Towards a Beacon-based Situational Prioritization Framework for Process-Aware Information Systems

A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2018) 000–000 www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia The 15 h In e na ional Con e ence on Mobile Sys ems and Pe asi e Compu ing (MobiSPC 2018) Towa ds a Beacon-based Si ua ional P io i iza ion F amewo k o P ocess-Awa e In o ma ion Sys ems Michael S acha,∗, Tim Moh inga, R¨ udige P yssa, Man ed Reiche a aUlm Uni e si y, Ins i u e o Da abases and In o ma ion Sys ems, James-F anck-Ring, Ulm, 89081, Ge many Abs ac The ongoing digi aliza ion o en e p ise compu ing solu ions and he c ea ion o ubiqui ous wo kspaces o e new ad an ages o many business domains. Howe e , i is cos - and wo k-in ensi e o c ea e hese new kinds o wo kspaces by adop ing in e con- nec ing hings and mig a ing applica ions in o he cloud. On he o he , en e p ises inc easingly s i e o he po en ial o he new wo kspace oppo uni ies o suppo hei ope a ional p ocesses in he bes way. Fo his pu pose, we p esen an app oach o en- hance he in eg a ion o human esou ces in o business p ocesses by ga he ing en i onmen al in o ma ion and eac ing o si ua ional changes o wo ke s. Mo e speci ically, we p esen a amewo k based on beacon echnology o de e mine a si ua ional p io i y o wo k i ems wi h he goal o p ope ly suppo he wo ke in his o he decision-making p ocess. We ega d such amewo k as impo an aspec o many business domains in o de o cope wi h he demands eme ging in he ligh o wo k managemen ha equi es ubiqui ous access o all en e p ise esou ces in he bes possible way. c 2018 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Keywo ds: P ocess-awa e In o ma ion Sys ems ; Mobile Compu ing ; Human Compu e In e ac ion ; Wo klis s ; HC-PAIS 1. In oduc ion The digi aliza ion o en e p ise sys ems and p ocesses a e no only he key d i e s o de eloping new business models and he In e ne o Things. The end o suppo wo k by digi aliza ion mechanisms enables and u he mo e equi es new app oaches o human-compu e in e ac ion (HCI) wi hin businesses. Al hough he e exis s an inc eas- ing in e es in HCI esea ch o end-use p oduc s due o he d ama ic de elopmen o sma mobile de ices [12], he eme ging changes in en e p ise compu ing a e o en neglec ed by esea che s as well as business manage s [20]. Howe e , pa icula ly he la e ac o s a e ge ing mo e and mo e p essu e o add alue o legacy en e p ise sys ems by in eg a ing he exis ing sma and in e connec ed de ices. To ackle hese echnological disc epancies and p o ide sui able solu ions, i is necessa y o ake a close look on how p ocesses wi hin businesses (e.g., manu ac u ing p o- cesses) a e cu en ly suppo ed by P ocess-awa e In o ma ion Sys ems (PAIS) [18,3]. Due o he e o s in esea ch ∗Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +49-731-5024225 ; ax: +49-731-5024134. E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] 1877-0509 c 2018 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 2M. S ach e al. /P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2018) 000–000 o e he las decade, PAIS do no only p o ide he au oma ion o p ocess s eps, hey a e also capable o powe ul ea- u es like p ocess moni o ing [7], p ocess mining [1], buil -in lexibili y [16,18], and wo k dis ibu ion (c . [17]). One cu en esea ch end in PAIS cons i u es Human-Cen ic P ocess-awa e In o ma ion Sys em (HC-PAIS) [6], which pu sues he enhancemen o in eg a ion o human esou