Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
1875-3892 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH
doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.038
ScienceDirect
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3KRWRQLF7HFKQRORJLHV/$1(
+LJKSRZHUODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJRIWKLFNZDOOHGIHUURPDJQHWLFVWHHOV
ZLWKHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZHOGSRROVXSSRUW
$QGUp)ULW]VFKHD9MDFHVODY$YLORYE$QGUH\*XPHQ\XND.DL+LOJHQEHUJDE
0LFKDHO5HWKPHLHUDE
aBAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
bTechnical University Berlin, Institute of Machine Tools and Factory Management, Pascalstraße 8-9. 10587 Berlin, Germany
$EVWUDFW
7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI PRGHUQ KLJK SRZHU ODVHU V\VWHPV DOORZV VLQJOH SDVV ZHOGLQJ RI WKLFNZDOOHGFRPSRQHQWV ZLWK PLQLPDO
GLVWRUWLRQ%HVLGHVWKHKLJKGHPDQGVRQWKHMRLQWSUHSDUDWLRQWKHK\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHLQWKHPHOWSRROLQFUHDVHVZLWKKLJKHUSODWH
WKLFNQHVVHV5HDFKLQJRUH[FHHGLQJWKH/DSODFHSUHVVXUHGURSRXWRUPHOWVDJJLQJDUHFDXVHG
$ FRQWDFWOHVV HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ZHOG VXSSRUW V\VWHP ZDV XVHG IRU ODVHU EHDP ZHOGLQJ RI WKLFN IHUURPDJQHWLF VWHHO SODWHV
FRPSHQVDWLQJWKHVHHIIHFWV$QRVFLOODWLQJPDJQHWLFILHOGLQGXFHVHGG\FXUUHQWVLQWKHZHOGSRROZKLFKJHQHUDWH/RUHQW]IRUFHV
FRXQWHUDFWLQJWKHJUDYLW\IRUFHV+\VWHUHVLVHIIHFWVRIIHUURPDJQHWLFVWHHOVDUHFRQVLGHUHGDVZHOODVWKHORVVRIPDJQHWL]DWLRQLQ
]RQHV H[FHHGLQJ WKH &XULH WHPSHUDWXUH 7KHVH SKHQRPHQD UHGXFH WKH HIIHFWLYH /RUHQW] IRUFHV ZLWKLQ WKH ZHOG SRRO 7KH
VXFFHVVIXOFRPSHQVDWLRQRIWKHK\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHZDVGHPRQVWUDWHGRQXSWRPPWKLFNSODWHVRIGXSOH[DQGPLOGVWHHOE\D
YDULDWLRQRIWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSRZHUOHYHODQGWKHRVFLOODWLRQIUHTXHQF\
&RS\ULJKWOLQHZLOODSSHDUKHUH
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH%D\HULVFKHV/DVHU]HQWUXP*PE+
Keywords:ODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJWKLFNZDOOHGVWHHOIHUURPDJQHWLFVWHHOZHOGSRROVXSSRUW
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KH GHPDQG IRU SRZHUIXO V\VWHPV OHDGV WR WKLFNHUZDOOHG GLPHQVLRQV GXH WR WKH FRQVWUXFWLYH UHTXLUHPHQWV
(VSHFLDOO\WKHVDIHW\RIMRLQHGFRPSRQHQWVKDVSULRULW\LQZHOGLQJRIWKLFNZDOOHGFRPSRQHQWVLQKLJKULVNVHFWRUV
7KHUHLVDJURZLQJDSSOLFDWLRQRIGXSOH[VWHHOVKDYLQJJRRGSURSHUWLHVLQWHUPVRIVWUHQJWKDQGFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFH
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:DQGUHIULW]VFKH#EDPGH
© 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH
André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372 363
LQWKHSLSHOLQHDQGUHDFWRUFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\LQWKHFKHPLFDODSSDUDWXVHQJLQHHULQJDQGRIIVKRUHZLQGSRZHU
SODQWV >Bargel and Schulze @ 1HYHUWKHOHVV QRQ DQG ORZDOOR\HG VWHHOV DUH ZLGHVSUHDG LQ D YDULHW\ RI
LQGXVWULDO DSSOLFDWLRQV &RPSDUHG WR FRQYHQWLRQDO DUF ZHOGLQJ SURFHVVHV ODVHU EHDP ZHOGLQJ RIIHUV PDQ\
