 : 2 3
3 >$I @ :!?IY:;!# #?#* ?#,
"
I: 3 ,F-- :
7 3 EY: $
2 : ,F--# E :E ,F-- 7
2 ,F-- L 5 2 # 83
2 :!?IY! J! EY!
55# )
2 I:# ) 2 5
:!?IY:;! A 55
: 2 2 7 - 3 * $
# 3 :!?IY:;! ;
:!?IY! J! 2 7 2# 83
53 542 :# )
: I: 5 5 # $
I: ? 5 5 #
I: ,F-- : !0'
H$ >7@ 7
: ,F--# # ?#* 3 : 2 2 7
2 : ,F-- # ,F-- 3 52
7 2# ?
55 2 3 EY:
7 2 >!0' X H$ @ 9
2 ,F-- 2
N
:Y!Y )!I
555 : I& : # ) :
2 I: 3
N+1
2 EY: 3
N
2 2# ' 542
: 3 3 2 5 5 I:#
I: > :!@
,F-- 2 2 >2 !0' X H$ @
# ) : 2 2 2 2#
!! $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
, 5
:Y!Y )!I 5#
: 5
I& 5 2
!:!Y; 5 3
:; 5 :; 2 EY:Y )!I
(:CY: 5 :!?IY:;! 2
I&YE) E5 5 3 : 5 7$
,F--
: E5 5 5 3 :
5 7 ,F--
DATA
CSn_SIG <= '0'
NEXT_COUNTER
<= 0
IDLE
CSn_SIG <= '1'
NEXT_COUNTER
<= 0
SEND = '1'
CSn_SIG <= ’0’
SEND = '0'
BUSY_S = '0'
COUNTER = 2
RESET_N = '0'
BUSY_S = '1'
WAIT_3
CSn_SIG <= '0'
NEXT_COUNTER
<= COUNTER +1
BUSY_S
CLK_IN
CLK_OUT
CSn
SPI_RF_CTRL
RESET_N
CLK
RESET_N
BUSY_S CSn
SCLK
COUNTER /= 2
SEND
SEND
4 5
: 5 :Y!Y )!I#
& 5 6 .(
? : ?#* E ,F-- 52 1, (2#
5 4 :
3 E ,F-- 3
,F-- # :2 5 4
:
E ,F-- 3 ,F-- # ) 55
5 " # $ 3 #$ 3 "1 !+
2 5 : $$
9# 83 >.#11 0 # *0@#
) 5 2 : E
,F-- 2 052 > 5 @ E
,F-- 2 520 > @# )3 42 $55
0E 5 ,F-- EYII EY)C 5
5 # )2 6 2 EY)8!:8EI 3 2 3
;) ,F--# != )= ,F-- EYII
>@ 2 E 9
EY)8!:8EI 3 5 3# )= ,F-- EY)C
>@ 2 E 9
1, $ EY)8!:8EI 3 5 3# !=
* EY)C 1, $ EY)8!:8EI#
? : 5 7 ,F-- # ?#* 3
5 55 5 05 "
: *" ) 5 3 5
: : 2# : 32 5 3 3 : 2
3 5 2 55
: I& 2 : I&#
: ," : 55 EY)8!:8EI ## ,G $
52# :5 5
3 :
2 > 3 : I& L 5@# ) 4 4 2
## EY)C )=
EYII != #
: * 5 2 3
, 9 5 5 5 $
EY)8!:8EI# 83 , 3 5
542 * 9 54
: I& # 45 )= :Y!Y )!I 5 : I& 3
EYII 55 : I& 3 EY)C 55 $
R 3 != :Y!Y )!I 5 : I& 3 EY)C
: I& 3 EYII #
:Y!Y )!I A 55 : 2 2 $
7 >!0' @ : ,F--# '
* B :!?IY:;! :!?IY! J! 3 $
: : I& 2 2 3
!. $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
: # E 542
5 ? 55 6
5 ? 6 $ 3
2#
) 5 2 552
,# 5 3 : 3 5 55
,22 542 EY:Y )!I
5 55 : 7 $ 9#
# ?#1 3 :!?IY:;! ,G (2
EY:Y )!I I 5 )C
EY:# EY:Y )!I ;?(I 2 EY:
52 E 5 # 5$ $
# ?#, 3 E 3 EYII
EY)C L*L 3 2 I:# )= 3
EY)C != 3 EYII# ' I: $
7 > :@ > :!@
,F-- E 3 L*L# ) ,
5 5 EY)8!:8EI 5
5 # $
,G 3 32 5 ,,G (2 45
: G#F#
45 E 5
EY:Y )!I I: L 2 5
5 55 :# ? 5 2
2 :# ) I: 2 3 3 5
EY: )= 3 5 EY!