ces in business p ocesses by including he human ac o [19] in he so wa e design and ealized unc ionali ies. To u ilize his po en ial in human esou ce suppo and suppo ing he ending o in e connec ing IT solu ions wi h physical de ices [15], we de eloped an app oach o enhance he in e ac ion o humans in business p ocesses. Mo e speci ically, we p esen a amewo k based on beacon echnology o de e mine a si ua ional p io i y o wo k i ems and o p ope ly suppo he wo ke in his o he decision-making p o- cess. In pa icula , we p opose a me hod o in eg a e en i onmen al da a in o wo k i em p io i iza ion. The emainde o his pape is o ganized as ollows. Sec ion 2discusses ela ed wo k, while Sec ion 3imposes he add essed chal- lenges. In Sec ion 4, he p oposed amewo k is in oduced, whe eas Sec ion 5concludes he pape wi h a summa y and ou look. 2. Rela ed Wo k In he con ex o his pape , he handling and execu ion o p ocess on mobile de ices is c ucial. In e es ingly, only ew app oaches deal wi h his opic hough he inc easing mobili y o compu ing de ices e olu ionized he in e ac ion wi h compu e sys ems. In his con ex , [5] in oduces c i e ia o usabili y o mobile de ices and applica ions. In [13], he equi emen s o execu ing p ocesses wi h mobile de ices a e imposed and discussed. Fu he mo e, a ully ledged mobile clien was de eloped ha bo h conside ed he cha ac e is ics o mobile de ices and in eg a ed he la e success ully wi h exis ing PAIS. Following his, [14] de ined a s a us model ha is necessa y o p e en and handle excep ions while p ocessing wo k i ems. In [8], an app oach is p esen ed o e ie e and in eg a e en i onmen al in o ma ion o p ocess execu ion wi h mobile de ices. Mo eo e , he esul s o [4] demons a e how impo an human ac o s in wo king en i onmen s a e in gene al. [21], in u n, showed again ha he conside a ion o he human ac o in HCI is o u mos impo ance. Fu he mo e, [23] p esen ed an app oach o de elop a HC-PAIS. Ano he wo k ha is ele an in ou con ex cons i u es [11], i in oduces an app oach o indoo localiza ion h ough he signal s eng h o Blue oo h LE beacons. 3. P oblem S a emen One u he s ep in digi aliza ion cons i u es he in e connec ion o physical and i ual hings wi h Cybe -Physical Sys ems (CPS). Howe e , he in e connec ion o hings is jus one side o he coin. On he o he , he u iliza ion o gene a ed da a o inc ease bo h he pe o mance and he e iciency o business p ocesses mus be also conside ed p ope ly. Despi e he ac ha PAIS ha e c ea ed powe ul ea u es since many yea s and se e al ealized amewo ks a e a ailable, he in eg a ion o en i onmen al and senso da a is no conside ed in he basic a chi ec u e o PAIS. This p oblem de eloped his o ically as in he ea ly s ages o business p ocess managemen he a ailabili y o senso da a and capabili y o mobile de ices was limi ed. Fu he mo e, limi a ions we e pa o he sys em design as o example he wo klis managemen do only p o ide he minimum o in o ma ion abou wo k i ems be o e hey a e selec ed by he use o minimize he ans e ed da a be ween clien and se e . This app oach may be accep able when he size o he use ’s wo klis o he eedom o choice is limi ed. Howe e , om oday’s pe spec i e, his app oach is limi ing a use o make he bes decision om he business pe spec i e as a suppo ing sys em should p o ide all he in o ma ion ha is necessa y o suppo wo ke s in hei decision-making p ocess. In e es ingly, he in eg a ion o sma mobile de ices comp ises unused po en ial o inc ease he