DGYDQWDJHV%\GHYHORSLQJPRGHUQKLJKSRZHUVROLGVWDWHODVHUVWKHUHLVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\RIZHOGLQJWKLFNSODWHVLQ
VLQJOHSDVVFRQWDFWOHVVDXWRPDWLFDOO\DQGZLWKDFRQFHQWUDWHGHQHUJ\LQSXW7KLVUHVXOWVLQVPDOOKHDWDIIHFWHG]RQHV
+$=DQGDIDYRUDEOHZHOGVKDSHZLWKDOPRVWSDUDOOHOVLGHZDOOV5HJDUGLQJWRWKHDFKLHYDEOHZHOGLQJVSHHGDQG
WKHORZGLVWRUWLRQIXOOSHQHWUDWLRQODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJH[FHOVLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKUHJXODUDUFZHOGLQJ$SDUWIURPWKH
KLJKGHPDQGVRQWKHMRLQWSUHSDUDWLRQUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHORZWROHUDQFHRIODVHUEHDPVWRZDUGVRIIVHWDQGWLOWLQJWKH
FKDOOHQJHRI IXOOSHQHWUDWLRQODVHU EHDPZHOGLQJLQ VLQJOHSDVVFRQILJXUDWLRQDQGIODW3$ SRVLWLRQLV WKHULVLQJ
K\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHLQWKHPHOWSRROZLWKLQFUHDVLQJSODWHWKLFNQHVV,OOHJLWLPDWHVDJJLQJRUJUDYLW\GURSRXWRIWKH
PHOWDUHFDXVHGVHH)LJ
)LJ5HIHUHQFHIXOOSHQHWUDWLRQZHOGLQ3$SRVLWLRQRIPPPLOGVWHHO6-5ZLWK,3*ILEHUODVHUXVLQJN:ODVHUEHDPSRZHUDWD
ZHOGLQJYHORFLW\RIPPLQD&URVVVHFWLRQE/RQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQ
7KHK\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHDWWKHURRWVLGHRIWKHZHOGSRROLVFDOFXODWHGE\
hgph
U
,
ZKHUHȡg PVDQGhDUHWKHPHOWGHQVLW\WKHJUDYLW\DFFHOHUDWLRQDQGWKHSODWHWKLFNQHVV([FHHGLQJWKH
VXUIDFHWHQVLRQJUDYLW\GURSRXWRFFXUV7KHUHVXOWLQJ/DSODFHSUHVVXUHGXHWRWKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQRQWKHURRWVLGHRI
WKHZHOGSRROLVIRUDUELWUDULO\FXUYHGVXUIDFHVDFFRUGLQJWRThamsen
¸
¸
¹
·
¨
¨
©
§
RR
p
J
J
8QGHUWKHDVVXPSWLRQRIDVLJQLILFDQWO\ODUJHUUDGLXVRR RXQGRĺLQZHOGLQJGLUHFWLRQWKHHTXDWLRQLV
VLPSOLILHGDV>DFFRUGLQJWRAvilov et al.@
R
p
J
J
,
ZKHUHȖ DQG R DUHWKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQFRHIILFLHQWDQGWKHFXUYDWXUHUDGLXVRIWKHOLTXLGPHWDOGURSVRGHSHQGVRQWKH
FRQWDFWDQJOHĮ$WĮ WKHPD[LPXPYDOXHRIWKH/DSODFHSUHVVXUHLVUHDFKHG7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHFXUYDWXUH
UDGLXVLVLGHQWLFDOZLWKWKHKDOIZLGWKRIWKHZHOGSRRObVHH)LJOHIW*UDYLW\GURSRXWRIWKHOLTXLGPHOWFDQ
EHSUHYHQWHGE\WKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQDVORQJDVWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQLVIXOILOOHG>Avilov et al.@
cap
l
bh ,
364 André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372
ZLWK
g
lcap
U
J
,
DVWKHFDSLOODU\OHQJWKAvilov et al. FDOFXODWHDFDSLOODU\OHQJWKRIPPIRUOLTXLGVWHHO2QO\GHWHUPLQHG
E\WKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQLWOHDGVWRDSHUPLWWHGVWDELOW\WKUHVKROGEHWZHHQWKHZLGWKRIWKHZHOGSRRODQGWKHSODWH
WKLFNQHVV VHH)LJ ULJKW,W KDV WR EH PHQWLRQHG WKDW WKHZLGWK RI WKH ZHOG SRRO PXVW QRW EH WRR VPDOO 7KH
NH\KROH QHHGV D FHUWDLQ PLQLPXP VL]H WR HQDEOH WKH WUDQVSRUW RI HQHUJ\ LQ YHUWLFDO GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH ZHOG SRRO
>Weberpals et al.@,QSUDFWLFHVLQJOHSDVVZHOGLQJLQ3$SRVLWLRQZLWKRXWJUDYLW\GURSRXWRIWKHPHOWKDV
EHHQ VKRZQ IRU XS WR PP WKLFN VWHHO SODWHV DQG EH\RQG >Farson and Duhamel Gook et al.