3 5 > : ?#1#F @ !=
#
&
)
# ?#* 3 ::( :Y;: =Y* :YE!::
3 7 3 552 42 55
55 >:@ # )2 :Y?=# :YE!::
: >52 @ E!:: >5 5 @
: #
5 " # $ 3 #$ 3 "1 !
555 "G1"
:Y?: 55 42 55 : :YE!::# ) 4$
5 2 3 5 55
: ?#1#*#H# ) ,F--
: I: 2 EY:# !=
5 5 I: 9 7 !::
3 5# : 2
3 I: 5 3 2
5# 83 != 5 2
3 E!:: 5 3
2 2 # ? 3 : ?#1#1#,
: :YE!:: : E!:: 3 5
E!:: 5 #
I: 3 3 2 9 !::
,F--# :Y?= 5#
5$ : ># ?#,@ 3 :Y?:
2 3 EY:Y )!I EY: :Y!Y )!I
:!?IY:;!# 2 :; EY:Y )!I :!?IY:;!
:Y!Y )!I )C EY: EY:Y )!I
MH"-N EY: :!?IY:;!# 5 #
?#*- 3 2 5 3 5"
8
' 5 5 E!:: 3 :Y?= 32 2
I # 2 :;
)C MH"-N 3 2 5
:Y?= L 4# I:
,F-- 3 EY!
:') 8 > @#
>8
? E!:: 5 :YE!:: 5 :
E!:: 5 :Y?: 5 5 2
5 42 55 # 7 IY* 3
5 3 :') 8 3 :; )C
MH"-N 2$ # ) 5 :Y?=
I # )2 3" )C $
> EY:@ EY:Y )!I MH"-N
!:: ,F-- >5 L*L :(
55 @ :; 2 :Y?= 32
EY:Y )!I# ?3 :') 8 $
5 I?:)Y() :!?IY! J! EY!Y )!I
!- $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
RESET_N = '0'
IDLE_1
RSSI_R = ’1’
& ORSS = ’1’
RSSI_R = ’0’
& ORSS = ’1’
SENDING
SEND <= '0'
COUNTER /= 2
& VOR_LAST_BIT = '1'
VOR_LAST_BIT = '0'
LOAD
SEND <= '1'
NEXT_COUNTER
<= COUNTER +1
COUNTER = 2 &
VOR_LAST_BIT = '1'
WAIT_1
READ <= ’1’
ORSSPCS_NS
RSSI_R
READ
D
SWITCH D0 MUX_1
SEL
DIN DOUT
CLK
RESET_N
SEN0
SEN1
EM0
EM1 8
8
8
VOR_LAST_BIT
IDLE
Normal operation for
strobe command and
FIFO access
ORSS = ’0’
ORSS = ’1’
IS_AUX
4 5:
( 5 :Y?=#
3 3 EY! ; 5 > 2 !::
2 :YE!::@# ? :Y?=
!::Y! 3 5 :YE!:: 9 !:: $
,F-- EY:Y )!I
:!?IY:;! 2$ MH"-N 2 3 #
? 7 :Y?= 5 !?