knowledge abou p ocess execu ion bo h on clien and se e side. Though cu en PAIS p o ide he unc ionali ies o mee he equi emen s o suppo ing he ope a ional p ocess o businesses, many sys ems pose a lack o in eg a ion o mobile de ices and en i onmen al da a. Requi emen s and Concep ual Adap a ions We p opose o ex end he PAIS e e ence a chi ec u e ins ead o building new sys ems on op. By aising he ques ions ”How can he in eg a ion o human esou ces in p ocesses be suppo ed by mobile de ices?” and ”How M. S ach e al. /P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2018) 000–000 3 PROCESS MODELING TOOL P ocess Model O ganiza ional Model Wo klis P ocess Con ol Da a APPLICATIONS Applica ion Da a P ocess- ele an Da a WORKLIST HANDLER gene a e e e e e manipula e e e in e p e use main ain upda e in oke in e ac manage in oke PROCESS ENGINE 6 u ilize u ilize 2 en ich 4 En . & Exec. Da a use 5 upda e 1 Senso E en en ich 3 WORKLIST CLIENT So wa e Componen Da a S o e Sys em Da a Fig. 1. Re e ence A chi ec u e o PAIS wi h F amewo k- ela ed Addi ions (adop ed om [24]) can he ob ained in o ma ion suppo he decision making p ocess o bo h humans and PAIS?”, we ace he ollowing equi emen s: Human In eg a ion The human ac o should be included o he sys em design o PAIS. To be mo e p ecise, mode n PAIS should include mechanisms o sa is y human needs a wo k (c . [4]). Mobile In eg a ion Mobile de ices should be ea ed as i s -class ci izen in PAIS. In pa icula , PAIS ha e o mee he equi emen s o mobile p ocess execu ion in e ms o mobile de ice cha ac e is ics (c . [13]) and p ocess execu ion (c . [14]). Fu he mo e, he mobile de ices should inc ease he knowledge o he p ocess execu ion by collec ing senso da a o en ich he knowledge abou he p ocess execu ion en i onmen . Ex ended Da a Exchange To suppo he decision-making p ocess, exis ing da a sou ces should be sha ed wi h he clien and ice e sa. Fo example, he u iliza ion o he o ganiza ional model can signi ican ly enhance a wo klis handle (c . [13]) o suppo social in e ac ion wi hin a business. Human-Compu e In e ac ion The in e ac ion o humans and compu ing de ices should be s eng hened by implemen ing con ex -awa e communica ion mechanisms. Wo klis Managemen The wo klis managemen should no only p o ide wo klis s o i s clien s. I should be, in u n, ex ended o a ully ledged managemen pla o m as i plays he cen al ole in wo k dis ibu ion and pe o mance op imiza ion. Mo eo e , he decision making should be con igu able since he e a e di e en ypes o p ocesses (c . [2]). To mee he imposed equi emen s, we p opose o ex end he e e ence a chi ec u e o PAIS as depic ed in Fig. 1. To enable new mechanisms o social in e ac ion in PAIS, clien s should ha e di ec access o he o ganiza ional model o u ilize he con aining in o ma ion (c . Fig. 1, 1 ). To p o ide su icien in o ma ion o he p ocess s a e, he clien mus use exis ing p ocess con ol da a (c . Fig. 1, 2 ) o combine he equi ed in o ma ion. The la e enables he wo klis handle o esol e he cu en s a e in o single decision-making pa ame e s (e.g., blocking wo k i ems o o he use s) and he e o e suppo s he use ’s choice o he nex wo k i em. Expanding social in e ac ion (e.g., delega ion o wo k i ems) enables use s o sha e wo k i ems, bu does no p o ide he possibili y o en ich he p ocess- ele an da a (c . Fig. 1, 3 ). Fo his eason, we p opose o p o ide a ea u e o add wo k i em dependen da a (e.g., addi ional in o ma ion o wo k i em delega ion) o he