Rethmeier et al.and Vollertsen et al.@+RZHYHUWKHFRUUHFWLRQRIZHOGLQJLUUHJXODULWLHVOLNHVDJJLQJ
UHTXLUHVDQDGGLWLRQDOHIIRUWVXFKDVWLPHFRQVXPLQJJULQGLQJRUWKHXVDJHRIDPHFKDQLFDOPHOWVXSSRUWZKLFKPXVW
EHUHPRYHGDIWHUZHOGLQJ
)LJ0HOWVDJJLQJDQGGURSRXWWDNHQIURPAvilov et al.D'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH/DSODFHSUHVVXUHDQGLWVFKDUDFWHULVWLFIDFWRUVRQWKHURRW
VLGHRIWKHZHOGSRROE6WDELOLW\FULWHULRQWRSUHYHQWJUDYLW\GURSRXWGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQ
$QLQQRYDWLYHDSSURDFKLVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQHOHFWURPDJQHWLFDQGFRQWDFWOHVVZHOGSRROVXSSRUW,WLVEDVHG
RQJHQHUDWLQJ/RUHQW]IRUFHVZLWKLQWKHZHOGSRRO7KHVHDUHSURGXFHGE\DQRVFLOODWLQJPDJQHWLFILHOGRULHQWDWHG
SHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHZHOGLQJGLUHFWLRQDQGFRXQWHUDFWWKHK\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHRIWKHPROWHQVWHHOVHH)LJ7KH
H[WHUQDOO\DSSOLHGPDJQHWLFILHOGBLQGXFHVHGG\FXUUHQWVjSDUDOOHOWRWKHZHOGLQJGLUHFWLRQ%RWKWRJHWKHUPDJQHWLF
ILHOGDQGHGG\FXUUHQWVFDXVHDWLPHDYHUDJHG/RUHQW]IRUFHFRPSRQHQWPDLQO\GLUHFWHGLQYHUWLFDOGLUHFWLRQ
BjFLu
7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSUHVVXUHUHVXOWLQJIURPWKH/RUHQW]IRUFHVFDQEHGHVFULEHGDV
μ
B
pEM ,
ZKHUHμLV WKHPDJQHWLF ILHOGFRQVWDQWʌ Â+P)RUDIXOO FRPSHQVDWLRQWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFp(0DQG
K\GURVWDWLFpKSUHVVXUHRQWKHURRWVLGHRI WKHZHOGSRRO KDYHWREHHTXDOVHH)LJ ULJKW)XUWKHUPRUHWKH
SHQHWUDWLRQGHSWKRIWKHPDJQHWLFILHOGFDOOHGVNLQGHSWKįKDVWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW$VWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKH
PHOWDQG]RQHVRIWKH+$=H[FHHGVWKH&XULHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\μUHTXDOVGXHWKHIDFWWKDWWKH
PDWHULDOLVQRQIHUURPDJQHWLF7KHUHIRUHWKHVWDQGDUGVNLQHIIHFWWKHRU\FDQEHDSSOLHGIRUDTXDOLWDWLYHHVWLPDWHRI
WKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSURFHVVHVLQWKHZHOGSRROVHHHJLandau and Lifshitz7KHVNLQGHSWKLV
André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372 365
r
f
PPRSG
,
ZKHUHfDQGıDUHWKHIUHTXHQF\DQGWKHHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\7KHODVHUZKLFKLVSRVLWLRQHGDERYHWKHVSHFLPHQ
JHQHUDWHVDZHOGSRRO7ZRPDJQHWSROHVEHORZWKHZRUNSLHFHORFDWHGOHIWDQGULJKWDVLGHWKHZHOGSRROVXSSO\WKH
RVFLOODWLQJ PDJQHW ILHOG 7KLV PHWKRG ZDV XVHG IRU ZHOGLQJ RI QRQIHUURPDJQHWLF PHWDOV DQG KDV VKRZQ WKDW D
JHQHUDWHGHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSUHVVXUHFDQFRPSHQVDWHWKHK\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHVXFFHVVIXOO\DWZHOGLQJLQ3$SRVLWLRQ
RIXSWRPPWKLFNDOXPLQXPDOOR\VDVZHOODVXSWRPPWKLFNVDPSOHVPDGHRIDXVWHQLWLFVWHHO>Avilov et al.
DQGBachmann et al.@
)LJ'HVFULSWLRQRIWKHZHOGSRROVXSSRUWWDNHQIURPAvilov et al.
7KH FKDOOHQJH LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LV WR WUDQVIHU WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI ODVHU EHDP ZHOGLQJ ZLWK DQ
HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ZHOG SRRO VXSSRUW WR WKLFNZDOOHG IHUURPDJQHWLF PHWDOV =RQHV QH[W WR WKH +$= UHPDLQ
IHUURPDJQHWLFZKLFKLVZK\WKHPDJQHWLFILHOGSUHIHUVIORZLQJWKURXJKUHJLRQVZLWKDKLJKHUYDOXHRIWKHUHODWLYH
SHUPHDELOLW\μUªVHH)LJD7KHVNLQGHSWKIRUVROLGIHUURPDJQHWLFVWHHOHVWLPDWHGE\Popovic and Popovic