:YE!:: !:: 2 !:: 5 # :Y?= $
5 5 3 E!:: IY*
3 5 :YE!:: 7 E!:: 5
: != # G#*- : G#1#,#
) :Y?= 5 EY: EY:Y )!I
EY! >$I # ?#**@
:YE!:: : !:: ,F-- 3
# ) 2 I: 3
# 42 :YE!::
5 : E!:: 5 3 3
E!:: 5 5 #
5 " # $ 3 #$ 3 "1 !
, 5-
:Y?= 5#
: 5
I& 5 2
!:!Y; 5 3
;MH"-N 5 E) EY:
E)MH"-N E5 :!?IY:;!
:;- 5 :; EY:Y )!I
:;* E5 :; :!?IY:;!
:Y!Y )!I
- 5 )C EY:
* E5 )CY: EY:Y )!I
E!:: 5 5 :YE!::
I
!? E5 :YE!:: .$ !::
2 !:: 5
:') 8 E5 I?:)Y()
EY!Y )!I
555 "G/6""
) 2 :YE!:: " : >52
@ E!:: >5 5 @ : > 55@
3 5
"
/6""
#
G#*- G#** : G#1#,# 83 # G#*- G#** 2
5 55 3 72 6 5
# ?#** 3 $B
32# # ?#** 5 :YE!:: 3
3 54# 83 5 3 2 3 3
45# 2 5"
) 5 :YE!:: 2 5 :)?!)
3 2 55 3 >I:@ ::(
5 >:@ # ?#,# ) :
:)?!) > )# ?#*-@# ? :YE!::
2 5 : E!:: : E!:: 5
7 I # :YE!::
5 3 E!:: I 3 5
E!:: #
"
" '?)Y1- \Q:' Y* \Q'?)Y1-# ? $
:YE!:: 7 '?)Y1- 3 1-
µ
:Y; 3# : I? > 3 45
+: $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
@ :Y; '?)Y1-
:' Y*# :' Y* 3 :' M*"-N
5 '?)Y1-# ? :
3 3 5 3 3
#
*" : I? :Y;
'?)Y1- # ) 5 2 ,F--
:YE!:: 8 &Y1- 2R ," E!::
I? :YE!:: !::Y!? '?)Y1-
:Y;# ?I? 3 :
E!:: # : :Y;
>:' Y* 8 &Y1-@ E!:: 2
>!::Y!?@#
/6""
" '?)Y1- \Q 8 &Y1- \Q!::Y!? \Q'?)Y1
\Q'!)Y! \Q:' Y* \Q'?)Y1- \Q !::Y!?#
: :Y; '?)Y1- :YE!::
E!:: 2 8 &Y1- 3 :Y;
2 1-
µ
# E :Y;
2 : 2 8 &Y1-
:' Y*# )3 P" :Y;
2 1-
µ
5
:Y; 5# ) P 5 :
5 #
:Y; 5 3 8 &Y1- :YE!::
!::Y!? 3 5 2 E!::
: I? 3 5 E!:: I? #
E!:: !:: ,F-- 3 >$
5 @ 3 1-
µ
# :
E!:: 74 >2 @# )
7 8 &Y1- !::Y!?#
!::Y!? :YE!:: 5 !::Y! :Y?=
3 !? :Y?= > : ?#1#1#*
? )J 5 :Y?=@# ) !?
'?)Y1 3 1 2 '!)Y!
3 !::MH"-N
3 :' M*"-N# ? :YE!:: 5
: M*"-N :' Y* '?)Y1-# ? 1-
µ
2 !::Y!? E!:: I? $
:Y;# ) 2 5
5 " # $ 3 #$ 3 "1 +
5 >5 5 :' M*"-N@# ?