p ocess ha is sha ed wi h o he assigned use s. As 4M. S ach e al. /P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2018) 000–000 MOBILE COMPANION WORK STATION APPLICATION MIDDLEWARE SENSOR FRAMEWORK ADVERTISING SERIVCE RANGEexec BEACON BEACON PROXIMITY SERVICE So wa e Componen Se ice P o ide Da a S o e ADVERTISING SERVICE PRIORITIZATION SERVICE CONFIGURATION HANDLER PRIORITIZATION SERVICE CONFIGURATION MANAGER WORKLIST MANAGER SCHEDULING COMPONENT EXECUTION LOGGER COORDINATION COMPONENT CONTEXT SERVICE RETRIEVAL PROCESSING MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT COMPONENT WORKLIST HANDLER WORKLIST CLIENT APPLICATION INVOKER EXECUTION LOGGER COORDINATION COMPONENT PROCESS ENGINE P ocess Con ol Da a P ocess- ele an Da a PROCESS MONITORING P ocess Reposi o y O ganisa ional Model APPLICATIONS ERP SYSTEM (En e p ise) Da a S o e En i onmen Da a Loca ion Da a WPAN-CAPABLE DEVICES PROCESS-AWARE INFORMATION SYSTEM ADVERTISING & PRIORITIZATION FRAMEWORK SERVER-SIDE SYSTEM COMPONENTS UNITS OF WORK Fig. 2. O e iew o he F amewo k Componen s many equi emen s need en i onmen al da a o e ie e he cu en con ex , a da a s o e ha is capable o ga he ing senso in o ma ion o use s and o he p ocess pa icipan s (c . Fig 1, 4 ) mus be implemen ed. As a consequence, he e e ence a chi ec u e o PAIS should be awa e o a new ype o sys em da a: he senso - ela ed e en da a (c . Fig. 1, 6 ). The ga he ed in o ma ion should also be a ailable o he p ocess engine ha i can use he en i onmen al da a o inc ease he knowledge o p ocess execu ion. 4. P oposed App oach The objec i e o ou app oach is o suppo he in eg a ion o human esou ces wi h business p ocesses u ilizing mobile echnology. In pa icula , we ollow he idea o a Mobile Companion ha guides wo ke s h ough hei daily business and p o ides senso da a o en ich p ocess knowledge a se e -side and o communica e wi h nea by sys ems a clien -side. To ealize such an app oach, he amewo k should (i) p o ide a ully ledged wo klis handle and clien , (ii) conside he human ac o in e ms o p ocess execu ion, (iii) include en i onmen al da a in he p ocess execu ion and decision-making, (i ) conside he necessi y o seg ega ing so wa e componen o make hem cloud-awa e, and ( ) ex end exis ing PAIS componen s. M. S ach e al. /P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2018) 000–000 5 By pa ly adop ing esea ch esul s o [13] and [14], a ully ledged wo klis handle can be ealized on clien -side. One majo challenge in all mobile sys ems cons i u es he excep ion handling when he connec ion o he mobile de ice o he back-end sys em is los . To main ain he wo k and decision-making abili y in an disconnec ed si ua ion, we p opose o mi o all he necessa y sys em componen s (i.e., componen s ha a e in ol ed in decision-making p ocesses and wo k dis ibu ion) o he PAIS as seconda y componen s. To keep he o e all consis ency, all ac ions mus be logged and synch onized wi h he se e -side sys em. Conside ing he human ac o and in eg a ion o en i- onmen al da a in p ocess execu ion and wo k dis ibu ion, we de eloped he idea o Si ua ional P io i iza ion. La ge wo klis s wi h spa se in o ma ion abou wo k i ems seduces wo ke s o come o ine icien decisions in choosing up- coming wo k i ems. By using he si ua ional p io i iza ion, he ecalcula ed alue can be compa ed wi h he p ede ined alue o assis he wo ke s. To p omo e HCI in he wo k en i onmen s, we p opose a beacon-based p oximi y se ice o enable