IRUDIUHTXHQF\DERXWN+]LVPP7KLVYDOXHZRXOGQRWVXIILFLHQWWRJHQHUDWHDGHTXDWH/RUHQW]IRUFHV
LQ WKH PHOW WR FRPSHQVDWH WKH K\GURVWDWLF SUHVVXUH $QRWKHU IDFW ZKLFK KDV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG DUH WKH +\VWHUHVLV
HIIHFWVRIIHUURPDJQHWLFVWHHOV %\XVLQJDQ RVFLOODWLQJPDJQHWLFILHOG PDJQHWL]DWLRQUHYHUVDORFFXUVFDXVLQJDF
SRZHUORVVHVULVLQJGLUHFWO\SURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHFKRVHQIUHTXHQF\7KHVHSKHQRPHQDUHGXFHWKHHIIHFWLYH/RUHQW]
IRUFHVZLWKLQWKHZHOGSRRO'XHWR WKHKLJKHUUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\ WKHVHHIIHFWVDUHPXFKPRUHSURQRXQFHGDW
FDUERQVWHHOVFRPSDUHGWRGXSOH[VWHHOVVHH)LJE'XSOH[VWHHOVXVHGLQWKHSUHVHQWH[SHULPHQWV$,6,
FRQVLVWRIDPL[HGWZRSKDVHPLFURVWUXFWXUHIHUULWLFDQGDXVWHQLWLFVWHHO
7KHH[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQFRQFHQWUDWHVDWILUVWRQGXSOH[VWHHOVDVDQLQWHUPHGLDWHVWHSDQGLVVXEVHTXHQWO\
H[WHQGHG WR PLOG VWHHOV 'RLQJ WKLV WKH LQIOXHQFHV RI WKH IUHTXHQF\ PDJQHWLF IOX[ GHQVLW\ DQG DFSRZHU RI WKH
H[WHUQDOO\DSSOLHGRVFLOODWLQJPDJQHWLFILHOGRQWKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHZHOGDUHLQYHVWLJDWHGRQXSWRPPWKLFN
SODWHVRIGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,DQGPLOGVWHHO6-57KHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVPDJQHWLF
IOX[GHQVLW\DFSRZHUHWFDUHJLYHQDVURRWPHDQVTXDUHYDOXHV
366 André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372
DE
)LJ6FKHPDWLFGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFVXSSRUWHGODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJZLWKIHUURPDJQHWLFPHWDOVD6FKHPDWLFLOOXVWUDWLRQRIWKH
GLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHPDJQHWLFILHOGLQVWHHOZLWKIHUULWLFPLFURVWUXFWXUHFRQVLGHULQJWKH&XULHWHPSHUDWXUHWDNHQIURPBachmann et al.
E'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\μULQGHSHQGHQFHRQWKHPDJQHWLFILHOGVWUHQJWKHWDNHQIURPAue et al.
([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS
7KHVHWXSIRUWKHZHOGLQJH[SHULPHQWVRIXSWRPPWKLFNSODWHVRIGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,DQGPLOG
VWHHO6-5FDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ7KHH[SHULPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGE\XVHRIDN:7UXPSI7UX'LVNDV
ZHOODVDN:,3*</5ODVHU7KHFKDUDFWHULVWLFSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHODVHUVDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH,QERWK
VHWXSV WKH ODVHU RSWLF DQG WKH PDJQHW V\VWHP ZHUH IL[HG DQG WKH ZHOGLQJ YHORFLW\ ZDV UHDOL]HG E\ PRYLQJ WKH
VDPSOH PRXQWHG DW D SRVLWLRQLQJ VWDJH UHODWLYH WR WKH ODVHU$OOZHOGVZHUHJHQHUDWHGLQ3$SRVLWLRQDVDIXOO
SHQHWUDWLRQZHOGLQDEHDGRQSODWHFRQILJXUDWLRQ7KHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQPDJQHWDQGZRUNSLHFHZDVFRQVWDQWDW
PPLQYHUWLFDOGLUHFWLRQWKHJDSEHWZHHQERWKPDJQHWSROHVZDVPP7KHFURVVVHFWLRQRIWKHPDJQHWLFSROHV
ZDVPP[PP7KHUHZDVQRILOOHUPDWHULDOXVHGWRVWDELOL]HWKHEDODQFHRIWKHSKDVHVDWGXSOH[VWHHO7KH
H[SHULPHQWV ZHUH MXVW SHUIRUPHG WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI DQ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF VXSSRUW DW IHUURPDJQHWLF
PHWDOV7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSDUDPHWHUIRUDQLQGXVWULDODSSOLFDWLRQLVWKHDFSRZHUQHHGHGIRUWKHFRPSHQVDWLRQRI
WKH K\GURVWDWLF SUHVVXUH ,Q FRQWUDVW WR QRQIHUURPDJQHWLF PDWHULDOV WKH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF
SUHVVXUHDQGDFSRZHULVQRQOLQHDUIRUIHUURPDJQHWLFPHWDOV7KHVROXWLRQKDVWREHIRXQGH[SHULPHQWDOO\DERXWWKH
VDJJLQJFRQYH[LW\RUFRQFDYLW\FXUYDWXUHRIWKHURRWVLGH7KHSDUDPHWHUVIRUWKHZHOGLQJWHVWVDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH
7KHZHOGLQJYHORFLW\ZDVPPLQWRHQVXUHDIXOOSHQHWUDWLRQLQVLQJOHSDVVODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJRIPP
WKLFNVWHHOSODWHVZLWKWKHJLYHQODVHUEHDPSRZHU$QRWKHUUHDVRQIRUWKHFKRVHQYHORFLW\LVWKHZLGHUFURVVVHFWLRQ
RIWKHZHOGSRRO7KLVLPSURYHVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIWKHFRPSHQVDWLRQRIWKHERWKLUUHJXODULWLHVRIIVHWDQGWLOWLQJDW
ODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJ6WDUWLQJIURPDUHIHUHQFHFDVHZLWKRXWDQ\HOHFWURPDJQHWLFLQIOXHQFHWKHDSSOLHGDFSRZHUZDV
LQFUHDVHGVWHSZLVHZLWKLQWKHWHVWVHULHVNHHSLQJWKHIUHTXHQF\RQDFRQVWDQWOHYHO
André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372 367
)LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSIRUWKHZHOGVZLWKWKH7UXPSIGLVNODVHU
7DEOH&KDUDFWHULVWLFSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHODVHUDQGRSWLFDOFRPSRQHQWVXVHGIRUZHOGLQJH[SHULPHQWV
,3*</5 7UXPSI7UX'LVN
0D[ODVHUEHDPSRZHU N: N:
:DYHOHQJWK QP QP
/DVHUILEHUGLDPHWHU P P
%HDPSDUDPHWHUSURGXFW PPîPUDG PPîPUDG
2SWLF %,02+3 3UHFLWHF<:
)RFDOOHQJWK PP PP
/DVHUVSRWGLDPHWHU PP PP
,QWKHH[SHULPHQWVZLWKGXSOH[VWHHODVKLHOGLQJJDVQR]]OHZDVXVHGZLWKDYROXPHIORZRIOPLQDUJRQ7KH
QR]]OHKDGDOHDGLQJRULHQWDWLRQDQGZDVSRVLWLRQHGZLWKDQLPSLQJHPHQWSRLQWLQDGYDQFHRIWKHODVHUEHDPKDYLQJ
DQDQJOHRIWRZDUGVWKHJURXQGRIWKHZRUNSLHFH$OOZHOGLQJWHVWVZLWKPLOGVWHHOZHUHSHUIRUPHGRQWKH,3*
ILEHU ODVHU PP GXSOH[ VWHHO ZDV ZHOGHG RQ WKH GLVNODVHU DV ZHOO DV RQ WKH ILEHU ODVHU 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI
VDJJLQJZDVGRQHZLWKFURVVVHFWLRQVWDNHQIURPWKHPLGGOHRIHDFKZHOG
7DEOH3DUDPHWHUVRIWKHZHOGLQJWHVWV
'XSOH[VWHHO$,6, 0LOGVWHHO6-5
3ODWHWKLFNQHVV PP PP PP PP
/DVHUEHDPSRZHU N: N: N: N:
)RFXVOHQJWK PP PP PP PP
%HIRUHSHUIRUPLQJWKHZHOGLQJH[SHULPHQWVLWKDGWREHLQYHVWLJDWHGLIWKHVNLQGHSWKRIWKHPDJQHWLFILHOGLV
ODUJHHQRXJKWRJHQHUDWH/RUHQW]IRUFHVLQWKHGHSWKRIWKHZHOGSRRO7KHPDJQHWLFIOX[GHQVLW\FDQQRWEHPHDVXUHG
GLUHFWO\ GXULQJ WKH ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV GXH WR WKH KHDWLQJ RI WKH ODVHU EHDP 7KHUHIRUH D VHWXS ZDV GHYHORSHG WR
DVFHUWDLQWKHVNLQGHSWKH[SHULPHQWDOO\ZLWKD+DOOVHQVRUVHH)LJ,QWKHVHVRFDOOHGFROGWHVWVWKHFRQILJXUDWLRQ
FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH H[SHULPHQWDO VHWXS 7R PHDVXUH WKH IOX[ GHQVLW\ WZR SODWHV RI WKH PDWHULDO ZKLFK KDV WR EH
ZHOGHGZHUHWDNHQ)LJD7KH+DOOVHQVRUZDVXVHGLQDVPDOOJDSEHWZHHQWKHPWRPHDVXUHWKHPDJQHWLFIOX[
GHQVLW\LQYHUWLFDOGLUHFWLRQXQGHUFRQVWDQWIUHTXHQF\DQGDFSRZHURIWKHPDJQHWV\VWHP)LJE7KHVNLQGHSWK
FDQEHIRXQGDWWKHYDOXHZKHUHWKHPDJQHWLFIOX[GHQVLW\KDVGHFUHDVHGE\DIDFWRURIǨ7KLVJLYHVDVNLQGHSWK
RIPPDWf +]IRUGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,VHH)LJ+HQFHWKHXVDJHRIWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFVXSSRUWXVHG
IRUQRQIHUURPDJQHWLFPHWDOVVHHPVWREHEDVLFDOO\SRVVLEOH
368 André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372
)LJ&ROGWHVWVHWXSIRUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHVNLQGHSWKD&RPSOHWHH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSE([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSZLWKYLHZWRWKH
ORFDWLRQRIWKH+DOOVHQVRU
)LJ5HVXOWVRIWKHFROGWHVWPHDVXUHPHQWVIRUWKHFRQILJXUDWLRQZLWKGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,ZLWKDQDFSRZHURI:DQGB 7
5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
7KH TXDOLWDWLYH FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI ODVHU EHDP ZHOGHG VWHHOV LV UHJXODWHG LQ ',1 (1 ,62
&RQVLGHULQJWKHQRUPWKHDOORZHGURRWFXUYDWXUHLQYDOXDWLRQJURXS%IRUPPWKLFNSODWHVLVOHVVWKDQPP
IRUPPPP:LWKLQWKHWHVWVHULHVZLWKGXSOH[VWHHOWKHIUHTXHQF\ZDVFRQVWDQWO\DWDSSUR[LPDWHO\
N+])LJXUHVDQGVKRZWKHZHOGLQJUHVXOWVRIPPWKLFNGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,ZLWKWKH,3*ILEHUODVHU
DQG 7UXPSI GLVN ODVHU %DVHG RQ WKH UHIHUHQFH ZHOGV ZLWK DQ LUUHJXODU VDJJLQJ WKH K\GURVWDWLF SUHVVXUH ZDV
FRPSHQVDWHWGVWHSZLVHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJDFSRZHU$OUHDG\DWDURXQG:WKHZHOGVFDQEHUDQNHGLQJURXS%RI
WKHQRUP7KHUDQJHIRUDQLGHDOFRPSHQVDWLRQLVEHWZHHQN:DQGN:$QDSSOLHGDFSRZHURIN:DQG
PRUHOHDGVWRDQRYHUFRPSHQVDWLRQRQWKHURRWVLGH7KLVHIIHFW LV OLPLWHG E\ WKH VNLQ GHSWK RI WKH RVFLOODWLQJ
PDJQHWLFILHOG 7KHGLIIHUHQWXWLOL]HGODVHURSWLFVJHQHUDWHGLVVLPLODUZHOGSRROVKDSHV)RUWKLVUHDVRQWKH]RQHV
DERYH WKH &XULH WHPSHUDWXUH KDYH D GLIIHUHQW VL]H DQG GHYLDWLRQV RI WKH HIIHFWLYH DFSRZHU ZHUH H[SHFWHG
1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHUHVXOWVRIERWKXVHGODVHURSWLFVKDYHDJRRGPDWFKWRHDFKRWKHU$IWHUZDUGVWHVWVZHUHSHUIRUPHG
ZLWKPPWKLFNSODWHVRI$,6,VHH)LJ$QDOPRVWIXOOFRPSHQVDWLRQLVGHPRQVWUDWHGIRUDQDFSRZHURI
DSSUR[LPDWHO\N:7KHYDOXHVRIWKHVDJJLQJDUHDURXQGPPLQWKLVFDVH$OOPHDVXUHGYDOXHVRIWKHVDJJLQJ
DUHOLVWHGLQ)LJ
André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372 369
)LJ'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHURRWFXUYDWXUHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJDFSRZHUDWPPGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,ZLWK,3*ILEHUODVHUZLWKFRQVWDQW
IUHTXHQF\+]OHIWUHIHUHQFHZHOGZLWKRXWPDJQHWLFVXSSRUW
)LJ'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHURRWFXUYDWXUHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJDFSRZHUDWPPGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,ZLWK7UXPSIGLVNODVHUZLWKFRQVWDQW
IUHTXHQF\+]OHIWUHIHUHQFHZHOG
)LJ5HSHDWDWWHPSWVZLWKWKH7UXPSIGLVNODVHUZLWKFRQVWDQWIUHTXHQF\+]DQGDFSRZHUN:DWPPGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,
/DVHUEHDPSRZHUN:IRFXVOHQJWKPPDQGZHOGLQJYHORFLW\PPLQZHUHLGHQWLFDOZLWKLQWKHVHH[SHULPHQWV
1RWHWKHH[SHULPHQWVZLWKGXSOH[VWHHODUHDQLQWHUPHGLDWHVWHS'XHWRWKHPXFKKLJKHUUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLWLHV
DVXFFHVIXOODSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZHOGSRROVXSSRUWDWPLOGVWHHOLVPRUHFKDOOHQJLQJ%DVHGRQWKH
UHIHUHQFHZHOG)LJDWKHFRPSHQVDWLRQRIWKHK\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHFDQDOVREHVKRZQIRUPPWKLFNPLOG
VWHHO6-5ZLWKGLIIHUHQWIUHTXHQFLHVVHH)LJXUHV7KHUHIHUHQFHZHOGVKRZVLUUHJXODUVDJJLQJPP
:LWKDIUHTXHQF\RI+]LWLVSRVVLEOHWRJHWDQLGHDOFRPSHQVDWLRQDWN:DFSRZHU)LJ$OUHDG\DWN:
DFSRZHUWKHVDJJLQJRIWKHZHOGLVPPDQGFDQEHUDQNHGLQYDOXDWLRQJURXS%RIWKHQRUP$QDSSOLHGDF
SRZHURIDURXQGN:OHDGVDOVRWRDFODVVLILFDWLRQLQJURXS%IRUIUHTXHQFLHVRIN+])LJDDQGN+]