!:: :YE!:: '!)Y! Y:'
5 5 >E!:@ 5 5
:' M*"-N# 3 E!::Y : 7 E!:: A5
: > 55@ 5#
" $
? : F#1#G G#1#,#/ 2
E!:# E!:: 5
5
E!: > @ 3 3
3 5 2# :YE!:: 55
&) 2 ,F-- 3 2 $
55 3 2 3
: # &) 2 5
2 3
2 3
&) 3 55 #
? Y:' :YE!:: ;: 3
:Y; 2 &) 3# E2
:Y; 5 3 &) 55 3 *+,
µ
:YE!:: I > : !=
# G#*-@# E3 :YE!:: E!:: 5
5 E!:
: 2 '?)Y1- ;:
E!:: I? : I?# ) 5
:Y; $3 &) 3 *+,
µ
#
3 #
? 5
2 3 2 ,F-- #
E 3 : 2 >
*+,
µ
@ 3 &) E!:: 5 3
5 74# *+,
µ
A2 5 5 >5 # G#*G
: G#1#,#/@# E!:: 5 3 2 $
55 2 5 *+,
µ
3 A2 5 5 3
:YE!:: A E!:: 3 5 # $
E!:
> *@ 5 2 2
52 2 ,F-- 5 9
+ $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
5 2 3
> M+N@# 55 *
E!:
5 2 3 3 2 2
,F-- &) 3 55 *+,
µ
3 #
> ,@ :YE!:: 3 ;:
'?)Y1- 5 : E!:: A E!::
# 83 ,F-- 5 :
L != 22 3 3
5# , 2 3 $ >3
# ?#**@" : E!::
&) # &) :YE!:: 5
5 3 2 I
: != # G#*- : G#1#,# )
* 3 2 2 5$
IK$ : F#1#G# )
> 5 3 *@ 2 5#
2 2 * 2 2 L
5 $ 2#
$ :YE!:: 5 2 3 2 #
3 :YE!:: 2 #
) 7 2 2 : G#F#
83 3 : F#1#G G#1#,#/ : 9
5 # ) 5 IK$ ,F--#
3 3
2" 55 $2 3
>I:@ 5 5 3 7 >(!@ 5
-V# 2 ! (! 2
3
# ) 45 3" ,,G 2
7
5 > # G#*,@ 3 5 52
# ( 3 ! 3 2
(!# (2 3 5 5
52 # ) 52
,$(2 5 9 *$(2 3 2
:! 3 ,F-- 5 # ) 5
5
2 52 $
, # ) 1$(2
52 #
5 " # $ 3 #$ 3 "1 +
RSSI_R
PCS_ORSS
SW_CMD0
SW_CMD1
WAIT_30us
NEXT_COUNTER
<= COUNTER +1
other conditions
RESET_N = '0'
PCS_N
SWCMD_1
NEXT_COUNTER
<= 0
FLAG = 0 &
COUNTER = 250
& PCS_N = ’1'
FLAG = 0 &
PCS_N = ’0'
CHECK_30us
NEXT_CON
<= CON +1
PCS_N = ’1'
PCS_N = ’0’ &
CON /= 250
PCS_N = ’0' &
CON = 250’
RSSI_READ
RSSI_R <= ’1’
NEXT_COUNTER
<= 0
READ
RSSI
8
WAIT_3
NEXT_COUNTER
<= COUNTER +1
RSSI_R <= ’0’
READ = ’1’
READ = ’0’
COUNTER /= 3
WRITE_REG
Write REG according to
SW_CMD
NEXT_FLAG
<= FLAG +1
COUNTER = 3
IDLE
NEXT_COUNTER
<= 0
NEXT_FLAG <= 0
ORSS <= ’0’
FLAG /= 3
FLAG /= 0 &
COUNTER = 250
DEC_SWC
output max
SW_CMD
FLAG = 3
PCS_N = ’1’||
PKT not appears
START = ’1’
START = ’0’
START
PKT
NS
NEXT_COUNTER
<= 0
NEXT_FLAG <= 0
PCS_N = ’0’ &
PKT appears
within time
limitation
ORSS
RSSI012
24
4 5
( 5 :YE!::#
&0 7 ! .4
)# ?#* = :)?)Y! ?!Y E! :1)Y=
!Y?!Y;YE $ : # 83
: 2 2 42
3 : #
)# ?#*- : 3 2
?!Y E!# )
73 Y?! I (Y:Y:5 > # ?#,@
#
!Y?!Y;YE 5 3 " 5
:)?!) 5 :1)Y= 5 5 E#
+! $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
, 5
:YE!:: 5#
: 5
I& 5 2
!:)Y; 5 3
:)?!) 5 2 I: 3 5$
2
:Y; 5 :Y; 2 ,F--
:' M*"-N E5 3 2
&) 5 &) 2 ,F--
:2 3
!::-*,M,1"-N E5 .$ !::
2 2
:)?)Y!