nea by in e ac ions. By using ixed beacons o wo k s a ions o CPS and oaming mobile de ices, an ac- cu a e p oximi y de e mina ion (c . [11] and [9]) as well as cos -e ec i e implemen a ion is possible. This se ing is he basis o ano he loca ion-based se ice o in eg a e humans in business p ocesses ha we p opose: he Beacon- based Ad e ising. By using he si ua ional p io i iza ion, he ad e ising se ice is capable o ale ing he use wi h adequa e ins umen s ha an high-p io i y wo k i em is ac i e in his o he su ounding a ea. These ins umen s may ha e di e en le els ha ange om low-le el ale s like ambien p omo ion o high-le el ale s like no i ica ions on mul iple channels (i.e., no i ica ion on mobile de ice wi h ac i e sound and ib a ion). Table 1. Iden i ied A ibu es o he Si ua ional P io i iza ion Ca ego y A ibu e Sou ce D C M RT BT DT Ac i i y Con ex U gency Wo k I em X× × X X X Familia i y Execu ion Log ×X×X X × Cos -Bene i Ra io* Wo k I em ×X×X X X Abili y* O ganisa ional Model X× × X X X P e ious Decisions Execu ion Log ×X×X× × P ocess Con ex Blocking Wo k I em P ocess Ins ance ×X×X× × Delega ed Wo k I em P ocess Ins ance X× × X× × Subs i u ion P ocess Ins ance X× × X× × Escala ion P ocess Ins ance X× × X× × Pa icipan Selec ion P ocess Ins ance X× × X X × Pa icipan Au onomy P ocess Ins ance X× × X× × Mobile Con ex P oximi y o Execu ion Loca ion P oximi y Se ice ×X×X× × Connec i i y Wo klis Handle × × X X × × Type o Connec i i y Wo klis Handle × × X X × × Ba e y S a us Wo klis Handle × × X X × × Use s Nea by Senso F amewo k × × X X × × In insic Mo i a ion Skill Va ie y* P ocess Model X× × X×X Task Iden i y* P ocess Ins ance X X ×X X × Task Signi icance* P ocess Model X× × X×X Au onomy P ocess Model X× × X×X Ex insic Mo i a ion Rewa d o I em Execu ion* P ocess Model X× × X X X Type →D=De ined,C=Calcula ed,M=Measu ed /Phase →RT =RunT ime,BT =BuildTime,DT =DesignT ime *PAIS mus be capable o and he equi emen mus be speci ied by a modele . 4.1. F amewo k Componen s Ou amewo k (c . Fig. 2) can be di ided in o wo dimensions. The ho izon al axis desc ibes he ope a ional si e, whe eas he e ical axis classi ies he sys em componen s in o h ee di e en a eas o ac i i y. The componen s on he op belong o he PAIS sys em componen s. The s uc u e is e y simila o he e e ence model (c . Fig. 1) 6M. S ach e al. /P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2018) 000–000 as i should ep esen he b oad spec um o PAIS implemen a ions. The impo an equi emen o decoupling he wo klis manage (c . Sec. 3) was mee by g ouping high-load se ices in o an applica ion middlewa e. The wo klis manage consis s o se e al se ices ha con ol he coo dina ion as well as scheduling and assignmen o wo k i ems as well as implemen s he se e -side Execu ion Logge ha is capable o synch onizing o line-execu ed wo k i ems. Fu he mo e, a he clien -side, we p opose a ully ledged wo klis handle ha mi o s impo an p ocess- ela ed unc ionali ies. To enhance HCI in e ms o business p ocesses, he componen s o ou app oach a e pic u ed in he e ical cen e o Fig. 2. The p io i iza ion se ice ha calcula es he si ua ional p io i iza ion is loca ed in his g oup o componen s as well as he ad e ising se ice. As bo h se ices a e unable o ope a e wi hou en i onmen al da a, he senso amewo k on he clien -side and he co esponding coun e pa o s o e he ga he ed con ex is also loca ed in his componen g oup. The eby, he senso amewo k is esponsible o bo h e ie ing senso in o ma