)LJD$QDOPRVWLGHDOSUHVVXUHFRPSHQVDWLRQWDNHVSODFHEHWZHHQN:DWN+]DQGN:DW+]DF
SRZHU&RQVLGHULQJWKHZHOGVZLWKDIUHTXHQF\RIN+]DIXUWKHULQFUHDVHRIWKHDFSRZHUWRN:GRHVQRW
VKRZ DQ DSSUHFLDEOH HIIHFW VHH )LJ 8VLQJ DQ DFSRZHU RI N:DWN+]RUN:DW+]WKH
SHQHWUDWLRQGHSWKRI WKHODVHU SURFHVVLV OLPLWHG7KH ZHOGSRROVXSSRUW VHHPV WR LQIOXHQFH WKH NH\KROHVWDELOLW\
UHVXOWLQJLQDFROODSVHRIWKHNH\KROHFORVHWRWKHURRW,WFDQDOVREHREVHUYHGWKDWWKHQHHGHGDFSRZHUIRUDIXOO
FRPSHQVDWLRQGRHVQRWGHFUHDVHZLWKORZHUIUHTXHQFLHV7KHUHLVDFHUWDLQWKUHVKROGVLQFHN:DUHQHHGHGDW
+]DQGN:IRUN+]
370 André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372
)LJ'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHURRWFXUYDWXUHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJDFSRZHUDWPPPLOGVWHHO6-5ZLWK,3*ILEHUODVHUZLWKFRQVWDQWIUHTXHQF\
+]OHIWUHIHUHQFHZHOG
)LJ'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHURRWFXUYDWXUHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJDFSRZHUDWPPPLOGVWHHO6-5ZLWK,3*ILEHUODVHUZLWKFRQVWDQWIUHTXHQF\
+]UHIHUHQFHZHOGLVJLYHQLQ)LJD
)LJ'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHURRWFXUYDWXUHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJDFSRZHUDWPPPLOGVWHHO6-5ZLWK,3*ILEHUODVHUZLWKFRQVWDQWIUHTXHQF\
+]UHIHUHQFHZHOGLVJLYHQLQ)LJD
$IWHU WKH VXFFHVVIXOO GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI WKH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ZHOG SRRO VXSSRUW WKH ZHOGLQJ H[SHULPHQWV ZHUH
H[WHQGHGWRXSWRPPWKLFNPLOGVWHHO7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ7KHUHIHUHQFHZHOG
ZLWKDODVHUEHDPSRZHURIDOPRVWN:DQGDZHOGLQJYHORFLW\RIPPLQVKRZVDQLUUHJXODUVDJJLQJDQG
GURSRXWRIWKHPHOW8VLQJWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZHOGSRROVXSSRUWWKHZHOGVFDQDOVREHFODVVLILHGLQWRYDOXDWLRQ
JURXS%VHH)LJ7KHDSSOLHGIUHTXHQF\RIWKHRVFLOODWLQJPDJQHWLFILHOGZDV+]7KHQHHGHGDFSRZHUIRUD
IXOOFRPSHQVDWLRQZLWKN:ZDVORZHUWKDQ LQWKHWHVWVZLWKPP6-5$WWKHDFSRZHURIN:DQ
RYHUFRPSHQVDWLRQZDVQRWLFHG(YLGHQWO\WKHJHQHUDWHG/RUHQW]IRUFHVQH[WWRWKHZHOGSRROZKLFKDUHH[SHFWHGWR
EHPXFKKLJKHU GXHWR WKHKLJKHU YDOXHVRIμU DFW EH\RQG WKH ZHOGSRRO 2Q WKH RQH KDQG WKHUHVHHPV WR EH D
UHLQIRUFHPHQWRIWKHHIIHFWLYH/RUHQW]IRUFHVLQWKHZHOGSRROWKURXJKQHLJKERULQJFROG]RQHVZLWKDKLJKHUUHODWLYH
SHUPHDELOLW\2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUHDUHK\VWHUHULVORVVHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJRVFLOODWLRQIUHTXHQF\UHGXFLQJWKHHIIHFW
RIWKHZHOGSRROVXSSRUW'XHWRWKLVWKHRSWLPDOSDUDPHWHUVIRUDQLGHDOFRPSHQVDWLRQKDYHWREHGHWHUPLQHGILUVW
LQDQH[SHULPHQWDOZD\
André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372 371
)LJ'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHURRWFXUYDWXUHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJDFSRZHUDWPPPLOGVWHHO6-5ZLWK,3*ILEHUODVHUZLWKFRQVWDQWIUHTXHQF\
+]D5HIHUHQFHZHOGE,GHDOFRPSHQVDWLRQF2YHUFRPSHQVDWLRQ
)LJ0HDVXUHGYDOXHVRIWKHVDJJLQJLQGHSHQGHQFHRIWKHDSSOLHGDFSRZHU
6XPPDU\
7KHSDSHUGHVFULEHVDQH[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIKLJK SRZHUODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJ ZLWKDQHOHFWURPDJQHWLF
ZHOGSRROVXSSRUWIRUXS WRPPWKLFNSODWHVPDGHRIGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,DQGPLOGVWHHO6-57KH