!::MH"-N 5 .$ !::
E!:: E5 :Y?= I
!::Y! E5 :Y?= !::
,F--
!? 5 2 :Y?= .$ !::
2 !:: 5
) :)?!) :Y;: 2 5 3# E2
I: 9 : 5 > !=
,F--@ 7 3 -4- 3 L*L 3 L-L
5 :)?!)> 5 :
?#1#1#, # ?#**@# ) 5 5
4 I: 3 5
2 5 :YE!::#
-4*- 2 I: 3 73
3 :IM*"-N 5 :1)Y= 5
E# ? 3 I: 5 E 5 :
?#1#, # ?#,#
= 54 3 5 E)MH"-N EY!
5 :)?)M1*"-N :)?)Y!# ) 7 ,F >M1*".N
=@ 32 :)?)M1*".N # ?#,# )
7 . 2 6 )# ?#*-#
:)?)Y! 5 :#
5 )# ?#**# : 2
2 5 $ ## )CY: 2 I:
A 3 ,F-- 7 7
5! 8;$ 3# #$# ++
, 5:
? :#
? 5
-4-- 3 E 3 EY:
-4-F
E
EY!
-4-.
:)?)Y!
:)?)Y!
-4- :)?!) 5 :)?!)5 :YE!::
2 3 55
3
-4*- E
EY:Y )!I
E 5 EY:Y )!I 2
3 55
:1)Y=
!= 5 > 55
: ?#1#*#H@ :' M*"-N E!: !::-*,M,1"-N
5 $5 I:#
" -) % )
) MGFN 5 A2 6 5
3 2 ! $
5 3 2# )
,F-- 53 2 5
2 # ) 6
5
2 2 5 $ #
!?)E!,--- 2 ? 5 525 2
5 2 5 3 $
2 5 2 #
? 3 3 2 5
5 5# 8 2 25 45
#
+. $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
, 5
:)?)Y! 5#
: 5
)CY: 5 EY: 3
52
IIY: 5 EY: 3
)CY! 5 EY! 3
52
IIY! 5 EY! 3
: 5 : > 5
:@
:' M*"-N 5 3 > $
5 :@
EYII 5 ,F-- E 3
2
!::-*,M,1"-N 5 !::
:YE!::# )2 3 2 I:
!= 5 #
:)?)M1*"-N E5 7 ,F
!::-*,M,1"-N . $
5 #
&0 " !
? : G#1#,#1 2 5 2
: E!:: : $ # ) 32
5 ?# ? 5
5 : E!:: 5 3$
# ) 5 5 2
5 :Y;# ) 2 3#
' 7 # ) 5 :Y; ,F--
5 :)?)Y! > # ?#,@ I:
:Y; 2 :)?)Y!# )
3 5"
*# ) I: != 5 :' -R
,# ) I: 1, (2 2 >## ,F-- $
2@ 1-
µ
: 55 55
> : ?#1#*#H@# (2
5! 8;$ 3# #$# +
EY: : >)CY:@ $
# ) 5 2 2 2 $
)CY: 2 I:#
1# ) I: :)?)Y! :Y; 5 :'
A5 5 ,R 3 A5 5 F#
F# ) I: 1-
µ
>3 55 5 ,@
!:: ,F--R
G# ) I: 5 5 5 F 3 R
/# ) I: E!: 5 :' R
H# ) I: 3 EY: : E
,F-- > 55 @R
.# ) I: EY: :# 52 5
3 5 ,F-- 3 EY!