ion and sending beacons o es ima e p oximi y. To p o ec p i acy in e es s and ensu e eliable posi ioning wi h high accu acy and p ecision in sho as well as middle anges (c . [9]), we p opose he use o Wi eless Pe sonal A ea Ne wo k (WPAN) echniques (e.g., Blue oo h LE o UWB) o es ic he signal ange o he beacon ame. The sys em componen s a he bo om o Fig. 2can be classi ied as uni s o wo k as hey a e he alue adding componen s. As coun e pa o he senso amewo k o he mobile companion, we p opose o equip wo k s a ions wi h beacons. These beacons de ine he ange o execu ion ha su ounds he machines and a e also esponsible o acking he use . They may also be connec ed o applica ions ha a e unning on physical machines (i.e., when wo king wi h CPS), in he cloud o og. 4.2. Si ua ional P io i iza ion Ano he majo challenge o PAIS cons i u es he s a ic p io i iza ion echniques. To be mo e p ecise, mos o he sys ems p o ide he possibili y o de ine he p io i y a design ime ha can only be changed when escala ion e en s occu . This s a egy is o en insu icien as p io i y may change while unning a p ocess. Fo example, a wo ke is passing a machine ha has an u gen main enance wo k i em wi h s a us middle p io i y. While he p oximi y isn’ changing he p io i y om he i em pe spec i e, i may change he p io i y om he p ocess pe spec i e as i is mo e e icien o p ocess he wo k i em when he wo ke is closely loca ed o he machine. To mee ano he equi emen , he human ac o should be also conside ed when calcula ing he p io i y. Conside ing he esul s o [4], we p opose o in eg a e mo i a ional aspec s o he p io i iza ion as hey a e also in luencing he e iciency o he wo ke . As depic ed in Table 1, ask iden i y (i.e., wo ke s should p ocess as many ask om one p ocess ins ance as possible) should be conside ed in he p io i iza ion as i inc eases he in insic mo i a ion. To calcula e a si ua ional p io i y, we iden i ied in luencing a ibu es ha should be included o p o ide he use a meaning ul alue (c . Tab. 1). Table 2. Iden i ied Cases o Mobile Companion De ec ion Case De ice 1 Connec i i yDe ice1Di ec ion o De ec ion De ice 2 Connec i i yDe ice2 1 Mobile Companion connec ed →Wo k S a ion disconnec ed 2 Mobile Companion connec ed ←Wo k S a ion disconnec ed 3 Mobile Companion disconnec ed →Wo k S a ion disconnec ed 4 Mobile Companion disconnec ed ←Wo k S a ion connec ed 5 Mobile Companion connec ed →Wo k S a ion connec ed 6 Mobile Companion connec ed ↔Wo k S a ion connec ed 4.3. Beacon-based Ad e ising As he aise o a en ion cons i u es one o he mos aluable esou ces o wo ke s, we p opose o use a si ua ional p io i iza ion o pe o m ad e isemen s o high-p io i y wo k i ems. By combining he p oximi y in o ma ion om he mobile companions as well as beacon-equipped wo k s a ions wi h he si ua ional p io i iza ion, a loca ion-based ad e ising can be implemen ed as op-le el se ice. As shown in Fig. 2, he beacon o he senso amewo k can only be de ec ed in a speci ic ange. We deno e his ange as he Execu ion Range. Acco ding o [4], wo ke s mo i a ion and sa is ac ion is pa ly depending on he au onomy o choosing he nex wo k i em. Hence, we p opose o use ad e ising M. S ach e al. /P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2018) 000–000 7 MOBILE COMPANION WORKLIST HANDLER WORK STATION SENSOR FRAMEWORK ADVERTISING SERVICE PRIORITIZATION SERVICE De ec Beacon F ame Send Beacon In o ma ion Wo k I ems Recei ed? Ge Co esponding Wo k I ems De ec Beacon F ame