UHVXOWV RI WKH ZHOGLQJ WHVWV VKRZ D VXFFHVVIXO DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKLV WHFKQRORJ\ DW IHUURPDJQHWLF PHWDOV ,UUHJXODU
VDJJLQJZDVVXSSUHVVHGVXFFHVVIXOO\$QDFSRZHURIOHVVWKDQN:DWRVFLOODWLRQIUHTXHQFLHVEHWZHHQ+]DQG
N+] LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU D IXOO FRPSDVDWLRQ RI WKH K\GURVWDWLF SUHVVXUH 7KXV LW ZDV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW WKH
HOHFWURPDJQHWLFZHOGSRROVXSSRUWLVQRWRQO\OLPLWHGWRQRQIHUURPDJQHWLFPHWDOVOLNHDXVWHQLWLFVWHHOV)RUIXWXUH
VWXGLHVZLWKGXSOH[VWHHOWKHXVHRIILOOHUPDWHULDOKDVWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHEDODQFHRIWKHPL[HG
DXVWHQLWLFDQGIHUULWLFSKDVHV
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
7KLVZRUNLVVXSSRUWHGE\WKH')*'HXWVFKH)RUVFKXQJVJHPHLQVFKDIW%RQQ*HUPDQ\XQGHU*UDQW1R')*
*8
5HIHUHQFHV
$XH + 7KDOH : 3HGHUVHQ $ ( 0RH 6 &DSDELOLWLHV RI 0)/ ,QVSHFWLRQ LQ '83/(; 6WHHO 3LSHOLQHV WK 3LSHOLQH 7HFKQRORJ\
&RQIHUHQFH+DQQRYHU*HUPDQ\
$YLORY9%HUJHU3$PEURV\*(OHFWURPDJQWLF0HOW6XSSRUW6\VWHPIRU2YHUKHDG3RVLWLRQ/DVHUDQG(OHFWURQ%HDP:HOGLQJRI
7KLFN0HWDO3ODWHV,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ(OHFWURPDJQHWLF3URFHVVLQJRI0DWHULDOV6HQGDL-DSDQ
372 André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 ( 2016 ) 362 – 372
$YLORY9*XPHQ\XN$/DPPHUV05HWKPHLHU03$SRVLWLRQIXOOSHQHWUDWLRQKLJKSRZHUODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJRIXSWRPP
WKLFN$O0JSODWHVXVLQJHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZHOGSRROVXSSRUW,Q6FL7HFKQRO:HOG-RL
$YLORY9)ULW]VFKH$%DFKPDQQ0*XPHQ\XN$5HWKPHLHU0)XOOSHQHWUDWLRQODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJRIWKLFNGXSOH[VWHHOSODWHV
ZLWKHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZHOGSRROVXSSRUW,Q-/DVHU$SSO
%DFKPDQQ0$YLORY9*XPHQ\XN$5HWKPHLHU0([SHULPHQWDODQG1XPHULFDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIDQ(OHFWURPDJQHWLF:HOG3RRO
6XSSRUW6\VWHPIRU+LJK3RZHU/DVHU%HDP:HOGLQJRI$XVWHQLWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHO,Q-0DWHU3URFHVV7HFK
%DFKPDQQ 0 .XQ]H 5 $YLORY 9 5HWKPHLHU 0 )LQLWH (OHPHQW PRGHOOLQJ RI WKH $& HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ZHOG SRRO VXSSRUW LQ IXOO
SHQHWUDWLRQODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJRIWKLFNGXSOH[VWDLQOHVVVWHHOSODWHV,Q-/DVHU$SSO
%DUJHO+-6FKXO]H*:HUNVWRIINXQGH6SULQJHU9HUODJ
)DUVRQ''XKDPHO5)7DNLQJDGYDQWDJHRIODVHUZHOGLQJ,Q7KH)DEULFDWRU
*RRN6*XPHQ\XN$5HWKPHLHU02UELWDO/DVHU+\EULG:HOGLQJRI3LSHOLQHV8VLQJDN:)LEUH/DVHU,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
)LIWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO:/7&RQIHUHQFHRQ/DVHUVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJ0XQLFK*HUPDQ\
/DQGDX/'/LIVKLW](0&RXUVHRIWKHRUHWLFDOSK\VLFV%G(OHFWURG\QDPLFVRIFRQWLQXRXVPHGLD2[IRUG3HUJDPRQ
3RSRYLF=3RSRYLF%',QWURGXFWRU\(OHFWURPDJQHWLFV&KDSWHU7KH6NLQ(IIHFW3UHQWLFH+DOO
5HWKPHLHU0*RRN6/DPPHUV0*XPHQ\XN$$/DVHU+\EULG:HOGLQJRI7KLFN3ODWHVXSWRPP8VLQJDN:)LEUH/DVHU
,Q-RXUQDORIWKH-DSDQ:HOGLQJ6RFLHW\VV
7KDPVHQ386WU|PXQJVOHKUHIUGHQ0DVFKLQHQEDX7HFKQLNXQG%HLVSLHOH6SULQJHU9HUODJ
9ROOHUWVHQ)*UQHQZDOG65HWKPHLHU0*XPHQ\XN$5HLVJHQ82OVFKRN6:HOGLQJRIWKLFNVWHHOSODWHVXVLQJILEUHODVHUV
DQG*0$:,Q:HOGLQJLQWKH:RUOG55
:HEHUSDOV-'DXVLQJHU)*|EHO*5ROHRIVWURQJIRFXVDELOLW\RQWKHZHOGLQJSURFHVV,Q-/DVHU$SSO