: I: A5 5 +R L 55
45 5 > 5 @#
) I: 3 5 3# ? $
3 2 : 232 A5
5 *-#
+# ) I: EY! :R
*-# ,F-- :E; 3 5 $
2 # ) I: 3 5
5 .#
**# I: 5 4 != 5 A5 5 *R 3
I: :!E ,F-- #
45 3 $ 5
$ 5 . 2 92#
(2 2 5 2
4 2 I: 5 3 I4$ # )
5 2L $ 55 2 555 $
: E!::# 45 5 5
4 5 7 5 1 I: 3
3 5 1 5 F E!:: 4
,. (2 5#
2 5 : E!::
: 5 2 :#
+- $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
&0 " 89,5
3 3 3 J8I 5 6
# I 5 ? ?:
M,.N#
*# ? 6 ?
5# ) * : ?#1#, 9 5
$ # ) 5
5 2 2
2 5 2 2 5
2# ) #
72 9
5 2 2 $B 55 5
# )
5 M,.N 3 2 5 #
,# ? 6 3 6 # :2
5 2 2 # )
2 3 #
6 2 2 2 2
2 5$5 4 #
& ' ' +8, .."66
(17
,F--L 0E 5 3 $
# ) F$ 5 >, :0@ 5 8 GFGF,
# 2 7 5
2 #
2 ,F--& >5 @
3 3 ,F--( > @ 3 ,F-- >$
@ :! 3# ) ,F-- 5
,F-- 3 5 ,F--(# ) 3
5 ,F--(# 5 , ,F--&
73 5 * 52 0E 5 5 ,F--
3 ::( 5 >:@ $
5 , 5 5 * > ?@
5+ # # I/ ,& !:: "1 +
55 # : G#,#G M+N# ?
5 ,#
# ?#*, 3 ,F--
: 3 52 :Y; 2$
3 &) 5 : ,F--
E EYII# ? 3 7
!= 5 3 3 554 5 G- # )
3 5 ,- 50 )=
> : G#1#,#1@#
PCS_N
PKT
CSn
FIFO_FULL
4 5
) 3 ,F-- :#
# ?#*1 2 5 5 #
?#*,# 3 != 5 :Y;
,#* 3 2 ,#-.. #
G#*G : G#1#,#/# ) &) 3 2
300 µ
2 3 :Y;# ) 22
,..
µ
2 # G#*G 3 &)
5 M+N > 1*@ &) 5 3 2 3 5
,F-- 3 1, (2 3 5
# : 2 5
# ) 7 5 :
E!:: 5 3 E!: 5# ) :
.: $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
2 5 3 5 : E
,F-- # : ?#1#, : 2
,G (2 42 2 : EY)8!:8EI ,F--
,G# 5 > 1 (2 52 @ ,,G
(2 3 42 9 5 # 5 EYII
5 : 5# ? 5
2 EYII 5#
PCS_N
PKT
CSn
FIFO_FULL
4 5
) != 5 #
# ?#*F != 5 #
3 7 !:: 5 1-
µ
55 :Y; 3 3 3 554
1-
µ
3 52 3 :
?#1#1#,# ) 5 5 3 #
# ?#*G 3 3 : EYII# 2
3 3 " EYII 55 :
5 ,G#G
µ
# (
: ?#1#,# 5 5
# ?#*/ 3 :
55 1/- 55 EYII 3
42 1 2 > 3 *,- 5 @# ?
: 3 3 L 5 5 #
5+ # # I/ ,& !:: "1 .
PCS_N
PKT
CSn
FIFO_FULL
4 5!
) != 5 #
# ?#*H : : 2 3
3 : 2 3# ' 2 2
: 5 7 ,F-- : ?#* M+N# (
*/ 2 : I& 32 ,F-- : #
) 5 7 2 2 5 #
?#*.#
2 # ?#*. : I& 5 *,- 3
42 5 92 2 $ >G- 80/@# ) 2
: -4./ 3 5 >!0'
T L*L@ !:: >3 -4-/ @ ,F--# 3
2 -4FF :E # ? :
3 L 5 3 L
: I&#
# ?#*+ # ?#,* : EYII E 5
,F--# : : 2
EYII # 8 E 5 5 ,F--
EYII != 5 EY)C )= 5
M+N# # ?#*+ E EYII 2
2 # ?#,* E2 2 >*,- @
2 5 EYII# ) 7
. $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
CSn
FIFO_FULL
4 5+
) 3 : EYII#
CSn
FIFO_FULL
a glitch
4 5.