Send Beacon In o ma ion No Yes Yes Wo k I em in P og ess? No Ge Use Abili y In o ma ion Assigned o Use ? Reques Wo k I ems Deli e Wo k I ems Ge Task In o ma ion Deli e Task In o ma ion Use Able o Handle Wo k I ems? No Yes Ge Assignmen In o ma ion No Pe o m S ong Nudge Yes P io i iza ion Inc ease? Yes Reques Recalcula ion Send Calcula ed P io i iza ion Pull Wo k Lis Ge Cu en Wo klis Deli e Wo klis Delega ion Possible? Yes No Wo klis Upda e? Pe o m Medium Nudge PROXIMITY SERVICE WORKLIST MANAGER PRIORITIZATION SERVICE Pe o m Weak Nudge Yes No No Calc Si ua ional P io iza ion Ac i i y So wa e Componen Message Flow S a (Signal- igge ed) End Decision Ga eway (XOR) Fig. 3. Beacon De ec ion P ocedu e (Case 5) wi h WPAN-capable Wo k S a ion and Mobile Companion (modeled in BPMN [10]). echniques o in luence he use s choice in a subconscious way. In pa icula , changing p io i y depending on he si ua ion enables he p ocess engine o dynamically eac on en i onmen al changes ha would dec ease e iciency and, hence, s eng hens in luence on he o de o wo k i em p ocessing. Mo eo e , as di ec ins uc ions would dec ease mo i a ion and sa is ac ion, we p opose o in eg a e Libe a ian Pa e nalism [22] in o PAIS. Libe a ian pa e nalism is a echnique ha subconsciously in luence people o make he bes choice by using psychological e ec s (e.g., placing hings mo e p ominen ) wi hou in luence he decision- making p ocess di ec ly. In ou amewo k, we he e o e dis inguish h ee ypes o so-called Nudges: s ong, medium, and weak. The eby, nudges cause di e en eac ions, depending on he ype. Fo example, a Weak Nudge may only place a isible in o ma ion on he wo k s a ion whe eas a S ong Nudge is implemen ed as sys em no i ica ion by he ope a ing sys em o he mobile de ice. No e ha bo h he mobile companions and wo k s a ions should p o ide me hods o ad e isemen s. As wo k s a ions may no be p og ammable compu e s, bu physical machines ha a e equipped wi h s a ic beacons, we ha e iden i ied six cases (c . Table 2) ha in luence he ad e ising p ocedu e. To illus a e he in e play o he pa icipa ing sys em componen s, we concei ed he beacon de ec ion p ocedu e ha is ins an ia ed when a wo ke en e s he execu ion ange in e ms o a BPMN p ocess model (c . Fig. 3). 5. Summa y and Ou look We in oduced a no el app oach ha uses en i onmen al in o ma ion o enhance he in eg a ion o human esou ces in o business p ocesses. To each his goal, we i s iden i ied se e al ex ension poin s in he e e ence a chi ec u e o 8M. S ach e al. /P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2018) 000–000 PAIS. We hen imposed equi emen s o o e come hese sho comings and p esen ed ou adap ions o he e e ence a chi ec u e o PAIS. We u he p esen ed ou app oach wi h a beacon-based amewo k ha suppo s wo ke s in hei decision-making p ocess o he nex wo k i em. Fu he mo e, we iden i ied se e al a ibu es ha in luence he so-called si ua ional p io i iza ion. Finally, we p esen ed an ad e ising mechanism o subconsciously in luence he wo ke in his decision-making p ocess. Cu en ly, we a e ealizing a p o o ype based on he p esen ed amewo k. Al oge he , his pape p esen s a no el app oach o in eg a e humans in o business p ocesses by p omo ing he mobile de ice as i s -class ci izen o wo klis managemen and ask execu ion. Re e ences [1] Van de Aals , W.M., 2011. P ocess disco e y: An in oduc ion, in: P ocess Mining. Sp inge , pp. 125–156. 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