) 3 : EYII#
!= 5 EYII 5 2E 0E 5
5 EYII $ 0E 5
M+N#
? : ?#1#1#, 55
: 3
E!:: 5 # # ?#,,
3 3 E!:: 5 5 ,F11 8
# ? : ?#1#1#, 2 $
:Y; 1-
µ
E!::
5 # ) 2 92 # ?#,,
:Y; 2 E!:: 5 #
# ?#,1 3 3 : != 5 2
3 # ( 55 E!:: 5
2 # 7 4 +
2 92 :Y;
5+ # # I/ ,& !:: "1 .
CSn
SCLK
SO (CC2400)
SI (CC2400)
4 5
E : 2#
2 E!:: 5 R 3
H . 6# ) E!::
5 2 : H
. E!:: 5 2 &) 55 3
192 µ
E!::# ) 45 32 3 2 >
192 µ
X
30 µ
@# # ?#,F 3 *- E!:: 5
5 &) 55 !=
5 5 2 3# ) 3 :Y;
> @ &) ,..
µ
3 42
45 > # G#*G@#
.! $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
CSn
SCLK
SO (CC2400)
SI (CC2400)
01000100
10000110
a glitch
4 5-
) 7 5 : 2#
CSn
PKT
FIFO_FULL
FIFO (CC2400)
4 5
) : EYII E5 ,F--#
5+ # # I/ ,& !:: "1 .+
CSn
PKT
FIFO_FULL
FIFO (CC2400)
4 5:
) : EYII E 5 ,F--#
.. $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
CSn
PKT
FIFO_FULL
FIFO (CC2400)
4 5
) : EYII E5 ,F--#
5+ # # I/ ,& !:: "1 .
PCS_N
PKT
CSn
FIFO_FULL
1st ORSS process is initiated
by the first long interference 2nd ORSS process is initiated
by the second long interference
4 5
)3 E!:: 5 2 #
PCS_N
PKT
CSn
FIFO_FULL
9 ORSS processes are
initiated by interference
the user signal
appears here
The last ORSS process is
performed on the user signal
4 5
? 452 != 5 3 #
.- $$ ; 5 ""' 1 ("1) #$#
approx.
288us
PCS_N
PKT
CSn
FIFO_FULL
The ORSS process
performed on the user signal
The sensed signal is recognized
as interference since no active
PKT appears in time
The sensed signal is recognized as
interference since active PCS_N
disappears
4 5!
452 != 5 3
#
?55 4 (
) * + !%
*
? : ,#*#, ! 45
xRF(t)=xi(t)cos(2πfRFt)−xq(t)sin(2πfRFt),
>(#*@
3
xi(t)
xq(t)
$5 >@ 9 >K@ 5 $
2
fRF
92# ?552
3 92 5
XRF(f)=1
2[Xi(f−fRF)+Xi(f+fRF)] −1
2j[Xq(f−fRF)−Xq(f+fRF)].
>(#,@
3 3 3 7 92 >@ 3
5 $ K$ 5 2# ? : ,#*#,
$
xIF,I(t)
K$
xIF,Q(t)
2
2 # ) 3 3 552 2 5
2 3 # 23 3 52
2 ! # ) 5$ A 5
5 3$ 2 55
3#
/ $ +
) 2 !
xRF(t−τ)
XRF(f)·e−j2πfRFτ
3$ 2 5 2
2cos[2π(fRF −fIF)t]
> @
5 7# ) 92 5
2
XIF,I(f)·e−j2πfτ =[
1
2Xi(f+fIF)+ 1
2j Xq(f+fIF)] ·e−j2πfτ ·ej2π(fRF−fIF)τ
+[
1
2Xi(f−fIF)−1
2j Xq(f−fIF)] ·e−j2πfτ ·e−j2π(fRF−fIF)τ.
>(#1@
: $$ ; '5 2 3 4 ', " & "3
? 552 2
xIF,I(t−τ)=xi(t−τ)·cos[2π(fIFt−fRFτ)] −xq(t−τ)·sin[2π(fIFt−fRFτ)].
>(#F@
/ $ 9
) 2 !
xRF(t−τ)
XRF(f)·e−j2πfRFτ
3$ 2 5 2
−2 sin[2π(fRF −fIF)t]
> @
5 7# ) 92 5
2
XIF,Q(f)·e−j2πfτ =j[
1
2Xi(f−fIF)−1
2jXq(f−fIF)] ·e−j2πfτ ·e−j2π(fRF−fIF)τ
−j[1
2Xi(f+fIF)+ 1
2j Xq(f−fIF)] ·ej2πfτ ·e−j2π(fRF+fIF)τ.
>(#G@
? 552 2
xIF,Q(t−τ)=−xi(t−τ)·sin[2π(fIFt−fRFτ)] −xq(t−τ)·cos[2π(fIFt−fRFτ)].
>(#/@
/ $ ))!' ! ' )
) 2 ! 45
xRF,analy(t)=xRF(t)+jˆxRF(t),
>(#H@
3
ˆxRF(t)
8
xRF(t)
# 92 5
XRF,analy(f)=2U(f)·XRF(f),
>(#.@
3 >
@ 5 # : 9# >(#,@ 9# >(#.@ 3
XRF,analy(f)=Xi(f−fRF)+jXq(f−fRF).
>(#+@
? 5 3 45
2 !
xRF,analy(t)=[xi(t)+jxq(t)] ·ej2πfRFt.
>(#*-@
) 54 5
xi(t)+jxq(t)
3 5 9 2 !
3 42 2 # ) 92 5
'5! 2 3 ,, & $ 3
! 2 3 2
τ
XRF,analy(f)·e−j2πfτ
# 92
2 5 3$ 52 5
! > 5
fRF −fIF
-@ 3
9 5
XRF,analy(f)·e−j2πfτ
3 5
δ[f+(fRF −fIF)]
# 5 5
A 5
xRF,analy(t−τ)
e−j2π(fRF−fIF)t
xIF,analy(t−τ)=xRF,analy(t−τ)·e−j2π(fRF−fIF)t
=[xi(t−τ)+jxq(t−τ)] ·ej2π(fIFt−fRFτ).
>(#**@
2 $ K$
5 7 2 3$ 2 # )
2 $ 42 5 9# >(#**@
xIF,I(t−τ)=xi(t−τ)·cos[2π(fIFt−fRFτ)] −xq(t−τ)·sin[2π(fIFt−fRFτ)],
>(#*,@
2 K$ 42 2 5 9# >(#**@
xIF,Q(t−τ)=xi(t−τ)·sin[2π(fIFt−fRFτ)] + xq(t−τ)·cos[2π(fIFt−fRFτ)].
>(#*1@
9# >(#*,@ 9# >(#F@ 9# >(#*1@
9# >(#/@# ) 9# >(#/@
−2 sin[2π(fRF −fIF)t]
>3
90o
5 IE
2cos[2π(fRF −fIF)t]
@
2 sin[2π(fRF −fIF)t]
#
/" $ % ' ) %
) 3$ 5 ! #
) 6 3$ K 5 #
) 3$ 5 3 0K 5
> @# 2 $
xIF,I(t)
$
3 ! 3 ! 9#
>(#*@ $ 9# >(#F@ > 2@ #
) 3$ $
xIF,I(t)
$
xi(t)
3$ ! $
: (#* A
fIF
τ
9# >(#F@ -R
3$ $
xIF,I(t)
K$
−xq(t)
3$ ! K$$
: (#, A
fIF
τ
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